Judgement Appeal from a judgment and decree of the High Court in its appellate jurisdiction (February 5, 1912) reversing a judgment and decree of Beaman J. (July 24, 1911). The suit was instituted in the High Court by the respondent, a banker, claiming to recover from the appellants Rs.1,23,769 as the balance due upon accounts between them. The appellants by their written statement contended that an item of Rs. 2 lakhs debited against them in the accounts was a fraudulent debit and did not represent a real transaction. They alleged that upon the accounts being properly taken there was a balance due to them, for which they counterclaimed. The appellants case was that the Rs. 2 lakhs had been debited against them by means of fraudulent entries in the accounts of the appellants and the respondent, the transaction being carried out by one Dani, the respondents manager, and one Dwarkadas, the managing director of the appellant company. The circumstances under which the entries were made appear from the judgment of their Lordships. The questions in the suit were wholly questions of fact and depended substantially upon the credibility of Dani as a witness on behalf of the respondent, and that of two witnesses on behalf of the appellants. Dwarkadas died before the trial took place. Law Rep. 42 Ind. App. 110 ( 1914- 1915) Bombay C otton Mfg. Co. Limited V. Motilal Shivlal 20 The trial judge was of opinion that the appellants witnesses were " absolutely truthful," but that Dani was " unscrupulous, untrustworthy, and untruthful." He found that the transaction was a deliberate fraud to which Dani was a party, and he referred the suit to take the accounts upon the basis that the debit of Rs. 2 lakhs should be excluded. In the result he made a decree in the appellants favour for Rs.1,17,633. The High Court (the Chief Justice and Russell J.) reversed this decision and made a decree in favour of the respondent for Rs.1,01,295. The learned judges found that the appellants had failed to prove that Dani was a party to the fraudulent scheme; they accepted his denial and considered that the evidence on behalf of the appellants was inconsistent with the facts established. Upjohn, K.C., and Dunne, for the appellants. The learned judges found that the appellants had failed to prove that Dani was a party to the fraudulent scheme; they accepted his denial and considered that the evidence on behalf of the appellants was inconsistent with the facts established. Upjohn, K.C., and Dunne, for the appellants. The trial judge saw and heard the witnesses and his view as to their relative credibility, a view which was not inconsistent with the proved facts, should have been accepted The Alice (( 1868) L. R. 2 P. C. 245.); Montgomerie & Co. v. Wallace-Jones ([ 1904] A. C0. 73.); Khoo Sit Holt v. him Thean Tong.([ 1912] A. C. 323.) The evidence proves that Dani was a party to the fraudulent scheme. Sir R. Finlay, K.C., Kenworthy Brown, and E. B. Raikes, for the respondent. The view of the Appellate Court upon the evidence was correct. Further the appellants are bound by the acts of Dwarkadas, their managing director. He had full powers to represent them, and the transaction fell within his general and ostensible powers. The judgment of their Lordships was delivered by SIR GEORGE FARWELL. This is an appeal from a judgment and decree of the High Court of Bombay in its appellate jurisdiction reversing a judgment of the High Court in its original jurisdiction. The question at issue is one of fact. The respondent is a banker and money-lender against whom personally no imputation is made ; his manager was one Dani. Dani was on intimate terms with one Dwarkadas, and Dwarkadas was for some years, until his death in August, 1909, agent and managing director of the appellant company, and of two other companies, the Tricumdas and the Lakhmidas; in 1908 the appellant was a flourishing and solvent company, and the two other companies were largely insolvent; and both were heavily indebted to the respondent for advances, to the amount of about 5 ½ lakhs. The respondent was pressing Dwarkadas for further and better security in respect of these sums, and also of other moneys advanced by the respondent to Dwarkadas personally; and Dani and Dwarkadas accordingly arranged to shift part of the indebtedness of the Tricumdas and Lakhmidas Companies on to the appellant company. This arrangement was carried out by entries which can only be characterized as a barefaced swindle. This arrangement was carried out by entries which can only be characterized as a barefaced swindle. Dani procured two cheques, one from the Tricumdas Company for Rs.85,000, and one from the Lakhmidas Company for one lakh and Rs.15,000, and sent them over by his son to the office of the appellant company, to be placed to their credit, but simultaneously Dwarkadas through his son Devji Damodar telephoned to the cashier of that company not to present the cheques, but to await further instructions; the two amounts were entered in the appellants books to their credit and appear as " Rs.85,000 cheque 1 in number drawn on the Bank of Bombay (bearing) No. 95500 S.S., and 1. 15000 cheque drawn on the Bank of Bombay bearing No. 7. 94950 S.S. No. 2." The two cheques were then destroyed by Danis orders. It is difficult to suggest any object for this transaction of drawing and paying in cheques for the purpose of being entered with every circumstance of identification and reality, and then of immediate destruction without presentation, except fraud. The transaction was merely a paper one for the purpose of shifting the respondents security from the two insolvent to the one solvent company. The judge of first instance has heard the evidence, which depends on the credit Law Rep. 42 Ind. App. 110 ( 1914- 1915) Bombay C otton Mfg. Co. Limited V. Motilal Shivlal 21 to be attached to the two sons of Dwarkadas on the appellants side, and to Dani on the respondents ; he has stated that he has seldom seen in the box " such serviceable clear-headed and absolutely truthful witnesses " as the two sons or a more "thoroughly unscrupulous, untrustworthy, and untruthful man than Dani, and he finds that the transaction was a deliberate fraud on the appellants. The Appellate Court refused to accept as conclusive the judgment of the lower Court as to the veracity of the witnesses. It is doubtless true that on appeal the whole case, including the facts, are within the jurisdiction of the Appeal Court. But generally speaking it is undesirable to interfere with the findings of fact of the trial judge who sees and hears the witnesses and has an opportunity of noting their demeanour, especially in cases where the issue is simple and depends on the credit which attached to one or other of conflicting witnesses. But generally speaking it is undesirable to interfere with the findings of fact of the trial judge who sees and hears the witnesses and has an opportunity of noting their demeanour, especially in cases where the issue is simple and depends on the credit which attached to one or other of conflicting witnesses. Nor should his pronouncement with respect to their credibility be put aside on a mere calculation of probabilities by the Court of Appeal. In making these observations their Lordships have no desire to restrict the discretion of the Appellate Courts in India in the consideration of evidence. They only wish to point out that where the issue is simple and straightforward and the only question is which set of witnesses is to be believed the verdict of a judge trying the case should not be lightly disregarded. With all respect to the appeal tribunal, their Lordships cannot accept their reading of the facts and inferences. They find no such contradictions or impossibilities in the evidence of the two witnesses whom the trial judge in this case has believed to justify their preferring the opinion of the Appellate Court formed on the written record to his deliberate conclusions after hearing it in Court. Again, several of the conclusions of fact adopted by the Appeal Court appear to their Lordships to be quite mistaken, e.g., that Dani had no reason to fear and did not fear that the respondent would lose the money owing to him by the Tricumdas Company. It would serve no useful purpose to comment in detail on the judgment of the Appeal Court, but their Lordships feel bound to take exception to the Chief Justices statement that the cross-examination of Dani, which convicted him of being party to a false and fraudulent balance-sheet of the Tricumdas Company, was " not a very relevant point/ and that Dani was prejudiced thereby by being placed " in an uncomfortable position and reduced to shuffling answers." The observation might be of disastrous effect if accepted. Cross-examination to credit is necessarily irrelevant to any issue in the action; its relevancy consists in being addressed to the credit or discredit of the witness in the box so as to show that his evidence for or against the relevant issue is untrustworthy ; it is most relevant in a case like the present where everything depends on the judges belief or disbelief in the witnesss story, and to excuse him and actually accept his story on the ground that he was uncomfortable when he was shown to be a fraudulent falsifier of accounts is to adopt a course which their Lordships cannot follow. Their Lordships will humbly advise His Majesty that the judgment of the High Court in its appellate jurisdiction be set aside and that of the High Court in its original jurisdiction be restored, and that the respondent do pay the costs of this appeal.