JUDGMENT Mukerji and Guha JJ. 1. The properties concerned in the suit, out of which these appeals have arisen, are seven in all, the, first six of which are described in schedule No. 1 to the plaint, being certain taluks or shares therein, and the seventh one, which is described in schedule No. 2, being a quantity of khdmdr lands lying within the sixth item of property of schedule No. 1. They belonged at one time to one Lala Ramchandra. Lala Ramchandra died on the 19th Poush, 1276 (= 2nd January, 1870) having executed a will on the 15th Poush, 1276 ( = 29th December, 1869), and leaving him surviving his widow, Harakumari Dasya, a daughter Shyamkumari Dasya, and the husband of the latter, one Seetalchandra Lala. After his death, his widow Harakumari, on the 16th Srdban, 1283 (= 30th July, 1876), on the strength of the authority conferred on her by the will, adopted the Plaintiff Lala Ramshankar, as her son. 2. By the will (Ex. 27) spoken of above, Lala Ramchandra Ray gave authority to Harakumari to adopt five sons in succession, unless a son so adopted would be living, and bequeathed his moveable and immovable properties to Harakumari, with the exception of a half of property No. 2, which he gave to his daughter, Shyamkumari, for maintenance. The will provided that, during the life-time of Harakumari, the adopted son, if any, should get an allowance of Rs. 20 a month and that, on Harakumari's death, he would get all the properties. The other terms of the will need not be set out here. Shyamkumari died in A shwin, 1320 and her husband, Seetalchandra, is also dead. Harakumari died on the 12th Falgun, 1326 (=24th February, 1920). 3. On the 26th February, 1921, the Plaintiff, Lala Ramshankar Ray, commenced the present action, on the allegation that, on the death of Harakumari, there being no other preferential heir, he became absolutely entitled under the provisions of the aforesaid will to the properties left by Lala Ramchandra Ray. He alleged that, on Harakumari's death, he attempted to take possession of the properties, but found that Maharaja Shashikanta was in possession, as heir of his father, the late Maharaja Surjyakanta, who had got himself registered as having purchased or having got ijdrd settlement of the properties from Harakumari and Shyamkumari. He alleged that, on Harakumari's death, he attempted to take possession of the properties, but found that Maharaja Shashikanta was in possession, as heir of his father, the late Maharaja Surjyakanta, who had got himself registered as having purchased or having got ijdrd settlement of the properties from Harakumari and Shyamkumari. He averred that he had not been able to ascertain the real title of the Maharaja, as there was a fire in the Registry Office, in consequence of which the papers therein had been destroyed. The suit was originally instituted against two persons, namely, Maharaja Shashikanta, as the Defendant No. 1, and another person in whose favour Maharaja Surjyakanta had made a nishkar brahmdttar grant in respect of some khdmdr lands lying within property No. 6. The prayers were for recovery of Mas possession and mesne profits on declaration of the Plaintiff's title. 4. The Defendant No. 1 filed a written statement on the 9th July, 1921. On an objection taken by him and on his supplying the names of the Defendants Nos. 3, 4 and 5, the latter were made parties to the suit on the 12th August, 1921. These Defendants filed a written statement on the 5th June, 1922. They raised a similar objection, on which the Defendants Nos. 6, 7 and 8 were added as pro forma Defendants on the 29th July, 1922. The Defendant No. 6 is the same person as the Defendant No. 1. On the 17th April, 1923, the Defendant No. 8 filed a written statement. Thereafter, the, Defendants Nos. 9 and 10 applied to be made parties; and this application was opposed on behalf of the Plaintiff, Lala Ramshankar Eay, but was eventually granted on the 14th August, 1923, on condition that they paid some costs. On the 20th September, 1923, the Plaintiff, Lala Ramshankar Ray, applied for and obtained an order that the Defendants Nos. 9 to 18 be all added as pro forma Defendants. On the 31st May, 1924, the Defendant No. 9 filed a written statement, which the Defendant No. 10 subsequently adopted as his own. The Defendant No. 8 having died, the Defendants Nos. 8 (ka) and 8 (Ma) were brought on the record as Defendants. 9 to 18 be all added as pro forma Defendants. On the 31st May, 1924, the Defendant No. 9 filed a written statement, which the Defendant No. 10 subsequently adopted as his own. The Defendant No. 8 having died, the Defendants Nos. 8 (ka) and 8 (Ma) were brought on the record as Defendants. The Defendant No. 8 (ka) by a petition filed on the 26th August, 1924 accepted as his own the written statement, which had been filed by the Defendant No. 8, and the Defendant No. 8 (Ma) filed a written statement on the 6th September, 1924. On the 19th May, 1925, one Pramodechandra Ray Chaudhuri applied to be, added as a Plaintiff. This application was consented to by the Plaintiff, Lala Ramshankar Ray, and was allowed, the original Plaintiff, Lala Ramshankar Ray, now becoming Plaintiff No. 1 and the added Plaintiff, Pramodechandra Ray Chaudhuri, Plaintiff No. 2. 5. The above facts appear upon the order-sheet of the case and in the petitions filed by the parties, on which the orders concerned were made, and they would give an idea as regards the constitution of the suit, as it gradually developed from its institution until its termination. But to understand the interests of the different parties, it is necessary to state a few facts, which, for all practical purposes, are no longer disputed. As already indicated, the plaint was of the simplest possible description, in which the Plaintiff No. l's right by virtue of his being the adopted son and under the, terms of the will of Lala Ramchandra Ray wTas pleaded, and it was alleged that the Plaintiff No. 1. had no definite knowledge about the particulars of title, under which the Defendant No. 1 claimed beyond this that his father had made purchase or taken ijdrd settlements from Harakumari and Shyamkumari and that he claimed relief in the shape of recovery of possession with mesne profits upon declaration of title. From the written statements of the Defendants, however, the following transactions appear to have taken place in the meantime. 6. On the 11th Srdban, 1291 ( = 25th July, 1884) a mimdngsdpatra (or deed of settlement: Ex. J) was executed by the Plaintiff No. 1 in favour of Harakumari, by which, on Harakumari paying Rs. 60 in cash and agreeing to increase the monthly allowance of Rs. 6. On the 11th Srdban, 1291 ( = 25th July, 1884) a mimdngsdpatra (or deed of settlement: Ex. J) was executed by the Plaintiff No. 1 in favour of Harakumari, by which, on Harakumari paying Rs. 60 in cash and agreeing to increase the monthly allowance of Rs. 20, which the Plaintiff No. 1 was receiving under Lala Ramchandra's will, to Rs. 24 a month, the Plaintiff No. 1 admitted an absolute title in Harakumari with power of gift and sale in respect of a half of property No. 4 and in the whole of property No. 5 and that Shyamkumari would continue to own and possess during her life the half of property No. 2 given to her by the will, and further agreed that Harakumari would continue to possess during her life-time the remaining properties, namely, No. 1, the other half of No. 2, No. 3, the other half of No. 4 and No. 6 and that, on Harakumari's death, the Plaintiff No. 1 would own and possess these properties.On the 10th Chaitra, 1293 ( = 23rd March, 1887) Harakumari made a gift of a half of property No. 4 in favour of Shyamkumari by a deed (Ex. I), in which it was recited that she had previously sold the other half of that property to her. By a kabdld (Ex.G) executed on the 21st Ashar, 1294 (=4th July, 1887), Harakumari sold to Maharaja Surjyakanta properties No. 1, a half of No. 2, No. 3 and No. 6 for a consideration of Rs. 2,000 in cash and an annuity of Rs. 2,075 payable to her during her life.On the same day, another kabdld (Ex. G) was executed by Shyamkumari in favour of Maharaja Surjyakanta in respect of property No. 4 and a half of property No. 2 for a consideration of Rs. 1,000 in cash and an annuity of Rs. 575 for her life. On the 1st Bhddra, 1294 ( = 17th August, 1887), the Plaintiff No. 1 executed a ndddbindmd (Ex. H) in favour of Maharaja Surjyakanta, by which he relinquished his rights in property No. 6 for a consideration of Rs. 2,240 and on condition that the properties No. 1, a half of No. 2 and No. 3 would revert to him on Harakumari's death. On the 3rd Bhddra, 1295 ( = 18th August, 1888) Harakumari executed a kabdld (Ex. H) in favour of Maharaja Surjyakanta, by which he relinquished his rights in property No. 6 for a consideration of Rs. 2,240 and on condition that the properties No. 1, a half of No. 2 and No. 3 would revert to him on Harakumari's death. On the 3rd Bhddra, 1295 ( = 18th August, 1888) Harakumari executed a kabdld (Ex. G) in favour of Maharaja Surjyakanta in respect of property No. 5 for a consideration of Rs. 7,000. Maharaja Surjyakanta thus acquired the entire interest in the 6 items of properties of schedule No. 1 to the plaint. 7. On the 28th September, 1907, Maharaja Surjyakanta, as donor, made a gift of the said 6 items of properties, together with 29 others, in all 35 items of properties, to himself and one Shreenath Ray as Trustees upon trust to pay Rs. 10,000 annually out of the income thereof to the National Council of Education--an association registered under Act XXI of 1860--the surplus of the income, if any, to be payable to the donor himself. The endowment was created by a deed (Ex. M). Maharaja Surjyakanta died in 1909. Under the terms of the deed of endowment (Ex. M), Maharaja Shashikanta became trustee in his father's place, and continued as such till by a letter (Ex. K) dated the 14th September, 1920, written to the Honorary Secretary to the National Council of Education, he resigned his trusteeship from the 1st Kartik, 1327 ( = 18th October, 1920). By an indenture dated the 28th February, 1921 (Ex. L) Shreenath Ray, as the then sole trustee, conveyed the trust properties to the Defendants Nos. 3, 4 and 5, who were constituted a new body of trustees under the endowment with the. approval of the National Council of Education. The Defendants Nos. 7 and 8 were trustees on behalf of the National Council of Education, and the latter, who was also its President, having died, the next President and the Honorary Secretary of the Council were brought in his place as Defendants Nos. 8 (ka) and 8 (Ma) respectively. On the 21st June, 1923, the Defendants Nos. 9 and 10 obtained a permanent lease (Ex. E) of all the endowed properties from the Defendants Nos. 8 (ka) and 8 (Ma) respectively. On the 21st June, 1923, the Defendants Nos. 9 and 10 obtained a permanent lease (Ex. E) of all the endowed properties from the Defendants Nos. 3, 4 and 5 with the sanction of Maharaja Shashikanta, agreeing to pay, in addition to the revenue and the rents payable to the superior landlords and all other dues and charges, a rent of Rs. 10,000 a year to the Council and a malikana of Rs. 1,000 a year to the Maharaja and the, stipulation further was that "the lessees shall be bound to carry on-and conduct at their own "cost and to indemnify the lessors and the Council "against the costs thereof and the results of such "litigations shall not in any way affect the terms and "provisions of the lease." The remaining Defendants are members of-the family of the, Defendants Nos. 9 and 10. Maharaja Shashikanta confirmed the aforesaid lease by an indenture (Ex. F), dated the, 1st September, 1924. The Plaintiff No. 2 purchased properties No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4 and a half of No. 6 together with some structures, etc., from the Plaintiff No. 1 for a consideration of Rs. 55,000 by a kabala (Ex. 6) dated 13th Falgun, 1331 ( = 25th February, 1925). 8. The Subordinate. Judge has made a decree declaring the Plaintiffs' title to properties Nos. 1 to 5 of schedule No. 1 to the plaint and entitling them to recover possession thereof from the Defendants. He has also made a decree for mesne profits, the details of which will be set out hereafter. He has dismissed the Plaintiffs' claim as regards property No. 6 of schedule No. 1 and also as regards the property described in schedule No. 2. 9. From this decree, three appeals have been preferred to this Court: No. 387 by the Defendants Nos. 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 (ka) and 8 (Ma), 9 and 10, the first three, as already stated, being the trustees of the endowment, the next three representing the Council and the last two the lessees; No. 389 by the Defendant No. 1, Maharaja Shashikanta; and No. 458 by the Plaintiffs. 10. 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 (ka) and 8 (Ma), 9 and 10, the first three, as already stated, being the trustees of the endowment, the next three representing the Council and the last two the lessees; No. 389 by the Defendant No. 1, Maharaja Shashikanta; and No. 458 by the Plaintiffs. 10. In order to deal with these appeals, it would be convenient to set out here the relevant terms of the will, because the rendering of it, as it appears in the paperbook, requires a little variation here and there. It runs thus: The said moveable and immovable properties shall remain in my possession so long as I shall be alive. After my death, my widow, Harakumari Dasya, being in possession as owner of all the properties, shall administer and enjoy the same, and having repaid all such debts as I have and having performed (my) sradh and other rites as (my) future heiress, (she) shall be competent to adopt up to five sons unless one be alive. Out of affection for my daughter, Sreemati Shyamkumari Dasya, and for her maintenance, I give " Tappeh Hazardi," etc. (here a half of property No. 2 is described) to the said Sreemati. On the death of my widow my adopted son, if adopted, will get all the properties. If no adopted son can be had, then, on the death of my widow, my daughter, the said Sreemati, will get all the properties, if she resides in my dwelling house. During the life-time of my widow, my daughter, the said Sreemati, would get a moiety "hare of my interest in the aforesaid taluk only, and if a son be adopted, then the said adopted son will, during the life-time of my widow, get an allowance of Ks. 20 a month from my widow......(They) shall get only according to the provisions made by me. If no adopted son is secured, then, on the death of my widow and daughter, the said daughter's husband (literally son-in-law on account of the daughter), Seetalchandra Lala, shall get all the properties, provided he lives in my own house and preserves (my) ancestral institutions by maintaining (my) guru and priest. If no adopted son is secured, then, on the death of my widow and daughter, the said daughter's husband (literally son-in-law on account of the daughter), Seetalchandra Lala, shall get all the properties, provided he lives in my own house and preserves (my) ancestral institutions by maintaining (my) guru and priest. May God forbid, if the said Sreemati dies without leaving any issue, then it is the sons adopted by her or by the said Sreeman (meaning son-in-law) who will get all the said properties on the death of Sreemati and Sreeman. And my widow will be competent to sell a portion of the said properties for payment of my debts........ Whoever will get the properties mentioned above shall observe the above conditions. 11. The first question, which has to be determined, is what were the rights, which Harakumari and Shyamkumari acquired under the will. On behalf of the Appellants, other than the Maharaja, the competency of Ramchandra to make the will has not been disputed. But on behalf of the Maharaja it has been argued in limini that Ramchandra, having been a Hindu governed by the Mitdkshard law, was not competent to dispose of the properties by a will, as the properties were not his self-acquired but ancestral properties. On behalf of the Plaintiffs it has been said that Ramchandra should be taken to belong to the, Ddyabhdga school and that the properties have not been proved to have been acquired by Ramchandra's ancestors. The question, whether Ramchandra was a Hindu governed by the Mitdkshard or the Ddyabhdga School of Hindu law, does not appear to have been put in issue in the court below, but the materials, which the parties brought on the record, would sufficiently indicate that it is the Mitdkshard law that should be held to apply to Ramchandra and his family.. Ramchandra was a Lala, a Sribastava Kayastha, some ancestors of whom migrated from the United Provinces and settled in the district of Mymensingh, in which the properties are situate. The presumption that the family carried with it its laws and customs as to succession and family relations [see Surendra Nath Roy v. Hiramani Barmani (1868) 1 B. L. R. P. C. 26; and Sarada Prasanna Roy v. Umakanta Hazari (1922) I. L. R. 50 Calc. The presumption that the family carried with it its laws and customs as to succession and family relations [see Surendra Nath Roy v. Hiramani Barmani (1868) 1 B. L. R. P. C. 26; and Sarada Prasanna Roy v. Umakanta Hazari (1922) I. L. R. 50 Calc. 370, far from being rebutted, has' been confirmed by such evidence as to rites and observances as there is on the record. The Plaintiff No. 1 himself belonged, before his adoption, to the district of Rai Bareilly in the United Provinces, and his natural parents were also Lalas, Sribastava Kayasthas. Sacred thread is taken at the time of marriage and is no separate ceremony, impurity on account of death is observed for twelve days, and when the husband of a woman is alive it is he and not the son, who performs her srddh. It is possible that a family, who had so migrated, may retain its religious rites and observances, and yet acquiesce in a devolution of property in the common course of descent amongst persons of the race in the district, in which they have settled. But of such a thing having happened, so far as this family is concerned, there is not the slightest indication. The evidence that the properties were ancestral properties of Ramchandra Ray is practically one-sided. These two premises, therefore, on which this contention of the Maharaja rests must be taken as established. Even then, however, it would not necessarily follow that the contention should prevail. In the first place, the Maharaja in the court below never challenged the validity of the will, but, 12 M. I. A. 81.on the other hand took his stand on it. In paragraph 3 of his written statement it was said, This Defendant begs to submit that, although Harakumari Dasya had life interest in the said properties under the will of her husband, she as the executrix to the said will had full rights to sell absolutely the said properties. And in paragraph 5 it was said, Shyamkuroari Dasya obtained an absolute right to a moiety of property No. 2 of the plaint under the will of Lala Ramchandra Ray. 12. And in paragraph 5 it was said, Shyamkuroari Dasya obtained an absolute right to a moiety of property No. 2 of the plaint under the will of Lala Ramchandra Ray. 12. The Subordinate Judge has remarked in his judgment, "The Maharaja does not challenge the "will, but, on the contrary, derived his title from "Harakumari and Shyamkumari, whose title was "founded upon the will." It cannot be contended that Lala Ramchandra, who had no male descendants at the date of the will and when the properties were not coparcenary properties but separate though ancestral, was incompetent to make a will in respect of them simply for the reason that he7was governed by the Mitdkshard law [see Nagalulchmee Ummal v. Gopoo Nadaraja Chetty (1856) 6 M. I. A. 309, 344. and Beer Pertab Sahee v. Rajender Pertab Sahee (1867) 12 M. I. A. 1, 37, 38. L. R. 2 I. A. 7.. It may be pointed out that such a will was upheld by the Judicial Committee in the case of Mahomed Shumsool Hooder v. Shewukram (1874) 14 B. L. R. 226 Nor can it be said that, because an adoption by the widow after the testator's death was in contemplation, the disposition by the will was in any way affected; "for," as pointed out by the Judicial Committee in the case of Krishnamurthi Ayyar v. Krishnamurthi Ayyar (1927) I. L. R. 50 Mad. 508 (525) : L. R. 54 I. A. 248 (262)."the will speaks as at the death of the testator and-"the property is carried away before the adoption "takes place." 13. Another contention put forward on behalf of the Maharaja alone is that, under the will, Harakumari acquired an absolute title to the properties bequeathed to her by it. In support of this contention, the following cases have been cited: Toolsi Dass Kurmokar v. Madan Gopol Dey (1901) I. L. R. 28 Calc. 499. Sures Chandra Palit v. Lalit Mohan Dutta Choudhuri. (1915) 20 C. W. N. 463. and Faiz Muhammad Khan v. Muhammad Said Khan, (1898) I. L. R. 25 Calc. 816 : L. R. 25 I. A. 77. 499. Sures Chandra Palit v. Lalit Mohan Dutta Choudhuri. (1915) 20 C. W. N. 463. and Faiz Muhammad Khan v. Muhammad Said Khan, (1898) I. L. R. 25 Calc. 816 : L. R. 25 I. A. 77. In the first of these cases it was said that, when by the will an authority to adopt is given to a Hindu widow, it does not necessarily follow that the widow takes only a life estate in the property left to her under the will, especially when the power of disposition over the property is given to her, but that the intention of the testator is to be gathered from the terms of the will. In the second case it was said that the use of the word "mdlik" may not by itself create an absolute interest but, where a power of absolute disposition was conferred on the donee, the provision indicates that it was intended to create an absolute interest in his favour, and where such interest has been given, the court will not cut it down on the strength of subsequent words unless they clearly have an effect to restrict it. The third case is an authority for the proposition that, in the absence from the context or the circumstances affecting the properties of all evidence of a different intention, an ultimate gift of the profits is equivalent to an absolute gift of the corpus of the estate. Bearing these and other well-settled principles in mind we have to read the provisions of the will. As regards Harakumari, the word "mdlik dakhalikdr" (owner in 'possession) is used and the word "uttarddhikdrini" is also used, but no power of absolute disposition is given, and, on the other hand, only a power to sell a portion of the properties for payment of the testator's debts is provided for; and it is further provided that, on her death, the adopted son, if any, or if there be no adoption, then the daughter, would take the properties. Harakumari was thus made not an absolute but a limited owTner, and a widow's estate was all that was created in her favour. 14. As regards Shyamkumari the contention of the Appellants is that she too had an absolute estate. Reference in this contention has been made on their behalf to certain decisions, viz., Jogeswar Narain Deo v. Ram Chandra Butt (1896) I. L. R. 23 Calc. 14. As regards Shyamkumari the contention of the Appellants is that she too had an absolute estate. Reference in this contention has been made on their behalf to certain decisions, viz., Jogeswar Narain Deo v. Ram Chandra Butt (1896) I. L. R. 23 Calc. 670 where, in the case of a bequest to a widow and a son with the words "for "your maintenance'' coupled with a power to alienate by sale or gift the property bequeathed, it was held that the words "for your maintenance" did not reduce the. interest of either legatee to one for life only; Bipradas Goswami v. Sadhan Chandra Banerji (1927) I. L. R. 56 Calc. 790. (5) (1930) I. L. R. 11 Lah. 645 in which, relying upon the cases of Surajmani v. Rabi Nath Ojha (1907) I. L. R. 30 All. 84 : L. R. 57 I. A. 282. and Sasiman Chowdhury v. Shib Narayan Chowdhury (1921) I. L. R. 1 Pat. 305 it has been said that it is now a well-established principle sthat, if an estate, were given to a man simply without words of inheritance, it would, in the absence of conflicting context, carry by Hindu law, an estate of inheritance, and this principle would also apply if the donee was a woman; Shalig Ram v. Charanjit Lai (5), in which a will of a Hindu testator, after providing for certain bequests, proceeded to lay down that the two wives of the testator and his daughter-in-law "are the heirs to "whatever is left from the property" and there was no provision for dealing with the residuary property after the deaths of the three devisees, it was held that under the words used and in the circumstances the will conferred upon the three devisees full rights of ownership in an one-third share of the residue of the estate; and a unreported decision in A bhilashchandra Haldar v. Dulalchandra Datta) (1930) A. O. C. 31 of 1930 decided by Rankin C. J. and C. C. Ghose J. on 16th July in which the gift having been "for maintenance" and it being provided that the devisees would receive all the rents and profits which "they would enjoy as long as they lived," it was observed that no power of disposition having been granted, no absolute estate was conveyed. One cardinal principle in the construction of wills is that clear and unambiguous dispositive words are not to be controlled or qualified by any general expression of intention Lalit Mohun Singh Roy v. Chukkun Lai Roy (1897) I. L. R. 24 Calc. 834 But, in the case of Rameshar Baksh Singh v. Arjun Singh (2), their Lordships of the Judicial Committee held that "there seems also to be "no doubt that in the case of a gift for maintenance "the words 'proprietor' and 'for ever' will not per se "create an inheritable estate," and their Lordships also observed that "in the case in Muhammad A bdul "Majid v. Fatima Bibi (1885) I. L. R. 8 All. 39 : L. R. 24 I. A. 76; L. R. 12 I. A. 159, where this was held, the "gift by a will was of the management of property, "but it is also applicable, in the construction of the "gift in this case." In the decision of the Judicial Committee in the case of Sarajubala Debt v. Jyotirmayee Debi (1931) I. L. R. 59 Calc. 142 : L. R. 58 I. A. 270., the grant was for the maintenance of the, grantee, the grantor's daughter, and there were the words "you and your sons born "of your womb and the sons born of their loins in "succession, and the daughters born of your womb "shall continue to enjoy" etc., and it was held that full ownership was conferred. Proceeding to consider the terms of the will in the present case we find that the gift to Shyamkumari was "for her "maintenance." The purpose of the grant being thus the maintenance of the grantee, that is a prima facie indication that the grant was intended to be only for her life. Rameshar Baksh Singh v. Arjun Singh (1900) ILR 23 All. 194 (205): L. R. 28 I. A. 1 (10) In our opinion, the, true construction of this grant could not be extended even by the use of the word "mdlik," which in fact was not used in respect of her as it was in respect of Harakumari. No words of inheritance were used and no dispositive power was given, while, on the other hand, provision was expressly made to whom the property would go on her death. No words of inheritance were used and no dispositive power was given, while, on the other hand, provision was expressly made to whom the property would go on her death. In our opinion, there can be no question that the interest created in favour of Shyamkumari was not intended to extend beyond her life. 15. The next question to be considered is what is the character of the right that was created in favour of the Plaintiff No. 1. On a plain reading of the will, it appears to have, been intended that so long as Harakumari was alive the Plaintiff No. 1 would be entitled to get from her only an allowance of Rs. 20 per month and it was only on the death of Harakumari that he would get all the properties. The question as to what would happen in case Shyamkumari was alive after Harakumari's death, or, in other words, whether the devise in favour of Shyamkumari, which was for her life, would prevail over the devise in favour of the Plaintiff No. 1, under which he would get all the properties on Harakumari's death, has not arisen and need not cloud the issue. It has been contended on behalf of the Appellants that the Plaintiff No. 1 was not an heir expectant, but, as an adopted son, had a vested right from the moment of his adoption. Reference has been made in this connection to the cases next noticed: Bamundoss Maokerjea v. Tarinee (1858) 7 M. I. A. 169. It has been contended on behalf of the Appellants that the Plaintiff No. 1 was not an heir expectant, but, as an adopted son, had a vested right from the moment of his adoption. Reference has been made in this connection to the cases next noticed: Bamundoss Maokerjea v. Tarinee (1858) 7 M. I. A. 169. in which it was held that where a childless Hindu in Bengal gives authority to his widow to adopt a son at his decease, but the widow does not exercise that power but claims succession, the mere fact of there having been authority given to her by her husband to adopt did not, before, the adoption took place, supersede or destroy her rights as widow; Bhoobun Moy.ee Debia v. Ram Kishore A char j Chowdhry (1865) 10 M. I. A. 279., in which it was held that an adopted son, taking by inheritance and not by devise, succeeds to the last full owner, namely, the father, and when the adopted son dies leaving a widow, who takes possession of the properties of the father for her widow's estate, she acquires a vested interest of which she cannot be divested by a subsequent adoption Padmakumari Debi Chowdhrani v. Court of Wards (1881) I. L. R. 8Calc. 302 : L. R. 8 T. A. 229. and Kali Komul Mozumdar v. Uma Sunker Moitra (1883) I. L. R. 10 Calc. 232: L. R. 10 I. A. 138 were also cited in this connection and Bepin Behari Bundopadhya v. Brojo Nath Mookhopadhya (1882) I. L. R. 8 Calc. 357. in which case a Hindu gave a power of adoption to his wife directing that so long as the wife should live she should remain in possession of all his properties, moveable and immovable, ancestral as well as self-acquired, and it was held following Bhagbutti Dfyi v. Bholanath Thakoor (1875) I. L. R. 1 Calc. 104 : L. R. 2 I. A. 256 that the widow took a life interest in her deceased husband's properties with remainder to the adopted son. 104 : L. R. 2 I. A. 256 that the widow took a life interest in her deceased husband's properties with remainder to the adopted son. Other cases have, also been referred to, in which it has been held that where a Hindu widow alienated properties for a purpose not binding on the inheritance and thereafter adopted a son, the alienation was not binding on the adopted son and he could sue during the life-time of the widow to set aside the alienation and reoovex the properties so alienated, his cause of action having arisen at the date of his adoption Vaidyanatha Sastri v. Savithri Ammal (1917) I. L. R. 4 Mad. 75. Bonomali Roy v. Jagat Chandra Bhowmick (1905) I. L. R. 32 Calc. 669 : L. R. 32 I. A. 80. and Bachoo Hurkisondas v. Mankorebai . (1907) I. L. R. 31 Bom. 373: L. R. 34 I. A. 107.were also cited in this connection]. Pratapsingh Shivsingh v. Thakor Shri A gar sing ji Rajasangji (1918) I. L. R. 43 Bom. 778 : L. R. 46 I. A. 97. has been referred to, in which it was held that a Hindu widow can exercise a power to adopt, which is vested in her as long as the power is not extinguished and although her husband's estate is not vested in her and that the rights of an adopted son, except so far as they are curtailed by express texts, are in every respect the same as those of a natural born son. The, case of Bhagabati Barmanya v. Kalicharan Singh (1911) I. L. R. 38 Calc. 468 (472) : L. R. 38 I. A. 54 (63).was referred to as showing that the rights of the Plaintiff No. 1 were those of an "after taker" or of one with a vested remainder. 16. In dealing with this question, the distinction between vested interest, contingent interest and spes successions has to be carefully noted. An estate or interest is vested, as distinguished from contingent, either when enjoyment of it is presently conferred or when its enjoyment is postponed but the time of enjoyment will certainly come to pass; in other words, an estate or interest is vested when there is an immediate right of present enjoyment or a present right of future enjoyment. An estate or interest is! An estate or interest is! contingent if the right of enjoyment is made to depend; upon some event or condition which may or: may not happen or be performed, or if in the case of a gift to take effect in future, it cannot be ascertained in the meantime whether there will be any one to take the gift; in other words, an estate or interest is contingent when the right of enjoyment is to accrue, on an event wThich is dubious or uncertain. And as regards certainty, the law does not regard as uncertain the event of a person attaining a given age or of the death of somebody beyond which his enjoyment is postponed; because if he lives long enough the event is sure to happen. A spes successionis is merely an expectation or hope of succeeding to the property, a chance or possibility which may be defeated by an act of somebody else. In the case of a will, such as the present, which was executed before the Hindu Wills Act (XXI of 1870) came into force, the mere appointment of an executor did not cause any property to vest in him and, if as an executor he was entitled to hold the property, he held it only as manager. But the will having constituted Harakumari not merely an executrix for administering the property with power to sell a portion thereof in order to pay off the testator's debts, but also the owner for her life-time and having postponed the succession of the Plaintiff No. 1 till after her death, the property since the testator's death and so long as she was alive vested in her. That, however, does not mean that the Plaintiff No. 1, when he came to be adopted, had only a spes successionis and nothing more. In the case of Bhwpendra Krishna Ghose v. Amarendra Nath Dey (1915) I. L. R. 41 Calc. 432 (439) : L. R. 43 I. A. 12 (17).in a will of 1898, the testator appointed his wife as his sole executrix and, after giving her authority to adopt a son, provided: In case of death of an adopted son my wife shall adopt one after another five sons in succession. 432 (439) : L. R. 43 I. A. 12 (17).in a will of 1898, the testator appointed his wife as his sole executrix and, after giving her authority to adopt a son, provided: In case of death of an adopted son my wife shall adopt one after another five sons in succession. If my said wife dies without adopting a son, or if such adopted son predeceases her without leaving any male isssue, in such case my estate after the death of my said wife shall pass to the sons of my sister Sreemati Binodini Dasi who may be living at the time of my death 17. The testator was survived by his wife; she adopted a son, who died without issue,, and the wife died without making a further adoption. Their Lordships pointed out that "under the Ddyabhdga, the testator "had not only the power of authorising his widow to "adopt a son to him, and in case of the death of "such adopted son, to make other adoptions in order to "ensure the performance of those religious rites on "which depend his salvation in after life, but he can "attach to such authority a direction that her estate "should not be interfered with or divested during her "life, just as he can postpone the succession of his "natural born son by interposing a life estate,." Their Lordships further observed, "the estate was in "the widow during her life; the gift over is expressly "declared to take effect after her decease in case of the "failure of the adoptions without securing the object "the testator had in view." These observations sufficiently show that, if the case before us was a Ddyabhdga case, the estate would have remained vested in Harakumari till her death. From the decision in the case of Krishnamurthi Ayyar v. Krishnamurthi Ayyar (1927) I. L. R. 50 Mad. 508 : L. R. 54 I. A. 248 it is also clear that, in respect of other schools of Hindu law also, when the disposition is by will and the adoption is subsequently made by a widow who has been given power to adopt,no right of a son who is subsequently adopted can affect that portion which is already carried away under the will. The result must be that, under the Mitdkshard law also, the adoption of the Plaintiff No. 1 in the present case would not divest Harakumari of the estate which she had obtained. The question still remains whether, notwithstanding this position, the Plaintiff No. l's interest during the life-time of Harakumari was "the, chance of an heir apparent "succeeding to an estate, the chance of a relation "obtaining a legacy on the death of a "kinsman or any other possibilities of "a like nature" within the meaning of Section 6, Clause (b) of the Transfer of Property Act. Reversioners under the Hindu law are expectant heirs with a spes successionis Ponnambala Tambiran v. Sivagnana Desika Gnana Sambandha Pandara Sannadhi (1894) I. L. K. 17 Mad. 343 : L. R. 21 I. A. 71; Bahadur Singh v. Mohar Singh (1901) I. L. R. 24 All. 94 : L. R. 29 IndAp 1. Narayan Ganesh Ghatate v. Baliram (1918) I. L. R. 46 Calc. 76 ;. L. R. 45 I. A. 179. Mata Prasad v. Nageshar Sahai (1925) I. L. R. 47 All. 883 (894) : L. R. 52 I. A. 398 (411).In the last mentioned case their Lordships observed "Reversioners possess "individually what has been called a spes successionis, "the bare possibility of succeeding to the estate of the "last owner in case the widow dies leaving any one of "them surviving entitled to take immediate possession "after her, unless, of course, the husband has left the "power to her to adopt a son." The estate remained vested in Harakumari till her death and the adoption of the Plaintiff No. 1 under the terms of the will did not divest her of the estate. The interest of the Plaintiff No. 1 nevertheless was a vested interest in the remainder capable of being transferred under the law. The estate, or such portion of it, of course, would fall on the Plaintiff No. 1 on the demise of Harakumari, only on a contingency being fulfilled, namely, that it was left after sale of such portion as Harakumari might make for paying off her husband's; de,bts as the will authorised her to make. But the interest, which the Plaintiff No. 1 had was a vested interest: and in any event, whether vested or contingent, it was quite different from what is known in law as a spes successionis. But the interest, which the Plaintiff No. 1 had was a vested interest: and in any event, whether vested or contingent, it was quite different from what is known in law as a spes successionis. A contingent interest or ownership is not always a mere chance or possibility of becoming the owner, that is to say, it is often more, than a mere spes acquisitions. In the case of Ma Yaitv. The Offidial Assignee (1929) I. L. R. 8 Ran. 8 : L. R. 57 I. A. 10.their Lordships of the Judicial Committee held that a person, entitled under a deed of settlement made in his life-time to a vested interest in the income of the trust fund and to an interest in the corpus, contingent upon his surviving at the period of distribution, can validly assign his interest upon the settlement, and his interest, whether vested or contingent, is something quite different from a mere possibility of the nature of the chance of an heir apparent succeeding and something quite different from a mere right to sue, which are untransferable by the Transfer of Property Act, Section 6 (a) and (e). In the present case, it is perhaps not possible to read the will as creating in favour of the adopted son a charge on the income of the properties which remained vested in the widow. But even then the will created a fixed right of future ownership in the properties in his favour. 18. The third question that falls for determination is how far were the rights of Harakumari and of the Plaintiff No. 1 affected by the mimdngsdpatra. As already stated, the mimdngsdpatra was executed by the Plaintiff No. 1 in favour of Harakumari on the 11th Srdban, 1291 ( = 25th July, 1884). It states: According to the terms of my father's will, I have not nor can I have any title to or possession of any property, moveable or immovable, except to a monthly allowance of Rs. 20 as stated before, so long as you are alive. 19. It states that there were various sorts of quarrels between the mother and the son, because the latter was demanding more money than what he was entitled to. 20. It states further that the mother, by efficient management, had cleared the heavy debts left by the testator and had succeeded in augmenting the income of the estate. 19. It states that there were various sorts of quarrels between the mother and the son, because the latter was demanding more money than what he was entitled to. 20. It states further that the mother, by efficient management, had cleared the heavy debts left by the testator and had succeeded in augmenting the income of the estate. It then states: As I cannot manage unless I get a little more monthly allowance than what is directed in my father's will and some cash money, you have, according to my prayer and proposal, agreed to grant me from the estate during your life-time an allowance of Rs. 4 more than what has been allowed to me under the will and to pay me Rs. 60 cash for the present in case you get absolute title with power of gift and sale to the property (here is described property No. 5 and a half of property No. 4), etc. 21. There is a further provision which runs in these words: You have selected the site (lying within the Ichandbdri or dwelling house certain boundaries described) for my residence, in respect of which I shall have no power to make a gift or sale. I shall reside there regularly but I shall not be competent to transfer it by sale, gift or otherwise, neither shall it be liable to auction sale, etc., on account of the debts incurred by me; you are debarred from claiming that share in any way 22. By the document, the Plaintiff No. 1 purported to create absolute title in favour of Harakumari in the said two properties and it was further provided that Harakumari would, according tio the terms iof the will, continue to possess and enjoy during her lifetime properties No. 1, a half of No. 2 (excluding the other half of it given to Shyamkumari), No. 3, No. 6 and a half of No. 4, and that, on her death, the Plaintiff No. 1 would own and possess all these last mentioned properties. The Subordinate Judge has held that this document is inoperative,, because, regarded as a document by which Harakumari's rights as a limited owner were enlarged to an absolute title, it was hit by Section 6 (a) of the, Transfer of Property Act, and, regarded as a deed of family settlement, it was not valid, as there was really no dispute between the parties at the time and there 0was no honest settlement of any bona fide claim on either side. As already stated, the Plaintiff No. 1 did not mention this document in his plaint. In his evidence before the court he denied that he executed it and further said that, as he, was a minor at the time, he was incompetent to do so. The Subordinate Judge has held that this denial on the part of the Plaintiff No. 1 was untrue, and that the evidence as to its execution, such as has been given by the only attesting witness to it now surviving, should be believed. We are of the same opinion. He has found that the Plaintiff No. 1 attained majority before its execution and with this conclusion also we agree. As regards his view that the rights of the, Plaintiff No. 1 was of the nature contemplated by Section 6 (a) of the Transfer of Property Act, we have already held otherwise. If a reversioner proposes to relinquish his interest in favour of the widow, the widow's interest is not thereby enlarged, since the reversioner had nothing to relinquish. And a contract by a Hindu to sell immovable property, to which he is the nearest reversionary heir, expectant upon the death of the widow in possession, and to transfer it upon possession accruing to him is void; the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, Section 6 (a), which forbids the transfer of expectancies, would be futile if a contract of the above character were enforceable Annada Mohan Roy v. Gour Mohan Mulliek (1923) T. L. R. 50 Calc. 929 : L. B. 50 I. A. 239.. But the interest of the Plaintiff No. 1, not having been an interest contemplated by Section 6, Clause (a) of the Act, the deed, both as a relinquishment and as creating an estoppel, would, in our opinion, be operative. 929 : L. B. 50 I. A. 239.. But the interest of the Plaintiff No. 1, not having been an interest contemplated by Section 6, Clause (a) of the Act, the deed, both as a relinquishment and as creating an estoppel, would, in our opinion, be operative. On the question whether the document was valid, regarded as a deed of family settlement, we have been referred to such cases as Williams v.Williams (1867) L. R. 2 Ch. 294. Helan Dasi v. Durga Das Mundal (1906) 4 C. L. J. 323. Satya Kumar Banerjee v. Satya Kripal Banerjee (1909) 10 C. L. J. 503 Upendra Nath Bose v. Bindesri Prosad (1915) 20 C. W. N. 210. for-the proposition that a family arrangement might be upheld, although there were no rights actually in dispute at the time when it was made, that it is a mistake to suppose that the principle is applicable only to arrangements for the settlement of doubtful or disputed rights, but it also extends to arrangements made amongst members of a family for the; preservation of its peace, and that where no fraud, mistake, inequality of position, undue influence or coercion or ground of a similar nature has been established, courts would not be bound to scan with much nicety the quantum of consideration. Reference has also been made to such cases as Mata Prasad v. Nageshar Sahai (1925) I. L. R. 47 All. 883 : L. R. 52 I. A. 398 in which it has been held that, where a Hindu widow, in possession of her husband's estate, has entered into a compromise of a claim by a reversioner and the compromise is, in the circumstances, of the nature of a family settlement which is prudent and reasonable, it is binding upon the estate; *Kanhqi Lai v. Brij Lai (1918) I. L. R. 40 All. 48 7 : L. R. 45 I. A. 118., in which an Appellant, who had entered into and taken the benefit of a compromise, into which he had entered at a time when he had no right of any kind to any share in the property but had the mere expectancy of a reversioner, was held precluded from claiming as a reversioner subsequently; and Ramgowda Annagowda v. Bhausaheb (1927) I. L. R. 52 Bom. 1 : L. R. 54 T. A. 396. 1 : L. R. 54 T. A. 396. in which alienations made by a Hindu widow under a transaction, which was regarded as a family arrangement, were held binding on the reversioner, who had attested the deeds, by which the alienations had been made and had himself acquired a part of the estate by one of such alienations, all such alienations being regarded as parts of one and the same transaction. On behalf of the Respondents, reference has been made to such cases as Krishna Chandra Dutta Roy v. Hemaja Sankar Nandi Mazumdar (1917) 22 C. W. N. 463. Shyam Lai Ghosh v. Rameswari Bosu (1915) 23 C. L. J. 82. and Satis Chandra Ghosh v. Kalidasi Dasi (1921) 34 C. I-. J. 529, for the proposition that a deed of family settlement presupposes a bona fide claim on either side and an honest settlement thereof. On reading these decisions with care, it seems to us that, if there is one principle that follows from all of them unmistakably, 23. it is this that the arrangement must be one concluded with the object of settling bona fide a dispute arising out of conflicting claims to property, which was either existing at the time or was likely to arise in future. Bona fides is the essence of its validity, and from this it follows that there must be either a dispute or at least an apprehension of a dispute, a situation of contest, which is avoided by a policy of giving and taking; or else, all transfers or surrenders will pass under the, cloak of a family arrangement. Three cases of the Judicial Committee may be cited in this connection. In the case of Sureshar Misser v. Maheshrani Mfarain (1920) I. L. E. 48 Ca)c. 100 (108) : L.R. 47 I. A. 233 (238). a surrender, partial as distinguished from a total relinquishment of the widow's interest in the property, which would be otherwise invalid, was upheld on the ground that it was an arrangement made in performance of a family compromise following upon a dispute between the widow and the next reversioner. In that case their Lordships observed: "An arrangement, by which the "reversioner as a consideration for the surrender "promised to convey a portion of the property to a "nominee or nominees of the lady surrendering, might "well fall under the description of a device to divide "the estate. In that case their Lordships observed: "An arrangement, by which the "reversioner as a consideration for the surrender "promised to convey a portion of the property to a "nominee or nominees of the lady surrendering, might "well fall under the description of a device to divide "the estate. It is here that the fact of the arrangement "being of the nature of a compromise becomes of "importance. Once the bona fides is admitted, we "have the situation of a contest under which, if "decision were one way, the estate was carried to the "daughters away from the family, and a litigation in "the course of which the estate would probably be much "diminished. This situation made it a perfectly good "consideration for the lady in order to avoid these "results to consent to give up her own rights by "surrender. On the other hand it was a good "consideration for the reversioner to get rid of the "will and in a question with the daughters, who "would take all by the will, to agree to give them a "half of the property." Man Singh v. Nowlakhbati (1925) I. L. R. 5 Pat. 290 : L. R. 53 I. A. 11 was a case in which there was nothing to show that there was any dispute, and a partial surrender by the widow was not upheld on the ground of its being a family arrangement. In the case of Ramgowda Annagowda v. Bhausaheb (1927) I. L. R. 52 Bom. 1 (7) : L. R. 54 T. A. 396 (402). their Lordships observed: "It was argued that "Annagowda's contingent interest as a remote "reversioner could not be validly sold by him, as it "was a mere spes successions, and an agreement to "sell such interest would also be void in law. It is "not necessary to consider that question because he "did not in fact either sell or agree to sell his "reversionary interest. It is "not necessary to consider that question because he "did not in fact either sell or agree to sell his "reversionary interest. It is settled law that an "alienation by a widow in excess of her powers is not "altogether void but only voidable by the reversioners, " who may either singly or as a body be precluded "from exercising their right to avoid it either by "express ratification or by acts which treat it as "valid or binding." Their Lordships further observed: "Their Lordships conclude that the circumstances "strongly point to the three documents being part and "parcel of one transaction by which a disposition was "made of Akkagowda's estate, such as was likely to "prevent disputes in the future and therefore in the "best interests of all the parties." So far as the case before us is concerned, if the words used in the deed are taken at the foot of the letter it is difficult to construe it as suggesting that there was a dispute or a claim on either side, and lesser still that any settlement of a dispute or claim was intended. The deed recites the motive for it in these words "Whereas bad feelings between mother and son may "cause injury in future to the father's estate and "cause various inconvenience to both of us." The document purports to acknowledge that Harakumari had excellently administered the properties, that the Plaintiff No. 1 had no title, that the quarrel which he made was confined to demands of some extra moneys for his allowance and that the deed was executed, because Harakumari was in need of having from the Plaintiff No. 1 something that she had not and which was in the power of the Plaintiff No. 1 to confer on her, namely, an absolute title to two of the properties. The evidence as regards a supposed dispute which was adduced on behalf of the Plaintiff has been, and, in our opinion, rightly, disbelieved by the Subordinate Judge. It is true that, notwithstanding the words of the deed, we may, if materials be available, find in excess of or contrary to its terms that other circumstances existed. But we can find none such upon the record before us. As a family arrangement binding upon the estate or upon persons who were not parties to it, the deed, in our opinion, was inoperative. But we can find none such upon the record before us. As a family arrangement binding upon the estate or upon persons who were not parties to it, the deed, in our opinion, was inoperative. But we do not see why the deed would not bind the Plaintiff No. 1 to the extent that he,, for consideration which he received and presumably continued to receive, under it, created an absolute right in favour of Harakumari. We can find nothing on the materials on the record, which would go to vitiate the deed or do away with its operative character. No inadequacy of consideration, no unfairness of the bargain, no vitiating cause, no question as to the good faith of a transaction as between parties, one of whom stood in relation to the other in a position of active confidence, was pleaded; and the Defendants were never called upon to meet any such case. Stray circumstances that the Plaintiff No. 1 had come of age only a year before or that the deed was executed in the house of Jaynarayan, who, upon the evidence appears to have been a dominating factor in all that used to be done by Harakumari or in her name, would hardly raise such presumption as would justify us in holding that the transaction should not be upheld. Moreover, during the long series of years that Harakumari lived since the date of the deed, the Plaintiff No. 1 never repudiated it, never raised a finger by way of protest, and on the contrary, in 1294 B. S. (=1887), when he executed the ndddbindmd and when, therefore, an opportunity arose to have the rights of the parties further adjusted, or when at any rate, he could have asserted his right to question the mimdngsdpatra, he did not consider it worth his while to do so. 24. In our opinion, therefore, the effect of the mimdngsdpatra was to create in favour of Harakumari an absolute title in property No. 5 and a half of property No. 4, and that the Plaintiff No. 1, and, for the matter of that, the Plaintiff No. 2, who derives his title from him, are not competent to challenge that title. 25. The fourth question is, what rights did Maharaja Surjyakanta acquire by his purchases from Harakumari and Shyamkumari and under the ndddbindmd executed by the Plaintiff No. 1. 25. The fourth question is, what rights did Maharaja Surjyakanta acquire by his purchases from Harakumari and Shyamkumari and under the ndddbindmd executed by the Plaintiff No. 1. The ndddbindmd was executed by the Plaintiff No. 1 on the 1st Bhadra, 1294 B. S. (=l7th August, 1887) at a time when the Maharaja had already by a kabdld (Ex. G2,) purchased from Harakumari properties Nos. 1, a half of No. 2, No. 3 and No. 6. The other half of property No. 2 had been bequeathed to Shyamkumari by the will. In all the properties, so purchased by Maharaja Surjyakanta, Harakumari under the mimdngsdpatra had no absolute, but only a limited right. Under the ndddbindmd, the Plaintiff No. 1, for a consideration of Rs. 2,240, admitted that the sale by Harakumari in favour of the Maharaja was for justifying necessity and it was agreed between the parties, that is to say, the Plaintiff No. 1, who executed the document, and the Maharaja, who accepted the document, paid the consideration for it and acted under it, that property No. 6 would belong permanently to the Maharaja, the Plaintiff No. 1 having no right to it thereafter, and that the other properties, namely, No. 1, a half of No. 2 and No. 3, would revert to the Plaintiff No. 1 on Harakumari's death. The Subordinate Judge has held that, so far as property No. 6 is concerned, the. document embodies a consent on the part of the Plaintiff No. 1, for consideration, to the alienation which Harakumari had made in respect of this property and we. agree in this view. The Maharaja's title to property No. 6, therefore, thus became an indefeasible, one. As regards properties No. 1, a half of No. 2 and No. 3, the document embodies an admission on the part of the Plaintiff No. 1 that the sale by Harakumari was for legal necessity, but this admission was coupled with a stipulation that the sale would stand good only during the life-time of Harakumari and that the properties would revert to the Plaintiff No. 1 on Harakumari's death. 26. It has already been stated that Harakumari obtained an absolute title to a half of property No. 4 under the mimdngsdpatra. She, however conveyed to Shyamkumari a half of property No. 4 by a deed (Ex. 26. It has already been stated that Harakumari obtained an absolute title to a half of property No. 4 under the mimdngsdpatra. She, however conveyed to Shyamkumari a half of property No. 4 by a deed (Ex. I) on the 10th Chaitra, 1293 ( = 23rd March, 1887), in which it was recited that the other half of that property had already been acquired by Shyamkumari by purchase. Shyamkumari had obtained a half of property No. 2 under the will. On the 21st Ashar, 1294 ( = 4th July, 1887), by a kaMld (Ex. Gl) she sold to Maharaja Shashikanta the half of property No. 2 and the whole of property No. 4. Out of these properties she had absolute title in only a half of property No. 4 on the strength of Harakumari's title under the mimdngsdpatra. By a kabdld (Ex. G), dated the 3rd Bhadra, 1295 (-18th August, 1888), Maharaja Surjyakanta purchased property No. 5 from Harakumari, in which she had absolute title under the mimdngsdpatra. The result of these transactions was that Maharaja Surjyakanta acquired an absolute title to a half of No. 4 and to No. 5, but in the other half of No. 4 he acquired Harakumari's widow's interest only and in the half of No. 2 only Shyamkumari's life interest. 27. The purchase which Maharaja Surjyakanta made in respect of a half tof property No. 2, in which Shyamkumari had a life interest only, cannot be justified on any ground whatever. As regards his purchase in respect of properties in which Harakumari had a widow's estate, for the purchase to have conferred on him an absolute title, it must be established either that there was, in fact, legal necessity or at least that he had made proper and bona fide enquiry as to the existence of such necessity. The Subordinate Judge has dealt with this part of the, lase in great detail and with commendable care. We entirely agree in the conclusion, at which he has arrived result of a very careful and sifting investigation. On the question whether in fact there was justifying necessity, the evidence is practically nil, while the collection papers of the period, the existence of which is established, have not been produced on excuses which are puerile. We entirely agree in the conclusion, at which he has arrived result of a very careful and sifting investigation. On the question whether in fact there was justifying necessity, the evidence is practically nil, while the collection papers of the period, the existence of which is established, have not been produced on excuses which are puerile. The responsibility for such non-' production must, upon the materials on the record, rest with the Maharaja and the Defendant No. 10, and the presumption is legitimate that, if produced, they would have shown the contrary. The recital in the mimdngsdpatra as regards the condition of the estate at the, time strengthens and supports this presumption. There is nothing to suggest that the legitimate expenses of the ladies and the purposes, for which the moneys were required as recited in the deeds, could not be met out of the income of the properties; at least there is no evidence to show that they could not. It is not disputed that there is absolutely no evidence that Maharaja Surjyakanta made any enquiry as regards the necessities, for which the sales were made, but what is relied on on behalf of the Appellants is the principle enunciated by the Judicial Committee in the case of Banff a Chandra Dhur Biswas v. Jagat Kishore Acharjya Chowihuri (1916) I. L. R. 44 Calc. 186 : L. R. 43 I. A. 249. For three reasons, the principle, in our opinion, should not apply: firstly, because, although the witnesses to the transactions are not available, documentary evidence in the shape of collection papers are still available, but have been withheld; secondly, because all the probabilities and circumstances that appear in the case are utterly inconsistent with the recitals in the documents; and thirdly, because the recitals themselves appear to have been made, with an ulterior purpose and not as representing the truth. A perusal of the oral evidence in the case cannot fail to impress one with the idea that the Plaintiff No. 1, so far as Harakumari was concerned, was a sort of a cast away son, with vices which made him obnoxious and that he was not in the good graces of Harakumari or of her guiding spirit, Jaynath Ray. The Plaintiff No. l's statements in the naddbindmd, upon which stress has been laid on behalf of the Appellants, cannot, therefore, be implicitly relied on. 28. The Plaintiff No. l's statements in the naddbindmd, upon which stress has been laid on behalf of the Appellants, cannot, therefore, be implicitly relied on. 28. The result of our conclusions on the four questions, that we have dealt with so far, is that the Maharaja should be held to have acquired an absolute, title, which it is not open to the Plaintiffs to challenge, so far as a half of property No. 4, and properties Nos. 5 and 6 are concerned, but not as regards the. other properties. 29. The other objections urged on behalf of the Appellants will now have to be considered. But before dealing with them we think it necessary to state that, in the court below, there were two issues raised challenging the legitimacy and adoption of the Plaintiff No. 1. Under these two issues, a mass of evidence was adduced and there was an elaborate trial. They were found in favour of the Plaintiff No. 1 and against the Defendants, who raised it. Before this Court the Maharaja has expressly disavowed all connection with those issues and his learned advocate has told us that it was mainly because such defences were taken that he has dissociated himself from the other Defendants and has preferred a separate appeal. We congratulate him on the honourable course that he has adopted. It should also be mentioned here that not one word has been said before us on behalf of the other Defendants as against the findings of the court below upon those issues. Those findings have not been challenged before us in any manner whatsoever. 30. An objection has been raised on behalf of the Council that the, suit, in so far as it was against the Council, was not properly constituted. It appears that, on the objection of the Defendants Nos. 3 to 5, the Plaintiff No. 1, on the 29th July, 1922, applied for amendment of the plaint by adding the persons named in the petition as pro forma Defendants, and this application was granted, so that Maharaja Shashikanta, Mr. Brajendrakishore Ray Chaudhuri and Sir Ashutosh Chaudhuri, trustees on behalf of the National Council of Education, were added as pro forma Defendants Nos. 6, 7 and 8. On the 17th April, 1923, Sir Ashutosh filed a written statement. Brajendrakishore Ray Chaudhuri and Sir Ashutosh Chaudhuri, trustees on behalf of the National Council of Education, were added as pro forma Defendants Nos. 6, 7 and 8. On the 17th April, 1923, Sir Ashutosh filed a written statement. Sir Ashutosh died thereafter and, on that, on the 20th June, 1924, on the application of the Plaintiff No. 1, Sir Praphullachandra Bay and Mr. Hirendranath Datta were substituted or rather brought on the record, the former as the President and the latter as the Honorary Secretary of the Council. Mr. Datta, in his written statement filed on the 6th September, 1924, pleaded that " the National Council of Education "being a society registered under the provisions of Act "XXI of 1860, the present unjust suit, instituted "without giving notice to the society under the "provisions of Section 6 of the Act, is fit to be "dismissed," and this objection was urged before the court. Thereupon the Plaintiffs sent notice to the President and the Honorary Secretary of the Council to appoint a person who could be sued on their behalf. 31. The Council thereupon nominated a gentleman for the, purpose and communicated the fact of such nomination to the Plaintiff No. 1. That gentleman, being unwilling to act, communicated his refusal to the Council and also spoke about it to the Plaintiff No. l's pleader and it is admitted that no other person has since been appointed in his place. The Plaintiff No. 1, thereupon, put in a petition on the 19th December, 1924, informing the court of the fact that the gentleman nominated had communicated his refusal to the Council, and praying that the suit might be allowed to proceed against the Council with the President and the Honorary Secretary representing them. It is not said that there are any rules and regulations of the Council determining in whose name the Council is to be sued. But what is argued is that, though the gentleman nominated communicated his refusal to act as such to the Council, he had not done so to the court, and that, therefore, the, Plaintiff No. 1 should have brought him on the record, and if he said before the court that he was not willing to act, then the Plaintiff No. 1 should have again asked the Council to nominate another person and so on. We cannot agree in this view of the law. We cannot agree in this view of the law. We think that no effective nomination having been made by the Council, the suit, constituted as it then was with the President and the Honorary Secretary xas Defendants, was validly constituted so far as the representation of the Council was concerned. 32. A contention has been urged on behalf of the other Appellants that the suit in respect of properties No. 1, a half of No. 2 and No. 3 was not maintainable in its present form, but the Plaintiffs' proper remedy was by a suit for specific performance and that the Plaintiffs have been deprived of that remedy. The principle enunciated in the decision of the Judicial Committee in the case of Srish Chandra Roy v. Banomali Roy (1904) I. L. R. 31 Calc. 584 : L. R. 31 I. A. 107. has been relied on. A passage in the nddabindmd is referred to in this connection. It runs in these words: After mother's death, you will relinquish your title and possession of properties of schedule 2 in my favour. If after mother's death, you fail to give up the properties of schedule 2, in spite of my asking for it in a proper way, then I shall be competent to take possession of the properties of schedule 2 by taking proper steps. 33. The properties in the second schedule to the deed are, the properties named above. In the case, on which reliance has been placed as above, what happened was this. Two parties had made a compromise comprising an agreement, the chief consideration for which was the execution of an ekrdr by one party acknowledging the title ( as adopted son) of the other party to the agreement, and the former had subsequently by his conduct (in bringing a suit to set aside the adoption and alleging that the ekrdr had been obtained from him by fraud) attempted and in a great measure succeeded in depriving the, latter of the benefit of the argeement; and it was held in a subsequent suit by the heirs of the party, who had' tried to rescind the agreement, that there had been a failure of consideration and the conduct referred to was at variance with and amounted to a subversion of the relations intended to be established by the compromise, and that specific performance of the agreement could not be enforced. In the present case, an application which the Plaintiff made for amendment of the plaint by inserting therein an allegation of undue influence and minority in connection with the mimdngsdpatra was disallowed by the court on the 13th August, 1925 on the ground that the amendment was asked for after an inordinate delay since the institution of the suit and the framing of the issues, and that the amendment prayed for would change the character of the plaint and put the Defendants to inconvenience. The consideration for the nddabindmd, in so far as it was a consideration receivable by the Maharaja, has not failed so far. It is difficult to see what bearing the decision in the case, cited can have upon the present case, on the facts just stated. It would be enough, we think, for us to say that, even if the Plaintiff No. 1 may have, had a remedy in the shape of specific performance open to him, the present suit for declaration of title and recovery of possession was also open to him as an alternative remedy. 34. Another ground urged, though somewhat faintly, was that the suit was barred by limitation. Instituted as it was within 12 years of the deaths of Harakumari and of Shyamkumari, we cannot see how it may be held to be barred. Articles 140 and 141 of Schedule I to the Limitation Act both prescribe that period for a suit of this nature. It has also been suggested that the suit was not maintainable without a prayer for setting aside the mimdngsapdtra and the ndddbindmd, and as a suit for that purpose would be governed by Article 91 of the Limitation Act, the present suit is barred. The question, in our opinion, does not arise, inasmuch as the Plaintiffs, under our judgment, will get only such relief as they are entitled to on the footing of the said deeds being binding on them. 35. It has further been contended that the Plaintiff No. 2 having purchased, on the 25th February, 1925, some of the properties under a transaction which is of a champertous character, the suit should not have been allowed to be proceeded with. We have examined the nature of the transaction. 35. It has further been contended that the Plaintiff No. 2 having purchased, on the 25th February, 1925, some of the properties under a transaction which is of a champertous character, the suit should not have been allowed to be proceeded with. We have examined the nature of the transaction. It is only some of the properties, namely, No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 and No. 4 and a half of No. 6 that were purchased and there was nothing in the bargain, which may be regarded as extortionate, unconscionable or inequitable and nothing that may be. regarded as gambling in litigation or oppressive to the opponents by helping in an unrighteous litigation. In any case, the Plaintiff No. 1 having continued as a Plaintiff, there can be no possible objection to a decree being passed in the suit in favour of the two Plaintiffs jointly. 36. The result then is that the Plaintiffs, in our judgment, are entitled to a decree declaring their title to properties No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 and a half of No. 4 and entitling them to recover possession thereof from the Defendants in respect of those properties. The suit, in so far as it related to the other half of property No. 4 and properties Nos. 5 and 6, should be dismissed. 37. There remains only the decree for mesne profits to be considered. The Subordinate Judge has made a decree for Eupees twenty-three thousand and odd (as due for the period, 13th Fdlgun, 1326 to 5th Ashdr, 1330) jointly and severally against the trustees in their representative character, viz., (the Defendants Nos. 3, 4 and 5 and against the beneficiaries, viz., the Maharaja Defendant No. 1 and the Council as represented by the Defendants Nos. 7, 8 (ka) and 8 (kha). He has also made a decree for Rupees twenty-eight thousand and odd (as due for the period 6th Ashar, 1330 to 1334) jointly and severally against the aforesaid parties and also the lessees, the Defendants Nos. 9 and 10. He has also ordered that the Plaintiffs would be, entitled to mesne profits from all these parties from the date of the decree to the date of recovery of possession. This decree, in our judgment, cannot be supported. 38. In the first place, the issue that was framed on the question of mesne profits was in these words:"No. 9. He has also ordered that the Plaintiffs would be, entitled to mesne profits from all these parties from the date of the decree to the date of recovery of possession. This decree, in our judgment, cannot be supported. 38. In the first place, the issue that was framed on the question of mesne profits was in these words:"No. 9. Is the Plaintiff entitled to mesne profits?" There was nothing in the issue to indicate that an enquiry into the quantum of mesne profits was at all contemplated. The Plaintiffs adduced no evidence on the question. The Defendants filed1 the record-of-rights to prove, as far as can be, gathered, the values of the properties. This record-of-rights gave certain particulars as regards rents recoverable and revenue payable, and it is only on the basis of these materials that the mesne profits have been assessed. As there has been no proper investigation with proper opportunity to the parties to adduce evidence, the assessment cannot stand. Then again, the foundation of liability for mesne profits is the fact of dispossession of the Plaintiffs and possession by the trespassers. This position does not seem to have been borne in mind in making the decree. Two periods have been formed: one from the 13th Fdlgun, 1326, i.e., the date of death of Harakumari, to the 5th Ashdr, 1330, i.e., the date prior to the lease of the Defendants Nos. 9 and 10, and for this period the trustees and the, beneficiaries have been made liable; and the other, from the 6th Ashdr, 1330, i.e., the date of the lease of the Defendants Nos. 9 and 10, up to the date of the decree and for this period the trustees, the beneficiaries and the lessees have been made liable. It is not possible to defend the decree in so far as it is against the beneficiaries, because, as beneficiaries, they were not concerned in the Plaintiffs' dispossession and it is not and cannot be. suggested that they were ever in possession. They may have received moneys under the trust deed out of the collections, but the trust deed included these as well as other properties. suggested that they were ever in possession. They may have received moneys under the trust deed out of the collections, but the trust deed included these as well as other properties. It is quite true that the source of the moneys, which the Council did or would receive, was partly, at any rate, the collections from these properties, but when they did or would receive the moneys, there would be, nothing to show from which of the properties covered by the trust deed they came. In no sense can they be regarded as having intercepted the profits, which should have gone to the real owner. The decree, as against the Council and as against the Maharaja also, in so far as he was a beneficiary, cannot possibly stand. But the Maharaja was in possession as a trespasser, though he subsequently resigned his trusteeship on the 14th September, 1920. By so resigning he could not absolve himself, as against the Plaintiffs, of his liability for mesne profits which arose by reason of the fact that he was a trespasser, though this fact has to be taken into account in apportioning the liabilities of the. different trespassers inter se. Thirdly, when the trustees, the Defendants Nos. 3, 4 and 5, were added as Defendants on the 12th August, 1921, the plaint was amended On a prayer contained in a petition filed on behalf of the Plaintiff No. 1 on that date, and the effect of this amendment was to extend the claim for mesne profits as against those Defendants as well. But the Council as well as the lessees were brought on the record as pro forma Defendants only. It is true that there is no such thing in the Code as pro forma Defendants, but the distinction is obvious and material, because, as against pro forma Defendants, the Plaintiff claims no relief and they are added only because it may be proper to have the adjudication made in their presence, The Plaintiffs, therefore, in the present case are not entitled to any relief in the shape of mesne profits as against the lessees, the Defendants Nos. 9 and 10, though it may be that those Defendants are liable for contribution to other Defendants under the terms of the lease under which they hold. 39. These complications have, caused us considerable anxiety. 9 and 10, though it may be that those Defendants are liable for contribution to other Defendants under the terms of the lease under which they hold. 39. These complications have, caused us considerable anxiety. In the case of a claim for mesne profits two courses are left open to the court. A decree for mesne profits may be passed jointly and severally against all the trespassers, who may have jointly kept the Plaintiffs out of possession for any particular period, leaving them to have their respective rights adjusted in a separate suit for contribution: or the respective liabilities of such trespassers may be ascertained in the Plaintiff's suit against them, and a decree on the basis of such several liabilities may be passed as against the respective trespassers in Plaintiff's favour. It is doubtful if Merryweather v. Nixan (1799) 8 Term 186;101 E. R. 1337, which denied a right of contribution as between joint wrong-doers, is still good law in England [See the observations of Lord Herschell in Palmer v. Wick and Pulteneytown Steam Shipping Co. 1894 A. C. 318, 324.. The rule enunciated in this decision (1) has since been considerably modified See the cases cited in Kamala Prasad Sukul v. Kishori Mohan Pramanik (1927) 48 C. L. J. 350, 355. In any case, the, applicability of the doctrine to this country has been repeatedly questioned [e.g., Siva Panda v. Jujusti Panda (1901) I. L. R. 25 Mad. 599. Nihal Singh v. The Collector of Bulandshar (1916) I. L. R. 38 All. 237, Kamala Prasad Sukul v. Kishori Mohan Pramanik (1)]. Mookerjee J. dealt with the question in an elaborate judgment in the case of Ramratan Kapali v. Aswini Kumar Butt (1910) I. L. R. 37 Calc. 559, 568-569.. He observed: "It cannot be laid down as an "inflexible rule, that in every case of tort, the court "is bound to pass a joint decree against the wrong-"doers, making each jointly and severally liable for the "whole amount decreed....... 559, 568-569.. He observed: "It cannot be laid down as an "inflexible rule, that in every case of tort, the court "is bound to pass a joint decree against the wrong-"doers, making each jointly and severally liable for the "whole amount decreed....... In cases, therefore, in "which the controlling general principle, namely, that "where acts of several persons by design, or by "conduct, tantamount to conspiracy, contribute to the "commission of a wrong, they are jointly liable, is not "applicable, the rule of joint liability also ceases to be "applicable." In that case it was held that, in respect of mesne profits, which accrue during the pendency of a suit for possession, the liability of different tenure-holders of the same degree, and of separate undertenure-holders of different degrees, should be apportioned according to the shares of the profits intercepted by each. This decision has been dissented from by Page J. in the case of Pramada Nath Roy v. Secretary of State for India (1926) I. L. R. 53 Calc. 992.; L. R. 56 I. A. 290 (294, 297). but the correctness of the dissent has been questioned in Kamala Prasad Sukul v. Kishori Mohan Pramanik, (1). It may be mentioned here that the decision in Pramada Nath Roy's case (1926) I. L. R. 53 Calc. 992 : L. R. 56 I. A. 290 (294, 297). has since been reversed by the Judicial Committee [see Gurudas Kundu Chaudhuri v. Hemendra Kumar Roy (1929) I. L. R. 57 Calc. 1 (5, 8), which will presently be noticed and which is undoubtedly an authority in support of the view that separate decrees on the footing of several liabilities may and sometimes should be made. 40. On behalf of the Maharaja, it has been broadly contended that he can only be liable for the period since, the date of resignation of his trusteeship, for such amount as might have actually come to his hands, and reliance for this purpose has been placed upon the decisions of the Judicial Committee in the cases of L. P. E. Pugh v. Ashutosh Sen (1928) I. L. R. 8 Pat. 516 (519) : L. R. 56 I. A. 93 and Gurudas Kundu Chaudhuri v. Hemendra Kumar Ray (1929) I. L. R. 57 Calc. 1 (58) ;. L. R. 56 I. A. 290 (294, 297). 516 (519) : L. R. 56 I. A. 93 and Gurudas Kundu Chaudhuri v. Hemendra Kumar Ray (1929) I. L. R. 57 Calc. 1 (58) ;. L. R. 56 I. A. 290 (294, 297). The former case was an action of trover, the Plaintiffs claiming damages for the conversion by the Defendants of specific moveable property, namely, coal gotten by the Defendants from the Plaintiffs' mines. The facts were that the Appellants, having acquired a coal-mining lease of certain property, had encroached upon the neighbouring lands of the Plaintiffs' landlords, under whom the Plaintiffs held the same; and then the Appellants sub-let the lands of the, coal-mining lease to certain other persons, who, while holding under the sub-lease, did similar encroachments. The Plaintiffs sued the Appellants and their sub-lessees and in that suit it was held that the Appellants were not jointly liable with their sublessees for the coal which the latter had taken. It was argued as follows:But in any case this Appellant "was not liable. The suit was not for an account of "profits received by him, but a suit for damages for "trover. He was not, however, the principal of the "other Defendants, nor a joint tortfeaser with them. "There was no evidence that the Appellant knew of "the encroachments by the other Defendants. "Although he received royalties upon all the coal "extracted, there was nothing to show him that part "of the coal was from the land encroached upon. "The lease given by the Appellant provided for "royalties for the demised land only." In the latter case the facts were these. Land to which three families of zemindars were entitled in certain shares became diluviated. On reformation, the Government took possession and let it out on a patni lease. One of the three families recovered the land from the Government and continued the patniddr in possession. Subsequently, members of the other two families sued the family who had recovered the land and the patniddr, claiming possession of their shares and mesne profits. The suit was decreed in these words: "It is ordered that the claim of this suit be decreed "with costs and mesne profits and interest against the "principal Defendants and the Defendants subsequently "added... Subsequently, members of the other two families sued the family who had recovered the land and the patniddr, claiming possession of their shares and mesne profits. The suit was decreed in these words: "It is ordered that the claim of this suit be decreed "with costs and mesne profits and interest against the "principal Defendants and the Defendants subsequently "added... The amount of mesne profits to be "ascertained in execution." Two questions arose: first, the period for which the mesne profits should be allowed; and second, on what basis the mesne profits should be computed. On the first question, it was held that the decree meant that mesne profits were to be recoverable up to the date of the Plaintiffs' readmission to the land. On the second question, it was held that mesne profits recoverable from the principal Defendants, who had recovered the land, would be on the basis of the rent they received from the patniddr and not upon the produce value of the land. Their Lordships were of opinion that the patniddr could hardly be regarded as a trespasser and in one sense the principal Defendants also were not trespassers, but, whatever it was, the decree was not a proper joint and several decree. Their Lordships observed:They do not view the decree as a proper "joint and several decree. They think it is to be "construed applicando singula singulis. Let this test "be taken. Suppose any one of the numerous "Defendants had refused to quit possession, could all "the other Defendants have been put in prison because "that one Defendant was in contumacy to the decree ? "What authority is there for saying that under such "a decree as against any one particular Defendant you "are entitled to say: I will hold you liable not for "the mesne profits which you got according to the "terms of the Act, but for the mesne profits which "somebody else got and with whom, under the decree.you are liable? Their Lordships think it would be "the height of injustice to hold that and they do not "see that they are bound to hold it." These two decisions, in our judgment, do not support the broad proposition for which the Maharaja's learned advocate has contended. Their Lordships think it would be "the height of injustice to hold that and they do not "see that they are bound to hold it." These two decisions, in our judgment, do not support the broad proposition for which the Maharaja's learned advocate has contended. And although it is true that as amongst the Defendants inter se, when their rights are, to be adjusted, none can rightly claim from others what the latter could not possibly have received, it is not possible to hold that, because one particular trespasser did not actually receive more than some particular amount, the Plaintiff's claim must, in all circumstances, be limited to that particular amount. The principles on which mesne profits have to be calculated have, been further explained by the Judicial Committee in the case of Gray v. Bhagu Mian (1929) I. I.K. 9 Pat. 621 : L. R. 57 I. A. 105 in which their Lordships have said that, under the definition of mesne profits [Section 2, Sub-section {12) of the Code,] the sum to be awarded is not what the Plaintiff has lost by his exclusion from the land, but what the Defendant has made or might with reasonable diligence have made by his wrongful possession. 41. It has already been said that the Plaintiffs are not entitled in the present suit to have a decree for mesne profits as against the lessees, Defendants Nos. 9 and 10. This, however, does not mean that the other Defendants, who will be liable for mesne profits in the present suit will have no right of contribution as against them, should the lease, under which the said lessees, the Defendants Nos. 9 and 10, held, entitle them to such contribution,--a question on which we express no opinion, as no arguments have, been addressed to us on the rights of the different Defendants inter se. It is unfortunate that these two Defendants were at all allowed to come in in the suit. They took the lease on the 6th Ashdr, 1330 ( = 21st June, 1923) when the suit was pending. On the 19th July, 1923, they applied to be added as Defendants. The Plaintiff.No. 1 objected. The Subordinate Judge, by an order made on the 14th August, 1923, held that the lessors of the Defendants Nos. They took the lease on the 6th Ashdr, 1330 ( = 21st June, 1923) when the suit was pending. On the 19th July, 1923, they applied to be added as Defendants. The Plaintiff.No. 1 objected. The Subordinate Judge, by an order made on the 14th August, 1923, held that the lessors of the Defendants Nos. 9 and 10 having been made parties, the said Defendants too were necessary parties and that, although the doctrine of lis pendens would apply, yet the court should look to the interest of these Defendants and add them as parties. In the same order the Subordinate Judge, further observed thus: The Plaintiff is quite justified in urging that the addition of new parties will cause great delay in the disposal of the suit... The Plaintiff may, therefore, be reasonably apprehensive of further delay, worries and troubles, if the applicants are now made Defendants... This applicant (meaning Defendant No. 10), it seems, insisted on the taking of the perpetual lease, in the hope of a compromise, finding that the Plaintiff is in pecuniary embarrassments. It would naturally follow that the applicants would attempt to tire out the Plaintiff to submission by dilatory practices. 42. Yet the learned Judge ultimately made an order for the addition of these two Defendants conditioned upon their paying certain costs. The costs were paid, but they were not allowed to be withdrawn by the Plaintiff No. 1. Eventually the Plaintiff No. 1 made the Defendants Nos. 9 and 10 and other members of their family, viz., Nos. 11 to 18, all pro forma Defendants. The apprehension as to delay and harassment has been amply justified and yet the Plaintiffs get no relief in the shape of mesne profits against these Defendants. A little more of firmness on the part of the court would have at least avoided the protracted investigation on questions, which were raised at the instance of these two Defendants only. 43. The result of all these considerations, in our judgment, is that the decree, of the court below would be varied in the following manner: 44. A little more of firmness on the part of the court would have at least avoided the protracted investigation on questions, which were raised at the instance of these two Defendants only. 43. The result of all these considerations, in our judgment, is that the decree, of the court below would be varied in the following manner: 44. A decree should be passed of the nature contemplated by Order XX, Rule 12, sub-rule, (l), CPC Code, declaring the Plaintiffs' title to properties No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 and a half of No. 4 of the first schedule and entitling them to recover possession of the said properties against all the Defendants with the exception of the Defendant No. 2. 45. The suit, in so far as it related to the other half of property No. 4 and properties Nos. 5 and 6 and the property in the second schedule should be dismissed. 46. An enquiry should be directed as regards mesne profits to be recovered from the Defendant No. 1 and the Defendants Nos. 3, 4 and 5 for the. period commencing from the 13th Fdlgun, 1326 (the date of Harakumari's death) and ending with the 5th. Ashdr, 1330 (prior to the date of the lease in favour of the Defendants Nos. 9 and 10), the two sets of Defendants being made severally liable to the Plaintiffs for such amounts as they may under the law be justly liable for. 47. An enquiry should also be directed as regards mesne profits to be recovered from the Defendant No. 1 and the Defendants Nos. 3, 4 and 5 for the period commencing from the 6th Ashdr, 1330 (the date of the lease in favour of the Defendants Nos. 9 and 10), the two sets of Defendants being made severally liable to the Plaintiffs for such amounts as they may under the law be justly liable for. 48. The said two sets of Defendants should also be held liable for mesne profits to the Plaintiffs from the date of the decree till the date of recovery of possession. 49. The Plaintiffs' claim for mesne profits, as against the National Council of Education, represented by the Defendants Nos. 7, 8 (ka) and 8 (kha), should be dismissed. 50. 48. The said two sets of Defendants should also be held liable for mesne profits to the Plaintiffs from the date of the decree till the date of recovery of possession. 49. The Plaintiffs' claim for mesne profits, as against the National Council of Education, represented by the Defendants Nos. 7, 8 (ka) and 8 (kha), should be dismissed. 50. And the question of contribution in respect of mesne profits recoverable under the decree from the said two sets of the Defendants for the period commencing from the 6th Ashdr, 1330 (the date of the lease of the Defendants Nos. 9 and 10) and onwards as between them and the Defendants Nos. 9 and 10 should be expressly left open. 51. On the enquiry being completed, a final decree, as contemplated by Order XX, Rule 12, Sub-rule (2), CPC Code, will be passed by the court below, 52. As regards the costs of the court below the Plaintiffs and the Defendants, who appeared in that court, will get their costs in proportion to their successes, the proportion being calculated on the basis of the values of the properties as given in the schedules to the plaint. 53. As regards the Appeals No. 387 of 1928 and No. 389 of 1928, they will be partly allowed and Appeal No. 458 of 1928 will be dismissed. Having regard to the proportion of successes of the, parties in this Court, we think the proper order to make is that each party should bear his or their own costs. The costs of paper-books have already been apportioned and we do not vary that order.