Judgement Appeal (No. 69 of 1932) from a decree of the High Court (December 3, 1928) reversing a decree of the Court of the Subordinate Judge of Meerut (February 18, 1926). The respondent Bank in liquidation instituted a suit to enforce a mortgage of immoveable property executed by appellant No. 1 in favour of the Bank on December 8, 1911. Two defences were put forward at the trial (1.) that the mortgagor was pardanishin and that she had not fully understood the transaction ; (2.) that having regard to an agreement by which the Bank had agreed to transfer its assets, including the mortgage, to a company for consideration the Bank could not maintain the suit. The facts as to the agreement appear from the judgment of the Judicial Committee. The trial judge rejected the defence first named, but dismissed the suit upon the second named defence. Upon appeal to the High Court (Sulaiman and Kendall JJ.) appellant No. 1 did not rely upon the first named defence. The learned judges held that the Bank was entitled to sue, and accordingly made the usual mortgage decree. 1935. Feb. 25, 26. Dunne K.C. and Hyam for appellant No. 1. Parikh for appellant No. 2. De Gruyther K.C. and Wallach for the respondent Bank. Counsel for respondent Bank were not called upon as to the right to sue. The contentions of the parties appear sufficiently from the judgments of the Board. Feb. 28. The judgment of their Lordships was delivered by LORD BLANESBURGH. This is an appeal from a decree of the High Court at Allahabad, in a mortgagee Banks suit to realize its security. In decreeing the suit the Court reversed a decree of the Subordinate Judge of Meerut, who had dismissed it. The suit was commenced on December 8, 1923. The mortgage had been granted, on December 8, 1911, by a Mrs. Fanny Skinner, to the Bank of Upper India, Ld. The deed was in the ordinary form of a simple mortgage with a covenant on the part of the mortgagor for payment of the mortgage debt with compound interest at the rate of 7 per cent, per annum. In default of payment, the mortgagee Bank had the ordinary right of proceeding by Court sale to realize its security. The deed was in the ordinary form of a simple mortgage with a covenant on the part of the mortgagor for payment of the mortgage debt with compound interest at the rate of 7 per cent, per annum. In default of payment, the mortgagee Bank had the ordinary right of proceeding by Court sale to realize its security. The property comprised in the mortgage included, among other items, a one-eighth undivided share of the mortgagor in the village of Siswal and a one-tenth similar interest in the village of Badopal. The mortgagors brother, the second appellant, another brother and her sister were the co-sharers with her in these villages. The further relevant facts with reference to them will be alluded to later. The Bank of Upper India was in 1911 still a going concern. Subsequently it went into liquidation, and the suit when brought in 1923 was commenced by the Bank acting through its liquidator. Fanny Skinner, the mortgagor, was then still alive, but she has died since the decree of the High Court was made and her interests are now represented by the two first appellants, who are her heirs. To the suit as brought there was at first only one substantial defence put forward by Fanny Skinner. It was that she was a pardanisheen lady ; that the mortgage had been procured from her by her brother (not the second appellant), whom she had entrusted with her power of attorney, that he had by means thereof obtained in her name from the Bank an advance of 15,000 rupees ; that no part of that advance was ever received by her ; that in point of fact she had not desired to go into the transaction at all, and that there was insufficient compliance with the formalities and conditions requisite before a mortgage executed by a pardanisheen lady can be enforced against her. That was, in the first instance, the only substantial defence Fanny Skinner put forward to the suit. That was, in the first instance, the only substantial defence Fanny Skinner put forward to the suit. Subsequently, and in the course of the proceedings, on her statement that the fact had only just come to the knowledge of her legal advisers, she was allowed to put forward a further defence, to the effect that the plaintiff Bank was not entitled to sue by reason of the fact that there had been in 1917 an arrangement come to between the Bank, by that time in liquidation, and its creditors by virtue of which the whole of the assets of the Bank had been transferred to a purchasing company, the Trust of India, Ld. that all interest in this mortgage debt had passed to the Trust, so that the Bank had no longer any right to sue in respect of it. Accordingly, the following further issue was settled for decision Were the assets of the Upper India Bank transferred to the Trust of India, Ld. ; if so, is the plaintiff entitled to bring the present suit ? There was a separate defence put forward by the mortgagors brother hereinafter referred to as the second appellant. He had since the date of the mortgage acquired in severalty the entire village of Siswal. In that character he and twenty-three purchasers from him were made defendants to the suit as persons interested, subject to the mortgage, in the one-eighth undivided share of the village included therein. His separate defence was that after the date of the mortgage of her undivided interest in the two villages by Fanny Skinner there had been a partition between the co-sharers, with the result that Siswal had passed to the brothers as representing their several interests in the entirety, while the second village, Badopal, had passed to the mortgagor and her sister. Since that partition the second appellant had acquired his brothers entire interest in the village Siswal. Accordingly, his contention was that as a result two things had happened The first that the sisters had no longer any interest in Siswal, and the second, that he now owned the entire village in severalty and owned it free from any charge or any interest therein created by the mortgage deed in suit. Accordingly, his contention was that as a result two things had happened The first that the sisters had no longer any interest in Siswal, and the second, that he now owned the entire village in severalty and owned it free from any charge or any interest therein created by the mortgage deed in suit. If any decree was made for the realization of the Banks security, that decree should exclude entirely from its operation any interest whatever in the village Siswal. On that record the suit came on for trial, and the Subordinate Judge dealt with the three defences in this way With regard to the mortgagors defence which may be called the defence of disability, he held that the lady knew all about the transaction and that the evidence satisfied him that she was in all respects bound by it. He rejected that defence. The second defence, however, he held to be well founded ; he was of opinion that the Bank had no right to sue. He came to the conclusion that under the arrangement made in 1917 all the assets of the Bank included in the sale had in truth and in fact passed to the Trust of India, and that no right of action remained in the Bank in respect of any of these assets. Accordingly, as in his judgment the mortgage debt in suit was one of the assets of the Bank included in the sale or transfer, it followed that the suit failed. With regard to the separate defence put forward by the second appellant, the Subordinate Judge expressed the opinion not of course necessary to his actual decision that it was mistaken in point of law as no charge which attached to the mortgagors undivided interest in Siswal at the date of the mortgage could be affected by any subsequent transaction in relation to that interest to which the mortgagee Bank was no party. The Bank appealed to the High Court, and there the argument was directed exclusively to the issue whether the appellant, the Bank, through its liquidator, had any right to sue. Upon that issue the High Court came to the conclusion, differing in this from the Subordinate Judge, that the right to sue in respect of this mortgage debt remained with the Bank unaffected by the arrangement just stated. Upon that issue the High Court came to the conclusion, differing in this from the Subordinate Judge, that the right to sue in respect of this mortgage debt remained with the Bank unaffected by the arrangement just stated. No other question was raised before the High Court ; the mortgagor did not there revive what has been called the disability defence. It was agreed before their Lordships that she was perfectly entitled to do so had she been so minded, although she had iven no notice of cross-appeal. But the question was not raised by her at all. She confined her answer to the appeal solely to her contention that the Bank had no right of suit. With regard to the second appellant, he went one step further in the direction of abandoning his separate defence. He did not appear on the appeal at all. The question therefore whether his village Siswal was or was not any longer included in the security was never brought into discussion. In the result the High Court came to the conclusion on the only question presented to it for consideration, that the Bank through its liquidator had a clear right to sue as mortgagee, and the Court made a decree in its favour in the ordinary form, including among the property to be sold the undivided interests in both villages covered by the mortgage, a decree which so far as the undivided interest in the village Siswal is concerned may if left be final so far as the second appellant and those claiming under him are concerned, although he was not actually present before the Court when it was made. From the decree of the High Court, the mortgagors representatives, the mortgagor having died in the meantime, presented an appeal to His Majesty in Council, and their main contention has been that the Subordinate Judge was right in his view that the Bank had no right to sue and they maintained that contention through Mr. Dunne in a very careful and interesting argument. That is the first point which their Lordships have to determine. It depends, first of all, upon the construction of the agreement, which in England would be called an agreement of reconstruction and arrangement, under and by virtue of which this particular asset was agreed to be transferred to the Trust of India, Ld., by the Bank. That is the first point which their Lordships have to determine. It depends, first of all, upon the construction of the agreement, which in England would be called an agreement of reconstruction and arrangement, under and by virtue of which this particular asset was agreed to be transferred to the Trust of India, Ld., by the Bank. The agreement contains one or two provisions to which it is desirable to refer. It is dated July 16, 1917. It is a very carefully and elaborately drawn document and it sets forth in its recitals the whole history of the transaction to which it gives effect. The Bank of Upper India had in the liquidation issued to some of its creditors in respect of their claims against it certain debenture stock secured by a trust deed. The purpose of the agreement was to make it possible to come to an arrangement with the other creditors of the Bank so that by the appropriation and realization of certain assets for their benefit, with the consent of the trustees for the debenture stock, all claims against the Bank would be got rid of, and subsequently in due course the Bank would be dissolved. The way in which all this was done was as follows Special resolutions were passed authorizing the execution by the liquidator of the Bank of the agreement of sale to the Trust of India now in question. The agreement was thereafter duly executed and no question is raised as to its complete validity according to its tenor. The only question to be determined now is its effect so far as the transfer of this particular mortgage debt from the Bank to the Trust is concerned. That the mortgage debt was included in the agreement cannot, their Lordships think, be questioned. Among the assets so included are those in paragraph 1 of the agreement as " all the book and other debts due to the Bank in connection with the said business and the full benefit of all securities for such debts. The terms of sale are important. It is provided that the Trust is to make payment by means of a transfer of certain shares of its own and of certain other shares of another company of which apparently it was possessed, and is further to indemnify the Bank against all its debts and liabilities of every kind. The terms of sale are important. It is provided that the Trust is to make payment by means of a transfer of certain shares of its own and of certain other shares of another company of which apparently it was possessed, and is further to indemnify the Bank against all its debts and liabilities of every kind. There is a special provision with regard to completion not unimportant. It is found in paragraph 7, which is as follows " The purchase shall be completed on July 16, 1917, or on such other date as the parties hereunto shall mutually agree at Meerut and the Trust shall thereupon cause to be allotted issued or transferred the said share and fixed deposit receipts forming the consideration for the said sale and the Bank and its liquidators and the trustees and all other necessary parties (if any) shall at the expense of the Trust execute and do all such assurances and things for vesting the said premises on the Trust or as the Trust shall direct and giving to it the full benefit of this agreement as shall be reasonably required." Then paragraph 8 says this "The possession of the said premises shall be retained by the Bank and its liquidators up to the said July 16, 1917, and in the meantime they shall carry on the said business in the same manner as heretofore so as to maintain the same as a going concern and they shall as from July 1, 1917, be deemed to have been and to be carrying on such business on behalf of the Trust and shall account and be entitled to be indemnified accordingly." Apparently it happened in this case, as it has happened in so many others, that this agreement was executed on a date subsequent to that on which the draftsman supposed that it would be executed. In terms the purchase was to be completed on the very day of its execution, July 16, 1917, and the business was to be carried on by the Bank up to the date of the agreement as from a previous date, July 1, All that, however, is unimportant in regard to the transaction with which their Lordships have to deal. In terms the purchase was to be completed on the very day of its execution, July 16, 1917, and the business was to be carried on by the Bank up to the date of the agreement as from a previous date, July 1, All that, however, is unimportant in regard to the transaction with which their Lordships have to deal. Quite obviously, the completion might take place at a date later than the date of the agreement, as is amply enough provided for by the agreement itself, and on completion all those things would have to be done which are therein stated—the consideration would have to be paid and satisfied, the formal transfers would have to be executed, and so on. Nothing of that kind took place. There never was in that sense any completion at all, nor was this agreement registered. Accordingly—and their Lordships think this is common ground—the agreement as a transfer of the security was of no effect by reason of non-registration, and, so far as appears, this particular asset has never found its way into the legal ownership of the Trust at all, or, putting it in another way, it has never passed out of the ownership of the Bank so as to deprive the Bank of any right that it had before to sue in respect of it. On such grounds as these, the High Court came to the conclusion that the right to sue had not passed from the Bank and that the Bank was, therefore, entitled to maintain the suit. But they came to that conclusion, as Mr. Dunne pointed out, by reason of the view they took that there was no possibility of treating the agreement as an assignment to the Trust of the benefit of Fanny Skinners covenant to pay, apart from the security given to provide for payment. Accordingly, so it was contended, the reasoning of the High Court was not apt to meet all the facts of the case. Accordingly, so it was contended, the reasoning of the High Court was not apt to meet all the facts of the case. While counsel had to agree, and in fact it became part of his case, that there had been no legal transfer of the security, he contended, on the authority of a decision of this Board, which will be referred to in a moment, that the transfer of the unsecured debt had been completed and that in respect of that unsecured debt no one could sue except the Trust, so that the effect of the transfer of the unsecured debt to the Trust, a transfer complete and effective without registration—had been to deprive the Bank of any right whatever to take any step in respect of the security although on that footing it still remained in it. Their Lordships will only say before meeting the contention otherwise that it would, if sound, produce a very remarkable result— namely, that so far as the transaction of transfer is concerned, the mortgagor, unless the transferor and transferee could agree, was released so far as the security was concerned from all liability whatever, for the mortgagee after transfer of the debt could take no steps in relation to the security. That is truly an extraordinary result, and their Lordships would hesitate long before they came to the conclusion that it was one necessarily involved in the transaction. But it was said that such was the effect of a judgment of this Board in a case to which allusion has already been made— namely, Imperial Bank of India v. Bengal National Bank. (( 1931) L. R. 58 I. A. 323.) The judgment was given on May 21, 1931, that is to say, after the decree of the High Court in this case. There two debentures had been issued to the Imperial Bank of India by the Bengal National Bank, which had later gone into liquidation. The debentures charged by way of a floating charge all the assets whatsoever of the Bengal Bank. These consisted largely of loans and advances that had been made by that Bank to customers secured in many instances by the deposit of the title deeds of immovable property. The debentures had neither of them been registered under the Indian Registration Act, 1908, though both had been duly registered pursuant to s. 109 of the Indian Companies Act, 1913. These consisted largely of loans and advances that had been made by that Bank to customers secured in many instances by the deposit of the title deeds of immovable property. The debentures had neither of them been registered under the Indian Registration Act, 1908, though both had been duly registered pursuant to s. 109 of the Indian Companies Act, 1913. It was contended in these circumstances that the debenture holders, the Imperial Bank, as a result of liquidation, were entitled to no remedy whatsoever, direct or indirect, against the immovable property that had been pledged to the Bengal Bank. It was with such a case that their Lordships dealt in a judgment delivered by Lord Atkin. It was admitted there by the Imperial Bank, without its having been argued, that they had no charge upon the immovable property of the Bengal Bank. The Board accepted and acted upon the admission but they definitely refrained from holding that in the case of a company it was necessarily true, that a debenture charging immovable property and registered under the Companies Act must in order to have complete effect be registered also under the Registration Act. While not indicating any view one way or the other on that point, their Lordships treated the case as one in which it must, as between the parties, be assumed that the debentures created no charge upon any portion of the immovable property of the Bengal Bank whether its interest therein was by way of deposit of deeds or otherwise. Therefore, that was a case of what might be called a clean debt owing to the Bengal Bank and unsecured so far as immovable property was concerned being included in the debenture charge ; and the question was whether the charge upon that clean debt operated to give to the Imperial Bank, as debenture holders, the right themselves to sue the debtors for payment. On this, it was held that the debentures did not constitute actionable claims which by virtue of the Act in that behalf could be sued upon after due notice of transfer had been given to the debtor. On this, it was held that the debentures did not constitute actionable claims which by virtue of the Act in that behalf could be sued upon after due notice of transfer had been given to the debtor. The claims had to be placed in an entirely different category ; and the category to which Lord Atkin relegated them was this The claims were such as might be made by the debenture holders against the Bengal Bank ; but, so ar as any recourse might be competent to them in respect of any security taken by the Bengal Bank in respect of any of the debts, the debenture holders must enforce such security in the name of the Bengal Bank and not otherwise, and if any difficulty arose the Bengal Bank would be required on proper terms of lend its name as plaintiff in any proceedings that might be necessary. This case, therefore, when examined, instead of supporting the view for which it was cited by Mr. Dunne, appears to destroy it, because Lord Atkin quite clearly states (L. R. 58 I. A. 323, 331.) that, if any proceedings are taken for the purpose of vindicating the rights of the holder of such a debenture as was there in question, these must be taken not in the name of the transferee, the debenture holder, but in the name of the original creditor, the Bengal Bank. Applying that case, which need not be gone into in more detail, to the present the result is this, as it appears to their Lordships The transfer of this mortgage debt was effective as between the transferor and the transferees. But any proceedings to recover the debt brought against the mortgagor must be, not in the name of the transferee, but in that of the transferor. Accordingly, what was here done by the Bank of Upper India in suing in its own name to enforce the mortgage was rightly done. It was, indeed, the only course that could have been appropriately adopted. The decree in its favour cannot be disturbed on this ground. But it must not be taken to be the view of their Lordships that there would not be other difficulties in the way of the contention put forward by the first appellants that the Bank has no title to use. The decree in its favour cannot be disturbed on this ground. But it must not be taken to be the view of their Lordships that there would not be other difficulties in the way of the contention put forward by the first appellants that the Bank has no title to use. As has been said, there has been no completion of this agreement in any sense whatever; it remains just where it was so far as any substantive legal assignments are concerned, although, no doubt, one may at this distance of time almost assume that the consideration has been paid and satisfied. Their Lordships can have no doubt that the debts of the Bank have been satisfied or discharged, and that the transaction as between the transferor and transferee may be taken to be complete. But this has only been by mutual arrangement and acceptance by the transferees of less than they were entitled to ; it remains that there has been no completion in any legal sense of the word and no legal assignment or transfer of the assets included in the agreement and not legally transferred by virtue of the agreement itself. When learned counsel for the appellants were asked what was the moment of time at which, in their view of this transaction, the debt passed to the Trust so that the Bank remained with no interest to sue in respect of it, the first answer made was that it passed from the moment of execution of the agreement; an answer which meant that the whole interest in the property agreed to be transferred passed before any part of the purchase price had been paid. This answer was not pressed. Then it was suggested by Mr. Hyam that, if that was not so, the whole interest certainly passed when all this property had been beneficially transferred and had become vested in that sense in the purchasing Trust. To which there was made these answers. First, there was no evidence at all as to when that stage was reached, if it ever has been reached; and, secondly, if that stage ever has been reached, it would be very important on this question of right to sue to know what the terms were on which the transfer was effected. To which there was made these answers. First, there was no evidence at all as to when that stage was reached, if it ever has been reached; and, secondly, if that stage ever has been reached, it would be very important on this question of right to sue to know what the terms were on which the transfer was effected. The High Court in their judgment have said that there was an arrangement as between the Bank and the Trust under which the right to recover these outstanding debts was to remain vested in the Bank, although when recovered the proceeds would be handed over to the Trust. But whether that be the fact or not, there is no evidence of any transaction which would justify the conclusion that this purchase had been completed in accordance with the terms of the agreement, and, therefore, the result is that for this reason also the suit was properly brought. Two subordinate questions already foreshadowed in the course of this judgment must now be dealt with. The first is that the appellants having stated that they had not in the High Court again raised the disability defence, asked leave to reopen that question. Their Lordships were not disposed to grant any such leave in this case ; it appears to be one which comes within the general view of the Board as expounded by Lord Robertson in the case of Dhanukdhari Singh v. Mahabir Pershad Singh. (( 1907) L. R. 34 I. A. 164.) Their Lordships do not think that the Board in that case intended to lay it down that in no case could such leave be granted. The Board, acting under the Prerogative, must never abrogate their duty to tender to His Majesty in such a matter any advice which the nature of the case seems, in justice, to be called for. But the circumstances in which such an application will be entertained are necessarily exceptional. Mr. Dunne contended that in the case before the Board in Dhanukdhari’s case, (( 1907) L. R. 34 I. A. 164.) the question which the appellants then desired to raise was one which they might have raised as appellants in the High Court. Indeed, it was included in their notice of appeal to the High Court, but was not raised by them there. Indeed, it was included in their notice of appeal to the High Court, but was not raised by them there. In the present case, however, the point which the appellants desire to revive was one which would only have been open to them as respondents in the High Court and not as appellants. Their Lordships, however, apart from special circumstances which have not been shown to exist here, can see no distinction in principle between the position of an appellant who abandons in the High Court a ground of appeal of which he had given notice and the position of a respondent in the High Court who does not raise a point in his favour which was open to him without notice. It is quite true that it would be open to the Board on proper terms to refer to the High Court this question for their consideration. But even that the Board would not do except under special circumstances. These do not exist in this case, the real truth being that here the present first appellant before the High Court was content to rely on a technical point, altogether abandoning the defence of substance which had failed in the Court below. Now, having failed on that technical point, she asks as a last resort to set up again that abandoned defence of substance. That consideration shows how little is the warrant here for interfering with the usual practice of the Board in such matters. Accordingly, the application made to reopen the disability defence, either before their Lordships or in the High Court, is one that cannot be acceded to. The other matter that has to be dealt with is that raised by the second appellant with reference to the inclusion in the decree of the village Siswal. He desires that he may be permitted to establish, if he can, at the propertime that by virtue and as a result of the partition effected as already stated, and of the subsequent transactions, he is now the registered owner of this village in its entirety, subject to the rights which he has created in it, but discharged from the respondents1 security. He seeks to establish that this village is now excluded altogether from the security which is held by the Bank, and that no sale of property directed for the purpose of realizing that security should be permitted to touch or affect his village, and he relies for the success of that contention which he desires to put forward on the case of Mohammad Afzal Khan v. Abdul Rahman (( 1932) L. R. 59 I. A. 405.) ; the head-note, which quite clearly expresses the judgment, being this " Where one of two or more co-sharers mortgages his undivided share in some of the properties held jointly, the mortgagee takes the security subject to the right of the other co-sharers to enforce a partition and thereby to convert what was an undivided share of the whole into a defined portion held in severalty. If the mortgage, therefore, is followed by a partition and the mortgaged properties are allotted to a co-sharer or co-sharers other than the mortgagor, they take the allotted properties, in the absence of fraud, free from the mortgage, and the mortgagee can proceed only against the properties allotted to the mortgagor in substitution for his undivided share.” When Mr. Parikh, on behalf of the second appellant, asked to have the decree amended in that respect, so as to discharge his village from this security altogether, it was, of course, objected by Mr. De Gruyther, on behalf of the respondents, that Mr. Parikh was no longer in a position to raise this point by reason of the fact that he had abandoned it in the High Court; secondly, it was contended by Mr. De Gruyther that there was no material upon which any decision in the second appellants favour could be made; and thirdly, he contended that the application was unnecessary because the point would be open to Mr. Parikh in execution proceedings, when an application would have to be made to the Court for directions for sale. It would then be open to the second appellant to come forward and claim that his village be excluded from the property to be sold. But, when it was made plain that Mr. Parikh in execution proceedings, when an application would have to be made to the Court for directions for sale. It would then be open to the second appellant to come forward and claim that his village be excluded from the property to be sold. But, when it was made plain that Mr. Parikhs client was a party to the proceedings in which the decree of the High Court was made, and that an undivided share in Siswal was thereby stated to be within the security, it became clear that it would be difficult, if not impossible, for the second appellant successfully to apply that the one-eighth share in the village should be excluded from the sale. It was then agreed that there should be inserted in the advice which their Lordships would humbly tender to His Majesty a recommendation that a provision should be made in the Order in Council to the effect that notwithstanding the terms of the decree of the High Court at Allahabad of December 3, 1928, it was to be open to the second appellant in any execution proceedings thereunder to establish, if he could, that no undivided or other interest in the village Siswal is any longer comprised in the mortgage of December 8, 1911. Had this agreement not been reached, it would not have been possible for their Lordships to make any order either in favour of or against the second appellant on this head, if only for the reason that the circumstances in relation to the alleged partition are not really known to them. In these circumstances, their Lordships will humbly advise His Majesty that this appeal be dismissed. The appellants must pay the costs. There will be inserted in the advice which they will so tender a recommendation to the effect just stated with reference to the claim put forward by Mr. Parikh on behalf of his client.