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1956 DIGILAW 137 (MAD)

K. Sarvotuma Kamath (died) v. Abdulla Beary

1956-03-26

KRISHNASWAMI NAYUDU

body1956
Judgment The plaintiff is the appellant. The suit out of which this appeal airses is a suit for redemption of a usufructuary mortgage, Exhibit A-1, dated 24th July, 1907, executed by two ladies, Parameswari and Devamma, in favour of Raghavayya, for a sum of Rs. 550, the period fixed for payment being thirty years. The right to redeem the property would therefore accrue in 1937. The following genealogical table may be helpful in appreciating the facts of this case. On 20th October, 1945, the plaintiff acquired the suit properties by sale deed Exhibit A-2 from Appayya, son of Pakkira, who claimed to be the reversioner of the last male-holder Keshava alias Subraya to whom the suit properties belonged. Keshava died issueless in about 1890 and after his death, the parties being governed by Mitakshara Law, Parameswari would be the heir. But the suit mortgage was executed both by Parameswari and her daughter Devamma, sister of the last male-holder Keshava, the recitals in the document showing that the properties belonged to them hereditarily. Parameswari died in 1908, and after her death, Devamma, it appears, applied to have transfer of the registry in her name and having secured it, purported to sell the suit properties to the mortgagee Raghuvayya under Exhibit B-7, dated 6th February, 1912. On the same day she got a gift of a portion of the properties she sold to Raghuvayya under Exhibit B-21. The properties obtained by Devamma by gift from the mortgagee-purchaser were mortgaged by Devamma to the fifth defendant under Exhibit B-23, dated 27th November, 1928. The mortgagee Raghuvayya claiming to be the owner of the properties on the strength of the sale deed Exhibit B-7 in his favour, purported to deal with the same by executing usufructuary mortgages of portions of the properties by three documents, Exhibits B-9, B-10, and B-63 dated 20th November, 1914, 9th January, 1917 and 25th May, 1917, respectively. The mortgagees are now in possession of the property. The mortgagees are now in possession of the property. The suit was mainly resisted on the ground that it is barred by limitation, the contention being that by reason of the transactions covered by Exhibits B-9, B-10 and B-63 the suit is barred by Article 134 as more than twelve years had elapsed since the date of those documents, since a suit to recover possession of such immoveable properties mortgaged and afterwards transferred by the mortgagee for valuable consideration is governed by Article 134. As regards the other properties which were the subject-matter of the mortgage Exhibit A-1, the contention is that they are barred by Article 144 as Devamma subsequent to the death of her mother Parameswari, and thereafter Raghuvayya have been in possession as absolute owners and have therefore prescribed title by adverse possession. The trial Court rejected both the contentions and granted a decree. In appeal the learned District Judge took a contrary view on both these questions. It appears to me that in so far as the transactions covered by Exhibits B-9, B-10 and B-63 are concerned, there is no answer to the application of Article 134 as it is worded, since though the transactions under Exhibits B-9, B-10 and B-63 are only usufructuary mortgages executed by Raghuvayya who at the inception, on the date of Exhibit A-1, in 1907, was a usufructuary mortgagee, but on the dates of Exhibits B-9, B-10, and B-63 purported to execute those mortgages not as a usufructuary mortgagee but as owner claiming title under Exhibit B-7. The right to redeem would arise only in 1937 and a contention that a cause of action cannot be held to be barred even before the cause of action had accrued was raised, relying on the view of Srinivasa Ayyangar, J., in Seeti Kutti v. Kunhi Pathumma,1 whose view was endorsed by Abdur Rahman, J., in Krishnaswami Ayyar v. Subbarathnam Chetti2, but as the other learned Judges in Seeti Kutti v. Kunhi Pathumma1, had observed, there is no scope for importing into the language of Article 134 any general principles which may be more equitable and just, and with the language of Article 134, as it is there is no scope for importing into it ideas of equity and fairplay. In the circumstances Article 134 was held to apply to any case whether the cause of action had arisen has contemplated under Article 134 or not, and in view of the language of Article 134 and the view taken by Courts Trotter, J., and the other learned Judges, there does not seem to be any way except to hold that though as it is framed, it is a suit for redemption, no question of redemption would arise, and it is really a suit to recover possession of properties and twelve years having elapsed since Exhibit B-7, the plaintiff’s right to recover possession is barred. Another aspect of the inequitable results to which application of Article 134 would lead to I had occasion to to consider in Second Appeals Nos 262, 263 and 2032 of 1952 where I also suggested that the Law Commission might take note of the rather unjust results that might result in the application of Article 134 to particular cases the like of which are dealt with not only in this judgment but in the judgment referred to, and consider the revision of Article 134 whether it should continue in the statute book or whether any appropriate amendments should be effected in order to relieve the harsh and inequitable results or this provision in the Limitation Act has to be retained. As regards the other properties not covered by Exhibits B-9, B-10 and B-63, I am unable to follow the reasoning of the learned District Judge in holding that Article 144 is a bar. It is well established that so long as the mortgage subsists, a person who has come into possession as mortgagee cannot by setting up, during the continuance of such relation, any title adverse to that of the mortgagor inconsistent with the legal relation between them-and that however notoriously and to the knowledge of the other party-acquire by the operation of the law of limitation, title as owner or any other title inconsistently with that under which he was let into possession, vide Seshamma Shettati v. Chickaya Hegade1 . The argument on behalf of the respondents and the reasoning of the learned District Judge is that Devamma who had no right to the property as Parameswari alone was the heir of the last male-holder, having joined in the execution of the mortgage representing that both were entitled to the property and subsequently, after the death of Parameswari she having dealt with the property as full owner by selling them to Raguvayya. Raghuvayya as purchaser continuing in possession has prescribed title by adverse possession. But for Devamma’s joining in the mortgage Exhibit A-1 and her transaction of sale, Exhibit A-7, this argument would not be open to the respondents. But if a person who has no title to the property purports to deal with the same and professes to sell the property to a mortgagee, would it change the character of the possession of the mortgagee or the nature of the property is the question. In so far as the persons that are rightfully entitled to the property-are concerned, namely, representatives of the mortgagors Raghuvayya cannot prescribe any title by adverse possession against them, for the reason that his possession could be only as a mortgagee in so far as the mortgagors are concerned, and the character of Raghuvayya’s possession must therefore be considered to be that of a mortgagee’s possession, unless it is shown that any such acquisition of possession as owner had been recognised by the rightful heirs, in which event it might be contended that the persons who are parties to such acquiescence might be estopped from contending to the contrary. But in this case it is urged that Giriya and Appayya were examined in connection with a dharkast of the adjoining land and certain statements made by them, Exhibit B-49, were relied upon. I have gone through Exhibit B- 49 but it does not relate to any question of transfer of title. The statement made by Giriya and Appayya relates only to the grant of some additional rights to possession relating to the subject-matter of the mortgage and the adjoining property. In the circumstances I am unable to find any conduct on the part of Appayya and Giriya to show that they recognised the title of Raghuvayya as full owner. The statement made by Giriya and Appayya relates only to the grant of some additional rights to possession relating to the subject-matter of the mortgage and the adjoining property. In the circumstances I am unable to find any conduct on the part of Appayya and Giriya to show that they recognised the title of Raghuvayya as full owner. So long as the mortgage subsists and the right to redemption has not become barred, I am unable to understand what steps a reversioner, who is no doubt entitled to possession on the death of the limited estate holder, could take to assert his rights, as the only right he could assert is to ask for possession, which right he could assert before the expiry of the period for a suit for redemption of a usufructuary mortgage, which in this case would be more than sixty years in view of the thirty year’s period granted under Exhibit A-1. The suggestion of the learned Judge that the reversioner should have filed a suit and obtained symbolical possession is not correct. On the facts of this case I am unable to hold that in so far as the properties not covered by Exhibits B-9, and B-10, B-63 are concerned, it could be said that the plaintiff as purchaser of equity of redemption has lost his right to redeem the property by limitation or otherwise. The result is the appeal is allowed in respect of the properties not dealt with under Exhibits B-9, B-10 and B-63 with proportionate costs throughout. No leave. As regards the amount which will be payable by the plaintiff, which will be in relation to the value of the property decreed to be redeemed, the amount will be fixed by the trial Court, which will also fix the time for payment of the amount. P.R.N. ----- Appeal allowed in part.