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1966 DIGILAW 192 (KER)

CIT, KERALA v. P. P. HASSAN KOYA

1966-07-27

M.S.MENON, P.GOVINDA NAIR

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Judgment :- 1. This is a reference at the instance of the Commissioner of Income-tax, Kerala, Ernakulam, by the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, Madras Bench, under S.66 (1) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922. The assessment year concerned is 1961-62; and the question referred is: "Whether the income arising from the properties transferred to the Wakf by the assessee is liable to be included in the income of the assessee under S.16 (3) (b) of the Income-tax Act, 1922?" 2. The assessee executed the deed of wakf on 5 11 1960. The deed is reproduced as Appendix A to the Statement of the Case. 3. In Abdul Fata Mahomed Ishak v. Russomey Dhur Chowdhry, (1894) 22 I. A. 76, the judicial Committee held that when the gifts to charity were substantial, not illusory, then alone a wakf will be valid, and that where a wakf was founded for the aggrandizement of a family, or where the gifts to charity were illusory or merely nominal, the wakf will be void. The decision created a storm in this country, opposition from jurists like Ameer Ali, and eventually resulted in the passing of the Mussalman Wakf Validating Act, 1913. It is common ground that the beneficiaries under the wakf with which we are concerned are the wife and minor children of the assessee, and that it is a wakf that is valid under the Mussalman 4. It is interesting to note that the Judicial Committee chose to follow the above decision in 1952, in Fatuma Binti Mohammed v. Mohamed bin Salim (1952) A. C.1, an appeal from the Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa. In that case Lord Simonds said that the earlier decision was binding as a precedent; unless it has been altered by statute as has been done in this country. 5. The sole question for determination is whether the Wakf with which we are concerned attracts S.16(3) (b) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922. Under that provision, in computing the total income of any individual for the purpose of assessment, there shall be included so much of the income of any person or association of persons as arises from assets transferred otherwise than for adequate consideration to the person or association by such individual for the benefit of his wife or a minor child or both. It is agreed that the transfer of assets embodied in the wakf was not for adequate consideration, and that the said transfer cannot but be considered as a transfer to the Almighty. 6. In Commissioner of Wealth-tax v. Puthiya Ponmanichintakam Wakf, 1965 KLT. 997, this Court has held that the Almighty is a juristic person, that the assets of a wakf vest not in the mutawalli but in the Almighty, and that the mutawalli functions as a mere procurator, manager or superintendent. Such being the case we do not see why it should not be held that all the elements required for attracting S.16(3) (b) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, exist in this case. The assessee is an individual; he has transferred assets otherwise than for adequate consideration to the Almighty who is a juristic person; and the transfer is for the benefit of his wife and minor children. 7. It is submitted on behalf of the assessee, however, that the decision of the Supreme Court in Commissioner of Income-tax v. Puthiya Ponmanichintakam Wakf, (1962) 44 I. T. R.172, precludes a conclusion in favour of the Department. The case before the Supreme Court was a case under sub-section (1) of S.41 of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922. Under that sub-section, in the case of income, profits or gains chargeable under the Act which the mutawalli of any wakf which is valid under the Mussalman Wakf Validating Act, 1913, is entitled to receive on behalf of any person, the tax shall be levied upon and recoverable from such mutawalli "in the like manner and to the same amount as it would be leviable upon and recoverable from the person on whose behalf such income, profits or gains are receivable." 8. The contention of counsel for the assessee is that the Supreme Court has held that the income, profits or gains of a wakf are receivable on behalf of the beneficiaries and not on behalf of the Almighty, that as a result it cannot be said that the income, profits or gains arise to the Almighty, that is, the transferee under the deed of wakf, and that consequently one of the conditions necessary for attracting S.16 (3) (b) of the Act that the income arises to the transferee does not obtain in this case. The submission is not borne out by the judgment of the Supreme Court. 9. The submission is not borne out by the judgment of the Supreme Court. 9. The following extract from the judgment of the Supreme Court will clearly show what has been held by that Court. "Though under the Mahomedan Law the properties dedicated under a wakf deed belong to the Almighty, it is only in the ideal sense, for the muthawalli' in the name of the Almighty utilises the income for the purposes and for the benefit of the beneficiaries mentioned therein. Under the Mahomedan Law, the moment a wakf is created all rights of property pass out of the wakif and vest in the Almighty. The property does not vest in the muthawalli for he is merely a manager and rut a trustee in the technical sense."; "It is manifest that under the Mahomedan law, the property vests only in the Almighty, but the muthawalli, acting in His name, utilises the income for the advantage of the beneficiaries. Therefore, the words 'on behalf of any person' in S.41 of the Act can only mean on behalf of the beneficiaries and not on behalf of the Almighty." 10. It is the last sentence of the second extract that is apparently the foundation of the submission of counsel for the assessee. We think that all that the Supreme Court has really said is that the expression "on whose behalf such income, profits or gains are receivable" is synonymous with the expression "for whose benefit such income, profits or gains are receivable." 11. Sub-section (1) of S.21 of the Wealth-tax Act, 1957, corresponds to sub-section (1) of S.41 of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922. Under sub-section (1) of S.21, in the case of assets chargeable under that Act which are held by a mutawalli under a valid deed of wakf, the wealth-tax shall be levied upon and recoverable from the mutawalli "in the like manner and to the same extent as it would be leviable upon and recoverable from the person on whose behalf the assets are held." In Suhashini Karuri v. Wealth-tax Officer, AIR. 1962 Calcutta 295, Sinha J. after a detailed discussion of the points involved held that the words "on behalf of" are synonymous with the expression "for the benefit of". We understand the Supreme Court as saying the same thing as regards sub-section (1) of S.41 and nothing more or less than that. 12. 1962 Calcutta 295, Sinha J. after a detailed discussion of the points involved held that the words "on behalf of" are synonymous with the expression "for the benefit of". We understand the Supreme Court as saying the same thing as regards sub-section (1) of S.41 and nothing more or less than that. 12. If the expression "on behalf of" is synonymous with the expression "for the benefit of", as we think it is, there can be no further controversy in this case. The fact that the income is received by the mutawalli for the benefit of the beneficiaries does not mean that the income did not arise to the Almighty in whom and in whom alone the assets vested on the creation of the wakf. The Supreme Court makes this clear when it says in the first extract in Para.9 that "the muthawalli in the name of the Almighty utilises the income for the purposes and for the benefit of the beneficiaries" and adds in the second extract in the said paragraph that "the muthawalli, acting in His name, utilises the income for the advantage of the beneficiaries." 13. It follows that all the elements required to attract S.16 (3) (b) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, obtain in this case, and that the question referred has to be answered in the affirmative, that is, against the assessee and in favour of the Department. We do so, but in the circumstances of the case without any order as to costs. 14. A copy of this judgment under the seal of the High Court and the signature of the Registrar will be sent to the Appellate Tribunal as required by subsection) of S.66 of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922.