JUDGMENT 1. This reference under section 66 (1) of the Indian Income Tax act, has been made in circumstances hereinafter related. 2. The assessee, Turner, Morrison and Company Private Limited, is an Indian Company doing business as the Managing Agent of certain shipping concerns. During the assessment year 1952-53 the assessee company used to employ five Directors and during the assessment year 1953-54 one more. These persons, although designated as Directors (to be more precise either as Full directors or as Local Directors, according to their executive ranks), were, in fact, high executives of the company. They did not hold any shares in the company and had no hand in policy making. Each one of them rose by promotion from lower ranks. Their remuneration and service conditions; used to be governed by separate agreements with the assessee company. They were in no way related to the shareholders of the assessee company, who mostly belong to the wealthy English family known as "turner Family. " During the assessment year 1952-53, the assessee company paid to one ox its Directors, of the name of M. G. Robson, a sum of Rs. 1,00,000 by way of compensation for earlier termination of his contract service. Again, during the assessment year 1953-54, the assessee company paid to two of its Directors of the names of J. Morshead and W. L. A. Radcliffe respectively Rs. 1,50,000/- and Rs. 1,00,000/- for the same reason. 3. The circumstances under which payment of compensation to M. G. Robson was decided upon appear from the minutes of two meetings of the Directors of the assessee company. At the meeting held on June 3, 1951, the chairman of the assessee company reported that while in the United Kingdom he and one Mr. Gloag had discussi in with the beneficial shareholders of the assessee company on the subject as to whether, for acceleration of promotion of newer members of the Board of directors and for inclusion therein of persons who are qualified to become directors, senior people at the top rank of the assessee company should retire earlier than the contracted period. He further reported that, at the suggestion of the shareholders, it was thought advisable to ask M. G. Robson, who was at that time on home leave in the United Kingdom, to agree to his service contract being terminated with the expiry of his leave at the end of Sept. He further reported that, at the suggestion of the shareholders, it was thought advisable to ask M. G. Robson, who was at that time on home leave in the United Kingdom, to agree to his service contract being terminated with the expiry of his leave at the end of Sept. 1951. He also reported that the agreement with M. G. Robson would terminate with the expiry of the month of March 1955, by efflux of time, and as there was no provision in the agreement for giving notice by either side, M. G. Robson should be entitled to ask for compensation for premature termination of office. The Board, thereupon, decided to write to M. G. Robson and find out his reaction to the proposal. In his reply to the letter written by Board, M. G. Robson demanded a sum of Rs. 1,00,000/- as compensation. At the next meeting of the Board, held on June 25, 1951, the Board agreed that the request was not unreasonable and that the company would be saving money by terminating the services of M. G. Robson with effect from September 30, 1951 even on payment of compensation of Rs. 1,00,000/ -. The Board, therefore decided to do so. 4. It was not disputed before us that the circumstances which induced the Board earlier to terminate the services of J. Morshead and W.L.A. Radcliffe (who were also contractually due to retire not earlier than March 31, 1955), in the year 1952, were the same circumstances, as in the case of M. G. Robson, and the sums of Rs. 1,50,000. 00 and Rs. 1,00,000. 00 were respectively paid to them as compensation for the same reason as in the case of M. G. Robson. In the assessment year 1952-53, the assessee claimed deduction of amount of compensation paid to M. G. Robson as business expenditure under section 10 (2) (XV) of the Indian Income Tax act. In the assessment year 1953-54 the assessee claimed deduction of the amounts of compensation paid to J. Morshead and W. L. A. Raddiffe as business expenditure under section 10 (2) (XV) of the Indian Income Tax act. 5. In the assessment year 1953-54 the assessee claimed deduction of the amounts of compensation paid to J. Morshead and W. L. A. Raddiffe as business expenditure under section 10 (2) (XV) of the Indian Income Tax act. 5. The Income Tax Officer disallowed the claim on the ground that the payment of compensation was not for the purpose of business and the more so because the purpose for which the termination had been purportedly made, namely, to bring in fresh blood, was not carried out by the assessee. 6. In the assessment year 1952-53, the assessee also claimed deduction of a sum of Rs. 2074/- being the amount of fees paid to an architect who valued the business premises of the assessee in connection with the re-valuation of the said premises to municipal rates. The income Tax Officer disallowed this expenditure also on the ground that the same was not a business expenditure. The assessee appealed against the two assessment orders before the appellate Assistant Commissioner. The appellate Assistant Commissioner dismissed both the appeals, being of the same view as expressed by the Income tax Officer. 7. Thereupon, the assessee preferred second appeals before the Appellate tribunal. against both the order, the Tribunal allowed the appeals. The reasons which weighed with the Tribunal in allowing compensation paid to the three directors, as business expenditure were : "we are unable to appreciate the soundness of the reason for making the disallowance. May, be, that initially when the terminations were being effected, the company genuinely wanted to bring in fresh persons on the Board of Directors but actually having terminated their services they did not do so. This factor, in our opinion, cannot lead to the conclusion that the expenditure incurred for paying the compensation to the outgoing directors on the premature termination of their services was not a business expenditure. To understand what a legitimate business expense is, one has got to view it from the angle of a Businessman now in all these cases we find that the persons concerned were holding an agreement in their hands which they could have validly enforced in a Court of law and taken out of the company's income a much higher amount than what they actually received as compensation. These outgoing directors, however, did not do so and instead of accepted the lower amount as compensation for the loss of their employment. These outgoing directors, however, did not do so and instead of accepted the lower amount as compensation for the loss of their employment. It is clearly a case, there, in doing so the company" benefited monetarily. The subject-matter and the principle involved here had once been before the Tribunal in the assessee's case relating to the assessment year 1951-52. The disallowance in that case related to the compensation paid to one Mr. Squarey under similar circumstances and the Tribunal held it to be an allowable expenditure and accordingly deleted the add back. On the facts as stated above and on our consideration of the entire aspect of the matter, we are of the opinion that the compensation paid for loss of office to the aforesaid directors benefited the company in its business inasmuch as it saved a good lot of monetary outgoing and at the same time was in pursuance of the general policy of the company to introduce new directors. " 8. The Tribunal allowed the claim by the assessee for deduction of Rs.2074/- paid as fees to the architect, with the following observation : "it is submitted on behalf of the assessee that the payment having been made in order to reduce the recurrent expenses payable by way of municipal taxes, the amount should be allowed as a business expenditure and more so because major portion of the property in question, almost 2/3rd, was being used for the purpose of the business. The, income Tax authorities below have disallowed it as a capital expenditure. We do not think that the payment and of a capital nature. Looking at the payment and the purpose for which the payment is made, it appears to be a settlement of the assessee's exact liability of taxation by an authority. There is no reason why this amount should be called a capital expenditure. " Dissatisfied with the order of the tribunal, the Revenue induced the Tribunal to refer the following two questions of law to this court for opinion. " (1) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the compensation of rs. 1,00,000 paid to Mr. M. G. Robson in the previous year relating to the assessment year 1952-53, Rs. 1,50,000 to Mr. J. Morshead and Rs. 1,00,000 to Mr. " (1) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the compensation of rs. 1,00,000 paid to Mr. M. G. Robson in the previous year relating to the assessment year 1952-53, Rs. 1,50,000 to Mr. J. Morshead and Rs. 1,00,000 to Mr. W. L. A. Radcliffe in the previous year relating to the assessment year 1953-54 were admissible deductions in law for the purpose of assessment under the Income Tax, Act. (2) Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Tribunal was right in holding that the sum of Rs. 2,074 being the fees paid to the architects was not a capital expenditure ?" 9. Mr. B. L. Pal, learned Counsel for the Revenue submitted that the compensation was paid to the Directors either (a) for settling up consequences of wrongful breach of service contracts, by payment of damages, or (b) in pursuit of policy, which was not an economic policy in the interest of trade, of removing senior officials and replacing them by qualified junior officials, which again was not implemented by appointment of junior men to senior positions. Mr. Pal submitted that in either event the compensation paid to the Directors would not be money wholly and exclusively expended for the purpose of business of the assessee, within the meaning of section 10 (2) (XV) of the Indian Income Tax Act. In support of his argument that damages paid for breach of contract of employment was not an allowable revenue expenditure, Mr. Pal strongly relied on a judgment of the court of Appeal in England in (1) Goden v. A. Wilson's Stores (Holdings)Limited, 40 Tax Cas 161. In that case, the assessee employed a person as the manager, for a fixed period, on contract basis. Before the expiry of the period, (he assessee arranged to dispose of its business. In order earlier to terminate the services of the Manager, the assessee offered him a certain amount as compensation, in lieu of contractual notice. In disallowing this sum as a business expenditure, Upjohn, LJ observed : "it is perfectly true that this payment might have been so devised that the company might have been entitled to claim this as deductible expense, as being the remuneration of Mr. Paton during this period, but, in fact, it was not so devised. In disallowing this sum as a business expenditure, Upjohn, LJ observed : "it is perfectly true that this payment might have been so devised that the company might have been entitled to claim this as deductible expense, as being the remuneration of Mr. Paton during this period, but, in fact, it was not so devised. I returned to paragraph (c) of the letter of the 27th February, 1958, which sets out perfectly clearly what the parties were intending to do. What the parties were intending to do was to give Mr. Paton 1,900 in lieu of notice, which is as common a transaction as one can possibly have. In other words, they were paying him compensation for the fact that they were not going to employ him for that full time for which they were bound to employ him : and for that and other reasons, Mr. paton was happy and willing to accept that arrangement. To my way of thinking, that payment cannot possibly be described as a payment for the purpose of trade. It was made because the company was not going on to trade and they were left with the possibility of art action for damages against them for breach of the agreement of employment. I accept Mr. Borneman's submission that, though it was made on the occasion of discontinuance it was not because of that, and it was not to enable them to discontinue business: they were going to do that any way. But this payment was not made for the purpose of the trade they were going to carry on, it was to get rid of a possible law suit after discontinuance. " 10. In our opinion, the above case is distinguishable on facts. The payment of compensation to the Manager was being made not for the purposes of the expedient conduct of the business of the assessee but for the winding up of that business. The assessee was going to close down the business and wanted to get rid of the Manager. Such riddance was not possible, earlier than the contracted period, except by payment of damages to the said Manager. This payment was made not for the carriage of the business but to avoid payment of large damages, which might have fallen to the assessee if it had not succeeded in settling up the service agreement. Such riddance was not possible, earlier than the contracted period, except by payment of damages to the said Manager. This payment was made not for the carriage of the business but to avoid payment of large damages, which might have fallen to the assessee if it had not succeeded in settling up the service agreement. In the instant case, the payment of compensation was made for more efficient carriage of business of the assessee as considered later in this judgment. This is the difference between the instant case and Godden's case (supra), relied on by Mr. Pal. Now, in (2) Atherton v. British insulated and Helsby Cables Ltd., 10 tax Cases 155 at p. 419, Lord Cage observed : "that a sum of money expended, mot of necessity and with a view to a direct and immediate benefit to the tirade but voluntarily on the ground of commercial expediency and in order indirectly to facilitate the carrying on of the business, may yet be expended wholly and exclusively for the purposes of trade" 11. Following the view in Atherton's case the English Court of Appeal in (3)Mitchell v. B. W. Noble Ltd., (11 Tax cases" 372) allowed the sum paid by the assessee as compensation to a director, sb as to get rid of him, and thus avoid a. scandal injurious to the assessee's trade, as business expenditure with the observation (per Lord Hanworth) : "it seems to me that the directors had to handle a situation of both delicacy and gravity, and their bona fides not being questioned, it is clear that they took a course which they were justified in taking and made a payment in the interests of the carrying on of their trade. That being so, the 2nd question arises is it to be treated as a capital expense ? it is said, and not unfairly, that you have a sum definitely agreed, a payment no doubt by instalments, but for all practical purposes the sum is immediately ascertained and is in that sense in the nature of a capital payment, liquidated though it may be over a subsequent period of time ; and it is said that for this payment they obtained an immediate result, namely, the resignation of the director. It was not a recurring incident ; it was not something which would have to be dealt with in subsequent years, but it was an immediate result final in its conclusion inasmuch as it severed the connection between the director and the company. Now all that is very true and I agree that perhaps it is more difficult to see whether it should be treated as a capital payment or not, but I think Mr. Justice Rowlatt puts it well at the end of his judgment where he says: "this gentleman being there as an unsatisfactory servant was not a permanency. He was no doubt there for his life but I do not think you can say By an expenditure of capital I will get rid of this nuisance affecting my business and have his removal rather than his company (by making this capital expenditure.)I cannot look at it in that way. It seems to me it is simply this, although the largeness of the figures and the peculiar nature of the circumstances perplex one that this is no more than a payment to get rid of a servant in the course of the business and in the year in which the trouble comes". We have had a number of cases reviewed again which were discussed and considered in this Court and in the House of Lords in the British Insulated and helsby Cables Ltd. v. Atherton, (supra) and the Lord Chancellor gives instances of payments which although apparently final in their quality have been held to be properly chargeable against the receipts for the year. "instances", he says on page 213 (10 Tax Cases at page 192) "of such payments may be found in the gratuity of 1,500 paid to a reporter on his retirement (4) Smith v. The incorporated Council of Law Reporting, 6 T. C. 477,. . . . . . and in the expenditure of 4,494 in the purchase of an annuity for the benefit of an actuary who had retired, which in Hancok's case, (7 T. C. 358) was allowed, and I think rightly allowed, to be deducted from profits". Now I respectfully share the view of Lord Buckmaster that it is not easy to find much help from the particular facts of decided cases ; nor is it easy to define the limits of the principle upon which one is acting. Now I respectfully share the view of Lord Buckmaster that it is not easy to find much help from the particular facts of decided cases ; nor is it easy to define the limits of the principle upon which one is acting. At the same time i think in a concrete case it is possible to determine whether an expenditure is a capital expenditure or rightly to be attributed to revenue. I do not in the least wish to go back upon anything that i said myself in the British Insulated and Helsby Cables Case, but it appears to me upon the facts of this case that this payment should be treated as a revenue item and not as a capital item". 12. The observation of Viscount cave was approved of by the Supreme court in (5) Commissioner of Income-Tax v. Chandulal Keshavlal and Co., (1960) 38 I. T. R. 601. In the other decisions of the Supreme Court, say for example, in (6) Commissioner of Income-tax v. Royal Calcutta Turf Club, (1961)41 I. T. R. 414, in (7) Commissioner of income-tax v. Chari and Chari Limited, (1965) 57 I. T. R. 400, in (8) Swadeshi cotton Mills Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of income-tax, (1967) 63 I. T. R. 57, the view that the Supreme Court expressed was in consonance with the view expressed by Viscount Cave in Atherton v. British insulated and Helsby Cables Ltd., (supra. This Court in (9) Calcutta Landing and shipping Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of income-tax, (1967) 65 I.T.R. I summarised the views expressed in different judgments and observed: it is now well-settled that the expression expenditure laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the purpose of such business' includes expenditure voluntarily incurred for commercial expediency and in order indirectly to facilitate business. It is immaterial if a third party also benefits thereby. It is further well-settled that an expenditure incurred in maintaining the efficiency of the manpower from time to time utilised in a business is also expenditure wholly or exclusively laid out for the purpose of such business. It is immaterial if a third party also benefits thereby. It is further well-settled that an expenditure incurred in maintaining the efficiency of the manpower from time to time utilised in a business is also expenditure wholly or exclusively laid out for the purpose of such business. It is also well settled that the employment of, say a director, at a reasonable extra remuneration to supervise a particular business of the Company, regard being had to his expert knowledge in that particular line of business, is expenditure within the meaning of section 10 (2) (xv) and the revenue authorities are not justified in reducing such remuneration. The expression "commercial expediency" is an expression of wide import and expenditure in commercial expediency includes such expenditure as a prudent man may incur for the purposes of business. An expenditure which is entirely gratuitous and has no connection with the business does not come within the meaning of section 10 (2) (xv) of the Act". This being the position in law, we have to see for what purpose were the payments made to the three directors, Mr. Pal, in our opinion is not right in his contention that the payment of compensation was made to the three directors so as to settle up the consequences of wrongful breach of service contract by payment of damages. On the other hand, Mr. Palkhivala is right in his submission that, in the circumstances of the instant case, what really happened was that the promisee, namely, the three directors, dispensed with or remitted, the performance of the remaining part of the service contract by the promisor, namely, the assessee, by acceptance of monetary satisfaction in lieu of performance. In making this submission, Mr. Palkhivala has no doubt the provisions of Section 63 of the Contract act in his mind which Section reads: "every promisee may dispense with or remit, wholly or in part, the performance of the promise made to him, or may extend the time for such performance, or may accept instead of it any satisfaction which he thinks fit. Palkhivala has no doubt the provisions of Section 63 of the Contract act in his mind which Section reads: "every promisee may dispense with or remit, wholly or in part, the performance of the promise made to him, or may extend the time for such performance, or may accept instead of it any satisfaction which he thinks fit. " Now, if by getting rid of the three directors, the assessee company was benefiting economically, that is to say, was reducing top-heavy administration cost, then, there is no reason why the payment of compensation, which enabled the assessee to effect such economy, should not be treated as expenditure wholly and exclusively for the purpose of its business. 13. Mr. Pal, argued that there was no economic object behind the payment of compensation-the only professed object being to open up the way for promotion of qualified junior men to senior positions, which object again was not followed up. In our opinion, Mr. Pal is not right in this submission. If we read the minutes of the Board Meetings, held on the 3rd and 25th June, 1951, together, we are left in no doubt that the real object of the assessee was to save money because the three directors were consuming a good deal and the compensation that was paid to them was much less than what they would have consumed if the service agreement had not been terminated in the manner done. Mr. Palkhivala handed over to us the following analysis showing the measure of economy achieved by payment of compensation to the three directors: M. G. Robson W. L. A. Radcliffe J. Morshead 1] Assessment year to which the sum relates 1952-53 1952-53 1952-53 2] Salary as per year Rs. 80,000/- Rs. 80,000/- Rs. 2,50. 000/- 3] Date of termination of service 30.9.51 30.6.52 30 9 52 4] Balance of service period as per agreement 3 years 2 years 2 years 6 months 9 months 6 months 5] Salary payable for the balance of service period Rs.2,80,000/- Rs.2,20,000/- Rs.6,25,000/- 6] Compensation paid Rs. 1,00,000/- Rs. 1,00,000/- Rs. 1,50,000/- 7] Benefit to the company Rs. 1,80,000/- Rs. 1,20,000/- Rs. 4,75,000/- 14. The correspondence of this analysis was not disputed by the learned counsel for the Revenue. 1,00,000/- Rs. 1,00,000/- Rs. 1,50,000/- 7] Benefit to the company Rs. 1,80,000/- Rs. 1,20,000/- Rs. 4,75,000/- 14. The correspondence of this analysis was not disputed by the learned counsel for the Revenue. That being so, we feel that the assessee decided to promote qualified junior men to senior position as directors, with a definite purpose, namely, to cut down the administrative expenditure and thus save money. The fact that the assessee; did not immediately permit junior men to fill up such positions is inconsequential because an initial economy measure, if subsequently further economised, does not detract from the value of the first economy measure. We are, therefore, of the view that the payment of compensation was by way of money saving device, in the interest of the business of the assessee, and, as such, an expenditure wholly and exclusively laid out for business purpose. Mr. Pal, by way of a last desperate attempt, argued that even if business economy was the consideration in so far as payment of compensation to M. G. Robson was concerned, the payments of compensation to J. Morshead and W.L.A. Radcliffe were made on different considerations. He drew inspiration for this argument from the following passage in the judgment of the Appellate assistant Commissioner for the year 1953-54: "it may be stated that from the correspondence with the two Directors and the Minutes on records it is not true that the services were terminated in order to effect economy in the administration but the two Directors were asked to retire or their services were terminated in order to accelerate promotion of new Members of the Board of directors and this cannot be considered to be an expenditure for commercial expendiency". 15. Questioned by ourselves, Mr. Pal admitted that no new circumstance or consideration came into existence when the assessee decided to pay compensation to J. Morshead and W. L. A. Radcliffe for premature retirement and the action was motivated by the identical purpose. The same resolutions of the Board, namely, those of June 3, 1951 and June 21, 1951, authorised the action. If that be so then the inference by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner that the compensation was not paid to effect economy was not a correct inference on the materials before him. The same resolutions of the Board, namely, those of June 3, 1951 and June 21, 1951, authorised the action. If that be so then the inference by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner that the compensation was not paid to effect economy was not a correct inference on the materials before him. We are of the opinion that the Tribunal made the correct inference on the facts when it observed that: "the compensation paid for loss of office to the aforesaid Directors (meaning all the three) benefited the company in its business inasmuch as it saved a lot of monetary outgoing". The last argument of Mr. Pal must, therefore, also fail. Question No. 1 must be answered in the affirmative and in favour of the assessee. 16. we now turn to the second question. It is not disputed that the premises, in respect whereof the municipal revaluation took place, was the business premises of the assessee and that the taxes were payable out of the earnings of the business. If the municipal assessment of consolidated rates had been unduly enhanced, the assessee would have been compelled to pay more by way of rates. In the interest of business, it was necessary for the assessee, to have the premises properly valued. The expenditure incurred was to secure evidence of an expert on the exact or proper valuation of the premises. This, in our opinion, is a proper business expenditure within the meaning of Sec. 10 (2) (xv. In (10) Birla Cotton Spinning and Weaving Mills Limited v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Calcutta, (1967) 64 ITR 568 this Court observed that expenditure incurred by an assessee in opposing an illegal and coercive governmental action with the object of saving taxation and safeguarding the business was justified by commercial expediency and was therefore an allowable expenditure. In the instant case, revaluation was being made by a statutory body, namely, the Corporation of Calcutta. If the revaluation had not been properly made the assessee would have been compelled to pay more. For seeing that it was properly taxed, the expenditure was incurred for procuring evidence of proper valuation. That in our opinion was justified by commercial expediency and the expenditure should be allowed under Section 10 (2) (xv) of the Act. 17. In the view that we take we hold that Question No. 2 must also be answered in the affirmative and in favour of the assessee. That in our opinion was justified by commercial expediency and the expenditure should be allowed under Section 10 (2) (xv) of the Act. 17. In the view that we take we hold that Question No. 2 must also be answered in the affirmative and in favour of the assessee. Both the questions are thus answered in. the affirmative and in favour of the assessee. The Commissioner of Income-tax must pay costs of this reference to the assessee.