KAPUR ( 1 ) THE dispute relates to the assessment year 1951-52, Ae relevant previous year being the year ended on 31st March. 1951. In the accounting years relevant to the assessment years 1949-50 and 1950-51, i. e. , the two years preceding the year of assessment, the assessee took certain contracts regarding the sale of liquor in his individual name and sustained losses of Rs. 48,619. 00 and Rs. 1892. 00 respectively. During the assessment year 1951-52 with which we are concerned, the assessee with ten other persons, took another liquor contract and the business was carried on by the partnership under the name and style of Dulat Ram, Hans Raj and Company. This partnership was registered for the assessment year 1951-52 and, therefore, the question has to be answered in the light of this fact. The assessee s share in the said registered firm was 11 pies in a rupee and during the year, his share of profits came to Rs. 20,414. 00 The assessee claimed that he was entitled to carry forward and set off the losses assessed in the assessment year 1949- 50 and 1950-51 to the extent of Rs. 20,414. 00 against his share of the profit from the registered firm assessable in Ae assessment year 1951-52. The Income Tax Officer rejected the claim of Ae assessee, but the Appellate Assistant Commissioner in appeal allowed the same. The Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, on an appeal by the revenue, decided that there was no identity between the business which was carried on by the assessee alone in the assessment years 1949- 50 and 1950-51 and the business which was carried on by the partnership in the name of Daulat Ram, Hans Raj and Company and consequently, the assessee was not entitled to carry forward the losses. At the instance of the assessee, the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal stated the case to this Court and referred the following question of law: "whether the loss of Rs. 46,619. 00 and Rs. 4,892. 00 determined for the assessment years 1949-50 and 1950-51 respectively in the above circumstances can be set off against the share of income of Rs. 20,414. 00 determined in the assessment year 1951-52. 46,619. 00 and Rs. 4,892. 00 determined for the assessment years 1949-50 and 1950-51 respectively in the above circumstances can be set off against the share of income of Rs. 20,414. 00 determined in the assessment year 1951-52. " THE parties were in agreement as to the test applicable and that agreement is reflected in the observation of the Tribunal when it says that before such a claim can be allowed, two identities have to be satisfied, viz. , (i) the identity between the assessee who sustained the loss and the assessee who made the profit; and (ii) the identity in regard to the business or in other words, the assessee should be carrying on "the same business, profession or vocation" in all the years. It is significant that the revenue did not dispute the existence of first identity but founded its argument on the absence of the second identity. The Tribunal observed "merely because the nature of the business at the two material times was the same, it cannot lead to the conclusion that the business in which loss was sustained is "the same business" in which the assessee made some profit in a subsequent year. "since we are concerned with the assessment year 1951-52, Ae reference has to be answered in the light of section 24 (2) of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922 as in existence at that time. Section 24 (2) at the material time read "where any assessee sustains a loss of profits or gains in any year, being a previous year not earlier than the previous year for the assessment for the year ending on the 31st day of march, 1940, in any business, profession or vocation, and the loss cannot be wholly set off under sub-section (1), so much of the loss as is not so set off or the whole loss where the assesses had no other head of income shall be carried forward to the following year and set off against the profits and gains ,if any, of the assessee from the same business, profession or vocation for that year. xxxxxxx. xxxxxxx. "the section underwent a change introduced by Finance Act 1955 and the change material for the purposes of present controversy is that the loss incurred in earlier year could be set off in subsequent years not only against the proof the same business but against the profits and gains of any business, profession or vocation carried on by the assessee in the subsequent year provided the business, profession or vocation in which the loss was originally sustained continued to be carried on by him in that year. I have mentioned the change in law because the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal has sought to distinguish the decision of the Gujarat High Court in the case of Sita Ram Moti Ram Jain v. Commissioner of Income Tax (1961) 43 ITR 405 (Guj) on that ground. Considerable arguments have been addressed at the Bar about the tests to be adopted in determining whether the two businesses are the same or not and I shall revert to that a little later. As I look at the problem, it is not so Much about whether or not the assessee was carrying on the same business in all the three years but whether the fact that in the assessment years 1949-50 and 1950-51, the assessee carried on Liquor contracts in his own name while in the year 1951-52, his profit consisted of his share in a registered firm which carried on the same business, viz. . Liquor contract, makes any difference. I say so because in all the three years the nature of the business was the same; and it is the contention of the revenue that since the source of income in the year 1950-51 was different that renders section 24 (2) inapplicable. Mr. Kirpal, the learned counsel for the revenue, founded an argument on the ground that each contract for liquor was a yearly contract required to be obtainedafresh after the expiry of each year and that by itself rendered the two businesses as different. I would straight way say that there is no merit in the argument for, the determination of the nature of business depends more on the end rather than the means and the method of procuring it cannot be determinative of the nature of business. There is a distinction between the assessment of a registered firm and an unregistered firm. I would straight way say that there is no merit in the argument for, the determination of the nature of business depends more on the end rather than the means and the method of procuring it cannot be determinative of the nature of business. There is a distinction between the assessment of a registered firm and an unregistered firm. Three distinct steps constitute the assessment proceedings: (i) Computation of the income liable to tax; (ii) determination of the quantum of tax; and (iii) demand of the tax found due. Registration of a firm is immaterial for the purpose of the first step but brings about a material difference in so far as the second and third steps are concerned. By virtue of Section 23 (5) of the said Act, the total income of the firm has to be computed under earlier sub-sections of section 28. That having been done, in case of an unregistered firm, the tax payable by the firm as a distinct entity is levied and demanded from the firm. If, on the other hand, the firm is registered, the firm does not pay the tax itself. Each partner s share in the firm s profit a added to his other income, the tax payable by each partner on the basis of his total income determined and the demand is made on the partners individually. Slight change was introduced in 1956 by the Finance Act 1956 Schedule I Part 6 which has no bearing on the present controversy inasmuch as the change was to levy income tax at special low rates on a registered firm also. By virtue of the proviso to Section 16 (1) (b), and section 23 (5) if the share of a partner of a registered firm happens to be loss. it can be set off against his other income or carried forward and set off in accordance with section 24. . Under the 2nd proviso to section 24 (1) "where the assesse is a registered firm, any loss which cannot be set off against other income, profits and gains of the firm, shall be apportioned between the partners of the firm and they alone shall be entitled to have the amount of the loss set off under this section. . Under the 2nd proviso to section 24 (1) "where the assesse is a registered firm, any loss which cannot be set off against other income, profits and gains of the firm, shall be apportioned between the partners of the firm and they alone shall be entitled to have the amount of the loss set off under this section. " The position, therefore, appears to be that if the loss in case of a registered firm is not absorbed by set off against its income of the same year under the same head or any other head, a partner may set off his share of loss against his income of the same year under the same head or any other head and if there still remains unabsorbed loss, he may carry forward and set off his share of loss in accordance with the provisions of section 24 (2) against his income in a subsequent year. No such right of carry forward exists in case of a registered firm since the loss is apportionable among individual partners. This provision seems to be based on logic inasmuch as there was no point in conferring a right on a registered firm to carry forward, as such a right will then not coincide or be in accord with the principle of apportionment of losses among the individual partners. In that situation, it would be completely devoid of logic to hold that if otherwise the business in two years is same, a partner, suffering loss in his individual capacity, cannot be allowed to set it off against his share of profits in a registered firm. That would result in this that though under section 24 (1) read with section 24 (2) a partner alone can carry forward and set off his share of. losses against his income in the subsequent year yet that benefit cannot be availed of by a partner in his individual capacity because the business in the two years, on process of reasoning advanced by the revenue can never be the "same" Consistent with the principle of apportionment, it must be held that the amount of profit and loss falling to the lot of a partner of a registered firm is his profit and loss of the business carried on by the firm. Possibly such an argument may be raised in a case where a registered. Possibly such an argument may be raised in a case where a registered. firm engages in two distinct businesses in the sense applied to income tax cases and those different businesses are for example dealing in cloth and manufacturing cycles. Cycle business produces profit while the other results in loss and the partner s share after set off happens to be a profit. In such a case if the loss of a partner in his individual capacity in the earlier year arises out of cloth business, it may be possible to urge that the profit is not out of the same business nd consequently the requirements of section 24 (2) as then in force not satisfied. I need not, however, express my views finally on that aspect as the question does not arise now before me. Here in all the years the business was liquor business and, therefore, the same business. The learned counsel for the revenue while conceding that it was impossible to formulate any infallible general rule or test applicable to all cases for determining whether the two businesses are separate or same, did make an effort to suggest some principles affording guidance in such matters and according to him, the real test and the best one too, is to find out whether there is any inter-connection, any interlacing, any inter-dependence or any unity embracing the two businesses. If these elements are present, the businesses would be the same, otherwise not. By way of Instances, the learned counsel referred to various derisions such as Scales v. George Thompson and Co. , Ltd. , (1927) 18 Tax Cas 83, Birt Potter and Hughes, Ltd. v. Commissioner of Inland Revenue, (1927) 12 Tax Cas 976, H. rod G. Kinemas, Ltd. v. Cook, (1933) 18 Tax Cas 116, Morning Post, Ltd. v. George, (1940) 23 Tax Cas 514. Gordon and Blair, Ltd. v. Commissioners of Inland Revenue, (1962) 40 Tax Cas 358 and Commissioner of Income-tax West Bengal v. International Industries Ltd. , Calcutta (1952) 22 ITR 44 : (AIR 1958 Cal 127 ). Before I deal with these cases, I may propoint out that, by and large, the answer to the question must depend on facts and in the English cases referred to above, the Courts merely endorsed the finding of fact arrived at by the Commissioners. Before I deal with these cases, I may propoint out that, by and large, the answer to the question must depend on facts and in the English cases referred to above, the Courts merely endorsed the finding of fact arrived at by the Commissioners. As a matter of fact, in Commissioner of Income Tax, Madras v. Prithvi Insurance Co. , Ltd. , Civil Appeals Nos. 729 to 782 of 1965, D/- 26-10-1966: ( AIR 1967 SC 853 ), their Lordships bf the Supreme Court underlined the importance of "the nature of the business" in deciding such questions. It was observed "whether two or more lines of business, may be regarded as the "same business" or different businesses depends not upon the special methods prescribed by the Income-tax Act for computation of the taxable income, but upon the nature of the businesses, the nature of their organisation, management, source of the capital fund utilised, method of book keeping and a host of other related circumstances which stamp them as the same or distinct. " Mr. Kirpal also sought aid from those authorities in support of the proposition that this Court should not reverse a finding of fact arrived at by the Tribunal. In answering the question in favour of the assessee, I am not disturbing any finding of fact, but I am only applying law to the facts found and consequently thiscase falls out of the category of cases which depend merely on a finding of fact. All the English cases referred to merely endorsed the finding of fact arrived at by the Commissioners on the ground that there was evidence in support of the finding. In the case of Morning Post Ltd. , (1940) 23 Tax Cas 514 the decision was based on a further fact that the company s activity after 1st October, 1937 to receive the sums due under the agreement did not constitute a trade within the meaning of the statute. Again in 1952-22 ITR 44: ( AIR 1953 Cal 127 ) the Calcutta High Court came to the conclusion that the celluloid business was different from other activities of the company which had been started after the closure of celluloid business. One other feature that strikes me is this: In all these cases the question was whether or not two types of activities constituted the same business? One other feature that strikes me is this: In all these cases the question was whether or not two types of activities constituted the same business? It is from this angle that the tests of interlacing or dovetailing were applied and considered for finding out whether or not as a result of closure of one activity, the same business was continued. As I have indicated earlier, that question hardly arises here as there was one and one activity alone, namely, dealing in Liquor in all the three years. In spite of the observations of the learned Members of the Tribunal that (1961) 43 ITR 405 (Guj) dealt with the law as amended in 1955, I still consider the ratio of the decision applicable to this case for deciding the controversy. In that case, it was held that where an individual incurred a loss in businesses a sole proprietor, he was entitled to carry forward his loss and set off against his share of profits of a registered firm in a subsequent year when the firm took over the business of the individual as a running concern. The observations material to this case are "in our view the same business which was carried on by the assessee alone in Samvat year 2009 was continued and carried on by the assessee and his partner in Samvat years 2010 and 2011". Again it was observed "reading the provisions of proviso (e) and the provisions of sub-section (2) (ii) of section 24, we are of the view that where a business carried on by a person on his sole account has been continued by that person in partnership with another, the provisions relating to the set off would apply. Under these circumstances, the Gujarat High Court came to the conclusion that the identity of the business did not change. In this view I am also supported by the decision of the Kerala High Court in the case of Dwarka Dass Lila Dhar v Commissioner of Income-tax, (1963) 47 ITR 619 (Ker.) which was a converse case. My conclusion, therefore, is that the assessee was entitled to set off the loss incurred in the assessment years 1949-50 and 1950-51 against his share of income during the assessment year 1951-52. The question is, therefore, answered in the affirmative and in favour of the assesses. The assessee will have the costs of this reference. My conclusion, therefore, is that the assessee was entitled to set off the loss incurred in the assessment years 1949-50 and 1950-51 against his share of income during the assessment year 1951-52. The question is, therefore, answered in the affirmative and in favour of the assesses. The assessee will have the costs of this reference. ( 2 ) S. N. ANDLEY, J. ;-- I agree.