JUDGMENT BANERJEE, J. 1. THIS is a reference under s. 27(1) of the WT Act, 1957, made in circumstances hereinafter stated. The assessee is a public limited company, doing business in manufacture of textile machinery. The assessment years in question are 1957-58, 1958-59 and 1959-60, the material valuation dates being 31st Dec., 1956, 31st Dec., 1957, and 31st Dec., 1958. There is no dispute that the accounts of the business, carried on by the assessee, are regularly maintained on mercantile basis. 2. AS is now the common feature with most of the manufacturing concerns, the employees of the assessee-company were carrying on an industrial dispute with the assessee, concerning payment of bonus. This dispute is not of recent origin. In the year 1955, the employees made a claim for bonus and carried the matter before an Industrial Tribunal, which made an award of Rs. 5,65,000 in favour of the employees. This award was implemented in the year 1956. For similar claims concerning the years 1956, 1957 and 1958, there were disputes pending before Industrial Tribunals but as late as the year 1961, the Tribunals did not make any award. Be that as it may, the assessee seems to have learnt a lesson from the award made in respect of the claim for bonus for the year 1955 and made provision for Rs. 6,00,000 in the year 1956, Rs. 12,00,000 in the year 1957 and Rs. 16,93,000 in the year 1958, for bonuses likely to become payable to the workmen in the respective years. Not only was such provision made, but the assessee made advances to the workmen during the years 1956, 1957 and 1958 against bonuses, that might become payable to them in future, the amounts advanced being Rs. 1,76,414 as on 31st Dec., 1956, Rs. 5,93,824 as on 31st Dec., 1957 and Rs. 11,75,468 as on 31st Dec., 1958. The amounts, which the assessee had provided for bonuses, were included in the accounts under the head "Sundry provision", in the section for current liabilities, and were shown in the balance sheets. The amounts, which were advanced out of the bonus fund, were included under the item "loans and advances" in the balance sheets. Further, the assessee made provisions for income-tax liability, in respect of assessments which were not completed up to the respective valuation dates. The provision for taxation amounted to Rs. 31,00,000 as on 31st Dec., 1956, Rs. The amounts, which were advanced out of the bonus fund, were included under the item "loans and advances" in the balance sheets. Further, the assessee made provisions for income-tax liability, in respect of assessments which were not completed up to the respective valuation dates. The provision for taxation amounted to Rs. 31,00,000 as on 31st Dec., 1956, Rs. 60,15,000 as on 31st Dec., 1957, and Rs. 99,65,743 as on 31st Dec., 1958. Also, the assessee showed, amongst its assets, loans and advances amounting to Rs. 70,37,932, Rs. 76,50,605 and Rs. 1,06,77,932, as on 31st Dec., 1956, 31st Dec., 1957, and 31st Dec., 1958, respectively; these amounts included the sums of Rs. 24,44,998, Rs. 27,50,969 and Rs. 45,17,133, being the amounts of debt outstanding for more than three months and were separately shown in Schedule G of the respective balance sheets. The assessee-company anticipated short recoveries in respect of some of these debts and against such short recoveries made specific provisions, amounting in all to Rs. 1,38,406, Rs. 1,32,512 and Rs. 1,14,866, respectively, for the three assessment years. 3. Lastly, although the assessee had not made any provision in respect of its liability for sales-tax, in the balance sheets, as on respective valuation dates, the amounts of outstanding sales-tax demand under appeal were shown in a foot-note. On 31st Dec., 1957, which was the valuation date for the asst. yr. 1958-59, such liability for sales-tax for the years 1953 and 1954 was said to be Rs. 3,13,000. Out of this sales-tax for the year 1954 was determined at Rs. 2,16,475 but the demand notice in respect thereof was issued on 3rd Jan., 1958, and was served on the assessee after two or three days, that is to say, a few days after the end of the relevant valuation date. 4. The book value of the assessee's fixed assets were Rs. 1,56,17,729 as on 31st Dec., 1956, Rs. 2,08,38,494 as on 31st Dec., 1957, and Rs. 2,18,41,602 as on 31st Dec., 1958. These figures are not in dispute and details thereof are to be found from the balance sheets. The written down value of these assets for the purpose of s. 10(2)(vi) of the IT Act, as per income-tax records of the assessee, were Rs. 1,26,95,835, Rs. 1,76,26,976 and Rs. 1,87,52,878, respectively. 2,18,41,602 as on 31st Dec., 1958. These figures are not in dispute and details thereof are to be found from the balance sheets. The written down value of these assets for the purpose of s. 10(2)(vi) of the IT Act, as per income-tax records of the assessee, were Rs. 1,26,95,835, Rs. 1,76,26,976 and Rs. 1,87,52,878, respectively. The written down value of the assets as per income-tax records of the assessee took into account not only the normal depreciation allowance allowed under s. 10(2)(vi) but also additional depreciation allowance under s. 10(2)(via). The deductions claimed by the assessee, in all the three assessment years, were four-fold, firstly, on account of bonus payable to the employees, secondly, for income-tax payable in respect of profits earned before the valuation dates, thirdly, for bad and doubtful debts in respect of which provisions had been made in the accounts and, fourthly, for sales-tax liability for the asst. yr. 1958-59, which liability had not been provided for in the books. 5. The assessee further claimed that in determining the net value of the assets of its business, buildings and machinery should be taken at their written down value, as per income-tax records, instead of the value of those assets as shown in the balance sheet. The WTO rejected all these claims of the assessee-company, except the claim in respect of the tax liabilities for the three years which he partly allowed. In respect of the claim for deduction for income-tax liabilities, he allowed Rs. 3,459, Rs. 10,49,809 and Rs. 27,57,972, on account of liabilities under s. 18A of the Indian IT Act demanded before the respective valuation dates. Aggrieved by the order of the WTO, the assessee-company preferred appeals before the AAC. Those appeals failed and the orders of the WTO were affirmed. 6. Thereupon, the assessee filed three second appeals in respect of the three years before the Tribunal. Aggrieved by the order of the WTO, the assessee-company preferred appeals before the AAC. Those appeals failed and the orders of the WTO were affirmed. 6. Thereupon, the assessee filed three second appeals in respect of the three years before the Tribunal. The contentions which were raised by the assessee before the Tribunal were: (i) that the determination of the net value of the assets of the business as a whole was made under s. 7(2)(a) of the WT Act, having regard to the balance sheets of the business as on the respective valuation dates but the net value of the business as a whole could not be arrived at without taking into account the incidental liabilities like the liability for bonus, income-tax and sales-tax; (ii) that s. 7(2)(a) of the WT Act proceeded on a footing different from s. 2(m); under s. 7(2)(a) what was determined was the net value of the assets of the business as a whole, while s. 2(m) referred to the net wealth of the assessee; (iii) alternatively, the net value of the assets of the business should first be determined under s. 7 (2)(a) and, thereafter, the net wealth should be worked out under s. 2(m) by adding the value of the other assets and deducting the debts; (iv) drawing on the analogy of the IT Act, it was contended that, just as for the purpose of income-tax profits are to be determined according to commercial principles by giving deductions which may not have been provided in the Act, so the net value of the assets should also be determined by taking into account the liabilities which were real and unavoidable. (v) Without prejudice to the aforesaid contentions, it was argued: (1) that in so far as the provision for bonus was concerned, the advances made by the assessee to its employees against bonus, to be ultimately awarded by the Tribunal, should in any event be deducted in determining the net value of the assets of the assessee, (2) that the bad and doubtful debts were the amounts, which the assessee, by prudent estimate, did not expect to recover and to that extent the balance sheet value of these assets did not represent their true value, (3) that the proper valuation of fixed assets could only be arrived at by making allowance for the wear and tear of the assets and since the assessee had not made adequate allowance for the depreciation of the assets, adjustment should have been made by substitution of the written down value of these assets as per income-tax records of the assessee, in place of the value shown in the balance sheet on the respective valuation dates. The arguments advanced on behalf of the assessee were sought to be repelled, by the Revenue, with the contention that the claim for deduction of provisions for bonus, income-tax and sales-tax liabilities had not ripened into debts and therefore could not be deducted from the net assets of the assessee under s. 2(m) of the WT Act. With regard to the claim for deduction under the head of bad and doubtful debts and the substitution of the written down value of fixed assets in place of the value shown in the balance sheets, it was contended that, since the valuation of the assets of the business as a whole had been done under s. 7(2) of the WT Act, the assessee was not entitled to choose an individual item and ask for its revaluation; the adjustment contemplated by s. 7(2) of the WT Act did not include adjustment in the manner suggested by the assessee. The Tribunal rejected the claim of the assessee in respect of the provisions for bonus with the following observation: "It is...clear that what s. 7(2) determines is the net value of the assets of the business as a whole without saying anything about the liabilities whether accrued or contingent. The Tribunal rejected the claim of the assessee in respect of the provisions for bonus with the following observation: "It is...clear that what s. 7(2) determines is the net value of the assets of the business as a whole without saying anything about the liabilities whether accrued or contingent. After determining the net value of the assets of the business the WTO has again to refer to s. 2(m) to determine the net wealth of the company, by giving deduction where necessary from the net value of the assets, for debts owed by the assessee. There is no provision for deduction of mere liabilities if they are contingent. Only liabilities which have ripened into debts can be deducted from the net value of the assets in order to arrive at the net value of the assets. In this view of the matter it is not possible to agree with the learned counsel that the provisions for bonus are deductible from the net wealth of the company". 7. The Tribunal negatived the claim of the assessee concerning the provision for payment of income-tax with the following observation: "Here again the same considerations will apply as in the case of the provision for bonus. The tax liabilities do not become debts till the tax is determined, quantified, and demanded and, therefore, no deduction is permissible on account of provisions for taxes which are not yet determined and which are in respect of assessments which were pending on the valuation dates". 8. The Tribunal rejected the claim under the head of sales-tax liability for the year 1958-59, with the following observation: "The company had not made provisions for that liability in its balance sheet and it was mentioned in the foot-note as a contingent liability. The company had challenged the demand made by the sales-tax authorities before the appellate Court and the company's contention was accepted five months after the date of valuation... We have to take the position as it existed on the valuation date and there is no getting away from the fact that on the date of valuation there was a demand outstanding against the company amounting to Rs. 2,37,362. This amount having been determined, quantified and demanded was a full fledged debt within the meaning of s. 2(m) and was clearly deductible from the net wealth of the assessee. For the asst. yr. 2,37,362. This amount having been determined, quantified and demanded was a full fledged debt within the meaning of s. 2(m) and was clearly deductible from the net wealth of the assessee. For the asst. yr. 1958-59 we find that the demand for the tax was made after the valuation date and in view of that fact the liability had not become a debt on the valuation date and the amount was not deductible from the net wealth of the assessee-company". The Tribunal also rejected the claim for bad and doubtful debts but we are not concerned with the reasons given therefor any more, because the order of the Tribunal was not challenged in that respect. The alternative contention by the assessee for deduction, at least, of sums advanced to the workmen against bonus from the bonus fund was disposed of by the Tribunal by later order, under s. 35 of the WT Act, in the following language : "The amounts advanced to employees are pure advances and although they may be adjusted in future against bonus that may be due to the employees as a result of the award of the Industrial Tribunal, so long as the award has not been given the amounts advanced are on the personal credit of the employees with the security of the salaries for which they are entitled from month to month. The position in law, on the valuation date, is that the employees are liable to pay the advances back to the company and the debt owed by the employees would be enforceable in a Court of law". 9. Aggrieved by the order of the Tribunal, the assessee obtained a reference to this Court, under s. 27(1) of the WT Act, on the following question of law: "(1) Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, in determining the net value of the assets of the assessee-company's business as a whole under s. 7(2)(a) of the WT Act, adjustments by way of deductions of the following amounts, as on the respective valuation dates, were permissible: (2) If the answer to part (a) of question No. 1 is in the negative, whether the amounts advanced to the employees against bonus pending final settlement were deductible by way of adjustment under s. 7(2)(a) of the Act? (3) Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, only a part and not the whole of the depreciation allowed in the income-tax assessments of the company but not taken into account in its balance sheets was a permissible deduction by way of adjustment under s. 7(2)(a) of the Act?" 10. Now the question as framed does not appear to have been correctly done. It requires both clarification and correction. Question 1(a), concerning the provision in respect of the claim for bonus, was so framed as gave an indication that for the asst. yr. 1957-58 the claim was Rs. 6,00,000, for the year 1958-59 the claim was Rs. 12,00,000, and for the year 1959-60 the claim was Rs. 16,93,000. Mr. A.K. Sen, learned counsel for the assessee, made it clear that for the year 1957-58 the claim of the assessee in respect of provision for bonus was limited to Rs. 6,00,000 only, for the year 1958-59, to Rs. 6,00,000 only and (not Rs. 12,00,000) and for the year 1959-60 to 4,93,000 (and not Rs. 16,93,000). We propose to read question No. 1(a) with the clarification as made by Mr. Sen. Then again, under question No. 1(d) liability for sales tax was admittedly limited to the year 1958-59 and not to 1959-60. Mr. Sen made it clear that, although the provision for liability of sales-tax concerned the asst. yr. 1958-59, a part of the last quarter of that year may have travelled beyond that year and that was the reason why the Tribunal tagged on the year 1959-60 to the year 1958-59. We, therefore, read question No. 1(d) with the clarification that the provision for liability of sales-tax principally concerned the year 1958-59. This is so far as clarification which are necessary to be made to the questions. But Mr. Gouri Mitter, learned counsel . Rs. . (a) Provision for bonus for each of the three years 6,00,000 . . 12,00,000 and . 16,93,000 . (b) Provision for taxation 30,96,541 . . 49,65,191 and . 72,07,771 . (c) Bad and doubtful debts amounting to 1,33,406 . . 1,32,512 and . 1,14,866 . (d) Liability to sales-tax for the asst. yrs. 1958-59 and 1959-60 2,16,475. Rs. . (a) Provision for bonus for each of the three years 6,00,000 . . 12,00,000 and . 16,93,000 . (b) Provision for taxation 30,96,541 . . 49,65,191 and . 72,07,771 . (c) Bad and doubtful debts amounting to 1,33,406 . . 1,32,512 and . 1,14,866 . (d) Liability to sales-tax for the asst. yrs. 1958-59 and 1959-60 2,16,475. for the Revenue, very pertinently pointed out that s. 7(2)(a) of the WT Act was merely a valuation section and did not concern itself with deductions of debts and liabilities, which could only be considered under s. 2(m) of the WT Act. In this submission Mr. Mitter is right. In the case of Kesoram Industries and Cotton Mills Ltd. vs. CWT (1966) 59 ITR 767 (SC) : TC64R.687, Shah, J., in his dissenting judgment, referred to this aspect of the matter and observed (p. 793): "The argument raised by counsel for the assessee is that substantially s. 7(2) is a definition section, which extends, for the purposes of the Act, the definition of the 'net wealth' of the assessees carrying on business. There is no warrant for this argument in the language used in s. 7 (2). Counsel was unable to suggest any rational explanation why, if what he contends was the intention, Parliament should have adopted this somewhat roundabout way of incorporating a definition of net wealth in a section dealing with valuation of assets. In my judgment, neither cl. (a) nor cl. (b) of s. 7(2) is directed towards the determination of the net wealth, and it would be impossible to hold that the legislature intended that the net wealth for the purpose of the charge to tax under s. 3 should be the net value of the assets as determined under sub-s. (2) of s. 7". Thus the position is that by quoting a wrong section of the WT Act the questions of law referred to this Court have become such that they should be answered in the negative. Mr. Sen, for the assessee, however, contended that the points of dispute between the Revenue and the assessee, in the instant case, were whether provisions made for bonuses, taxes, including income-tax and sales-tax, and bad debts should be deducted in computing the net wealth of the assessee. Those disputes were of such a nature that they certainly raised a question of law. Those disputes were of such a nature that they certainly raised a question of law. Now, the Tribunal was not oblivious of the fact that s. 7(2) was not concerned with deduction of liabilities. This is what the Tribunal expressly said in their judgment: "In the first place, the section is confined to the net value of the assets of the business. It does not refer to the liabilities presumably because in s. 2(m) only debts owed by the assessee are deductible from the net value of the assets. It is also significant that s. 7(2) refers to the net value of the assets of the business as a whole and not to the net value of the business as a whole. It is, therefore, clear that what s. 7(2) determines is the net value of the assets of the business as a whole without saying anything about the liabilities whether accrued or contingent. After determining the net value of the assets of the business, the WTO has again to refer to s. 2(m) to determine the net wealth of the company, by giving deduction where necessary from the net value of the assets, for debts owed by the assessee". 11. Thus, the Tribunal correctly stated the law but in framing the questions fell into the same error which they themselves had pointed out. Mr. Sen, for the assessee, prayed that in these circumstances we should reframe the question in such a manner so that the real controversy between the assessee and the taxing department may be included in the question. In our opinion, there is wisdom in the prayer made by him. Where an assessee is entitled to certain deductions under a taxing statute, if he claims those deductions under a wrong section of the statute, that should not be over-emphasised. If, in negativing a claim of the assessee otherwise allowable, a Tribunal quotes a wrong section, in the question referred to this Court, and seeks an answer whether the claim of the assessee is allowable under that wrong section, it is open for this Court to say that the assessee is entitled to claim for deduction not under the erroneous section quoted by the Tribunal but under some other section. This was the view which was expressed by Chagla, C.J. in Ismailia Grain Merchants Association Ltd. vs. CIT (1957) 31 ITR 433 (SC) : TC13R.1298 and we respectfully agree with his Lordship. The only caution administered by the Supreme Court against that view is to be found in Kusumben D. Mahadevia vs. CIT (1960) 39 ITR 540 (SC) : TC54R.413. What their Lordships said in that case was that, if an aspect of a question was not touched by the Tribunal, the question should not be so reframed as to include that aspect in the question itself. In the instant case, the aspect whether deductions claimed by the assessee were allowable as debts owed by the assessee, when computing its net wealth was agitated and considered throughout by the Revenue authorities beginning from the WTO to the Tribunal. If the assessee is really entitled to such deductions then the fact that the claim for deduction was being made under an inappropriate section should not be over-emphasised and we should reframe the question in such a manner that the real controversy between the assessee and the taxing department may be properly dealt with by us in our advisory jurisdiction. In the view that we take we reframe question No. 1 in the following manner: "Whether, in the facts and circumstances of the case, in determining the net wealth of the assessee, deduction of the following amounts as on the respective valuation dates, were permissible: We reframe questions Nos. 2 and 3 by omitting therefrom the words "s. 7(2)(a) of". 12. MR. A.K. Sen, learned counsel for the assessee, in his fairness, conceded that the amounts claimed under the heading "bad and doubtful debts" may not have become irretrievably bad because some of them were the subject-matter of litigation. He, therefore, did not press for an answer to question No. 1(c). We, therefore, do not answer that question in favour of the assessee. So far as the provisions made for income-tax were concerned, Mr. Sen submitted that the decision of the Supreme Court in Kesoram Industries and Cotton Mills Ltd. vs. CWT (1966) 59 ITR 767 (SC) : TC64R.687, covered the point and in accordance with that decision the question must be answered in the affirmative and in favour of the assessee. Mr. So far as the provisions made for income-tax were concerned, Mr. Sen submitted that the decision of the Supreme Court in Kesoram Industries and Cotton Mills Ltd. vs. CWT (1966) 59 ITR 767 (SC) : TC64R.687, covered the point and in accordance with that decision the question must be answered in the affirmative and in favour of the assessee. Mr. G. Mitter, learned counsel for the Revenue, submitted that in view of that decision he was unable to contend that the provisions made by the assessee in respect of income-tax was not allowable as deduction. We, therefore, answer question No. 1(b) in the affirmative and in favour of the assessee. 13. The liability for sales-tax does not stand on a different footing and this amply appears from s. 4 of the Bengal Finance (Sales-tax) Act, 1941, which is couched in the following language: "With effect from such date as the State Government may by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint, being not earlier than 30 days after the date of the said notification every dealer whose gross turnover during the year immediately preceding the commencement of this Act exceed taxable quantum shall be liable to pay tax under this Act on all sales effected after the date so notified......" . Rs. (a) Provision for bonus for each of the three years 6,00,000 6,00,000 4,93,000 (b) Provision for taxation 30,96,541 49,65,191 72,07,771 (c) Bad and doubtful debts amounting to 1,33,406 1,32,512 1,14,866 (d) Liability for sales-tax for the asst. yr. 1958-59 2,16,475 14. IF provision made for taxation under the Indian IT Act and the Bengal Finance (Sales-tax) Act stand on the same footing, the answer to question No 1(d) must also be in the affirmative and in favour of the assessee this is not disputed by Mr. Mitter on behalf of the Revenue. We answer the question accordingly. We are thus left with question 1(a) only, out of question No. 1. Mr. Sen, learned counsel for the assessee, contended that bonus, which started as a boon from the employer to the employee, has now developed and acquired the character of a right on the part of the employees and a corresponding liability on the part of the employer. In order to understand this argument, it is necessary for us to consider the development of the Industrial law relating to bonus in this country. In order to understand this argument, it is necessary for us to consider the development of the Industrial law relating to bonus in this country. The Supreme Court summarised this development in Jalan Trading Co. vs. Mill Mazdoor Sabha (1966) 36 Comp. Cas. 901 : 29 FJR 463 (SC). Claim for bonus, it is well-known, was made by industrial employees, for the first time in India, in the towns of Bombay and Ahmedabad, after the commencement of the first world war, when as a result of inflationary trends there arose considerable disparity between living wages and contractual remuneration in the textile industry. The employees began paying to the workmen an increase in wages, initially called "war bonus" and later on "special allowance". A committee appointed by the Government of Bombay, in 1922, to consider, inter alia, the nature and basis of this bonus payment, reported that the workmen had a just claim against the employers to receive bonus, but the claim was not customary, legal or equitable. During the second world war, the employers in the textile industry granted cash bonus equivalent to a fraction of actual wages, but even this was a voluntary payment made with a view to keep labour contended. Thus, in its process of evolution, the propriety of the payment of bonus to workmen was recognised as just and proper but not as customary, legal or equitable. In other words, it was recognised that there was a good deal of justice behind the claim but the employers were not made liable for such payment in any manner. Thus ends the first phase of evolution of the claim for payment of bonus. Labour in this country is not well-paid and is consequently hungry. Labour persisted on with its claim for bonus and more bonus and collective bargaining on payment of bonus became a feature in employer and employee relationship. In the dispute for payment of bonus for the year 1948 and 1949, in the textile industry in Bombay, the industrial Court expressed the view that since labour as well as capital employed in an industry contribute to the profits of the industry, both are entitled to claim a legitimate return out of the profits and evolved a formula for charging certain prior liabilities on the gross profits of the accounting year, and awarding a percentage of the balance as bonus to workmen. In adjudicating upon the claim for bonus, an industrial Court excluded establishments which had suffered losses in the year under consideration from liability to pay bonus. In several appeals against the award, the Labour Appellate Tribunal particularly approved of the method for computing bonus as a fraction of surplus profit. According to the formula, which came to be known as the "Full Bench Formula", surplus available for distribution had to be determined by debiting the following prior charges against gross profit, (a) provision for depreciation, (b) reserve for rehabilitation, (c) return of 6 per cent on the paid up capital, (d) and return on the working capital at a lower rate than the return on the paid up capital; and from the balance called "available surplus" the workmen were to be given a reasonable share by way of bonus for the year. 15. The "Full Bench Formula" came up for consideration before the Supreme Court in many cases, for example, Muir Mills Co. Ltd. vs. Suti Mills Mazdoor Union (1955) 1 SCR 991 : 7 FJR 483, Baroda Borough Municipality vs. Its Workmen (1957) SCR 33 : 11 FJR 305, Sree Meenakshi Mills Ltd. vs. Their Workmen (1958) SCR 878 : 13 FJR 399 and State of Mysore vs. Workers of Gold Mines (1959) SCR 895 : 15 FJR 1. The Supreme Court did not commit itself to acceptance of the formula in its entirety but ruled that bonus was not a credit payment made by the employer to the workmen, nor a deferred wage and, where the wages fell short of the living standard and the industry made profit, part of which was due to the contribution of labour, a claim for bonus might legitimately be made by the workmen. The Supreme Court did not examine the propriety nor the order of priorities as between the several charges and their relative importance, nor did it examine the desirability of making any variations, change or addition in the "Full Bench Formula". The Supreme Court did not examine the propriety nor the order of priorities as between the several charges and their relative importance, nor did it examine the desirability of making any variations, change or addition in the "Full Bench Formula". These problems were for the first time elaborately considered by the Supreme Court in Associated Cement Companies Ltd. vs. Its Workmen (1959) SCR 925, 942, 953 : 16 FJR 262, in which Gajendragadkar, J, (later Gajendragadkar, C.J.) observed: "The notional accounting for this purpose starts with the figure of the gross profits which are arrived at after payment of wages and dearness allowance to the employees and other relevant items of expenditure. Then a deduction for depreciation is made, and on the notional balance thus derived a provision for taxes payable is allowed. Then follow the provisions for reserves for rehabilitation, return on paid up capital and return on reserves employed as working capital. That gives the amount of surplus if any. Whenever the working of this formula leaves an amount of available surplus, labour was held entitled to claim a reasonable share in this amount by way of bonus for the current year. This formula is based on consideration of social justice and is intended to satisfy the legitimate claims of both capital and labour in respect of the profits made by the industry in a particular year. It takes the particular year as a unit and makes all its notional calculations on the basis of the gross profits usually taken from the profit and loss account;......" (Underlined, italicised in print, for emphasis) 16. Since that decision, numerous cases came up before the Supreme Court in which the basic formula was accepted with some elaboration. Attempts were made before the Supreme Court to secure a revision of the Full Bench formula but such attempts generally failed. In Associated Cement Company's case (supra), the Supreme Court observed: "The plea for revision of the formula raises an issue which affects all industries; but before any change is made in it all industries and their workmen would have to be heard and their pleas carefully considered. It is obvious that while dealing with the present group of appeals it would be difficult, unreasonable and inexpedient to attempt such a task." This was the view which was repeated by the Supreme Court in Ahmedabad Miscellaneous Industries Workers' Union vs. Ahmedabad Electricity Co. It is obvious that while dealing with the present group of appeals it would be difficult, unreasonable and inexpedient to attempt such a task." This was the view which was repeated by the Supreme Court in Ahmedabad Miscellaneous Industries Workers' Union vs. Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd. (1962) 2 SCR 934 : 20 FJR 529. Thus ended the second phase of the evolution of the claim for bonus. The third phase has started with the passing of the Payment of Bonus Act, 1965, which has cast upon the employers a statutory obligation to pay bonus. 17. It may be broadly stated that bonus, which was originally a voluntary payment out of profits to workmen to keep them contented, acquired the character, under the Full Bench formula, of a right to share in the surplus profits and enforceable through the machinery of the Industrial Disputes Act. Under the Payment of Bonus Act, 1965, liability to pay bonus has become a statutory obligation imposed upon employers covered by the Act, (vide the observation of the Supreme Court in Jalan Trading Co. vs. Mill Mazdoor Sabha (supra). That the payment of bonus has become a liability on the employer was not seriously disputed before us. What was disputed was the point of time when this becomes a liability. 18. It was contended on behalf of the Revenue, relying on the case of CIT vs. Swadeshi Cotton and Flour Mills (P) Ltd. (1964) 53 ITR 134 (SC) : TC15R.792, that it was only when a claim to profit bonus was settled amicably or by industrial adjudication that a liability was incurred by the employer, who followed the mercantile system of accounting, to pay bonus. It was contended that, in the instant case, the employees' claim for bonus had not been amicably settled nor covered by an award of an industrial Tribunal and had not therefore ripened into a liability and as such did not amount to a debt owed by the employer-assessee. It was said that the provision made by the assessee for payment of bonus was a provision made against a contingent liability and a contingent liability, which depended upon the happening of various collateral events, did not amount to a debt owed by the assessee within the meaning of s. 2(m) of the WT Act. Mr. A.K. Sen, learned counsel for the assessee, sought to repel this contention with the following argument. Mr. A.K. Sen, learned counsel for the assessee, sought to repel this contention with the following argument. He submitted that the idea that a liability did not ripen into a debt until it was quantified, was not a correct idea. In support of this contention, he relied upon the following observation by the Supreme Court in the case of Kesoram Industries and Cotton Mills Ltd. vs. CWT (supra), at p. 784: "To summarise: A debt is a present obligation to pay an ascertainable sum of money, whether the amount is payable in praesenti or in futuro : debitum in praesenti, solvendum in futuro. But a sum payable upon a contingency does not become a debt until the said contingency has happened. A liability to pay income-tax is a present liability though it becomes payable after it is quantified in accordance with ascertainable data. There is a perfected debt at any rate on the last day of the accounting year and not a contingent liability. The rate is always easily ascertainable. If the Finance Act is passed, it is the rate fixed by that Act; if the Finance Act has not yet been passed, it is the rate proposed in the Finance Bill pending before Parliament or the rate in force in the preceding year, whichever is more favourable to the assessee. All the ingredients of a 'debt' are present. It is a present liability of an ascertainable amount". 19. The aforesaid observations were no doubt made in the context of liability for payment of income-tax debt. Mr. Sen argued that the liability to pay bonus to workmen arose as soon as the industry made a profit. How much bonus to pay was also ascertainable, at the material time, under the Full Bench formula as explained by the Supreme Court. Therefore, the liability was not a contingent liability and the quantification of the liability was a matter of calculation in accordance with a formula. In the hands of the workmen the claim for bonus was a right, correspondingly for the assessee it was a liability ascertainable either by settlement or by application of the Full Bench formula, might be through the medium of industrial adjudication. The claim, he submitted, was very much an enforceable claim, which could be enforced through the medium of industrial adjudication. The claim, he submitted, was very much an enforceable claim, which could be enforced through the medium of industrial adjudication. He, therefore, submitted that there was no difference between a provision made for payment of income-tax and a provision made for payment of bonus. He rounded up this branch of his submission by recitation of the following extract from the judgment of the Supreme Court in Workmen of the Hercules Insurance Co. Ltd. vs. Hercules Insurance Co. Ltd. (1961) 2 SCR 995 , 998 : 31 Comp. Cas. (Ins.) 10 : 19 FJR 391. "Bonus under the Industrial Disputes Act is not a part of wages, but the right to claim bonus which has been universally recognised by industrial adjudication in cases of employment falling under the said Act has now attained the status of a legal right. Bonus can be claimed as a matter of right provided of course by the application of the Full Bench Formula it is shown that for the relevant year the employer has sufficient available surplus in hand". (Emphasis, italicised in print, supplied) 20. He next tried to cross the hurdle created by the judgment of the Supreme Court in Swadeshi Cotton and Flour Mills Ltd. (supra), in the following manner. He submitted that the decision was clearly distinguishable and the point which the Supreme Court had to consider in that case was a point different from what we have to consider in the instant case. This takes us to the consideration of the facts of the case of Swadeshi Cotton and Flour Mills Private Ltd. (supra). In that case, the assessee had paid a sum of Rs. 1,33,325-9-3 by way of profit bonus to the employees for the calendar year 1947, in terms of an award made on 13th Jan., 1949, under the Industrial Disputes Act. It debited the amount in its profit and loss account for the year 1948, but in fact paid it to the employees in the year 1949, the relevant assessment year being 1950-51. The question that arose for consideration was whether, in the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the assessee was entitled to claim a deduction of bonus relating to the calendar year 1947, in the asst. yr. 1950-51. The question that arose for consideration was whether, in the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the assessee was entitled to claim a deduction of bonus relating to the calendar year 1947, in the asst. yr. 1950-51. Sikri, J., who delivered the judgment of the Court, observed that the answer to the question must depend on the proper interpretation of s. 10(2)(x), r/w s. 10(5) of the Act. His Lordship then examined the sections and observed : "As the assessee's profits and gains have been computed according to the mercantile system, the question......comes to this:................. 'In what year did the liability of this sum of Rs. 1,08,325 arise according to the mercantile system ?' The mercantile system of accounting was explained in the judgment of this Court in Keshav Mills Ltd. vs. CIT (1953) 23 ITR 230 (SC) : TC39R.287 thus : "That system brings into credit what is due, immediately it becomes legally due and before it is actually received, and it brings into debit expenditure the amount for which the legal liability has been incurred before it is actually disbursed." These observations were quoted with approval in Calcutta Co. Ltd. vs. CIT (1959) 37 ITR 1 (SC) : TC16R.197. On the facts of this case, then when did the legal liability arise in respect of the bonus ? This depends on the facts of the case and the nature of the bonus awarded in this case. This Court has examined the nature of profit bonus--it is common ground that the bonus with which we are concerned was a profit bonus--in various cases." 21. Then, his Lordship examined the cases of Muir Mills Co. Ltd. (supra), Associated Cement Co., (supra), and Indian Tea Association vs. Workmen (1962) Supp. 1 SCR 557 : 21 FJR 405 and observed : "It follows from the above decisions of this Court that : (a) workmen are entitled to make a claim to profit bonus if certain conditions are satisfied, (b) the workmen are to made a claim from year to year, (c) this claim has either to be settled amicable or by industrial adjudication; and (d) if there is a loss or if no claim is made, no bonus will be permissible. In our opinion, it is only when the claim of profit bonus, if made, is settled amicably or by industrial adjudication that a liability is incurred by the employer, who follows the mercantile system of accounting, within s. 10(2)(x) r/w s. 10(5) of the Act." 22. Mr. Sen submitted that the aforesaid decision was an authority for the proposition that, for an employer who followed the mercantile system of accounting, the liability for bonus for accountancy purposes should be deemed to arise when bonus was either amicably paid or settled by industrial adjudication. The case, according to him, was no authority for the proposition that the liability for payment of bonus would not at all arise until the claim was bonus was either amicably settled or settled by an award of an industrial Tribunal. He submitted, in the next place, that since the time when the decision in CIT vs. Swadeshi Cotton and Flour Mills (P) Ltd. (supra) was pronounced by the Supreme Court in 1964, ideas of social justice in this country have made considerable progress and it has now been recognised by the Supreme Court that a claim for bonus is based on a right in the workmen and all employers are liable to pay the same as soon as they make profit. The quantification of such claim, either amicably or through industrial adjudication, by application at the Full Bench formula, may come later but that will not make the liability any the less a liability. It was, therefore, the bounden duty of every employer to provide for the liability, as a debt owed by the capital to the labour, and it should be deemed as such for the purpose of computation of the net wealth of the assessee. The point raised by Mr. Sen is a point of very great interest and importance. We live in a welfare State where we have certain responsibilities. One such responsibility is that employers should not only pay wages and allowances to workmen, but must share with them a portion of their profit. This is not a moral responsibility. It may have started that way but in course of item his moral responsibility has ripened into a legal liability and has recently been converted into a statutory obligation. One such responsibility is that employers should not only pay wages and allowances to workmen, but must share with them a portion of their profit. This is not a moral responsibility. It may have started that way but in course of item his moral responsibility has ripened into a legal liability and has recently been converted into a statutory obligation. If that is so, this liability is at par with any other liability, may be contractual liability as in Calcutta Company Ltd. vs. CIT (1959) 37 ITR 1 (SC) : TC16R.197, or statutory obligation as in Kersoram Industries and Cotton Mills Ltd. (1966) 59 ITR 767 (SC) : TC64R.687. We agree that the argument of Mr. Sen that the context in which the Supreme Court observed that the liability to pay bonus did not become a liability until it was amicably settled or covered by an award of the industrial Tribunal was made in a different context and their Lordships had not to consider the case in the context that we are now doing. In our opinion, the liability to pay a bonus is a debt and not a contingent liability and, therefore, is liable to be taken into consideration in the computation of the net wealth under s. 2(m) of the WT Act. 23. There is another aspect of the matter. Here, it does not appear that there was any dispute between the assessee and the workmen over the payment of bonus up to the extent provided for by the assessee. The workmen were possibly asking for more and that is why industrial adjudication was going on. But up to a total sum of Rs. 16,93,000 spread over the years of assessment, the assessee admitted liability and was making payment of considerable sums towards bonus. This an indication that up to that amount the payment of bonus was not disputed. If that was so, and we have every reason to think that it was so, then this is an additional reason why the liability should be treated as debt owed by the assessee to the workmen. In the view that we take, we answer question No. 1(a) in the affirmative in favour of the assessee. 24. If that was so, and we have every reason to think that it was so, then this is an additional reason why the liability should be treated as debt owed by the assessee to the workmen. In the view that we take, we answer question No. 1(a) in the affirmative in favour of the assessee. 24. In view of our answer to question No. 1(a) in the affirmative, question No. 2 does not call for an answer because if the whole was an allowable debt, then part of it, which was paid out to the employees against bonus pending full settlement, must also be allowable. We, therefore, answer question No. 2 in the following manner. It is not necessary to answer the question in view of our answer given to question No. 1(a) and if the entirety of the provision made towards payment of bonus was allowable as deduction then a part of it was equally allowable as such. We need not trouble ourselves with an answer to question No. 3, because Mr. Sen in his fairness conceded that conscientiously he was satisfied with the depreciation allowance as allowed in the instant case and would not aspire to get more for the years in question. We, therefore, answer question No. 3 in the negative. 25. In the result, our answer to question Nos. 1(a), 1(b), 1(d) are in the affirmative. Question No. 1 (c) and question No. 3 were not pressed and are, therefore, answered in the negative. It is not necessary for us to answer question No. 2 and were it necessary for us so to do, we would have answered the question in the affirmative. The assessee is entitled to costs.