Judgment :- 1. The petitioners in all these several cases are claimants for compensation arising out of motor accidents. They had preferred their applications for compensation before the Motor Accident Claims Tribunal, Chingleput, where they are even now pending inquiry. What the petitioners now want this Court to do is to transfer those pending applications to the file of the Motor Accident Claims Tribunal, Madras. It is quite likely that the reasons urged for the transfer are quite meritorious. But since I had doubts about the jurisdictions of this Court to order the transfer, as prayed for, 1 invited arguments from the bar on the point. 2. Mr. Gangaram Prasad argued the legal position on behalf of the claimants in one of the petitions. His arguments were more or less adopted by other learned counsel having to argue similar transfer petitions, for their clients. 3. Before examining learned counsels arguments it would be convenient to sum up the relevant statutory provisions in the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939. The Act has made provision for constitution of Motor Accident Claims Tribunals as Special Tribunals. They are charged with the duty of adjudicating on claims for compensation in respect of accidents involving bedily injury or death to persons arising from the use of Motor vehicles. S. 110 of the Act empowers the State Government to constitute Claims Tribunals by public notification and define their respective territorial jurisdiction again under Public notification Each tribunal has a well-defined jurisdiction over a given area marked out for it by the State Government. There is thus no scope for the jurisdiction of one Tribunal to overlap the jurisdiction of another. Nor can one Tribunal usurp the jurisdiction of another by exceeding its territorial limits. The normal rule as to territorial jurisdiction is ‘one area, one Tribunal.’ But the Act contemplates the constitution of a plurality of Tribunals for one and the same area. Where under this provision more than one Tribunal is notified for a given area, the requirement still is that all of them will have to function within that area. Under S 110 (4) the State Government has to pass orders concerning the distribution of business as between the several Tribunals having jurisdiction over the same area. These in brief, are the statutory provisions as respects the constitution and jurisdiction of Tribunals. Under S 110 (4) the State Government has to pass orders concerning the distribution of business as between the several Tribunals having jurisdiction over the same area. These in brief, are the statutory provisions as respects the constitution and jurisdiction of Tribunals. As for claims and applications for compensation before them, the Act lays down that the claimants must file their claims before the appropriate Tribunal having territorial jurisdiction. It is specifically provided by S. 110A(2) that a claim arising from an accident occurring in a particular area must be filed before the particular Tribunal having jurisdiction over that area as defined in the State Government’s notification. The jurisdictions of Tribunals are thus wholly territorial and mutually exclusive. If an accident occurred, for instance, in area A, the claim for compensation can be made only to the Tribunal constituted for that area A. It follows that all other Tribunals constituted for other different areas will have no jurisdiction to entertain and determine the claim. 4. Mr. Gangaram Prasad was unable to point to any express provision in the Act under which a Tribunal constituted for a given area can refuse to adjudicate a claim for compensation in respect of an accident occurring within that area, or entertain an application for compensation arising out of an accident which occurred outside the area for which the State Government constituted it. Nor was learned counsel able to refer to any provision in the Act which enables any superior tribunal or court to exercise overall powers of transfer of proceedings from a Tribunal constituted for one area to a Tribunal constituted for a different area. But he placed reliance on S. 24 of the Code of C.P. and said that the High Court can very well employ its jurisdiction under that section to order the transfer of proceedings from one Claims Tribunal to another, for justifiable reasons. Learned counsels argument was that under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939, this Court had a role to play as an appellate court and play it as a High Court and not as a mere appellate tribunal. Learned counsels argument was that under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939, this Court had a role to play as an appellate court and play it as a High Court and not as a mere appellate tribunal. Hence he urged that it was well within this Courts jurisdiction as a High Court to exercise its powers of transfer under S. 24 of the Civil Procedure Code as much in regard to accident claim proceedings pending before Claims Tribunals as in regard to regular civil suits and civil appeals pending before ordinary courts in the State. 5. The submissions made by learned counsel are plausible upto a point. I accept the view that accident claims under the Motor Vehicles Act filed before Claims Tribunals are proceedings of a civil nature. I must also accept the position that under S. 110 D (1) of the Act, this Court is enjoined to hear appeals from awards passed by the tribunals. I further grant that while sitting in appeal over the Tribunals awards, this Court sits as the High Court and not as a mere appellate Tribunal, and this is in refreshing contrast to the appellate jurisdiction conferred on this Court by certain other statutes, such, for instance, as the Tamil Nadu Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1948. Even so, I cannot accept learned counsels argument that this Court can draw upon S. 24 of the C.P.C for assuming jurisdiction to transfer proceedings for accident compensation from one claims Tribunal to another. 6. It is, in my opinion, necessary to keep clear two kinds of jurisdiction of superior courts. One is the appellate jurisdiction. The other is the supervisory jurisdiction. Under S. 110 D of the Motor Vehicles Act, this Court is constituted the appellate Court to hear and determine appeals from the awards of the Claims Tribunals. Thereby the jurisdiction granted to this Court is an appellate jurisdiction. This Court cannot on that account proceed farther and seek to exercise supervisory or superintending jurisdiction over the Claims Tribunals, excepting to the extent that the exercise of appellate powers might have that incidental effect. This is because of the essential distinction between appellate jurisdiction, on the one hand, and supervisory jurisdiction, on the other. Appellate Jurisdiction is exercisable only as respects an appeal on hand. If there is no appeal, the appellate jurisdiction is not brought into play. This is because of the essential distinction between appellate jurisdiction, on the one hand, and supervisory jurisdiction, on the other. Appellate Jurisdiction is exercisable only as respects an appeal on hand. If there is no appeal, the appellate jurisdiction is not brought into play. Secondly the jurisdiction of the appellate Court to interfere and to pass orders does not commence until after the termination of the proceedings which gave rise to the appeal. Not so in the case of exercise of supervisory jurisdiction. The power to transfer cases, for instance which is one of the attributes of supervisory, jurisdiction, is, in its very nature, exercisable only when the cases are pending in the subordinate courts or tribunals. We cannot therefore regard the power to transfer pending cases as an attribute of appellate jurisdiction. The only jurisdiction conferred by the Motor Vehicles Act on the High Court is an appellate jurisdiction. This Court is cot conferred with any supervisory jurisdiction. The Court cannot arrogate to itself the power of transfer, as though it were an implied or ancillary power incidental to the exercise of appellate jurisdiction. 7. There is yet another consideration Under S. 110 of the Motor Vehicles Act the Claims Tribunals have no existence apart from the area which is notified by the Government as their territorial jurisdiction. Even to the State Government the Act does not confer any power to transfer cases from a Tribunal of one are a to a Tribunal of another area. The State Government no doubt as power to appoint for a single area several Tribunals and also make appropriate provision for the distribution of business inter se between them, but even in such a case, the State Government is not conferred with any power of transfer of pending cases as between two Tribunals in the same area. The policy of the statute thus seems to be against the transfer of passes from one area to another and from one Tribunal to another. The lines are inexoraflly drawn hard and fast between the different territorial jurisdictions. 8. S. 24 of the Code on which learned counsel placed reliance does not help. The section in terms applies only where the High Court wishes to transfer cases as between Courts subordinate to it. The lines are inexoraflly drawn hard and fast between the different territorial jurisdictions. 8. S. 24 of the Code on which learned counsel placed reliance does not help. The section in terms applies only where the High Court wishes to transfer cases as between Courts subordinate to it. The Claims Tribunal specially constituted under the Motor Vehicles Act are only pseudocourts and not courts in the strict sense in which S. 24 refers to them, much less courts subordinate to the High Court. 9. Learned counsel, however, relied on certain provisions in the Motor Vehicles Act and the Rules made thereunder in an effort to urge that the Claims Tribunals must be regarded as regular courts. S. 110C(2) was one such provision. This section lays down that Claims Tribunals shall have all the powers which civil Courts have for taking evidence, for enforcing the attendance of witness, for discovery, for production of documents and the like. But the section only re emphasizes the position that Claims Tribunals are not courts. If they were, a provision of this kind would be unnecessary to clothe them with the powers mentioned therein. Even the Rules made under the Act only highlight the basic distinction between the courts and these special Tribunals. The Rules relate to summoning and examination of witnesses on oath, recording of evidence, appearance and examination of parties, appearance of legal practitioners, local inspection framing of issues or points for consideration, summary dismissal of applications, maintenance of a diary of the proceedings, delivery of the order at the conclusion of the inquiry and such like matters. These Rules, again, only tend to show how necessary it was for the rule-making authority to lay down by express rules the appropriate procedure for the inquiry by the Tribunals into accident claims. In the absence of these Rules, the Tribunals would be masters of their own procedure, subject only perhaps, to rules of natural justice. The statutory rules were apparently prescribed for the sake of definiteness, uniformity, and other considerations relevant for the claimants, for the witnesses, and others concerned in the proceedings. The Rules do not make out the Claims Tribunals to be regular courts of law. They only clothe them with the trappings of Courts. 10. The statutory rules were apparently prescribed for the sake of definiteness, uniformity, and other considerations relevant for the claimants, for the witnesses, and others concerned in the proceedings. The Rules do not make out the Claims Tribunals to be regular courts of law. They only clothe them with the trappings of Courts. 10. There are two provisions, one in the Act and the other in the Rules, which definitely go against the idea of treating the Claims Tribunals as Courts. S. 110C (3) read with R. 14(1) provides for a special procedure whereby any Claims Tribunal may, in its discretion, co-opt an expert to render assistance to it in the holding of the inquiry and in the making of the award. In my judgment, resort in expert advice for the resolution of the issues in controversy in a legal proceeding is opposed to the very conception of a civil judiciary. A court depending on experts for decision-making is unthinkable. Expert evidence at the trial a court can certainly act on. But the institution of expert advisers to participate in the judicial process does not accord with the notion that the Tribunal is a civil court. Under the Rules, the expert adviser cannot sit as a regular member of the Tribunal. But this only makes it difficult for others to know how and to what extent they have influenced the Tribunals judgment. 11. S. 110F of the Act also indicates very strongly that the Claims Tribunals are not intended to be looked upon as courts. This section has a history behind it. Time was when motor accident cases (‘running down actions’ they were called) were only a species of suits or actions on negligence. The party injured, or the next of kin, as the case may be, had to institute a civil suit in a court of law to claim damages from the owner of the vehicle. Even after the decision was taken to create a special forum for motor accident cases, Parliament did not think fit to make a clean sweep of the regular judicial forum, oust the jurisdiction of the civil courts, and substitute in their place specialized Tribunals. On the contrary, the scheme of the statutory change was only to empower the State Governments to appoint claims Tribunals, leaving the decision to effect the change-over in the forum wholly in the State Governments discretion. On the contrary, the scheme of the statutory change was only to empower the State Governments to appoint claims Tribunals, leaving the decision to effect the change-over in the forum wholly in the State Governments discretion. The result was that as long as the State Government did not think fit to notify the constitution of the tribunals, and, ever after the Governments so decided, in so far as there remained pockets or areas for which they had not chosen to appoint such tribunals, the old system continued to subsist and the civil courts continued to exercise their jurisdiction undeterred in the matter of hearing and determining running down actions. The Act itself thus envisaged a ‘mixed’ legal system with courts and Tribunals functioning side by side in different areas for adjudicating on motor accident claims. The continued retention even today of the expression ‘Court’ in some of the operative provisions in the Motor Vehicles Act is a statutory necessity. It also highlights the vital distinction between courts and Claims Tribunals. S. 96, for instance, refers to courts. There is no reference in it to Claims Tribunal even now. This omission created a problem of statutory construction sometime ago. But the difficulty was resolved by a judicial pronouncement to the effect that the expression ‘Courts’ must re read as referring to ‘Tribunals’ whereever they had been constituted under the Act. A literal construction would have rendered it difficult to apply the several generic and commonly-applicable provisions of the Act to both courts and Tribunals within their respective jurisdictions. With this legislative background, it is not difficult to see the need for a provision in the Act such as S. 110F. It relates to bar of jurisdiction of Courts. Understandably enough, the section does not lay down a universal bar of suits. It only insists that where any Claims Tribunal has been constituted for any area, no civil court shall have jurisdiction to decide any question relating to any claim for compensation which may be adjudicated upon by that Tribunal. This section is a clear reiteration of the position that the Tribunals are not to be equated with courts. Not only are the two distinct and separate, but the very constitution of the Tribunals with allotted areas tends to oust the civil courts jurisdiction in those areas. This section is a clear reiteration of the position that the Tribunals are not to be equated with courts. Not only are the two distinct and separate, but the very constitution of the Tribunals with allotted areas tends to oust the civil courts jurisdiction in those areas. I am, therefore, satisfied that by no stretch of imagination can the Claims Tribunals be treated as courts subordinate to the High Court so as to bring them within the ambit of the High Courts transfer power under S. 24 of the C.P.C. 12. Learned counsel granted, during argument, that there is no direct authority on the point. Bat that did not deter him from citing a decision or two. One was that of a learned single judge of this Court, Gokulakrishnan, J., briefly reported in Hindustan Ideal Insurance Co. v. Rajammal 1973 T.L.N.J. 153. In that case a revision was sought to be taken to this Court from an award of compensation passed by a Claims Tribunal for less than Rs. 2,000. On an objection that such a revision does not lie under the Motor Vehicles Act, a contention was put forward to the effect that this Court can exercise the requisite revisional powers under Art. 227 of the Constitution. This contention was upheld on the footing that the Claims Tribunals must be equited to Courts. There is little or no discussion in the judgment about the significance of S. 110F and other related provisions in the Act. The learned Judge merely relied on the prevalence of a longstanding practice of this Court under which such revisions were being entertained, without question, under Art. 227. This article in the Constitution, it may be pointed out, has undergone some significant changes over the years. To start with, the High Courts supervisory jurisdiction under the article extended not only over courts, but also over tribunals. The 42nd Amendment which amended the article, restricted the supervisory jurisdiction to subordinate courts alone. By a subsequent amendment of the article, however, the old position stands restored. The result is that if today it becomes necessary to invoke Art. 227 in any given case, the High Court would be under no particular strain to have to treat tribunals as Courts. By a subsequent amendment of the article, however, the old position stands restored. The result is that if today it becomes necessary to invoke Art. 227 in any given case, the High Court would be under no particular strain to have to treat tribunals as Courts. It might, therefore, be possible now to support the decision of Gokulakrishnan, J., on the basis of the present Art. 227 since the jurisdiction of the High Court extends to tribunals also. And though the disposal of a disputed claim for compensation for less than Rs. 2,000 is not amenable to revision by the High Court under the Motor Vehicles Act, the award of the Tribunal in such a case might well be regarded as amenable to the revisional jurisdiction of the High Court under Art. 227, on the principle that a statutory ouster, whether express or implied, of the High Courts jurisdiction cannot prevail against an overriding constitutional provision such as Art. 227. 13. But the question still remains whether Art. 227 can be invoked by the High Court to transfer a pending motor accident case from one Claims Tribunal to another. The supervisory jurisdiction of the High Court under this article may, no doubt, be exercised over subordinate Courts and tribunals. This jurisdiction it may also be conceded, can be exercised by the High Court either administratively or judicially. But it is by no means certain that under colour of Art. 227, the High Court can supervise the legislature, as it were, to go against substantial provisions in legislative enactments. In other words, whatever powers Art. 227 confers on the High Court, an amendatory legislative power cannot be one of them. It has already been noticed that by a substantive provision in the Motor Vehicles Act, the jurisdiction of a Claims Tribunal is severely confined to adjudication of claims arising out of accidents occurring strictly within the territorial limits of its jurisdiction. It follows that this statutory restriction on the Tribunals jurisdiction can be altered only by legislative amendment, and not by any other, mode. However omnicompetent the High Court can be under Art. 227, surely it cannot, by its fiat, alter the place of occurrence of a motor accident. The accident spot is an unalterable fact. It follows, therefore, that the High Court would be powerless, even under Art. 227, to change the jurisdiction Tribunals by exercising the power of transfer. However omnicompetent the High Court can be under Art. 227, surely it cannot, by its fiat, alter the place of occurrence of a motor accident. The accident spot is an unalterable fact. It follows, therefore, that the High Court would be powerless, even under Art. 227, to change the jurisdiction Tribunals by exercising the power of transfer. It can only do so if it has the power, which it has not, of pretending that the accident in question had occurred in the area over which the transferee Tribunal presides and not in the area where it actually took place. I am satisfied that the High Court has no jurisdiction under Art. 227 of the Constitution to transfer any pending accident case from the Tribunal having territorial jurisdiction over it to any other Tribunal having jurisdiction over any other area. 14. Learned Counsel then placed reliance on a decision of the Madhya Pradesh High in Krishan Gopal v. Dattatraya 1971 A.C.J. 372. The question for decision in that case was whether the High Court can invoke its revisional power under S. 115 of the Code to interfere with interlocutory orders passed by Claims Tribunals of three learned Judges who happened to deal with the point, a majority expressed the view that the Claims Tribunals were Courts amenable to the High Courts revisional jurisdiction under S. 115 of the Code. The other learned Judges referred to S. 110F of the Motor Vehicles Act and other related provisions and held that the Claims Tribunals cannot be equated to the position of civil Courts functoning within the scheme of the Civil Procedure Code. With respect, I think the majority were wrong, and the dissentiag opinion is right. 15. One other decision cited in argument was that of a division bench of this Court reported in Union Co-operative Insurance Society v. Laz. errmnal 87 L.W. 322. In that case it was held that in an appeal filed before the High Court under S. 110 of the Motor vehicles Act, the respondent has a right o file cross-objections even though the section, in terms does not provide for cross-objection. errmnal 87 L.W. 322. In that case it was held that in an appeal filed before the High Court under S. 110 of the Motor vehicles Act, the respondent has a right o file cross-objections even though the section, in terms does not provide for cross-objection. It is possible to support this ruling on the score that a memo of cross-objections is only an appeal by reflex action, and, apart from questions as to limitation a memo of cross-objections is in no way different from an appeal The point deeded in this case thus relates to the statutory appeal under S 110 of the Act. It does not assist the present contention that the High Court can transfer pending cases from one Claims Tribunal to another by exercising its jurisdiction under S. 24 of the Code. If anything, the trend of discussion in this judgment is to the effect that the C.P.C. can be invoked as respects proceeding under the Motor Vehicles Act only in limited circumstances. The following observation is in point: “It is true that all the provisions of the C.P.C. are not applicable to the Tribunal, because, it is a creature of the statute, but the appeal against the order of the Tribunal is to the High Court and not to any other tribunal constituted under the statute.” 16. The learned Judges were conscious that the High Court, when it sits as an appellate court to hear appeals from the awards of claims Tribunals under the Motor Vehicles Act, sits only as the High Court and not as an appellate Tribunal. Nevertheless, they expressed the view that all the provisions of the Civil Procedure Code are not thereby attracted to proceedings under the Motor Vehicles Act, 17. The discussion in the foregoing paragraphs leaves me with the conviction that the High Court has no jurisdiction to transfer the claim applications either from one area to another or from one Claims Tribunal to another. This Court has no such power either under S. 24 of the Code of Civil Procedure or under any other legal provision. The Tribunal having territorial jurisdiction over the area in which the accident occurred has alone the exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine the application for compensation, subject only to an appeal to the High Court. This Court has no such power either under S. 24 of the Code of Civil Procedure or under any other legal provision. The Tribunal having territorial jurisdiction over the area in which the accident occurred has alone the exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine the application for compensation, subject only to an appeal to the High Court. No other Tribunal can be conferred with such jurisdiction either by the High Court or even by the State Government, either in the first instance or at any subsequent stage of the proceedings. 18. These petitions are accordingly dismissed. There will be no orders as to costs.