MAHINDRA AND MAHINDRA LIMITED v. UNION OF INDIA — 1980 DIGILAW 203 (DEL)

PRAKASH NARAIN, J. ( 1 ) THE two questions of some importance which arise for determination in this case are : (A) whether policy of the Government for the time being is synomous with public policy as contemplated by a statute; and (b) whether administrative or executive guidelines can fetter the specific provisions of a statute; or in other words, whether the working of a provision of a statute can be controlled by administrative or executive guidelines. . . ( 2 ) THE first petitioner, Mahindra and Mahindra, is a company incorporated under the Indian Companies Act. It was originally incorporated as a private company, under the provisions of the Indian Companies Act, 1913. It became a public limited company later on and by any standard is a public company of good standing and has had commendable growth. Its total income for the financial year 1975-76 was Rs. 61 crores, for 1976-77 Rs. 69 crores, for 1977-78 Rs. 102 crores and for 1978-79 Rs. 143 crores. Its profit after tax for the financial year 1975-76 was Rs. 1. 16 crores. for 1976-77 Rs. 1. 58 crores, for 1977-78 Rs. 3. 08 crores and for 1978-79 Rs. 9. 15 crores. The Company has been paying dividends regularly varying from 9 per cent to 22 per cent per annum ever since it became a public limited company in 1955. The figures of total managerial remuneration paid to the highest paid whole-time director of the first petitioner as percentage of the net profits in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956, hereinafter referred to as the Act, for the financial years ending on 31st October of each year has been as follows : ( 3 ) PRIOR to November 1, 1977 the Company s business consisted mainly of manufacture of jeeps, utility vans and trucks. The Company had on its Board to act as Executive Directors the following : 1. Mr. Keshub Mahindra. 2. Mr. Harish Mahindra. 3. Mr. Indra Chatterjee. 4. Mr. B. R. Sule and 5. Mr. Kumar Sardesai. At the time of their previous appointment as Executive Directors the Central Government while granting approval to their appointments as Executive Directors approved their respective remuneration as follows :on July 1, 1976 Mr. Harish Mahindra resigned as an Executive Director of the Company. Mr. Harish Mahindra. 3. Mr. Indra Chatterjee. 4. Mr. B. R. Sule and 5. Mr. Kumar Sardesai. At the time of their previous appointment as Executive Directors the Central Government while granting approval to their appointments as Executive Directors approved their respective remuneration as follows :on July 1, 1976 Mr. Harish Mahindra resigned as an Executive Director of the Company. ( 4 ) WITH a view to diversify its activities the Company proposed a scheme of amalgamation with a company then known as International Tractors Company of India Ltd. some time in 1977. The Central Government approved the merger as being in public interest under Section 23 of the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969. The scheme of amalgamation was sanctioned by the Bombay High Court with effect from November 1, 1977. ( 5 ) ON September 15, 1978 Mr. Kumar Sardesai left the Company on termination of his contract. ( 6 ) ON September 20, 1978 in view of the diversification aforementioned and the two vacancies having arisen as a result of Mr. Harish Mahindra and Mr. Kumar Sardesai not continuing with the Company, it designated and appointed petitioners Nos. 4, 5 and 6 as. Executive Directors of the Company with effect from September 20, 1978. Prior to this appointment petitioners Nos. 4, 5 and 6 had been functioning as Senior Executives of the Company respectively for 14, 12 and 7 years. As Executives of the Company these three petitioners were receiving the following emoluments excluding perquisites :the three petitioners were appointed by the Company as its Executive Directors on the remuneration, excluding perquisites, of Rs. 77,400 per annum plus commission at half per cent, not exceeding Rs. 35,700 per annum. Before making these appointments the Company had obtained approval of the financial institutions, i. e. the Industrial Development Bank of India; the Life Insurance Corporation of India and the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India from which three institutions the Company had received long term loans of substantial amounts. These three institutions had approved the appointment of petitioners 4, 5 and 6 as Executive Directors on the terms mentioned above. By an application dated November 28, 1978, addressed to the respondents, the Company applied for approval to the appointment of three petitioners as Executive Directors of the said Company on the aforesaid terms in view of the provisions of Section 269 of the Act. By an application dated November 28, 1978, addressed to the respondents, the Company applied for approval to the appointment of three petitioners as Executive Directors of the said Company on the aforesaid terms in view of the provisions of Section 269 of the Act. All the relevant information required was sent along with the application. On April 23, 1979 the shareholders of the Company in a General Meeting unanimously approved the appointment of petitioners Nos. 4, 5 and 6 as Executive Directors of the Company and on the terms on which they were appointed. It is contended oil behalf of the petitioners and not disputed by the respondents that if the proposed remuneration was paid to petitioners 4, 5 and 6 the remuneration payable by the Company to its managerial personnel, i. e. all the Executive Directors including petitioners Nos. 4, 5 and 6 would be under 2 per cent of the net profits of the Company. ( 7 ) BY a letter dated April 19, 1. 979 the Central Government approved the appointments of petitioners Nos. 4, 5 and. 6 as whole-time Executive Directors under the provisions of Section 269 of the Act but at salaries of Rs. 60,000 per annum plus commission; at the rate of O. 5 per cent, not exceeding Rs. 12,000 per annum and other perquisites on terms and conditions mentioned in the said letter. No reason was given in the said letter for reducing the quantum of the remuneration and the perquisites proposed to be given by the Company to petitioners 4, 5 and 6. These three petitioners made a representation to the Company against the said reduction in their promised remuneration and conveyed their unwillingness to continue to serve the Company at the reduced remuneration. The letter was placed before the Board of Directors of the Company at a meeting held on August 21, 1979. In consequence of the decision of the Board of Directors the Company addressed a detailed letter dated August 22, 1979 to the respondent requesting it to reconsider the terms of the approval contained in the letter dated April 19, 1979. The letter was placed before the Board of Directors of the Company at a meeting held on August 21, 1979. In consequence of the decision of the Board of Directors the Company addressed a detailed letter dated August 22, 1979 to the respondent requesting it to reconsider the terms of the approval contained in the letter dated April 19, 1979. It was pointed out, inter alia : (I) the Company has extremely sound financial position; (ii) the petitioners 4, 5 and 6 had excellent qualifications and experience and that the said petitioners were professional managers who had risen in the Company purely on merits; (iii) that the said petitioners as Senior Executive of the Company had been drawing remuneration higher than the remuneration approved by the Central Government; (iv) there were other Executives in the Company who are drawing salaries higher than the remuneration approved by the Central Government for petitioners 4, 5 and 6; and (v) the resolutions determining the remuneration of petitioners 4, 5 and 6 had been passed without a single dissenting vote by the shareholders of the Company and had the fullest approval of the financial institutions which had a very substantial interest in the Company as shareholders. ( 8 ) BY its letter dated October 26, 1979 the respondent made some minor amendments in the terms of approval as originally given in respect of provident fund and superannuation fund but did not make any change in the remuneration already sanctioned. In effect, therefore, the prayer stood rejected. ( 9 ) IN the meanwhile the Company had also made an application to the respondent for grant of approval to the re-appointment of its Chairman, Mr. Keshub Mahindra as Chairman and whole-time Director for a fresh term of five years from August 1, 1979 on the same terms and conditions which were applicable to him prior to August 1, 1979. By a letter dated July 26, 1979 the Central Government approved the re-appointment of Mr. Keshub Mahindra as Chairman and Director fixing his salary at Rs. 5000 per month plus commission and perquisites. The salary was reduced by this approval from Rs. 10,qoo. 00 per month which he had been drawing since 1964 to Rs. 5000. 00. The said letter also did not contain any reasons. Keshub Mahindra as Chairman and Director fixing his salary at Rs. 5000 per month plus commission and perquisites. The salary was reduced by this approval from Rs. 10,qoo. 00 per month which he had been drawing since 1964 to Rs. 5000. 00. The said letter also did not contain any reasons. By its letter dated August 21, 1979 the Company requested the respondent to reconsider its decision contained in the said letter dated July 26, 1979. It was, inter alia, pointed out : (I) that the sanctioned remuneration was 47 per cent less than the remuneration approved by the respondent in 1964 with regard to Mr. Keshub Mahindra which he had been drawing since 1964; (ii) that Mr. Keshub Mahindra had excellent professional qualifications and had made substantial contribution to the business of the Company; (iii) during his tenure as Chairman of the Company its income rose from Rs. 1627 lakhs to Rs. 10238 lakhs and profits rose from Rs. 102 lakhs to Rs. 308 lakhs. The number of employees had also risen from 3855 to 9707 and emoluments to the employees had increased by 400 per cent. (iv) Mr. Keshub Mahindra possessed high and rare skills which was amply illustrated from the fact that he had been appointed by the Government of India as a Director of the Steel Authority of India Ltd. and the Reserve Bank of India. He had also been appointed as Chairman of the Housing and Urban Development Corporation and the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. Mr. Mahindra had served on various committees of the Government of India, including the high-powered Sachar Committee for reforms in the company law. (v) that there was no public policy in existence for the removal of disparities in income. ( 10 ) ON October 5, 1979 the petitioner s counsel wrote to the first respondent to consider the matter afresh and do justice in the case. ( 11 ) THE respondent by its letter dated October 6, 1979 replied to the Company s letter dated August 21, 1979 and stated that the Central Government had carefully considered the representation re- garding the payment of salary at the rate of Rs. 10,000 P. M. to Mr. Keshub Mahindra but having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case, including "the present policy of the Central Government" it regrets its inability to accept the Company s request. 10,000 P. M. to Mr. Keshub Mahindra but having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case, including "the present policy of the Central Government" it regrets its inability to accept the Company s request. The representation of the Company thus stood rejected. Apart from the policy of the Central Government, referred to in the said letter, no other reason has given why the representation was turned down. ( 12 ) AS a result of the Central Government s refusal to reconsider its decision with regard to him, Mr. Keshub Mahindra resigned from the Board of Directors with effect from October 31, 1979. The Board of Directors accepted the resignation on October 16. 1979. ( 13 ) ON enquiries made, it is represented, the petitioners have been informed that the remuneration fixed in respect of petitioners 4, 5 and 6 and Mr. Keshub Mahindra was in consequence of guidelines issued by the Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs of the Central Government, in its Department of Company Affairs on November 9. 1978. A copy of these guidelines has been produced on record and is marked as Exhibit A. 2. These guidelines, inter alia, lay down, amending earlier guidelines of November. 1969. that the Government has the power to fix remuneration of Managing/ Whole-time Directors and Managers of a Company and that while giving approval to appointments and remuneration the provisions of Section 637aa are to be kept in view and the Central Government would have regard to "public policy relating to the removal of disparities in income". It is further laid down in paragraph 4 of the said guidelines as under: "the case for Reduction of Ceilings : The Central Government have carefully reviewed the entire question of managerial remuneration in the context of socio economic objectives of State Policy and the need of establishing a co-relation in managerial remuneration at compareable levels of responsibility in Government, public sector undertakings and public limited companies. In this. connection, the recommendations of the Study Group of Wages, Income and Prices (Bhoothalingam Committee) whose report was published in May 1978 as well as the recommendations of the High-Powered Expert Committee under the Chairmanship of Justice Rajinder Sachar have been taken into account. These two Committees had the benefit of the views of various interests and representing the employers, employees, trade unions etc. These two Committees had the benefit of the views of various interests and representing the employers, employees, trade unions etc. "the substantive salary under the new guidelines, inter alia, has been fixed at not exceeding Rs. 60,000 per annum, and commission on net profits upto I per cent of the net profit has been laid down as allowable in addition to salary as an inceative for efficient and sound management provided the commission did not exceed 20 per cent of salary subject to an overall ceiling that the salary plus commission would not exceed Rs. 72,000. Bonus was to be treated as part of the commission. Perquisites were also restricted by these guidelines. Paragraph 5. 3 of the said guidelines lays down that expatriates and persons possessing high and rare skills would not be governed by the ceiling on managerial remuneration provided by the guidelines. Each case was to be considered on its own merits. ( 14 ) THE petitioners contend that not only Section 637aa is ultra vires Articles 14 and 19 of the Constitution of India but that the said guidelines contained in the circular dated November 9, 1978 are ultra vires the provisions of the Act besides being ultra vires Article 14 of the Constitution. They further contend that policy of the Government to which reference has been made in the circular and public policy are distinct concepts. It is also the petitioner s case that in fact there is no "public policy relating to the removal of disparities in income" in existence. Accordingly, the petitioners pray that Section 637aa of the Act and the impugned guidelines of November, 1978 be struck down, it be held that the approval as given by the respondent with regard to the petitioners and Mr. Keshub Mahindra was arbitrary and so of no effect and that a direction be issued to the respondent by way of writ of mandamus restraining the respondent, its officers, employees and agent from enforcing against the petitioners the provisions of Clause (e) of Section 637aa of the Act or the provisions of the said impugned guidelines. The petitioners further pray that the appointments of petitioners 4, 5 and 6 as Executive Directors with effect from September 20, 1978 for five years be arderded to be approved in accordance with law. The petitioners further pray that the appointments of petitioners 4, 5 and 6 as Executive Directors with effect from September 20, 1978 for five years be arderded to be approved in accordance with law. ( 15 ) BY way of return to the rule nisi obtained by the petitioners the respondents has filed the affidavit of Mr. C. Khushaldas, a Director in the Department of Company Affairs of the Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs. He has denied that the impugned circular dated November 9, 1978 is arbitrary, discriminatory or violative of Articles 14 and 19 of the Constitution. He disputes that the said guidelines place any unreasonable or arbitrary restrictions on the fundamental rights of the Board of Directors of the Company or its shareholders. He has referred to the aims and objects of enacting Section 637aa of the Act as follows : "this clause is intended to make it clear beyond doubt that the Central Government has power to adopt an administrative ceiling with the statutory ceiling fixed by sections 198 and 309 of the Companies Act, 1956 in regard to managerial remuneration. The High Court of Delhi has also suggested an amendment of the Act in case it is intended to give effect to any such administrative ceilings within the statutory ceilings. This amendment has accordingly been proposed. "mr. Khushaldas has also disputed the averment that the impugned guidelines are violative of any provisions of the Act including Section 637aa. He has affirmed that the said guidelines have not been issued under the provisions of Section 637aa of the Act alone. Obviously, reference is made to Section 63 7a of the Act. The facts of the case have not been disputed in the counter-affidavit but the legal propositions enunciated by the petitioners have been traversed. It is stated in the affidavit that removal of disparities in income is a matter of public policy and the State is enjoined by Article 39 of the Constitution to give due regard to the same. It is the respondent s case that the impugned guidelines have been issued in pursuance of the Directive Principles of the State Policy contained in Article 39 of the Constitution and so are neither unreasonable nor arbitrary. Dilating further on this aspect Mr. It is the respondent s case that the impugned guidelines have been issued in pursuance of the Directive Principles of the State Policy contained in Article 39 of the Constitution and so are neither unreasonable nor arbitrary. Dilating further on this aspect Mr. Khushaldas avers as under : "i deny the allegation that in so far as the circular on managerial remuneration, the same singles out the persons thereunder for hostilee been overlooked. In fact, all considerations applicable to Sections 63 7a and 637aa of the Act have, inter alia, been cumulatively assessed before the guidelines were finalised and issued. The guidelines do not place any fetter on the powers conferred by the Act on the Company Law Board or on the Central Government. The provisions contained in the Circular relating to "expatriates" and "persons possessing high or rare skills are neither vague nor arbitrary. " In paragraph 7 of his affidavit it is admitted by Mr. Khushaldas that the impugned guidelines were the basis of the impugned orders issued with regard to petitioners 4, 5 and 6 and Mr. Keshub Mahindra. However, the letters conveying the impugned orders do not state that the impugned guidelines were the basis OK which orders were issued by the Central Government. ( 16 ) A rejoinder was filed on behalf of the petitioners to the counter-affidavit filed on behalf of the respondent. After reiterating what has been said in the petition it has been pointed out that the impugned guidelines are applicable only to public limited companies in the private sector and not to private limited companies in the private sector or to the companies in the Government sector. Instances have been given to show how the so-called levelling of remuneration is arbitrary and discriminatory. With regard to the Bhoothalingam Committee report, to which reference has been made in the counter-affidavit filed on behalf of the respondent, reference has been made to a statement said to have made on February 26, 1980 by the Union Labour Minister, Mr. J. B. Patnaik. He is purported to have said that the report of Bhoothalingam Committee on Wage and Dividends freeze was dead and as good as scrapped. This statement is said to have been made by Mr. Patnaik in reply to a letter from Mr. H. N. Trivedi, The Indian National Trade Union Congress leader. J. B. Patnaik. He is purported to have said that the report of Bhoothalingam Committee on Wage and Dividends freeze was dead and as good as scrapped. This statement is said to have been made by Mr. Patnaik in reply to a letter from Mr. H. N. Trivedi, The Indian National Trade Union Congress leader. It has been further averred that no evidence what- soever has been placed on record by the respondent to show that any public policy existed with regard to what is said in the impugned guidelines for removal of disparities in income and for which reliance has been placed on Article 38 of the Constitution. ( 17 ) BEFORE we proceed to deal with the contentions of the parties, to put the record straight, it has to be noticed that there is no evidence on the record before us that there was any public policy framed at any point of time for implementation of the directives contained in Article 38 of the Constitution. There is, however, some evidence that it was the policy of the Government for the time being which prompted the issuance of the impugned circular dated November 9, 1978. The petitioners have categorically pleaded that there is no public policy in existence enunciated by anybody with regard to removal of disparities in income. They have further pleaded that the Bhoothalingam Committee report has not been accepted by the Government nor has any policy been announced by the Government as public policy in that regard. In the counter-affidavit of Shri C. Khushaldas, filed by the respondent by way of return to the rule nisi, it has been said that in issuing the impugned guidelines the Government had kept in view the recommendations of the Bhoothalingam Committee and the Sachar Committee. It has been further said that the provisions of Sections 637a and 637aa along with the provisions of Sections 269, 309 and 311 have been kept in view. The impugned guidelines are said to have been issued in conformity with the Directive principles of the State Policy contained in the Constitution, the recommendations of the aforesaid two Committees and "the view of several cross sections of enlightened public opinion". In other words, it is not disputed that the impugned guidelines were issued in consequence of the Government policy. It has not been specifically said that there was any public policy. In other words, it is not disputed that the impugned guidelines were issued in consequence of the Government policy. It has not been specifically said that there was any public policy. With regard to the Bhoothalingam Committee and the Sachar Committee the petitioners have placed on record communication dated October 6, 1979 received by the first petitioner from the respondent that the remuneration of Mr. Keshub Mahindra had been scaled down from Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 5000 per month "having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case including the present policy of the Central Government". The same was the stand of the respondent with regard to the remuneration sanctioned for petitioners 4, 5 and 6. It is in this context, therefore, that a point arises for consideration as to whether public policy. Government policy and public interest would be synonymous terms. ( 18 ) THE relevant portion of Article 38 of the Constitution contained in part IV reads as under: "38 (2) The State shall, in particular strive to minimise the inequalities in income, and endeavour to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities, not only amongst individuals but also amongst groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different voca- tions. "this provision was brought in by Section 9 of the Constitution (Forty- fourth Amendment) Act, 1978. Article 37 provides that the provisions contained in Part IV shall not be enforceable by any court, but the principles therein laid down are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws. A combined reading of Articles 37 and 38, therefore, makes it obvious that though there may be desirability to formulate a public policy to eliminate inequalities or minimise inequalities in income, the same is to be enforced or effectuated by the State by making laws and not by executive action. "therefore, though the State may be advised by various Committees it constitutes it has ultimately to frame laws to remove inequalities in income. Indeed, it is to effectuate this laudable principles that the Companies Act has incorporated in its various provisions to keep a check and control over managerial remuneration. Therefore, it would be advantageous first re read the relevant provisions of the Companies Act. Indeed, it is to effectuate this laudable principles that the Companies Act has incorporated in its various provisions to keep a check and control over managerial remuneration. Therefore, it would be advantageous first re read the relevant provisions of the Companies Act. ( 19 ) SECTION 2 (24) of the Act defines "manager" as under : " manager means an individual (not being the managing agent) who, subject to the superintendence, control and direction ofthe Board of directors, has the management of the. whole, or substantially the whole of the affairs of the company, and includes a director or any other person occupying the position of a manager, by whatever name called, and whether under a contract of service or not. "section 2 (13) defines "director" as under : " director includes any person occupying the position of director, by whatever name called. whole, or substantially the whole of the affairs of the company, and includes a director or any other person occupying the position of a manager, by whatever name called, and whether under a contract of service or not. "section 2 (13) defines "director" as under : " director includes any person occupying the position of director, by whatever name called. "the term "managing Director" is defined by Section 2 (26) as under: " managing director means a director who, by virtue of an agreement with the company or of a resolution passed by the company in general meeting or by its Board of directors or, by virtue of its memorandum or articles of association, is entrusted with substantial powers of management which would not otherwise be exercisable by him and includes a director occupying the position of a managing director, by whatever name called : Provided that the power to do administrative acts of a routine nature when so authorised by the Board such as the power to affix the common seal of the company to any document or to draw and enforce any cheque on the account of the company in any bank or to draw and endorse any negotiable instrument or to sign any certificate of share or to direct registration of transfer of any share, shall not be deemed to be included within substantial powers of management: Provided further that a managing director of a company shall exercise his powers subject to the superintendence, control and direction of its Board of directors ;"section 198 (1) reads as under: "the total managerial remuneration payable by a public company or a private company which is a subsidiary of a public company to its directors and its mar aging agent, secretaries and treasurers or manager in repect of any financial year shall not exceed eleven per cent of the net profits of that company for that financial year computed in the manner laid down in sections 349, 350 and 351, except that the remuneration of the directors shall not be deducted from the gross profits:"section 269 (1), (3) and (4) are in the following words : "269 (1) In the case of a public company or a private company which is a subsidiary of a public company, whether such public company or private company is an existing company or not, the appointment of a person as a managing or whole-time director shall not have any effect unless approved by the Central Government: Provided that in the case of a public company, or a private company which is a subsidiary of a public company, incorporated after the commencement of the Companies (Amendment) Act, 1960, the appointment of a person as a managing or whole-time director after such incorporation may be made without the approval of the Central Government but such appointment shall cease to have effect after the expiry of three months from the date of such incorporation unless the appointment has been approved by that Government. Explanation : In this sub-section and in sub-sections (3) and (5) "appointment" includes "re-appointment" and "whole- time director" includes a director in the whole-time employment of the company. " (2) * * * (3) The Central Government shall not accord its approval under sub-section (1) in any case, unless it is satisfied that (a) it is in the interests of the company to have a managing or whole-time director. (b) the proposed managing or whole-time director of the company is, in its opinion, a fit and proper person to be appointed as such and that the appointment of such person as managing or whole-time director is not against the public interest, and (c) the terms and conditions of appointment of the proposed managing or whole-time director of the company are fair and reasonable. (4) While according its approval under sub-section (1), the Central Government may, if it is of opinion that in the interest of the company it is necessary so to do, accord approval to the appointment for a period lesser than the period for which the person is proposed to be appointed by the company. "section 309 provides for remuneration of directors and sub-section ( I ) thereof reads as under : "309 (1) The remuneration payable to the directors of a company, including any managing or whole-time director, shall be determined, in accordance with and subject to the provisions of section 198 and this section, either by the articles of the company, or by a resolution or, if the articles so required, by a special resolution, passed by the company in general meeting and the remuneration payable to any such director determined as aforasaid shall be inclusive of the remuneration payable to such director for services rendered by him in any other capacity : Provided that any remuneration for services rendered by any such director in any other capacity shall not be so included if (a) the services rendered are of a professional nature, and (b) in the opinion of the Central Government the director possesses the requisite qualifications for the practice of the profession. "sub-section (3) of Section 309 lays down that a Director who is either in the whole-time employment of the company or a managing director may be paid remuneration either by way of a monthly payment or at a specified percentage of the net profits of the company or partly by one way and partly by the other provided that except with the approval of the Central Government such remuneration shall not exceed five per cent of the net profits for one such director and if there is more than one such director, ten per cent for all of them together. Section 310 reads as under: "310. In the case of a public company, or a private company which is a subsidiary of a public company, any provision relating to the remuneration of any director including a managing or whole-time director, or any amendment thereof, which purports to increase or has the effect of increasing, whether directly or indirectly, the amount thereof, whether that provision be contained in the company s memorandum or articles, or in an agreement entered into by it, or in any resolution passed by the company in general meeting or by its Board of Directors, shall not have any effect unles approved by the Central Government; and the amendment shall become void if, and in so far as, it is disapproved by that Government: Provided that the approval of the Central Government shall not be required where any such provision or any amendment thereof purports to increase, or has the effect of increasing, the amount of such remuneration only by way of a fee for each meeting of the Board or a committee thereof attended by any such director and the amount of such fee after such increase does not exceed two hundred and fifty rupees. "section 387 deals with remuneration of a manager. Section 388 lays down that the provisions of Sections 269, 310, 311 and 317 shall apply in relation to the manager of a company, as they apply in relation to a managing director thereof, and those of section 312 shall apply in relation to the manager of a company, as they apply to a director thereof. Section 637a gives power to the Central Government or the Company Law Board to accord approval etc. , subject to conditions and payment of certain fees. Section 637a gives power to the Central Government or the Company Law Board to accord approval etc. , subject to conditions and payment of certain fees. The relevant provision with which we are concerned is Section 637a (1), which reads as under : "637a (1) Where the Central Government or Company Law Board is required or authorised by any provision of this Act, (a) to accord approval, sanction, consent, confirmation or recognition to or in relation to, any matter; (b) to give any direction in relation to any matter; or (c) to grant any exemption in relation to any matter, then, in the absence of anything to the contrary contained in such or any other provision of this Act, the Central Government or Company Law Board may accord, give or grant such approval, sanction, consent, confirmation, recognition, direction or exemption subject to such conditions, limitations or restrictions as it may think fit to impose and may, in the case of contravention of any such condition, limitation or restriction, rescind or withdraw such approval, sanction, consent, confirmation, recognition, direction or exemption. "section 637aa was enacted as a consequence of a judgment of this court and reads as under: "637aa. Notwithstanding anything contained in section 198, section 309 or section 637a, the Central Government may, while according its approval under section 269 to any appointment or to any remuneration under section 309, section 310, section 311 or section 387, fix the remuneration of the persons so appointed or the remuneration, as the case may be, within the limits specified in this Act, at such amount or percentage of profits of the company, as it may deem fit and while fixing the remuneration, the Central Government shall have regard to (a) the financial position of the company; (b) the remuneration or commission drawn by the individual concerned in any other capacity, including his capacity as a sole selling agent; (c) the remuneration or commission drawn by him from any other company; (d) professional qualifications and experience, of the individual concerned; (e) public policy relating to the removal of disparities in income. " ( 20 ) A reading of the above provisions of the Companies Act shows that Central Government s control on remuneration has been provided by the Parliament keeping i n view the directive principles of State Policy that there should not be too much disparity in incomes and an effort be made to minimise inequalities in incomes. ( 21 ) "public Policy" is an extremely difficulty term to define It is generally understood as to what is public policy and traditionally everyone knows that wagering contracts, contracts in restraint of trade, unconscionable alliances between mea and women etc. have been regarded as against public policy. Burrough, J. in Richardson v. Mellish (1) long ago said, "i, for one, protest. . . . against arguing too strongly upon public policy; it is a very unruly horse, and when once you get astride it you never know where it will carry you. It may lead you from the sound law. It is never argued at all but when other points fail. " (Words and Phrases legally defined, Volume 4, Butterworths publication, 1969 ). Lord Truro in Egertoa v. Brownlow (1853) 4 H. L. Cas. (2) observed as under : "exceptions have been made to the expression of public policy , and it has been confounded with what may be called political policy; such as whether it is politically wise to have a sinking fund or a paper circulation, or the degree and nature of interference with foreign States: with all which, as applied to the present subject, it has nothing whatever to do, Public policy, in relation to this question, is that principle of the law which holds that no subject can lawfully do that which has a tendency to be injurious to the public, or against the public good, which may be termed, as if scmetimes has been, the policy of the law, or public policy in relation to the administration of the law. "lord Halsbury, L. C. in Jaason v. Briefontein Consolidated Mines, Ltd. (1902) A. C. 484 (3), observed as under: "in treating of various branches of the law learned persons have analysed the sources of the law, and have sometimes expressed their opinion that such and such a provision is bad because it is contrary to public policy; but I deny that any Court can invent a new head of public policy; so a contract for marriage brokerage, the creation of a perpetuity, a contract in restraint of trade, a gaming or wagermg contract, or, what is relevant here, the assisting of the King s enemies, are all undoubtedly unlawful things; and you may say that it is because they are contrary to public policy they are unlawful ; but it is because these things have been either enacted or assumed to be by the common law unlawful, and not because a judge or Court have a right to declare that such and such things are in his or their view contrary to public policy. Of course, in the application of the principles here insisted on, it is inevitable that the particular case must be decided by a judge; he must find the facts, and he must decide whether the facts so found do or do not come within the principles which I have endeavoured to describe that is, a principle of public policy, recognised by the law, which the suggested contract is infringing, or is supposed to infringe. " ( 22 ) THEREFORE, it is very difficult to say precisely what is public policy. Nevertheless it is something quite distinct from Government policy and on that count one could have no doubts. The distinction between Government policy and public policy can more readily be understood if one takes a few examples. It would be public policy to enact laws to minimise inequalities in wealth but it would be government policy in public interest whether to start industry of a particular type in public sector or not or to nationalise any private enterprise. Generally speaking, Government policies are presumed to be made in public interest. Having one or two internal public sector airlines would be presumed to be one such matter. Generally speaking, Government policies are presumed to be made in public interest. Having one or two internal public sector airlines would be presumed to be one such matter. Public policy would always be regarded as being in public interest but a Government policy to be held as being in public interest is an aspect which can be enquired into and in some cases be subject to judicial review. Every Government policy in public interest cannot be regarded as public policy, yet public policy is presumed to be in public interest. As Bouvier s Law Dictionary and Concise Encyclopaedia Volume II sets out, a public policy is, "that principle of the law which holds that no subject can lawfully do that which has a tendency to be injurious to the public or against the public good. 4 H. L. Cas. 1; Greenh. Pub. Pol. 2. " Further, "public policy is a variable quality; it must and does vary with the habits, capacities and opportunities of the public. " Therefore, we are of the view that when the respondent has categorically said that it was the Government policy which resulted in the issuance of the impugned guidelines, that cannot be taken to mean that it was public policy. Indeed, public policy in a democratic set up is generally expressed through the will of Parliament or other legislatures. That is how it should be keeping in view the provisions of Article 37 of the Constitution. In an American case, Giant-Powder Co. v. R. Co. , 42 Fed. 470 (4), it was observed, "public policy is manifested by public acts, legislative and judicial, and not by private opinion, however eminent. " ( 23 ) THE above discussion was necessary to appreciate the provisions of Section 637a and Section 637aa of the Act. These sections have already been read earlier. The point in question, therefore, is whether the impugned guidelines are intra vires or ultra vires the two sections. ( 24 ) IN Upper Doab Sugar Mills Ltd. v. Company Law Board, 1971 (41) Company Cases 643 (5), the question which came up for consideration before a bench of this court was whether any adminis- trative guidelines could be issued under Section 63 7aof the Act and remuneration of directors fixed according to these guidelines. ( 24 ) IN Upper Doab Sugar Mills Ltd. v. Company Law Board, 1971 (41) Company Cases 643 (5), the question which came up for consideration before a bench of this court was whether any adminis- trative guidelines could be issued under Section 63 7aof the Act and remuneration of directors fixed according to these guidelines. The contention of the petitioner was that the Company Law Board, to which the power of approval had been delegated, in granting approval to the appointment of Managing Directors could not pursuant to the administrative policy of the Government impose a condition that the total remuneration of each Managing Director by way of commission and salary shall not exceed Rs. 1,20,000 per annum. It was contended that the sanction for the fixing of the remuneration had to be given in accordance with the provisions of Sections 198, 269 (1) and 309 of the Act and not pursuant to an administrative policy. This court held that a study of the scheme of the Companies Act shows that the legislature has itself occupied the entire ground relating to the fixation of the remuneration of the Managing Director. It has left nothing to be done regarding such remuneration by the Government or the Board except when the remuneration is to be enhanced above the statutory limits under the provisos to Sections 198 (4) and 309 (3 ). Any condition regarding remuneration which is contrary to the provisions of Sections 198 and 309 could not be germane to Section 269 inasmuch as the legislature has exhaustively dealt with remuneration in those two sections. It was further held that Section 637aa and Section 269 authorise the Government or the Board only to take individual decisions in individual cases according to the merits of each particular case. They do not authorise the laying down of a general policy modifying or changing the general maximum limits laid down in Sections 198 and 309. It was observed that it would require an amendment of Sections 198 and 309 before a general policy of the type that was impugned could be upheld. This decision was rendered when a challenge was made to an executive action in pursuance of the guidelines which have been superseded by the impugned guidelines in the present case. It was observed that it would require an amendment of Sections 198 and 309 before a general policy of the type that was impugned could be upheld. This decision was rendered when a challenge was made to an executive action in pursuance of the guidelines which have been superseded by the impugned guidelines in the present case. On appeal from the decision of this Court the Supreme Court reversed the decision in the case reported as AIR 1977 S. C. 831, The Company Law Board v. The Upper Doab Sugar Mills Ltd. etc. (6 ). It was held that in view of the provisions of Sections 269 and 637a the Company Law Board was well within its powers in enforcing the condition. ( 25 ) AFTER the decision of the Delhi High Court in the Upper Doab Sugar Mills Ltd. and before the decision of the Supreme Court reveising the decision of the Delhi High Court the Parliament had brought about a change in the Companies Act not by the amendment of Section 198 Of Section 269 or Section 309 but by enacting Section 637aa. Even Section 637a was left as such on the statute book without cither any amendment or being repealed. The result is that the power of the Central Government to accord approval etc. subject to conditions and to fix a limit with regard to remuneration is to be found not only in Sections 198, 269 and 309 but also in Sections 637a and 637aa. The Supreme Court has already upheld the power to fix remuneration and impose conditions under Section 637a. What has, however, now to be seen is as to what is the effect of the enactment of Section 637aa. The general power, in our opinion, is to be found in Sections 198, 269, 309 and 637a. The manner of exercise of that power is now laid down in Section 637aa. The Parliament was aware of the decision of the Delhi High Court in Upper Doab Sugar Mills Ltd. s case and indeed it was as a result of that decision that Section 637aa was enacted. It, therefore, laid down clear-cut policy and gave an absolute direction as to how the power is to be exercised. The Parliament was aware of the decision of the Delhi High Court in Upper Doab Sugar Mills Ltd. s case and indeed it was as a result of that decision that Section 637aa was enacted. It, therefore, laid down clear-cut policy and gave an absolute direction as to how the power is to be exercised. Section 537aa starts with a non-obstante clause purporting to exclude the strict connotation of Section 198 or Section 309 or Section 637a and so, gives a flexibility to governmental action. This flexibility given by the Parliament is not, however, absolute. In terms, the later portion of Section 637aa lays down that the Central Government is to fix the remuneration "within the limits specified in this Act, at such amount or percentage of profits of the company, as it may deem fit. " The further guideline given to the Central Government by Section 637aa in fixing remuneration is mandatory for the section lays down that the Central Government shall (emphasis supplied) have regard *o :- " (A) the financial position of the company (b) the remuneration of commission drawn by the individual concerned in any other capacity, including his capacity as a sole selling agent; (c) the remuneration or commission drawn by him from any other company; (d) professional qualifications and experience of the individual concerned ; (e) public policy relating to the removal of disparities in income. "therefore, the Central Government cannot fix remuneration of the persons concerned nor can it formulate a policy nor can it give any administrative instructions except in accordance with the mandate of the section. It is in this context that the question of public policy assumes some importance. As I have said earlier, it stands established on the record that there is no public policy relating to the removal of disparities in income yet in existence. Admittedly, the impugned fixation of remuneration is under a Government policy which is distinct from a public policy. If there be no public policy, as postulated by clause (e) of Section 637aa, the only factors which the Central Government can take into account are those enumerated in clauses (a) to (d) of Section 637aa within the limits laid down by Section 198 and Section 309. If there be no public policy, as postulated by clause (e) of Section 637aa, the only factors which the Central Government can take into account are those enumerated in clauses (a) to (d) of Section 637aa within the limits laid down by Section 198 and Section 309. The impugned guidelines are not claimed to be in accordance with clauses (a) to (d) of Section 637aa though it is generally pleaded that the guidelines have been framed keeping the provisions of Sections 637a and 637aa in view. The impugned orders have not been passed with regard to either Mr. Keshub Mahindra or petitioners 4, 5 and 6 by taking the financial position of the company or other factors in view. It is the case of the respondent that the remuneration has been fixed keeping in view the Government policy relating to removal of disparities in income. This the Central Government could not do. Though there is power in the Central Government under Section 637a to fix remuneration, as has been held by the Supreme Court in the case of Upper Doab Sugar Mills Ltd. , in view of the provisions of Section 637aa that power can now be exercised ony in accordance with the provisions of the latter section. It is admitted by the respondent in paragraph 3 of its counter-affidavit that the remuneration has been fixed in view of the Government policy and the impugned guidelines. Nowhere it is stated by the respondent that it has taken any other factor into consideration. This clearly amounts to exercise of power contrary to the provisions of the Act. ( 26 ) IT has been submitted that even if the power has not been exercised in accordance with Section 637aa, as there is power to fix remuneration by virtue of the provisions of Section 637a the exercise of power should be upheld. In other words, Section 637aa does not militate against such an interpretation being given and the ratio of the Supreme Court in the Upper Doab Sugar Mills Ltd. would apply. This theoretical aspect need not be commented upon inasmuch as it is clearly the stand of the respondent in correspondence with the first petitioner that the remuneration has been fixed keeping in view "the present policy of the Central Government" and at best the administrative instructions contained in the impugned guidelines. This theoretical aspect need not be commented upon inasmuch as it is clearly the stand of the respondent in correspondence with the first petitioner that the remuneration has been fixed keeping in view "the present policy of the Central Government" and at best the administrative instructions contained in the impugned guidelines. Though it has been said in the affidavit that the impugned guidelines were issued keeping in view the provisions of Section 637a in view, the respondent seem to forget that the manner of the exercise of the power under Section 637aa has been clearly delineated by Parliament by Section 637aa. Therefore, the existence of a public policy was a sine qua non before taking a decision as to how the disparities in income were to be reduced. Further, in considering individual applications it was the duty of the Central Government not only to take into consideration guidelines formulated but also the factors set out in clauses (a) to (d) of Section 637aa. Indeed, one may well say that tile ratio of the Supreme Court in the Upper Doab Sugar Mills Ltd. could well be attracted in respect of approvals to be given by the Central Government prior to February 1, 1975 when Section 637aa came into force. After that date the manner of exercise of the power for fixing the remuneration of Managing/whole-time Directors is to be found in Section 637aa read with Sections 198, 269 and 309 of the Act. We would, therefore, hold that the impugned guidelines are ultra vires the provisions of the Act and particularly Section 637aa and any approval following those guidelines and not the provisions of the Act is without authority or jurisdiction. Accordingly, we quash the impugned orders regarding fixation of the remuneration of petitioners 4, 5 and 6. ( 27 ) THE impugned guidelines dated November 9, 1979 (Copy Annexure A-2) must also be held to be violative of the provisions of the Act and ultra vires the power of the Central Government. We come to the above conclusion in view of the provisions of Section 637aa of the Act. The guidelines issued earlier, which have now been superseded by the impugned guidelines dated November 9, 1978, may, perhaps, be valid in view of the Supreme Court s decision in Upper Doab Sugar Mills case, referred to earlier. Those are not challenged and so, we need not commect. The guidelines issued earlier, which have now been superseded by the impugned guidelines dated November 9, 1978, may, perhaps, be valid in view of the Supreme Court s decision in Upper Doab Sugar Mills case, referred to earlier. Those are not challenged and so, we need not commect. After the enactment of Section 637aa administrative instructions can only be issued keeping in view the manner in which the power under Section 637a has to be exercised. ( 28 ) IN the view that we have taken it is unnecessary for us to dilate on whether the impugned guidelines are violative of Articles 1. 4 and 19 of the Constitution. It is also not necessary to comment upon the validity of Section 637aa of the Act. We would also rather not comment upon whether Section 637a is a general section and Section 637aa is a special provision. We have already observed how the two sections can be reconciled and read together as constituting the power and the manner of exercising the power conferred upon the Central Government. ( 29 ) THE result is that the rule is made absolute to the extent that the impugned guidelines contained in the Circular, Exhibit A-2. along with its amendments are declared ultra vires and violative of the provisions of Section 637aa of the Companies Act, 1. 956. We issue a writ of mandamus directing the respondent not to apply the said guidelines in considering the applications moved to it. We further direct the respondent to again process and decide the applications moved on behalf of petitioners 4, 5 and 6 afresh within two months from today in accordance with the law laid down. The petitioners will be entitled to their costs. Counsel s fee Rs. 550.