N. H. BHATT, J. ( 1 ) BY our order dated 11-9-81 we had summarily rejected the above four Misc. Civil applications for review of the order passed by the then Chief Justice B. J. Divan and myself as per our judgment dated 18-8-81 in the special civil applications nos. 2530 and 2779 of 1981 (Miss Sonal P. Shah v. Guj. Uni. XXII G. L. R. 934) First of those two petitions was Sled by four students three of whom were regular students of M. A. Part I whereas the fourth student was an external student for the said examination. In the second petition the petitioners were the external students of the very examination. The subject matter of the challenge in the first of the two petitions was the decision of the Gujarat University purporting to be dated 19-6-81 pursuant to which the University had decided to grant mass promotions to its students who were in the first year and second year of B. A. B. Sc. and B. Com. courses and who were the students of M. A. M. Sc. and M Com. part I examinations but in respect of postgraduate students of Part I examina- tion the benefit was confined only to regular students and not to external students By the order of the Division Bench of this court to which I was a party as one of the two Judges it was held that the decision of the University grant mass promotion was bad at law and it was further directed that the respondent University should hold the examinations for M. A. part I and all other examinations without mass promotions which were ordered to he given. In the second petition also a declaration was granted that the respondent-University had no power or authority to promote any student to any class without holding appropriate examinations. ( 2 ) IN those two petition the Gujarat University was the respondent no. 1 and the State of Gujarat was the respondent no. 2 as it was alleged that the decision of the Gujarat University was the outcome of undue pressure exerted by the State of Gujarat on the University. This allegation against the State was negatived by us as not having been substantiated. 1 and the State of Gujarat was the respondent no. 2 as it was alleged that the decision of the Gujarat University was the outcome of undue pressure exerted by the State of Gujarat on the University. This allegation against the State was negatived by us as not having been substantiated. Qua the State the matters since then rested there and in the present proceedings the State has still been impleaded as a party only by way of abundant caution and the State has rightly sat on the fence declaring that they had nothing to say one way or the other. ( 3 ) THE Misc. Civil application no 434/81 is filed by the Gujarat University against the judgment in the special civil application no. 2530 of 1981 whereas the second Misc. Civil application no 435/81 is filed by the very University against the judgment in the special civil application no. 2779 of 1981. It is to be noted that both the special civil applications were heard together and disposed of by the common judgment but the University by way of abundant caution has filed two separate review applications registered with the office as the Misc. Civil application nos. 434 and 435 of 1981 impleading the respective petitioners of those two petitions and the State of Gujarat as opponents in these review petitions. ( 4 ) THE Misc. Civil applications nos. 458 and 459 of 1981 were filed by six students studying in the undergraduate courses of this university styling their applications as review applications under sec. 114 of the Civil Procedure Code read with Article 226 of the Constitution and inherent powers of the Honble High Court. The said students are required to file two applications because by common judgment the two special civil applica- tions nos. 2530 and 2779 of 1981 were disposed of. ( 5 ) INITIALLY the two earlier review applications bad come up before the Honble Chief Justice M. P. Thakkar and myself for admissional hearing and ultimately all these matter have been entrusted to us as the members of the Full Bench. The Honble Chief Justice has assigned these matters to us by virtue of his administrative powers under Rule 2 (6) of Part I of High-Court Appellate Side Rules. The Honble Chief Justice has assigned these matters to us by virtue of his administrative powers under Rule 2 (6) of Part I of High-Court Appellate Side Rules. We heard the matters on 8-9-81 9 and 10-9-81 and after some hearing on 11-9-81 we passed the order which is reproduced below:"for reasons to be recorded hereafter the court summarily rejects the aforesaid four miscellaneous civil applications referred to this Full Bench. No orders on Civil applications Nos. 2929 2930 2984 and 2985 of 1981 in view of the above". ( 6 ) THE Civil applications nos. 2929 and 2930 of 1981 were filed by one under-graduate student supporting the impugned judgment and seeking to be impleaded as parties in the two review application filed by Mrs. Mehtas clients whereas the last of the two civil applications were by Mr. K. N. Raval for the original petitioners of the special civil applications No. 2530 of 1981 seeking to contend that the Consti- tution of the Full Bench of ours was not legal and Rule 2 (6) of part I of the Appellate Side Rules under which the Chief Justice constituted the Full Bench was ultra vires. Reasons for the operative order dt. 11-9-81 ( 7 ) THE first question that was hotly debated before us and which consumed good deal of time of the hearing before us was pertaining to the authority of this High Court to exercise review powers. We however find that because of the amendment made sec. 141 of the Civil Procedure Code in the year 1976 the provisions of Order 47 of the Code relating to review are not applicable to the proceedings before the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. We therefore hold that powers of this High Court to review its own judgment are the powers which every court of plenary jurisdiction inhers. The earlier view of the Full Bench of the Bombay High Court in the case of In re Prahlad Krishna AIR 1951 Bom. 25 is no longer good law in view of the Supreme Courts judgment in the case of Shivdev Singh and Others v. State of Punjab and Ors. AIR 1963 S. C. 1909. The earlier view of the Full Bench of the Bombay High Court in the case of In re Prahlad Krishna AIR 1951 Bom. 25 is no longer good law in view of the Supreme Courts judgment in the case of Shivdev Singh and Others v. State of Punjab and Ors. AIR 1963 S. C. 1909. The five Judges of the Supreme Court negatived the contention of the appellants advocate there contending that the High Court had no powers of review under Article 226 of the Constitution as Article 226 unlike Article 137 relating to Supreme Courts powers of review was silent about those powers. The Supreme Court says it is sufficient to say that there is nothing in Art. 226 of the Constitution to preclude a High Court from exercising the power of review which inheres in every court of plenary jurisdiction to prevent miscarriage of justice or to correct grave and palpable errors committed by it. So though the Supreme court by necessary implication negatived the attraction of the provisions of Order 47 of the Civil Procedure Code to the writ jurisdiction of the High Court it firmly established the existence of such powers but they clarified that such inherent powers could be invoked to prevent miscarriage of justice or to correct grave and palpable errors committed by the High Court. In that case an order was passed affecting some allottees of land and the earlier order of Khosla J. of the Punjab High Court directly affected those persons who were not made parties The very Judge of the High Court entertained an independent subsequent petition and allowed the same. It was alleged that this second petition was to all intents and purposes an application for review which was not permissible for want of any provision in Art. 226 of the Cons- titution. This very argument was negatived by the Supreme Court because the Supreme Court felt that the persons directly affected by the earlier order of the Punjab High Court were necessary parties who were enti- tled to be heard. ( 8 ) THIS judgment came to be followed by the Bench of two Judges of the Supreme Court in the case of A. T. Sharma v. A. P. Sharma AIR 1979 S. C. 1947 which reiterated the existence of inherent powers of the High Court to review its earlier decision in exercise of inherent powers. ( 8 ) THIS judgment came to be followed by the Bench of two Judges of the Supreme Court in the case of A. T. Sharma v. A. P. Sharma AIR 1979 S. C. 1947 which reiterated the existence of inherent powers of the High Court to review its earlier decision in exercise of inherent powers. The Supreme Court in that case however clarified the ambit and scope of these review powers because in Shivdev Singhs case (Supra) only the existence of the power of review and the purpose of exercising that power alone were referred to. Clarifying the legal position further the Supreme Court lays down as follows :"it is true there is nothing in Art. 226 of the Constitution to preclude the High Court from exercising the power of review which inheres in every court of plenary jurisdiction to prevent miscarriage of justice or to correct grave and palpable errors committed by it. Bat there are definitive limits to the exercise of the power of review. The power of review may be exercised on the discovery of new and impor- tant matter of evidence which after the exercise of due diligence was not within the knowledge of the person seeking the review or could not be produced by him at the time when the order was made; it may be exercised where some mistake or error apparent on the face of the record is found it may also be exercised on any analogous ground But it may not be exercised on the ground that the decision was erroneous on merits. That would be the province of a court of appeal. A power of review is not to be confused with appellate power which may enable an appellate court to correct all manner of errors committed by the subordinate Court. (Emphasis supplied)SO I find that the following legal propositions stand firmly established: (1) The provisions of the Civil Procedure Code in order 47 are not applicable to the High Courts power of review in proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution. (2) The said powers are to be exercised by the High Court only to prevent miscarriage of justice or to correct grave and palpable errors. (2) The said powers are to be exercised by the High Court only to prevent miscarriage of justice or to correct grave and palpable errors. (The epithet palpable means that which can be felt by a simple touch of the order and not which could be dug out after a long drawn out process of argumentation and ratiocin- ation) (3) The inherent powers though ex facie plenary are not to be treated as unlimited or unabridged but they are to be invoked on the grounds analogous to the grounds mentioned in Order 47 Rule 1: namely; (I) discovery of new and important matter or evidence which the party seeking the review could not produce at the time when the earlier order sought to reviewed was made despite exercise of due diligence; (II) existance of some mistake or error apparent on the face of the record; and (III) existance of any analogous ground. (These are the very three grounds referred to in order 47 Rule 1 of the Civil Procedure Code and by declaration of law at the hands of the Supreme Court in the above case they are the hedges or limitations of the High Courts power.) ( 9 ) IN the above strain reference to the judgment of the three Judges of the Supreme Court in the case of M/s. Northern India Caterers (India) Ltd. v. Lt. Governor of Delhi A. I. R. 1980 S. C. 674 is also pertinent. It was no doubt a case under Article 137 of the Constitution of India but there is general exposition of law pertaining to review proceedings. The Supreme Court states But whatever the nature of the proceedings it is beyond dispute that a review proceeding cannot be equated with the original hearing of the case and the finality of the judgment delivered by the court will not be reconsidered except `where a glaring omission or patent mistake or like grave error has crept in earlier by judicial fallibility. (Emphasis as supplied.) Elaborating what an error apparent on the face of the record is the Supreme Court has further laid down that an error apparent on the face of the record exists if of two or more views canvassed on the point it is possible to hold that the contro- versy can be said to admit of only one of them. If the view adopted by the court in the original judgment is a possible view having regard to what the record states it is difficult to hold that there is an error apparent on the face of the record. Some other judgments are also there including those of the Supreme Court dealing with the scope and ambit of the High Courts powers of review but it is not necessary to refer to them here though the learned assiduous advocates appearing in these case had taken pains to cite before us almost exhaustively the exposition of law on this point. ( 10 ) IT is interesting to note in this connection the case of Smt. Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain A I R 1977 S. C. 69 where the judg- ment of one of the five Judges was sought to be reviewed before perhaps the very five Judges of the Court. Beg J. closely gone through his judg- ment again and reiterated his conviction about the correctness of his view. The final order passed by the five Judges of the Supreme Court interes- ting and worthy to be quoted :-"in view of the fact that one of us (Beg J) is of the opinion that there is no sufficient ground for reviewing the judgment this review application is dismissed". I refer to this opinion of five Judges only for the purpose of high lighting that when a Judge whose judgment is sought to be reviewed thought that there was no case for review the other Judges forthwith would or should agree. This judgment is cited by me here only for the purpose of showing that statutorily undefined powers of review are in practice to be exercised in a very very narrow compass. ( 11 ) THE first ground for invoking our jurisdiction is that the Court had granted the consequential relief of mandamus beyond the one sought for. It is no doubt true that the petitioners of the special civil application no. 2530 of 1981 had sought a relief further direction the respondents to hold the examinations for M. A. Part I course forthwith but they had also prayed for such other and further reliefs as may be deemed just and proper in the facts and circumstances of the case. 2530 of 1981 had sought a relief further direction the respondents to hold the examinations for M. A. Part I course forthwith but they had also prayed for such other and further reliefs as may be deemed just and proper in the facts and circumstances of the case. At the time of the arguments before the Division Bench to which I was a party a prayer was sought that the necessary corollary of the declaration made by us should be carried to its logical culmination. The tenor of both the petitions also clearly showed that there was a challenge to a decision to give mass promotion to all tile students because success at an examina- tion gave an added credence to the academic performance of the stude- nts and that automatic mass promotion adversely affected the credibility of the universitys degrees and diplomas etc. It is therefore too late in the day for the review petitioners to urge that the petitions were confined to a declaration for mass promotion as illegal only qua M. A. Part I students. In a way it was a public interest litigation which was brought to the legal forum not by busy bodies but by persons who were them- selves substantially affected by that decision as claimed by them. It is truism to state that in order to make its declaratory orders fully effec- tive and not impotent either wholly or partially the High Court exerci- sing its writ jurisdiction in its capacity as the sentinal of the rule of law under Art. 226 of the Constitution of India is clothed with the power to grant any consequential or ancillary relief. If any authority in support of that statement of law is needed I would fruitfully advert to one of the judgment of the Supreme Court. It is the case of Charanjit Lal Chowdhary v. The Union of India AIR 1951 SC 41 where in paragraph 45 it has been stated that Art. 32 gives the courts very wide discretion in the matter of framing their writs to suit the exigencies of particular cases and an application cannot be thrown out simply on the ground that the proper writ or direction has not been prayed for. The Division Bench of this court in a recent judgment to which I was a party in the case of Consumer Education and Research Centre and Ors. The Division Bench of this court in a recent judgment to which I was a party in the case of Consumer Education and Research Centre and Ors. v. State of Gujarat and Ors. 22 G. L. R. 712 also said that the High Courts writ or declaration was not to be rendered otiose and an ornamental scrap of paper on the technical ground that a relief or declaration was not followed by a prayer for a consequential relief. What is good of a civil courts decree is not to be invoked when the High Courts prerogative writ jurisdiction is being exercised. Sec. 34 of the Specific Relief Act 1963 will not be attracted to such proceedings under Art. 226 of the Constitution of India. To me it surprises that though there was overall discussion about all the courses and the Universitys power to dispense with any examination at any stage and even though in the body of the judgment impugned in these review petitions there is a reference to all examinations including examinations of the first year and the second year courses the University as if out of assumed ignorance was emboldened to declare before us at the time of hearing that all through- out the hearing of the Division Bench. they understood the petition as confined to a declaration for cancellation of M. A. Part I examinations or that the rule of mandamus was soughts only qua them and not gene- rally. What I have observed above speaking while of the minutes for the Division Bench about this is a clinching answer to this belated plea unfortunately put forward on behalf of the University. ( 12 ) IT was then alleged as a second ground that the students likely to be adversely affected were not issued any notice that is a general notice under Order 1 Rule 8 of the Civil Procedure Code. As far as the two review applications filed by the University are concerned it is to be noted that this question was not specifically raised by way of defence and in the course of the hearing before the then Division Bench a ques. As far as the two review applications filed by the University are concerned it is to be noted that this question was not specifically raised by way of defence and in the course of the hearing before the then Division Bench a ques. tion had cropped but was not pursued by the Advocate General who as per his statement on 29-8-81 at the earlier stages of the Universitys Review petitions before the Honble Chief Justice M. P. Thakkar and myself had conceded that this point was not raised by the University because there are conflicting decisions whether they are necessary or pro- per parties. This particular statement made by the Advocate General on 29-8-81 is recorded by me in the minute book of that day and this statement was specifically brought to the notice of Mr. S. N. Shelat who subsequently took over the charge of these matters and he stated that as was noted by me this was not disputed by the University speaking through him. ( 13 ) AS far as the petitioners represented by Mrs. Mehta are conce- rned on the analogy of the Supreme (Courts judgment in Shivdev Singhs case (supra) she urged that non-pleading of the parties directly affected was a good ground for exercise of the review powers of the High Court under the obvious plea that miscarriage of justice should be prevented and a palpable error on the face of the record should be corrected. The question that was debated before us however was whether these review petitioners who had availed themselves of the benefit of an unlawful order can be said to be persons who are entitled to be heard because of their interest likely to be adversely affected. Before us were cited on behalf of the original petitioners of the two special civil applications the judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of The General Manager South Central Railway v. A. V. R. Siddhanti and Others A. I. R. 1974 S. C. 1755 and other rulings like 1970 S. C. 1269 and an behalf of Mrs. Mehtas clients certain other judgments like AIR 1962 S. C. 1110 and 1974 (1) B. L. R. 594 were cited. Mehtas clients certain other judgments like AIR 1962 S. C. 1110 and 1974 (1) B. L. R. 594 were cited. Controversy being what it is and without in any way being required to observe in this judgment decisively one way or the other I would like to say that the view that such persons cannot be said to be adversely affected and therefore entitled to be heard when a general policy decision or a legislative piece is challenged is a question on which there can at any rate exist two possible strong views countering each other. When such is the situation the exercise of review powers would not be attracted. The authorities on this point are already referred to by me. ( 14 ) THE last ground urged before us was regarding the numerous difficulties to be experienced by the students and the University if they were required to implement the direction issued by this court. As far as the University is concerned it is not even pleaded much-less proved that these hardships were not known to them when the original writ petitions were being heard by this court. When a particular policy deci- sion of a public statutory body is declared as non-est the ensuing con- sequence even if entailing some hardship would not be a ground to dilute the rigorous enforcement of the rule of law which is the life- blood of a society like ours governed not by arbitrariness but by the rule of law. It is therefore not necessary for us to deal with these questions any more. ( 15 ) VIEWED from any angle it is not possible for us to entertain these review applications and we therefore had decided to summarily reject ( 16 ) THOUGH Mrs. Mehtas applications were specifically designated as the Misc. Civil Applications as the review application under sec. 114 of the Civil Procedure Code read with Art. 226 of the Constitution of India a feeble attempt was made by her in the course of the hearing before us that these two petitions should be entertained as substantive petitions under Art. 226 of the Constitution of India. Civil Applications as the review application under sec. 114 of the Civil Procedure Code read with Art. 226 of the Constitution of India a feeble attempt was made by her in the course of the hearing before us that these two petitions should be entertained as substantive petitions under Art. 226 of the Constitution of India. Not only the label but contents and prayers of the applications and also the order of refe- rence to the Full Bench made by the Honble Chief Justice make it amply clear that they were and are treated by all concerned as the review applications. At any rate when what has been assigned to this Full Bench stating that the applications of Mrs. Mehta were review applica- tions it would not be possible for us to treat them as substantive peti- tions under Art. 226 of the Constitution of India. 1 ( 17 ) THIS brings me to the reasons which prompted us to summarily reject the Civil applications. The Civil applications nos. 2929 and 2930 of 1981 were summarily rejected by us because by these two appli- cations an undergraduate student who was granted mass promotion but did not want to avail of it it being an ill-gotten one sought to be impleaded as a party to the Universitys review applications and to Mrs. Mehtas review applications. When the main petitions themselves stand rejected they automatically fall through. The last two civil applications filed by Mr. Raval for permitting the original petitioners of the writ petitions to challenge the constitution of the Full Bench are also not required to be dealt with by us because Mr. K. N. Raval himself had declared before us that if we were not inclined to entertain these review petitions those contentions were not required to be pursued. For this reason we had decided to reject all these four civil applications. Ahmadi J :- ( 18 ) I have had the benefit of reading the reasons assigned by my learned brother Bhatt J. in support of our order of 11/09/1981. While I agree with his conclusion I would like to express myself on some aspects of the case. ( 19 ) BY a Circular letter No. 25 of 19/06/1981 the Vice-Chance- llor of the Gujarat University decided that all students of First Year and Second Year B. A. B. Sc. and B. Com. While I agree with his conclusion I would like to express myself on some aspects of the case. ( 19 ) BY a Circular letter No. 25 of 19/06/1981 the Vice-Chance- llor of the Gujarat University decided that all students of First Year and Second Year B. A. B. Sc. and B. Com. class and all students of M. A. Part I M. Sc. Part I and M. Com Part I Class who had filled in their forms for the University examinations and were otherwise eligible to appear at such examinations should be given promotions en masse to the next higher class with an option to appear at the examination to be held sometime in October 1981. This decision of the Vice-Chancellor was endorsed by the Executive Council as well as the Academic Council of the University. Three regular students and one external student of M. A. Part I challenged the aforesaid decision of the Gujarat University granting mass promotion by a Writ Petition Special Civil Application No. 2530 of 1981 brought under Article 226 of the Constitution and prayed for a mandamus to direct the University to hold M. A. Part I examina- tion forthwith. By another petition Special Civil Application No. 2779 of 1981 four external students of M. A. Part I challenged the University decision on the ground of discrimination inasmuch as the regular stude- nts were granted mass promotion while they were required to appear at the examination to be held in due course and prayed for their mass promotion without being required to appear at the ensuing examination. In the alternative like the petitioners of the former petition they challenged the decision of the University to grant mass promotion on the ground that sec. 11 (4) of the Gujarat University Act did not confer any such power and if it did it was ultra vires Article 14 of the Constitution As is clear from the judgment of the Division Bench rendered in the aforesaid two petitions on 18/08/1981 at the hearing of the afore- said two Writ Petitions counsel for the petitioners in the subsequent petition abandoned the main relief and argued in support of the alternative contention. In other words he supported the plea raised by the petitioners in the former petition. In other words he supported the plea raised by the petitioners in the former petition. Both the petitions were allowed by the Division Bench of this Court and reliefs as set out in the two Review Petitions of the Gujarat University were granted. (The word `all between the words `and other examinations was added on speaking to minutes ). ( 20 ) THE Gujarat University has moved the present two Review Applications Nos. 434 and 435 of 1981 on the ground that the Division Bench had committed an error apparent on the face of the record in overlooking the fact that both the petitions were not representative petitions under Order 1 Rule 8 of the Code of Civil Procedure and the relief granted in the former petition was in terms wider than that sought by the petitioners According to the University in the first petition the relief sought was to quash the circular letter No. 25 of 19/06/1981 and for a consequential direction `to hold the examinations for M. A Part I course forthwith while in the second petition the relief granted could never have been granted as the University had not granted mass promotion to M. A. Part I external students. It is next pointed out that the decision of the Court is likely to cause not only inconvenience to the University in organising examinations but also serious hardships as enumerated in paragraphs 6 and 7 of the Review Applications to about 62 788 under-graduate students he will be req- uired to be examined pursuant to the Courts order. The other two Re- view Petitions have been moved by some of the `affected under-gradu- ate students inter alia on the ground that the Court could not have invalidated the decision granting mass promotion and in any case could not have directed the holding of `all other examinations without issuing a rule nisi to the under-graduate students who were likely to be directly hit by the said decision and hence the relief ought to have been confi- ned to students of M. A. Part I stream only. The difficulties which the students are likely to encounter as catalogued in the Review Petitions are: (i) the students have disposed of the old books and purchased the books for the higher classes; (ii) they have paid the fees for the new term which commenced from 15/06/1981; (iii) some of the promoted students have changed their colleges or migrated to other Universities; (iv) the results of students who have appeared for the degree course with A. T. K. T. will have to be withheld till December 1981; (v) students will have to be given sufficient time to prepare for the examinations which will conflict with their studies so far as the present academic term is concerned and (vi) lastly the decision to hold examinations may lead to unrest. These are in brief the reasons put forth in the Review Petitions for remoulding the relief granted by the Division Bench on 18/08/1981 . ( 21 ) ALL these four Review Applications have been referred to this Full Bench by My Lord the Chief Justice by his order dated 1st Septe- mber 1981 made in exercise of power conferred on him by Rule 2 (6) of Part I of the High Court Appellate Side Rules. ( 22 ) AT the hearing of the Review Applications the constitution of this Bench was challenged by the respondents (except the State of Guja- rat) on two grounds viz. (i) under Order 47 Rule 5 Code of Civil Pro- cedure if any of the two Judges constituting the Division Bench whose order is sought to be reviewed retires or is for any other reason not available the remaining one Judge alone (Bhatt J.) is competent to decide the Review Application or applications and the other two Judges comprising the Full Bench are not competent to hear the matter; and (ii) the learned Chief Justice was not legally entitled to exercise power under Rule 2 (6) of Part I of High Court Appellate Side Rules and in any event the said sub-rule is violative of Art. 14 of the Constitution as it does not lay down any guidelines for the exercise of that power. In support of the first contention it was also said that there being no provision similar to Art. 137 of the Constitution empowering High Courts to review their own decisions the power to review can only be derived from Order 47 of the Code of Civil Procedure and hence these applica- tions must necessarily be governed by Rule 5 of that Order. ( 23 ) AFTER the decision of the Supreme Court in Shivdeo Singh v. State of Punjab A. I. R. 1963 S. C. 1909 the preliminary contention hardly deserves mention. In that case the Supreme Court stated in unmistakable terms that there is nothing in Art. 226 of the Constitution to preclude a High Court from exercising the power of review which inheres in every Court of plenary jurisdiction to prevent miscarriage of justice or to correct grave and palpable errors committed by it In State of Gujarat v. Sardarbegum A. I. R. 1976 S. C. 1695 the Supreme Court observed that the High Court had committed a patent error in granting relief under Art. 226 of the Constitution which it ought to have corrected suo motu in exercise of its inherent power. In that case the High Court had granted relief in excess of what the Writ Applicant had asked for. Again in A. T. Sharma v. A. P. Sharma A. I. R. 1979 S. C. 1047 the Supreme Court reiterated that there is nothing in Art. 226 of the Constitution preclude the High Court from exercising the power of review which inheres in every Court of plenary jurisdiction to prevent miscarriage of justice or to correct grave and palpable errors committed by it. Of course as laid down therein there are definitive limits to the exercise of power of review by the High Court. These decisions conclude the point that notwithstan- ding the absence of a provision similar to Art. 137 of the Constitution the High Court has inherent powers of review under Art. 226 of the Constitution. ( 24 ) THE next question is whether in the exercise of this inherent power of review under Art. 226 of the Constitution the High Court must follow the procedure laid down in Order 47 Code of Civil Proce- dure. ( 24 ) THE next question is whether in the exercise of this inherent power of review under Art. 226 of the Constitution the High Court must follow the procedure laid down in Order 47 Code of Civil Proce- dure. Before the decision of the Supreme Court in Shivdeo Singhs case (supra) there was a judicial controversy on the question whether an application under Art. 226 of the Constitution was a proceeding in a Court of Civil jurisdiction. To put an end to this judicial controversy an Explanation came to be added to sec. 141 Code of Civil Procedure by Amendment Act 1976 whereby proceedings under Art. 226 of the Constitution are taken out from the purview of the Code of Civil Pro- cedure. It therefore becomes obvious that the provisions of Order 47 do not stricto sensu apply to proceedings under Art. 226 of Constitution and hence reliance on Rule 5 of that Order by counsel for the contest- ing respondents is wholly misconceived. ( 25 ) SO far as the question regarding the legality of the reference to the Full Bench by my Lord the Chief Justice is concerned it must be stated at the outset that even though the said contention was raised by the contesting respondents in the present applications they chose to file a substantive Writ Petition to challenge the constitution of this Full Bench on identical grounds. That Writ Petition was also referred to another Full Bench comprising P. D. Desai S. B. Majmudar and D. H. Shukla JJ. by my Lord the Chief Justice in exercise of the very same powers. By that Writ Petition the proceedings before this Full Bench were sought to be stayed. We were however told that the Full Bench dismissed that Writ Petition on the ground that the very same question could be urged before this Full Bench. (Miss Sonal V. Shah v. The Honble Chief Justice XXII G. L. R. 1038 ). The effort to truncate the hearing before this Bench can only be described as distasteful. In fairness to the learned counsel for the University as well as the six under-graduate students it must be stated that they did not challenge the legality of the order passed by the learned Chief Justice constituting this Full Bench. The effort to truncate the hearing before this Bench can only be described as distasteful. In fairness to the learned counsel for the University as well as the six under-graduate students it must be stated that they did not challenge the legality of the order passed by the learned Chief Justice constituting this Full Bench. It did not seem necessary to hear the learned counsel for the contesting respon- dents on this point in the view that we decided to take. ( 26 ) BEFORE I proceed to consider the question whether it is necessary in the circumstances of the case to review the order passed by the Divi- sion Bench in the aforementioned two Writ Petitions it must be made clear that neither the learned counsel for the University nor the learned counsel for the six under-graduate students challenged the decision of the Division Bench quashing the decision of the University to grant mass promotion as per the circular of the Vice-Chancellor dated 19/06/1981 What they contended before us was that the relief granted by the Division Bench travelled beyond the relief actually claimed in the two Writ Petitions and it was therefore necessary to soften the blow by remoulding the relief. In other words the review petitioners desire that the requirement to hold examinations for under-graduates should be done away with having regard to the difficulties which the students are likely to encounter if they are required at this late stage to clear the examina- tions. It is indeed true that in the first Writ Petition the reliefs claimed are: (i) to quash and set aside the decision at Annexure B i. e. the circular granting mass promotions: and (ii) to direct the respondents to hold examinations for M. A. Part I course forthwith. There was of course the omnibus prayer to grant such other or further reliefs as may be deemed just and proper in the facts and circumstances of the case. In the second petition the alternative reliefs which were pressed at the hearing were: (i) to declare that the University had no power or authority to promote any student to any class without the holding of appropriate examinations (emphasis supplied); and (ii) to pass any other and further order as may be deemed fit and proper. In the second petition the alternative reliefs which were pressed at the hearing were: (i) to declare that the University had no power or authority to promote any student to any class without the holding of appropriate examinations (emphasis supplied); and (ii) to pass any other and further order as may be deemed fit and proper. It also transpires from the observation in the judgment:"at the time of hearing however the petitioners of this petition joined in chorus with the petitioners of the first petition and highlighted their contention that mass promotion as a matter of fact was against the texture of this University". that the writ petitioners challenged the decision of the University to grant mass promotion in its entirety. This was sought to be reinforced by invi- ting our attention to the observation:"could they not know that if they could hold examinations for all professional courses if they could hold examinations for the degree examinations there was nothing to prevent them from holding the similar examination for the First Year and Second Year students of Arts Science and Commerce and for M. A. M. Com. and M. Sc. Part I examinations"?which does indicate that the question of holding examinations for all classes was discussed in the course of the hearing. To buttress the argu- ment that even the difficulties or hardships pointed out now were projected before the Division Bench at the time of the hearing of the two writ petitions our attention was drawn to the following passage:"as the new term has already commenced. it is open to the University to make a provision that the students who are allowed to keep terms in this higher class would be liable to clear the earlier examinations before the results for higher examinations are declared to their advantage". But quite apart from the inference that can be drawn from the aforesaid observations found in the judgment of the Division Bench what is of utmost importance is the impression of my learned brother Bhatt J. in this behalf. After referring to his minutes he has in paragraphs 11 and 12 of his order indicated in clear terms what was argued before the Division Bench. I hold my learned brother Bhatt J. in high esteem. It is to this impression of his that I attach great weight. After referring to his minutes he has in paragraphs 11 and 12 of his order indicated in clear terms what was argued before the Division Bench. I hold my learned brother Bhatt J. in high esteem. It is to this impression of his that I attach great weight. If Bhatt J. says that these questions were debated at the hearing of the writ petitions that is the end of the controversy and no further discussion is permissible. That is the judicial discipline which the Supreme Court followed in the case of Smt. Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain A. I. R. 1977 S. C 69 In that case also the Court rejected the review application on the recollec- tion of Beg J. set out in paragraph 3 of the judgment. It is on the basis of this judicial discipline that I concur with Bhatt J. that review must be refused. Such a course becomes necessary in the peculiar facts of such cases and need not be understood as laying down any general rule that if one of the Judges on the bench is disinclined to review the earlier decision the review petition must necessarily fail. In the present case if the relief was moulded after taking into account the hardships likely to be occasioned to the students there can be no scope for review and the matter must lie in the domain of the appellate Court. ( 27 ) IT was however said that on a plain reading of the relief clause it is obvious that the relief granted by the Division Bench is in terms wider than the relief sought According to the review petitioners the Division Bench could not have granted a relief which was not sought. It is true that the relief claimed in the first petition was for holding M. A. Part I examinations but the same cannot be said about the relief claimed in the second petition which in terms refers to the Universitys power to promote `any student to any class. If by inadvertence the Court grants a relief which is wider than the one sought it would be an error on the face of the record and would squarely fall within the ratio of the Supreme Court decision in Sardarbegums case (supra ). Such is not the case before us. If by inadvertence the Court grants a relief which is wider than the one sought it would be an error on the face of the record and would squarely fall within the ratio of the Supreme Court decision in Sardarbegums case (supra ). Such is not the case before us. Here the question regarding the moulding of the relief was debated before the Division Bench before the decision was pronounced. It is also important to bear in mind that by now it is well settled that in exercise of powers conferred by Article 226 of the Constitution it is always open to the High Court to mould its relief to suit the exigencies of the case on hand notwithstanding the fact that such a specific relief is not prayed. We have fortunately not permitted the power of the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution to be bogged down by the high degree of formalisation which guide the English Courts in the matter of issue of prerogative writs. See Dwarka Nath v. I. T. Officer A. I. R. 1966 S. C. 81 Director of Inspection I. T. v. Pooran Mall and Sons. A. I. R. 1975 S. C. 67 and Shiv Shanker Dal Mills v. State of Haryana A. I. R. 1980 S. C. 1037. Therefore if the Division Bench was alive to the difficulties likely to be caused to the University as well as the students before it moulded the relief as it presently stands the matter is no more in the realm of review but must be agitated before the appellate Court more so when leave to appeal has been granted under Article 133 (1) of the Constitution. ( 28 ) IT was next argued that the Court has wide powers to mould its relief in the circumstances of each case and it is not imperative that all the consequential reliefs flowing from the main relief must be granted. In Arti Sapru v. State of J. and K. A. I. R. 1981 S. C. 1009 the petitioner challenged the admission of a number of candidates to the M. B. B. S. course in the Government Medical College Srinagar inter alia on the ground that the allocation to the viva voce test of 30 per cent of the total marks was patently arbitrary. The Supreme Court relying on the decision in Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib A. I. R. 1981 S. C. 487 concluded that allocation of more than 15 per cent of the total marks to the viva voce examination would result in constitutional invalidity but refused to interfere with the admissions granted under the impugned decision. Nearer home in the case of Smita Johnbai Master v. State of Gujarat S. L. P. (Civil) No. 4198 of 1981 decided on 8/05/1981 23 G. L. R. 169 the Supreme Court with a view to mitigating the harshness of law by the fairness of equity directed that students who had secured admission under the impugned order should be treated as admitted if they had completed the first year course and had appeared at the examination held at the end of the first academic year. The aforesaid two decisions clearly show that wide powers are conferred on Courts under Article 226 of the Constitution in the matter of grant of relief. In the instant case it is true that the decision of the University to grant mass promotion at the behest of a tiny but vocal minority has brought about the present situation. It must be remembered that in 1974 because of the closure of colleges on account of the Navnirman movement mass promotion was granted. The authorities may have thought that because a similar decision taken in 1974 had gone unchallenged they had the power to grant mass promotion. But merely because a decision is not challenged it cannot mean that the University has power to grant mass promotion. Whether the law grants that power or not is a matter which the appellate Court will have to determine if an appeal is filed. I am however conscious that some of the hardships pointed out in the course of hearing particularly: (i) the students having disposed of their notebooks and textbooks; (ii) some of them having left their colleges and having migrated to other Universities (iii) science students having not completed their practicals etc. may be genuine but for reasons stated earlier the matter now lies within the domain of the appellate Court. ( 29 ) MRS. may be genuine but for reasons stated earlier the matter now lies within the domain of the appellate Court. ( 29 ) MRS. Mehta drawing inspiration from tile decision of the Supreme Court in Shivdeo Singhs case (supra) forcefully argued that the Division Bench in directing the University to hold `all other examinations without issuing a rule nisi to the under-graduate students violated the fundamental principle of audi alteram partem. That was a case in which the High Court cancelled the order passed by the Director of Rehabilita- tion in favour of B though he was not a party to the petition. In Board of High School and Intermediate Education U. P. Allahabad v. Ghanshyam Das Gupta A. I. R. 1962 S. C. 1110 it was held that where the Examination Committee is required under the Regulations to deal with the examinees using unfair means in examination halls it is acting quasi-judicially and is bound to observe the principles of natural justice. That was a case in which the Committee cancelled the results and debarred the examinees from appearing at the next examination without giving the examinees an opportunity of being heard. In these circumstances it was held that the decision was vitiated as violative of the rule of natural justice. Strong reliance was however placed by Mrs. Mehta on the decision in Padam Singh Jhina v. Union of India 1974 S. L. P. 594. In that case the peti- tioners contention was that he had been mala fide reduced in the seniority list from the fifty to the seventh place in contravention of the Rules. It is important to note that the validity or the vires of the Rules was not challenged. All the persons whose placement in the seniority list was affected were not impleaded and had no opportunity of answering the case set up by the petitioner and hence it was held that in the absence of persons directly affected it was not possible for the Court to adjudi- cate the matter. The ratio of Jhinas case (supra) was held not applicable in the General Manager South Central Railway Secunderabad v. A. V. R. Siddhanti A. I. R. 1974 S. C. 1755. The ratio of Jhinas case (supra) was held not applicable in the General Manager South Central Railway Secunderabad v. A. V. R. Siddhanti A. I. R. 1974 S. C. 1755. The broad principle on the question of necessary and proper parties was stated by the Supreme Court in the following terms:"in such proceedings the necessary parties to be impleaded are those against whom the relief is sought and in whose absence no effective decision can be rendered by the Court. In the present case the relief is claimed only against the Railway which has been impleaded through its representatives. No. list or order fixing seniority of the petitioners vis-a-vis particular individuals pursuant to the impugned decisions is being challenged. The employees who were likely to be affected as a result of the re-adjustment of the petitioners seniority in accordance with the principles laid down in the Boards decision of 16/10/1952 were at the most proper parties and not necessary parties and their non-joinder could not be fatal to the writ petition". The facts of that case reveal that the policy decision contained in the Boards order of 16/10/1952 was modified and clarified by the subsequent Boards decisions of 2/11/1957 and 13/01/1961 The subsequent two decisions were challenged by A. V. R. Siddhanti and others. The Supreme Court held that such policy decisions could be challenged without impleading those who were likely to be affected as a result of the re-adjustment of the petitioners seniority on the Board decisions of 2/11/1957 and 13/01/1961 being struk down The Full Bench of the Kerala High Court in State of Kerala v. Rafia Rahim A. I. R. 1978 Kerala 176 referred in this decision of the Supreme Court and opined that it was not applicable. Besides the view taken in Siddhantis case (supra) is in line with the earlier view of the Supreme Court in Bihar School Examination Board v. Tubhas Chandra Singh and Others A. I. R. 1970 S. C. 1269. In that case the School Board cancelled the examination of one centre as it was found that a vast majority of the examinees of that particular centre had adopted unfair means. The decision of the Board was challenged on the ground that the examinees were not given an opportunity to represent their cases. In that case the School Board cancelled the examination of one centre as it was found that a vast majority of the examinees of that particular centre had adopted unfair means. The decision of the Board was challenged on the ground that the examinees were not given an opportunity to represent their cases. The Supreme Court held that it was not necessary to hear every examinee as the policy decision did not stigmatise any particular examinee. In view of the above. I agree with Bhatt J. that without decisively adjudicating upon the controversy since two strong possible views countering each other exist it would not be proper to exercise review powers to resolve the controversy more so in view of what is pointed outin paragraph 12 of his order. ( 30 ) AS regards the request of Mrs. Mehta to treat her applications as substantive petitions under Article 226 of the Constitution I agree with what Bhatt J. has stated in paragraph 16 of his order having regard to the fact that the reference to the Full Bench was to decide the review applications filed by Mrs. Mehtas clients. We have therefore not enter- tained her request to treat her applications as substantive petitions under Article 226 of the Constitution. ( 31 ) THESE are my reasons in support of the order passed by the Full Bench on 11/09/1981. Bedarkar J. : ( 32 ) I have had the good fortune of going through the judgments of both my learned brothers N. H. Bhatt and A. M. Ahmadi JJ. assi- gning reasons for the order dated 11-9-1981 and I am in respectful agreement with them. ( 33 ) THE review applications are quite incompetent as what is sought by them is to practically set aside the order of the Division Bench and remodulate the reliefs so as to meet the alleged exigencies of the situation as according to the review petitioners the decision has an engulfing effect on the careers and aspirations of the students who are already promoted - of coure without examination. This is nothing but an attempt to circumvent the path of approaching the Supreme Court by way of an appeal for which leave is already granted. This is nothing but an attempt to circumvent the path of approaching the Supreme Court by way of an appeal for which leave is already granted. Though the Plenary jurisdict- ion of this Court in review is not very much circumscribed there are definitive limits as held in Shivdeo Singhs case ( AIR 1963 SC 1909 ). Of course this judgment was prior to the amendment of Civil Procedure Code by which under sec. 141 the provisions of Civil Procedure Code are not made applicable to the proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. The restrictions under Order 47 of the Civil Procedure Code are not directly applicable and this Court can exercise the powers on a wider canvass on any analogous ground; still the scope for review has its own restrictions and may not be exercised in the manner in which the powers can be exercised in an appeal. ( 34 ) A review of judgment is a serious step and reluctant resort to it is proper only where a glaring omission or patent mistake or like grave error has crept in earlier by judicial fallibility. A mere repetition through different counsel of old and overruled arguments cannot create a ground for `review (vide Krishna Iyer J. AIR 1975 SC 1500 -Sow. Chandra Kanta v. Sheik Habib ). Hence these review applications have no scope. ( 35 ) AS Brother Bhatt J. who had heard the original writ petitions has specifically observed much of the new fanged arguments here were also advanced before the Division Bench and the University was not unmindful of the impact and difficulties to be experienced if writ petitions were allowed. We have to respect that view and accept it as a fact keeping no scope for reconsidering that position by repeating those arguments to advance a case for a review. ( 36 ) THE grounds for review that the relief granted in the original writ petitions was wider in terms and that the large number of students likely to be affected by the order were not made parties and not heard are properly dealt with in the judgments of both my learned brothers making any more repetition needless. ( 36 ) THE grounds for review that the relief granted in the original writ petitions was wider in terms and that the large number of students likely to be affected by the order were not made parties and not heard are properly dealt with in the judgments of both my learned brothers making any more repetition needless. ( 37 ) THE challenge to the authority of My Lord the Chief Justice to constitute this Full Bench is very effectively dealt with by Brother Ahmadi J. in para 8 (25) of his judgment with which I fully concur but in view of the summarily rejection of the review application that challe- nge also does not survive. So no order on Civil Applications nos. 2984 and 2985 of 1981. ( 38 ) ON these reasons the order of the Full Bench dated 11-9-1981 summarily rejecting the miscellaneous application is supported. For the reasons given in the judgment of N. H. Bhatt J. no orders are passed on Civil Applications nos. 2929 and 2930 of 1981. Applications dismissed. .