Per Pendse, J-This petition and 13 other petitions filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India raise the question of constitutional validity of section 44 of the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Act, 1976, being Maharashtra Act No. XXVIII of 1977 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act'), which provides the basis for determination of amount for acquisition of lands in Municipal areas. The petitioners in all these petitions are owners of lands, either agricultural or non-agricultural, situated within the Municipal areas. It is not necessary to refer to the facts of each of the petition and it would suffice if the facts in the main petition are stated to appreciate the questions urged by the rival sides. 2. The land involved in this Writ Petition bears Survey No. 28 and admeasures 398.60 Hectares and is situated at village Bhushi in Maval Taluka of Pune District. Mohanlal Fakirchand was the owner of this land having purchased it under sale-deed dated January 18, 1966. Mohanlal Fakirchand died on May 18, 1976, leaving behind petitioner No. 1 his widow, and petitioners Nos. 2 to 5-his children. On August 1, 1978, respondent No. 2-Maharashtra Housing & Area Development Authority-sent a letter to Municipal Council, Lonavala eliciting information regard-ing need of local populace for housing accommodation for economic weaker section, low income group and middle income group. For the purpose of assessing the demand for tenements, the Municipal Council issued two advertisements dated August 13, 1972 and 1979 in the local newspapers inviting applications for housing accommodation from general public. After having assessed the requirements, respondent No. 2, by letter d'ated September 15, 1979 conveyed to the State Government its initial requirement of an area of about 26 Hectares for the purpose of pro-posed social housing scheme to be developed' within the limits of Lortavala:: Municipal Council, and requested the Government to publish notification under the provisions of section 41 (1) of the Act. The proposal was pro-cessed by the Public Works and Housing Department and the State Govern-ment published a notice under the proviso to section 41 (1) of the Act and the notice was published in the Government Gazette on August 30, 1979 inviting objections to the proposed acquisition. In pursuance of this notice, petitioner No. 3 lodged his protest on September 6, 1979. In pursuance of this notice, petitioner No. 3 lodged his protest on September 6, 1979. After considering the various objections, including that of petitioner No. 3, the State Government published the final notification under subsection (1) of section 41 of the Act in the Maharashtra Government Gazette dated July 3, 1980 acquiring certain lands, including that of the petitioners. Sub-sec-tion (2) of section 41 of the Act provides that acquisition of lands for any purpose mentioned in sub-section (l)shall be deemed to be a public pur-pose; while sub-section (3) of section 41 prescribes that the land ore and from the date on which the notification is published., shall vest absolu-tely in the State Government free from all encumbrances. On December 12, 1980, the notice was issued under sub-section (1) of section 42 of the Act to the landholders to surrender and deliver possession to the Collector of Pune within a period of thirty days. In January 1981, the petitioners; lodged their objection on the ground that Survey No. 28 of village Bhushi was not included In the notification published in the Gazette, as Survey No. 28 described is of village Maval. In pursuance to the objection lodged by the petitioner, on May 15, 1981 the State Government published a corrigendum making the requisite correction and thereafter on September” 15, 1981 a fresh notice for delivery of possession was issued. The peti-tioners thereafter filed the present petition in this Court on December 17 1981. 3. The petitioners claim that there was no material before the State Government to exercise powers under section 41 of the Act, and, therefore, the notification issued under section 41 was illegal and bad in law. There is no merit whatsoever In this submission. In the return filed on behalf of respondent No. 2, It is stated that the proposal for acqui-sition of land was forwarded to the State Government along with the plans showing the area to be acquired after assessing the requirement of the area and also the requirement of the housing accommodation. In view of this return, it is not possible to hold that exercise of powers by the State Government under section 41 of the Act was illegal. The petitioners also claim that the notification has been issued In breach of Rules and natural justice as the petitioners were never served with any notices. In view of this return, it is not possible to hold that exercise of powers by the State Government under section 41 of the Act was illegal. The petitioners also claim that the notification has been issued In breach of Rules and natural justice as the petitioners were never served with any notices. The grievance is that though the predecessor of the petitioners Mohanlal died on May 18, 1976 the notices were issued in the name of deceased Mohanlal and not in the name of the petitioners, although, their names were recorded in the Record of Rights. There is no merit in this submission, because in pursuance of the notice issued under the proviso to sub-section (1) of section 41 of the Act on August 21, 1979, petitioner No. 3 appeared before the Autho-rities and lodged the protest on behalf of the petitioners on September 6, 1979. It is not in dispute that the petitioners not only lodged their objec-tions, but participated in the proceedings and were personally heard by the Collector before publication of notification under sub-section (1) of sec-tion 41 of the Act acquiring the lands. In these circumstances, the petitioners suffered no prejudice whatsoever because of notices being issued in the name of deceased Mohanlal. The petitioners also claim that land bear-ing Survey No. 28 of village Bhushi was not notified for acquisition, but this submission was not pressed in view of the corrigendum published on May 15, 1981. 4. The main thrust of submission in support of the petition is that sub-section (3) of section 44 of the Act is ultra vires Article 14 of the Constitution,” inasmuch as it enables the State Government to discriminate between one land holder and the other by acquiring in one case under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, and in another under the Act. The peti- tioners claim that on April 25, 1977 when the Legislature enacted the Act and on December 5, 1977 when the Act was brought in force in the entire State of Maharashtra, the powers of the State Legislature to enact laws was subject to Article 19(i)(f) and Article 31 of the Constitution as existed at that time. It is claimed that the Legislature had no power either to impose unreasonable restriction on a citizen's right to hold pro- perty or to acquire property on payment of illusory amount in lieu of deprivation of the property. It is claimed that the Legislature had no power either to impose unreasonable restriction on a citizen's right to hold pro- perty or to acquire property on payment of illusory amount in lieu of deprivation of the property. It is further claimed that section 43 read with sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 44 of the Act not only impose unreason- able restriction on the citizen's right to hold the property, but enables the State to expropriate citizen's property on payment of an illusory amount having no nexus whatsoever with the value of the acquired property. The petitioners further claim that section 44 of the Act does not provide just and reasonable procedure for deprivation of the property as is required under Article 300A of the Constitution and as the citizen is deprived of his property without payment of proper amount, the provisions relating to payment of amount for the purpose of compulsory acquisition are viola-tive of the fundamental rights guaranteed under the Constitution of India. 5. In answer to the petition, Shankar Marutrao Shinde, Officer on Special Duty, Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority, has filed the return sworn on March 5, 1982 and in paragraph 2 it is claim- ed that the statements and submissions made in the return filed in Writ Petition No. 3507 of 1981 are relied Upon. The return merely denies that the provisions of section 44 are discriminatory. -Respondent No. 1, State of Maharashtra, has not cared to file any return, but the Additional Government Pleader informed the petitioner's Advocate by a letter that Respondent No. 1 would rely upon the return filed by respondent No. 2. It is really unfortunate that in a matter of such importance the State should not file any return. 6. To appreciate the contention of Shri Singhavi, learned counsel appearing in support of the petition, that the provisions of the Act providing for determination of amount for acquisition of lands are discriminatory, it is necessary to make reference to certain provisions of the Act. Chapter V deals with acquisition of land and disposal of property of the Authority. Section 41 of the Act confers power on the State Government to acquire land, to enable the Authority constituted under the Act to discharge any of its functions or to carry out any of its proposals, plans and projects. Chapter V deals with acquisition of land and disposal of property of the Authority. Section 41 of the Act confers power on the State Government to acquire land, to enable the Authority constituted under the Act to discharge any of its functions or to carry out any of its proposals, plans and projects. Section 43 of the Act provides that every person having interest in any land acquired under Chapter V shall be entitled to receive from the State Government, an amount as provided in the Chapter. Section 44 to Section 49 of the Act provide basis for determination of amount for acquisition of lands in Municipal area, while Section 50 in respect of lands in rural are'as. Lands in municipal areas are those which are situated within the jurisdiction of any Municipal Corporation or Municipal Council, while the lands in rural areas are those outside the jurisdiction of the Municipal Corporation or Municipal Council. Sub-section (2) of Section 44 provides that the State Government shall pay such amount for the acquisition as is determined by agreement between the land owner and the Authority. Sub-section (3) of Section 44 prescribes that where no such agreement can be reached, the amount payable in respect of any land acquired shall be an amount equal to one hundred times the net average monthly income actually derived from such land, during the period of five consecutive years immediately preceding the date of publication of the notification referred to in Section 41 of the Act. Sub-section (4) of Section 44 prescribes that the net average monthly income shall be calculated in the manner and in accordance with the principles set out in the First Schedule. The First Schedule to the Act requires the Land Acquisition Officer to hold an inquiry for deter-, mination of the net average monthly income. Sixty per cent of the average gross rent is to be determined as the net average monthly income, leaving the remaining forty per cent of the gross monthly rental towards expenditure which the owner of the land would normally incur for payment of tax, collection charges, income-tax, works of repair and maintenance etc. Sixty per cent of the average gross rent is to be determined as the net average monthly income, leaving the remaining forty per cent of the gross monthly rental towards expenditure which the owner of the land would normally incur for payment of tax, collection charges, income-tax, works of repair and maintenance etc. It also provides that where any land has been unoccupied, or the owner has not been in receipt of rent, the gross rent shall be taken to be the income which the owner would in fact have derived if the land had been leased out for rent during the relevant period. Sub-section (6) of Section 44 of the Act provides for an appeal to the Tribunal against the determination by the Land Acquisition Officer of the net average monthly income. The Tribunal, which hears the appeal is one constituted under clause (i) of section 2 of the Maharashtra Slum Areas (Improvement, Clearance and Re-development) Act, 1971, as provided under section 73 of the Act. Sub-section (7) of section 44 of the Act gives finality to the order of the Tribunal on appeal and prescribes that the decision of the Tribunal is not open to question in any Court. Section 50 of the Act provides that in respect of acquisition of the land in rural areas, where the amount could not be determined by agreement, the State Government shall refer the case to the Collector, who shall determine the amount for acquisition in accordance with the principles for determining compensation laid down in the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, and the provi-sions of that Act (including provisions for reference to Court and appeal) shall apply thereto mutatis mutandis as if the land has been acquired and compensation had to be determined and paid under the provisions of that Act. The Act, therefore, provides that the amount which the owner of the land in rural area is entitled to receive for the compulsory acquisition shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, while in cases of lands in the Municipal areas it shall be one hundred times the net average monthly income derived during the period of five consecutive years immediately preceding the date of publication of the notification. 7. The basis for determination of amount in respect of acquisition of land in Municipal areas and in rural areas is clearly discriminatory. 7. The basis for determination of amount in respect of acquisition of land in Municipal areas and in rural areas is clearly discriminatory. In respect of acquisition of land in the rural areas, the owners of the lands are entitled to receive the amount of compensation to be determined in accordance with the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894. That enables the owner to receive the market value which would be determined in accordance with the principles laid down under Section 23 of the Land Acquisition Act. Section-23 of the Land Acquisition Act provides that the Court shall take into con-sideration the market value of the land and it is well settled that while ascertaining the market value the potentiality of the land is always taken into account. Even if an agricultural land is acquired under the Land Acquisi-tion Act, while determining compensation, if it is noticed that the land has potentiality to be used as building site, then market value of such land would be far in excess than that of the agricultural land. Section 23 also enables the owner of land to claim damages sustained by reason of losing possession of -standing crops or trees or by severance of land from the other lands of the owner or the damage suffered by reason of the acquisition injuriously affecting the other property or where the owner of the land is compelled to change his residence or place of business. All these advantages are available to the owner of the land if the basis for determination of the land is inaccord-ance with the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act. In addition to this, under sub-section (2) of Section 23 of the Land Acquisition Act, the owner is entitled to a sum of fifteen per cent on such market value in consideration of the compulsory nature of the acquisition. This amount of solatium is available provided the compensation is determined in accordance with the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act. The owner of the land situated within the rural areas also gets an advantage to approach the Civil Court against the determination of compensation by the Land Acquisition Officer, while such right is denied to the owner of the land within the Municipal areas. The owner of the land situated within the rural areas also gets an advantage to approach the Civil Court against the determination of compensation by the Land Acquisition Officer, while such right is denied to the owner of the land within the Municipal areas. In view of the provisions of Section 44(3) of the Act, the owner of the land in Municipal area is entitled to the amount for compulsory acquisition, which is equal to one hundred times the net average monthly income derived during the period of live consecutive years immediately preceding the date of publication of the notification. This net average monthly income has no relation whatsoever with the market value of the land and is an entirely artificial method of ascertaining the market value. While ascertaining the net average monthly income, the First Schedule provides that forty per cent of the gross rental should be excluded for the purpose of tax and maintenance of the property, and the Act does not give any indication as to why the amount of forty per cent out of the gross rental is required to be deducted. In the State of Maharashtra, several Rent Acts and Tenancy Acts are in operation with the result that the owner of the land is prevented from charging rent in excess of what was prevailing in the year 1940. The rents in the earlier years were mere pittance compared to what rent could be charged in respect of the properties newly constructed, and, therefore, the net average monthly income could by no stretch of imagination would reflect the true value of the pro-perty. In respect of agricultural lands, the owner is not entitled to charge more than the standard rent and determining the compensation on the basis of net average monthly income would be very inappropriate method. Shri Singhavi is right in his submission that there is no rationale or logic as to why the owners of the lands in municipal areas should be deprived of the advan-tage oi the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, while such right is con-ferred upon the owner of the lands in the rural areas. 8. Shri Paranjpe, learned counsel appearing on behalf of respondent No. 2, submitted that capitalizing rent of number of years purchase is a recognised mode for determining compensation under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act. 8. Shri Paranjpe, learned counsel appearing on behalf of respondent No. 2, submitted that capitalizing rent of number of years purchase is a recognised mode for determining compensation under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act. It was urged by the learned counsel that providing that basis for determination of the amount in respect of lands situated within the Municipal areas, the Legislature was not discriminating between the holders of lands within the Municipal area and outside. It is no doubt true that capitalizing the rent of number of years purchase is one method adopted while determining compensation under the Land Acquisition Act, but it is an-accepted position that it is not quite a satisfactory method and is resorted to when no other method is available. This method is entirely unsafe when -the rent is very low. This Court advised capitalization of ground rent at twenty years purchase and in the case of unsecured ground rent at 16-2/8 years purchase in the decision reported in {Government of Bombay v. Merwaniji M. Cama).1 Though it is not possible to be dogmatic regarding number of years and it must vary with the condition of the property market and the nature of the property, it is difficult to appreciate on what basis the Legislature thought it proper to capitalize the rent equal to one hundred times of the net average monthly income. Shri Paranjpe submitted that capitalization ©f rent of twenty years purchase was fixed by this Court with an idea that the interest on such amount at the rate of interest given by the Banks would be equivalent to the profits of the owner from the property. Shri Paranjpe suggested that as the Bank interest has been raised from time to time, the number of years purchase must be less than the period of twenty years. There is nothing on record to support the submission of the learned counsel, and there is no reason why the State Government should not have produced the material to sustain the claim that the amount ascertained by method of capitalizing number of years purchase was equivalent to the market value of the land which would be determined under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act. Shri Paranjpe then submitted that as the amount determined under sub-section (3) of Section 44 is not illusory, it is not open for the petitioners to challenge the validity of the Section on the ground of discrimination. It was urged that there is no rule that in every acquisition compensation must be ascertained according to the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act. The submission is that it is open for the Legislature to provide any other basis for determination of compensation and it is not permissible to make any grie-vance if the Legislature adopts such a course. In support of the submission, reliance is placed on the decision of the Supreme Court reported in (State of Gujarat v. Shantilal Mangaldas and others).2 In the case before the Supreme Court, it was claimed that the Government by acquiring the property for the public purpose under the provisions of the Bombay Town Planning Act avoided to pay the compensation under the Land Acquisition Act and that infringes Article 14 of the Constitution, inasmuch as for one public purpose the lands are acquired under the Land Acquisition Act, while for the other public purpose under the Town Planning Act, which deprives the owner of certain advantages under the Land Acquisition Act. The Supreme Court in paragraph 54 of the Judgment found that there is no option under the Bombay Town Planning Act, to acquire the land either under the Land Acquisition Act or under the Town Planning Act and as there is no option, the contention that the provisions for acquisition under the Town Planning Act are invalid on the ground that they deny equal protection under the Laws, must stand rejected. The decision of the Supreme Court has no application to the facts of the present case as the present Act provides for different basis for determination of amount for acquisition of lands. The Act prescribes one rule for the lands situated in rural areas while other in respect of the lands within the Municipal areas. The principle laid down by the Supreme Court would have application provided the basis for determination of the amount was same for all the lands wherever they are situated and then the grievance is made that the advantage of the Land Acquisition Act is denied. 9. The principle laid down by the Supreme Court would have application provided the basis for determination of the amount was same for all the lands wherever they are situated and then the grievance is made that the advantage of the Land Acquisition Act is denied. 9. Shri Paranjpe then submitted that the lands in Municipal areas and lands in rural areas are two distinct classes and, therefore, the discrimination while determining the amount for acquisition of lands is permissible. The submission is not accurate, because it will not suffice that there are two distinct classes, being the lands in Municipal areas and the lands in rural areas, but the discrimination is permissible provided it has some nexus to the object to be achieved. The object to be achieved is determination of the amount for the compulsory acquisition of the land and it is not possible to accept the submission that the discrimination made in respect of providing different basis for determination of amount is valid. Shri Paranjpe submitted that the Constitution itself makes classification between the agricultural lands and non-agricultural lands and makes reference to the Second Proviso to Article 31A of the Constitution of India. The proviso issues a fiat to the State not to acquire any agricultural land held by person under his personal cultivation and within the ceiiing limit unless the law relating to acquisition of such land provides for payment of compensation at the rate which shall not be less than the market value thereof. The learned counsel submitted that the lands in the rural area are mostly agricultural, while in the Municipal area there is hardly any agricultural land, and, therefore, while providing basis for determination of amount for acquisition of land in the two areas, the legislature wisely provided different modes. The submission cannot be accepted, because the assumption that there are hardly any agricultural lands in the Municipal area is without any basis. The State Government has not produced any statistics or material on record to establish that the lands within the Municipal area arc only non-agricultural lands, while on the other hand it is common knowledge that there are large tracts of agricultural lands within the Municipal area. The limits of the Municipal areas extend far beyond the developed town and are determined by taking into consideration the development in future and also for fixing the octroi limits. The limits of the Municipal areas extend far beyond the developed town and are determined by taking into consideration the development in future and also for fixing the octroi limits. In this group of petitions, certain petitioners are holders of agricultural lands within the Municipal area and also personally cultivating the lands and the area held by them is within the ceiling limit. In these circumstances, it is not permissible to accept the broad submission of the learned counsel that there are hardly any agricultural land in the Municipal area, or the lands in the rural area are mostly agricultural, and, therefore, the discrimination is permissible. In fact, the protection of Second Proiso to Article 31A of the Constitution of India is denied to holders of agricultural lands under personal cultivation and within ceiling limits and included within the limits of the Municipal Council, and the provisions of section 44 of the Act in respect of holders of such lands are clearly violative of Articles 31A and 14 of the Constitution of India. In our judgment, the Act clearly discriminates between holders of lands in Municipal areas and those of rural areas and such discrimination is clearly violative of Article 14 of the Constitution of India. 10. We may refer to some decisions of the Supreme Court in this connection, and the first decision is reported in (CP Vajravelu Mudaliar v. The Special Deputy Collector for Land Acquisition, West Madras and A. P.)3.The Supreme Court held that the law under the subject of violation of protection under Article 14 is well settled and though the Legislature is entitled to make a reasonable classification for the purpose of legislation, the said classification has to pass two tests, namely (i) the classification must be founded on an intelligible differentia which distinguishes persons and things left out of the group; and (ii) the differentia must have a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved by the statute in question. The Supreme Court on a comparative study of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 and the Land Acqui-sition (Madras Amendment) Act (23 of 1961) found that if a land is acquired for a housing scheme under the Amending Act, the claimant gets a lesser value than he would get for the same land or a similar . land if it is acquired for a public purpose, like hospital, under the Land Acquisition Act. land if it is acquired for a public purpose, like hospital, under the Land Acquisition Act. The Supreme Court held that the classification sought to be made by the Land Acquisition. (Madras Amendment) Act between the persons whose lands are acquired for other public purposes has no reasonable relation to the object sought to be achieved and the discrimination is writ large on the Amending Act. The decision in Vajravelu Mudaliar's case was approved in later decision of the Supreme Court reported in (Balammal and others v. State of Madras and others)4. The Supreme Court found that under the Madras City Improve-ment Trust Act (37 of 1950), which enables the State to acquire lands for the Improvement Trust, which is also a public purpose, the owners are deprived of the right to the statutory solatium and that would result into a clear case of discrimination which infringes the guarantee of equal protection of the laws and the provisions which is more prejudicial to the owners of the lands compulsorily acquired must be deemed invalid. 11. The next decision of the Supreme Court is reported in {Nagpur Improvement Trust and another v. Vithal Rao and others)5. The Supreme Court held that the Legislature cannot lay down different principles of compensation for lands acquired for a hospital or a school or Government building, because the acquisitions in all the three cases are for public purpose and as far as the owner is concerned, it does not matter to him whether it is for one public purpose or the other. It was further held that the Classification based on a public purpose is not permissible under Article 14 of the Consti-tution for the purpose of determining compensation. The principle was reiterated by the Supreme Court in the Judgment reported in (Om Prakash and another v. State of Uttar Pradesh and others)6. The last decision of the Supreme Court is reported in (The State of Kerala and others v. T. M. Peter and another)7. The vires of section 34 of the Town Planning Act (Travan-core Act 4 of 1108) was challenged on the ground of violation of Article 14 of the Constitution as it excluded section -5 of the Kerala Land Acquisition Act, which provides for quantification of compensation, including payment of solatium. Mr. The vires of section 34 of the Town Planning Act (Travan-core Act 4 of 1108) was challenged on the ground of violation of Article 14 of the Constitution as it excluded section -5 of the Kerala Land Acquisition Act, which provides for quantification of compensation, including payment of solatium. Mr. Justice Krishna Iyer, speaking for the Bench observed : “Public purpose sanctions compulsory acquisition, not discriminatory compensation whether you take A's land for improvement scheme or irrigation scheme, how can you pay more or less, guided by an irrelevance viz., the particular public purpose ? The State must act equally when it takes property unless there is an intelligent and intelligible differentia between two categories of owners having a nexus with the object, namely, the scale of compensation, it is intellectual confusion of constitutional principle to regard classification good for one purpose as obliteration of differences for unrelated aspects.” (Emphasis supplied) The learned Judge referred to the earlier decision of the Supreme Court and concluded in paragiaph 19 as follows : - 'The principle that may be distilled from these rulings and the basics of 'equality' jurisprudence is that classification is not permissible for compensation purposes so long as the differentia relied on has no rational relation to the object in view viz., reduction in recompense.” This decision makes it clear that the object of the provisions of the Act is fixing the scale of compensation and the discrimination between the holders of the land in Municipal areas and outside has no nexus whatsoever to this object. In our judgment, the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) of sec-tion 44 are clearly violative of the protection guaranteed under Article 14 of the Constitution and are required to be struck down. If these provisions are unconstitutional, then the basis for determination of the amount for acqui-sition of land in Municipal areas is not available and the right to receive the amount for acquisition provided under section 43 of the Act becomes nugatory. 12. Shri Gumaste, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the Advocate General, submitted that even assuming that the provisions of section 44 of the Act are discriminatory, still it is not permissible to touch them as the protection granted under Articles 14, 19 and 31 of the Constitution of India is not available as the legislation in question is protected under Article 31G of the Constitution of India. Shri Gumaste submitted that even accepting the contention of Shri Singhavi that protection under Article 19(l)(f)and Article 31 is available to the petitioners because those Articles were not deleted when the Legislature passed the legislation, still the protection is taken away by Article 31C of the Constitution. Shri Singhavi had urged that the protection of Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31 is available in view of the decision of the Division Bench of this Court in Miscellaneous Petition No. 1340 of 1977 decided on February 8, 1980, where it was held that the relevant date for ascertaining whether the protection is available or not is the date on which the Act came into operation. It is not in dispute that Article 19(1)(f) and Article 3J of the Constitution were available both on April 25, 1977 when the Act was passed and on December 5, 1977 when it came iDto opera-tion. Article 31C reads as under: “Notwithstanding anything contained in Article 13, no law giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing all or any of the principles Said down in Part IV shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by Article 14 or Article 19; and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy: Provided that where such law is made by the Legislature of a State, the Provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent.” This article was amended by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, and the words “all ©r any of the principles said down in Part IV” were substituted for the original words “the principles specified in clause (b) or clause (c) of article 39? with effect from January 3, 1977. Shri Gumaste submitted that the Act was enacted to give effect to the policy of the State towards securing the principles laid down in Part IV of the Constitution It was urged that the Act was enacted for giving effect to the Directive Principles contained in Article 38, Article 39 (b) and (f), Article 43. Article 47 and Article 48A of the Constitution of India. Article 47 and Article 48A of the Constitution of India. To enable him to advance this sub-mission, Shri Gumaste had to claim that we must read Article 31C as it exists today, that is as it was amended by section 4 of the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976. Shri Gumaste in this connection submitted, and heartily joined by Shri Paranjpe, that the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of (Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India)8 is not good law. The Supreme Court in the case of Minerva Mills held that section 4 of the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act is beyond the amending power of the Parliament and is void since it damages the basic or essential features of the Constitution and destroys its basic structure by a total exclusion of challenge to any law on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by Article 14 or Article 19 of the Constitution, if the law is for giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing all or any of the principles laid down in Part IV of the Constitution. The result of this decision is that the protection of Article 31C is available provided the law is for giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing the principles specified in Clause (b) or Clause (c) of Article 39. The validity of Article 31C which was introduced by the Constitution (25th Amendment) Act, 1971, was considered by the Supreme Court in the case reported in (His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru and ors. v. State of Kerala and Anr).9 and the later part of Article 31 C “and no law containing a declar-ation that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy” was held to be invalid. 13. Shri Gumaste submitted that the decision of the Supreme Court in Minerva Mills case (supra) is no good law for two reasons. First, the judgment in Minerva Mills case striking down section 4 of the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act was obiter as the question did not arise for consi-deration in that case and did not require determination. 13. Shri Gumaste submitted that the decision of the Supreme Court in Minerva Mills case (supra) is no good law for two reasons. First, the judgment in Minerva Mills case striking down section 4 of the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act was obiter as the question did not arise for consi-deration in that case and did not require determination. The second ground urged is that the decision is no longer a good law in view of the subsequc-nt decision of the Supreme Court reported in (Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Company v. M/s. Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. & Anr)10. The submission cannot be accepted and both the reasons suggested by the learned counsel are devoid of any merit. The first submission that the question of validity of section 4 of the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act did not arise for consideration, and, therefore, the conclusion is obiter, is without any substance, because the said contention was urged before the Supreme Court by the Attorney -General and Additional Solicitor General, and that is noted in paragraph 41 of the Judgment. The Supreme Court in paragraph 43 rejected the prelimi-nary objection to the consideration of the question as regards validity of section 4 of the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, holding that the question is not an academic or hypothetical question. The Supreme Court then proceeded to consider the validity of the Amended Article 31C and recorded a conclusion that section 4 was void and in these circumstances it is futile 10 claim that the decision in Minerva Mills case should be ignored as obiter. The second contention that Minerva Mills case is no longer a good law in view of the later decision of the Supreme Court is equally mis-conceived. In Sanjiv Coke Manufacturing case (supra) Mr. Justice Chinnappa Reddy, speaking for the Bench, did sound some misgivings about Minerva Mills decision, but observed in paragraph 13 of the Judgment : “We wish to say no more about the Minerva Mills case as we are told that there is pending a petition to review the judgment.” In face of these observations of the Supreme Court, it is futile for Shri Gumaste to urge that the decision in Minerva Mills case stands over-ruled by the later decision. In our judgment, the decision of.the Minerva Mills case is binding on us and the protection of Article 31C is available provided law is made to give effect to the policy of the State towards securing the principles specified only in Clause (b) or Clause (c) of Article 39 of the Constitution. 14. Shri Gumaste then submits that Article 39(b) which forms part of Part IV of the Constitution, provides that the State shall direct its policy towards securing that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good. Article 39(c) requires the State to secure that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of produc- tion to the common detriment. Shri Gumaste submits that the Act was enacted to give effect to the directive principles contained in Article 39 (b) and (c) of the Constitution and urged that the expression “material resources of the community” would take in its sweep the lands held by the citizens and the legislation providing for acquisition of such land to subserve the common good is entitled to protection under Article 31C of the Constitution. In support of the submission, reliance is placed upon the decision in Sanjiv Coke Manufacturing case (supra) where the expression “material resources of the community” was considered and held not confined to natural resources, or to resources owned by the public, but means and includes ail resources, natural and man-made, public and private-owned. In view of the dictum laid down by the Supreme Court it cannot be debated that the expression “material resources of the community” would cover the lands held by the private owners. 15. Now, what are the principles or tests for determining whether Article 31C is attracted in respect of particular legislation ? in Minerva Mills case Chief Justice Chandrachud speaking for the majority observed that in the very nature of things it is difficult for a court to determine whether a particular law gives effect to a particular policy. Mr. Justice Bhagwati, in his minority judgment, observed that: “One thing is clear that a claim to that effect put forward by the State would have no meaning or value; it is the court which would have to determine the question. Mr. Justice Bhagwati, in his minority judgment, observed that: “One thing is clear that a claim to that effect put forward by the State would have no meaning or value; it is the court which would have to determine the question. Again it is not enough that there may be some connection between a provision of the law and a Directive Principle. The connection has to be between the law and the Directive Principle and it must be a real and substantial connection. To determine whether a law satisfies this test, the court would have to examine the pith and substance, the true nature and character of the law as also its design and the subject matter dealt by it together with its objects and scope. If on such examina-tion, the Court finds that the dominant object of the law is to give effect to the Directive Principle, it would accord protection to the law under the amended Article 31C. But if the court finds that the law though pissed seemingly for giving effect to a Directive Principle, is, in pith and subst-ance, one for accomplishing an unauthorised purpose-unauthorised in the sense of not being covered by any Directive Principle-such law would not have the protection of the amended Article 31 C.” The learned Judge further observed that even where the dominant object of law is to give effect to a Directive Principle, it is not every provision of the law which is entitled to claim protection The learned Judge further observed that the words of Article 31C on a plain natural construction do not include all the provisions of the law but only those which give effect to the Directive Principle. The test laid down in the Minerva Mills case by Mr. Justice Bhagwati was approved by the Supreme Court in Sanjiv Coke Manufacturing's case (supra). 16. Bearing in mind the test laid down by the Supreme Court, we will examine the provisions of the Legislation to find out whether the legilation and the provisions contained in Chapter V are enacted to secure the Directive Principles under Article e 39 (b) oi the Constitution. The Statement of Objects and Reasons does not throw any light to ascertain whether the Legislature intended by the enactment of the Act to secure Directive Principles under Article 39 (b) and (c) of the Constitution. The Statement of Objects and Reasons does not throw any light to ascertain whether the Legislature intended by the enactment of the Act to secure Directive Principles under Article 39 (b) and (c) of the Constitution. The Act contains no declaration that it was enacted to give effect to the Directive Principle. The Preamb'e sets out that there are various corporate and statutory bodies in the State which have been established, for dealing with the problem of housing accommo-dation, for repairing and reconstructing building in a bad state of disrepair and presenting a dangerous possibility of collapse, and with a view to integra-ting the activities of these bodies so as to provide for a more comprehensive and coordinated approach that the Act has been enacted. Chapter II provides for establishment of the Authority and Boards, and four Boards at Bombay, Nagpur, Aurangabad and Pune are established under section I 8 of the Act. Chapter III deals with functions, duties and powers of the Authorities and section 28 recites various functions under the different groups. The Authority has to prepare and execute proposals, plans or projects for housing accom-modation subject to the provisions of the Town Planning Act and Metropoli-tan Act. Some of the duties are to develop commercial centres and new towns in accordance with the provisions of the Town Planning Act, and confers power to sell the lands vested in the Board. Expression “development” is defined under section 2(13) and means 'carrying out of building, engineering, mining or other operations in, or over, or under, any land (including land under sea, creek, river, lake or any other water) or the making of any material change in any building or land, and includes re-development and lay-out and sub-division of land.' One of the functions is to provide amenities in the area within jurisdiction of the Authority, and the expression “amenity” has been defined under section 2(1) of the Act and it means 'road, bridge, any other means of communication, transport, supply of water and electricity, any other source of energy, street lighting, drainage, sewerage, educational and welfare projects, markets and conservancy and any convenience which the State Government may specify to be an amenity.' Sub-section -(2) of section 28 prescribes that in addition the Authority or Board may under-take any duties of the Planning Authority under the Town Planning Act. Chapter IV deals with budget, finance, accounts and audit, while Chapter VIII provides repairs and reconstruction of dilapidated buildings. Section 82 in Chapter VIII provides for levy of repairs and reconstruction cess on the buildings, and”it is to be collected by the Municipal Corporation or Muni-cipal Council and to be paid over to the Authority under the Act. Section 93 enables the Authority to compulsorily acquire unrepairable structures and subsequently sale thereof, and section 96 requires the Authority to pay compensation as provided under Chapter V. Section 97 requires the State Government and the Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay to pay an amount of Rs. 2,40,00,000 every year to the Authority. Chapter IX deals with environmental improvement of slums, and under section 109 the Authority can issue a declaration that certain land is a slum improvement area. Section 105 enables the Authority to entrust the improvement work of such area to the Municipal Corporation. Chapter XI deals with the control and section 164 enables the State Government to have complete control over the Authority or the Board. Section 188 repeals the various Acts regarding housing existing in the State of Maharashtra, including Bombay Housing Board Act, 1948. The earlier Act also provided for acquisition of the lands, but did not make any discrimination between the holders of lands in Municipal area and the rural area, and the amount was determined in respect of all the lands in accordance with the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act. 17. Considering the provisions of the Act in detail, we find that the function, duties and powers conferred on the Authorities and the Board are not restricted only to provide housing accommodation to the needy, but the functions take in their sweep several activities which are normally carried out by the municipalities or the Town Planning Authorities. The functions of the Authorities and the Board are not restricted only to the development of the lands and providing amenities for housing people, but includes commercial activities, whereby the Authorities make profit. The development of commercial centres, which is considered as a function or duty of the Authority, is clearly indicative of the fact that the legislation is not restricted for only providing the housing accommodation. By undertaking development of commercial centres, the Authority is expected to make profits which of course would be used for advancing the objects of the Act. The development of commercial centres, which is considered as a function or duty of the Authority, is clearly indicative of the fact that the legislation is not restricted for only providing the housing accommodation. By undertaking development of commercial centres, the Authority is expected to make profits which of course would be used for advancing the objects of the Act. In this light if the power to acquire lands is considered, then it is clear that the acquisition is made without reference to the holding of the owner unlike Agriculture Lands Ceiling Act or Urban Land Ceiling Act, where the land above certain ceiling is compulsorily acquired for distribution to the landless people. The acquisition of the land under the present Act is undoubtedly for a public purpose, that is to enable the Authority to discharge any of its functions or to carry out its proposal, plans or projects, but the power to acquire is not conferred with a view to achieve the directive principles, that is to distribute the ownership and control of the material resources as best to subserve the common good. The powers under Chapter V ate to be exercised for carrying out a public purpose and it had no bearing whatsoever with the distribution of the assets, like land. The lands are not acquired from, those who have got ample land for the purpose of distribution to the landless people. The power of acquisition is exercised under Chapter V without reference to the holding of the owner or to the nature of the land As in the case of some of the petitioners in the present group, the lands held by them are agricultural lands which are under personal cultivation and the holding of the petitioners is not only under the ceiling area but is minimum, and the only source of maintenance. In spite of this, it.is permissible for the Government to deprive them of their lands to subserve the public purpose. The land is surely not compulsorily acquired from such holder for purpose of distribution, and the Legislature had not even in contemplation the directive principle contained in Article 39(b) while enacting the provisions of acquisi-tion under Chapter V. In our judgment, the true nature and character of the Act is to create an authority or a Board to deal with the problem of housing and allied amenities. The object and scope of the Act is to solve the problem of housing accommodation, repairing and reconstructing buildings and preventing dangerous possibility of collapse. The object is also to carry out “ improvemental work in slum areas and incidentally develop the area in a balanced manner, with sufficient attention to ecology, pollution and over-crowding. The object in enacting the Legislation was obviously to provide wholesome civic life to the citizen and to achieve this object, the incidental power to acquire land or buildings in a bad state of disrepair was conferred by the legislation. The principal or dominant object was certainly not to give effect to the Directive Principles, but to provide a separate or independent entity for carrying out duties and functions which are normally required to be done by the Municipal Corporation. With the growth of the cities, the pro-blem of housing shortage and mushroom growth of slums has gone beyond imagination of the State Government and the problem cannot be resolved by the Municipal Corporation or the Municipal Councils with their limited resources and man-power. The legislation was enacted with a view to take away the burden on the Corporation to solve its growing problems and to create a separate board or authority which would successfully concentrate its attention on solving these problems and make the life of the citizens comfortable. It is possible to denote some remote and tenuous connection between the Act and some Directive Principles, but as there is no real and substantial connection between the Directive Principles and the legislation or the dominant object of the legislation, it is not possible to conclude that the Act is entitled to the protective shield of Article 31C of the Constitution. We have no hesitation in concluding that the provisions about acquisition of the lands contained in Chapter V of the Act are merely subsidiary or incidental to the object of the Act and are not essentially and integratedly connected with the implementation of the Directive Principles and as such would not be able to enjoy the protection of Article 31 C of the Constitution. Article 31C deprives tfte citizen of very valuable fundamental rights under Articles 14,. Article 31C deprives tfte citizen of very valuable fundamental rights under Articles 14,. 19 and 31, and unless it is found that the dominant object of the Act is to give” effect to the Directive Principles, the Court should be slow in holding that the legislation was enacted to secure the principles specified in Clauses (b) and (c) of Article 39 of the Constitution. In our judgment, the Mahara-shtra Housing and Area Development Act, 1976 and provisions of Section 44 in Chapter V of the Act are not enacted to secure the Directive Principles tinder Article 39(b) and (c) of the Constitution, and, therefore, tfte respondents are not entitled to plead that the provisions of the Act under challenge should be upheld even though violative of the fundamental rights under Article 14 ef the Constitution. 18. That takes us to an interesting argument presented to us about the introduction of Article 300A in Chapter IV of Part XII of the Constitu-tion. Shri Singhavi submitted that even assuming that the submission urged8 on behalf of the respondents that the Act is protected by Article 31C of the Constitution and the fundamental rights under Articles 14, 19 and 31 are not available is correct, still the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 44 of the Act cannot stand the scrutiny of Article 300A of the Constitution, Article 300 A provides that no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law and it was urged that the expression “authority of law” means rule of law or in other words the law providing for deprivation of the property shall be just, fair and reasonable. Shri Paranjpe on the other hand submitted, and ably supported by Shri Gumaste, that after deletion of Article 31 from, the Constitution with effect from June 20., 1979 by section 6 of Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978, the citizen has no right to claim compensation for depiivation of the property. It was urged that the right conferred on the holder of the property under Article 300A is only a legal right and not a fundamental right, as earlier available under Article 31 of the Constitution. It was urged that the right conferred on the holder of the property under Article 300A is only a legal right and not a fundamental right, as earlier available under Article 31 of the Constitution. The submission is that under Article 300A of the Constitution, the Parliament, merely intended thnt there shall not be deprivation of the property except by legislation or in other words the Parliament did not desire deprivation by executive action, but limited such deprivation only by legislation. Shri Paranjpe went a step further and submitted that once the right to hold property is removed from Part III of the Constitution, then no protection whatsoever is available to the holder of the property and there is no obligation on the legislature to pass legislation which is just, fair and reasonable, or to provide for payment of any compen-sation or amount for the deprivation of the property. Shri Singhavi, in answer to this submission, urged that in spite of deletion of Article 31 from the Chapter on Fundamental Rights, the phraseology used in Article 300A is identical with that of Article 31(1) and that is indicative of the fact that She Parliament recognised the doctrine of eminent domain and the obligation to pass legislation, which is just, fair and reasonable, is not taken away, Article 31(1) aad (2), as originally enacted, ran as follows : “31, Compulsory acquisition of property- (1) No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law; (2) No property movable or immovable including any interest in or is any Company, owning any commercial or industrial undertaking, shall be 'taken possession or acquired for purpose under any law authorising the taking up of such or such acquisition unless law provides for compensation for the property taken possession of or acquired and either fixes the amount” of compensation or specifies the principles on which and the manner in which the compensation is to be determined and given,'' In (State of Bihar v. Maharajadhiraja Sir Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga and others)11 it was contended before the Supreme Court that the Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950 was invalid for lack of legislative competence since the impugned law was not enacted for the public purpose and did not provide for compensation. The submission was that the expression “acquisition” used ia legislative Entry 33 of List i, Entry 36 of List 11 and Entry 42 of List III deal-ing with acquisition and requisition of property, inter alia, provides that acquisition must be for the public purpose and there is an obligation to pay the compensation. The contention was not accepted by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court considered the doctrine of eminent domain applied in the United States in regard to the nature of the State's power to acquire private property for public use. The Supreme Court held that as Article 31 (2) of the Constitution was intended to impose two conditions on legislation expropriating private property, and the two conditions being requirement of a public purpose and obligation to pay compensation, it is not necessary to trace the power to the doctrine of eminent domain. Chief Justice Pantanjali Shastri observed that under the common law of eminent domain as recognised in the jurisprudence of all civilized countries, the State cannot take the property of its subject unless such property is required for a public purpose and without compensating the owner for its loss. Justice Mahajan observed that on the continent the power of compulsory acquisition is described by the terra “eminent domain” and the term seems to have been originated in 1625 by Hugo Grotius, who wrote of this power in his work “De Jure Belliet Pacis” as follows; “The property of subjects is under the eminent domain of the State, so that the State or he who acts for it may use and even alienate and destroy such property, nut only ia the case of extreme necessity, in which even private persons have a right over the property of others, but for ends of public utility, to which ends those who founded civil society must be supposed to have intended that private ends should give way. But it is to be added that when this is done the State is bound to make good the loss to those who lose their property.” The learned Judge further observed : “Shorn of all its incidents, the simple definition of the power to acquire eompulsorily or of the term “eminent” domain” is the power of the sovereign to take property for public use without the owner's consents The meaning of the power in its irreducible terms is, (a) power to take, (b) without the owner's consent, (c) for the public use. The concept of the public use has been inextricably related to an appropriate exercise of the power and is considered essential in any statement of its meaning. Payment of compensation, though not an essential ingredient of the con-notation of the term, is an essential element of the valid exercise of such power. Courts have defined “eminent domain” so as to include this universal limitation as an essential constituent of its meaning. Authority is universal in support of the amplified definition of “eminent domain” as the power of sovereign to take property for public use without the owner's consent upon making just compensation”. The principle of doctrins of eminent domain was approved by the Supreme Court in a later decision (State of West Bengal v. Union of India).12 19. As mentioned hereinabove, Article 300A of the Constitution reproduces verbatim provisions of Article 31(1) and the submission urged is that the doctrine of eminent domain would come into play and though the Government has power to deprive owner of the property, such power is circumscribed by two conditions, being requirement of a public purpose and the obligation to pay compensation. On the other hand, it was claimed that deletion of Article 31(2) makes it clear that the property can be eom-pulsorily acquired and the two requirements need not be present. Article 300A provides that no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law and it is impossible to accede to the submission that the 'authority of law' can enable deprivation of property for a private purpose. The entire. democratic structure of this country is based upon the concept of 'rule of law' and it is not possible to imagine that the legislation can provide for compulsory acquisition of a private property for a purpose which is not a public purpose. The entire. democratic structure of this country is based upon the concept of 'rule of law' and it is not possible to imagine that the legislation can provide for compulsory acquisition of a private property for a purpose which is not a public purpose. Shri Paranjpe reluctantly conceded to that position, but submitted that it would not be proper to import the requirement to pay compensation or amount while construing the ambit of Article 300A when the Parliament in its wisdom decided to delete Article 31 from the Chapter on the Fundamental Rights. It was urged that payment of compensation for compulsory acquisition of the property has led to considerable debate and produced large case law, and, therefore, the Parliament thought it wise to remove the right to property from Part III of the Constitution. The Learned counsel drew support for his submission that after the 44th Amend-ment there is no express provision in the Constitution requiring the State to pay compensation to an expropriated owner by relying upon the opinion expressed by Mr. Durgadas Basu on page 677 of his 'Shorter Constitution of India', Eighth Edition. The view expressed by the learned author is differ-ent from the opinion of Mr. Seervai expressed in the book 'Constitutional Law of India', Second Edition, Vol. III, paragraphs 15A, 20A onwards, and by Mr. P. K. Tripathi in his Article published in A. I. R. 1980 Journal page 49. In our judgment, it would be difficult to conclude that by deletion of Article 31 from Part III of the Constitution the Parliament intended to confer absolute right on the Legislature to deprive the citizen of his property by mere passing of a legislation without complying with the requirement that the deprivation is for a public purpose and on payment of amount which is not illusory. The doctrine of eminent domain really recognises the natural right of a person to hold property, and if that right can be taken away by the legislation without satisfying the two requirements, then the entire concept of rule of law would be redundant. The introduction of Article 300A in the Constitution while deleting Article 31 clearly indicates that the Parliament intended to confer a right on the citizen to hold property and which could not be deprived without authority of law. The introduction of Article 300A in the Constitution while deleting Article 31 clearly indicates that the Parliament intended to confer a right on the citizen to hold property and which could not be deprived without authority of law. In our judgment, in spite of deletion of Article 31, the constitutional obligation to pay adequate amount to the expropriated owner is not taken away. 20. Shri Singhavi then submitted that expression 'authority of law' in Article 300A requires that the legislation providing for deprivation of property must be just, fair and reasonable, and the contrary submission of the respondents that the only requirement of the Article is enactment of the legislation to deprive the property and the legislation need not be just, fair and reasonable cannot be accepted. The learned counsel in support of his submission pointed out that Article 21 enables the State to deprive the citizen of his life or liberty, Article 265 enables the State to levy and collect the tax and Article 300A enables the State to deprive the citizen of his property, but all these three Articles provide that such deprivation or levy of tax shall not be except according to the procedure established by law or by authority of law. The expression “according to the procedure established by law or by autho-rity of law” has been considered by the Supreme Court in large number of cases as the procedure which must be just, fair and reasonable. It is well acce'pted that if the procedure established by law or authorised by law is not just, reasonable and fair, then the deprivation of the valuable rights of the citizen cannot be sustained. The decision of the Supreme Court in Gopalan's case13 holding that law means enacted law and need not be just and fair was specifically disapproved and overruled in the decision of the Supreme Court in (R.C. Cooper v Union of India)14. In this case dealing with challenge to the nationalisation of banks, Mr. Justice J.C. Shah, speaking for the Bench, observed in paragraph 62 of the Judgment that Article 31(2) requires that property must be acquired for a public purpose and that it must be acquired under the law with characteristics set out in that Article, but formal compliance with the conditions under Article 31(2) is not sufficient to nega-tive the protection of the guarantee or right to property. The learned Judge further held that: “Acquisition must be under the authority of a law and the expression “law” means a law which is within the competence of the Legislature, and does not impair the guarantee of the rights in Part III.” The Supreme Court further observed that the assumption in Gopalan's case that certain Articles in the Constitution exclusively deal with specific matters and in determining whether there is infringement of the individual's guaranteed rights, the object and the form of the State action alone need be considered, and effect of the law on fundamental rights of the individuals in general will be ignored, cannot be accepted as correct. Even earlier, the Supreme Court in ths decision reported in (K. K, Kochuni v. State of Madras)15 held that the provisions of Article 31(1) are to be construed subject to the fundamental rights under Article 19 and, therefore, must be reasonable. 21. The question as to whether the expression “authority of law or procedure established by law” means ''just, fair and reasonable” is no longer open to debate in view of the celebrated decision of the Supreme Court reported in (Smt. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India)16. The passport of Mrs. Maneka Gandhi was impounded in public interest and the Govern-ment of India declined in the interest of the general public to furnish the reasons for its decision. The action was challenged on the ground that section 10 (3) (c) of the Passport Act, 1967 is void as conferring an arbitrary power since it does not provide for a Bearing and is also violative of Article 21 of the Constitution since it does not prescribe “procedure” within the meaning of that Article. Justice Krishna Iyer expressed total agreement with the conclusions reached by Justice Bhagwati in regard to the construction of expression “procedure established by law”. In paragraph 115 of the Judgment, Mr. Justice Krishna Iyer observed that anything formal, legisla-tively proceeded, albeit absurd or arbitrary, is not the law as understood by the Constitution. Justice Krishna Iyer further observed that law is law, when it is legitimated by the conscience and consent of the community generally and not any capricious command. In paragraph 115 of the Judgment, Mr. Justice Krishna Iyer observed that anything formal, legisla-tively proceeded, albeit absurd or arbitrary, is not the law as understood by the Constitution. Justice Krishna Iyer further observed that law is law, when it is legitimated by the conscience and consent of the community generally and not any capricious command. It was further observed : “The compulsion of constitutional humanism and the assumption of full faith in life and liberty cannot be so futile or fragmentary that any transient legislative majority in tantrums against any minority, by three quick readings of a hill with the requisite quorum can prescribe any unreasonable modality and thereby sterilise the grandiloquent mandate. 'Procedure established by law', with its lethal potentiality, will reduce life and liberty to a precarious playing if we do not ex-necessitate import into those weighty words an adjectival rule of iavv, civilised in its soul, fair in its heart and fixing those imperatives of procedural protection absent which the processuai tail will wag the substantive head To sum up, 'procedure' in Article 21 means fair, not formal proce-dure, 'Law' is reasonable law, not any enacted piece.'” Mr. Justice Bhagwati considered the question in paragraph 53 of the Judgment and posed the question “Does Article 21 merely require that there must be some semblance of procedure, howsoever arbitrary or fanciful, prescribed by law before a person can be deprived of his personal liberty or that the procedure must satisfy certain requisite in the sense that it must be fair and reasonable?” After considering the earlier decisions of the Supreme Court, in paragraph 54 it was observed : “Is the prescription of some sort of procedure enough or must the procedure comply with any particular requirements? Obviously, the procedure cannot be arbitrary, unfair or unreasonable. This indeed was conceded by the learned Attorney General who with his usual candour frankly stated that it was not possible for him to contend that any procedure howsoever arbitrary, oppressive or unjust may be prescribed by the law. There was some discussion in A. K. Gopalan's case in regard to the nature of the procedure required to be prescribed under Article 21 and at least three of the learned Judges out of five expressed themselves strongly in favour of the view that the procedure cannot be any arbitrary, fantastic or oppressive procedure. There was some discussion in A. K. Gopalan's case in regard to the nature of the procedure required to be prescribed under Article 21 and at least three of the learned Judges out of five expressed themselves strongly in favour of the view that the procedure cannot be any arbitrary, fantastic or oppressive procedure. Fazal Ali, J., who was in a minority, went to the farthest limit in saying that the procedure must include the four essentials set out in Prof. Willis' book on Consti-tutional Law, namely, notice, opportunity to be heard, impartial tribunal and ordinary course of procedure. Patanjali Shastri, J., did not go as far as that but he did say that ''certain basic principles emerg-ed as the constant factors known to all those procedures and they form-ed the core of the procedure established by law.” Mahajan, J., also observed that Article 21 requires that “there should be some form of proceeding before a person can be condemned either in respect of his life or his liberty” and “it negatives the idea of fantastic, arbitrary and oppressive forms of proceedings.” But apart altogether from these observations in A. K. Gopalan's case, which have great weight, we find that even on principle the concept of reasonableness must be projected in the procedure contemplated by Article 21 having regard to the impact of Article 14 on Article 21.” 22. Shri Paranjpe submitted that the decision in Maneka Gandhi's case is based upon the inter-relationship between Articles 14, 19 and 21 and the concept of reasonableness in the legislation is projected having regard to the impact of Article 14 on Article 21. The submission is that the concept of 'reasonableness of legislation' is based on the availability of Article 14 in the case of Mrs. Maneka Gandhi, and once it is held that protection of Article 14 is not available because of application of Article 31C, then it is not necessary that the legislation should be just, fair and reasonable. The submission was advanced by relying upon the observations of Mr. Justice Bhagwati quoted hereinabove, but in our judgment, the decision in Maneka Gandhi's ease projecting the concept of reasonable-ness is not merely due to the impact of Article 14 on Article 21. The contention of Shri Paranjpe loses its merit when reference is made to the decision of Mr. Justice Chandrachud, as he then was, in Maneka Gandhi's ease. Justice Bhagwati quoted hereinabove, but in our judgment, the decision in Maneka Gandhi's ease projecting the concept of reasonable-ness is not merely due to the impact of Article 14 on Article 21. The contention of Shri Paranjpe loses its merit when reference is made to the decision of Mr. Justice Chandrachud, as he then was, in Maneka Gandhi's ease. In paragraph 40 of the Judgment, the learned Judge observed: “But the mere prescription of some kind of procedure cannot ever meet the mandate of Article 21. The procedure prescribed by law has to be fair, just and reasonable, not fanciful, oppressive or arbitrary. The question whether the procedure prescribed by a law which curtails or takes away the personal liberty guaranteed by Article 21 is reason-able or not has to be considered not in the abstract or on hypothetical considerations like the provision for a full-dress hearing as in a Court-room trial, but in the context, primarily, of the purpose which the Act is intended to achieve and of urgent situations which those who are charged with the duty of administering the Act may be called upon to deal with. Secondly, even the fullest compliance with the requirements of Article 21 is not the journey's end because, a law which prescribed fair and reasonable procedure for curtailing or taking away the personal liberty guaranteed by Article 21 has still to meet a possible challenge under other provisions of the Constitution like, for example, Articles 14 and 19.” These observations leave no manner of doubt that the Supreme Court held that the procedure prescribed by law must be a fair and reasonable proce-dure independently of the protection guaranteed under Articles 14 and 19 of the Constitution. The submission of Shri Paranjpe that concept of reasonableness in legislation should not be imported in cases where Article 14 is not available, therefore, deserves to be repelled. The legisla-tion must be just, fair and reasonable whether protection of Articles 14 and 19 is available or otherwise, and the submission that the legislation providing for deprivation of property under Article 300A of the Constitu-tion of India must be just, fair and reasonable, deserves acceptance. 23. The legisla-tion must be just, fair and reasonable whether protection of Articles 14 and 19 is available or otherwise, and the submission that the legislation providing for deprivation of property under Article 300A of the Constitu-tion of India must be just, fair and reasonable, deserves acceptance. 23. The decision of the Supreme Court in Maneka Gandhi's case was approved and reiterated in several subsequent decisions of the Supreme Court, and it is not necessary to discuss all those decisions and it would suffice merely to make a reference. The decisions are (Madhav Hayawan-danrao Hoskot v. State of Maharashtra)17, (Hussainara Khatoon and Ors.w.” Home Secretary, State of Bihar, Paina)18, (Bachan Singh v. Stale of Punjab)19, (M/s Kasturi Lai Lakshmi Reddy v. The State of Jammu & Kashmir)20 and (Francis Coralie Mullin v. The Administrator, Union Territory of Delhi & Ors.)21. From this catena of decisions of the Supreme Court, it must be held that the legislation providing for deprivation of property must satisfy the requirements of being fair, just and reasonable. 24. Shri Singhavi then submitted that the provisions of Chapter V which provide for deprivation of the property and the grant of amount in lieu thereof, are neither just, nor fair or reasonable. The submission is that if the legislation provides for different standards for grant of compen- sation for compulsory acquisition of lands and such different standards have no nexus to the object to be achieved, then the legislation cannot be said to be just, fair and reasonable. The provisions of Chapter V, as held earlier, clearly favour the owner of land in rural areas and such favourable treatment is not shown to be justified for any reason whatsoever. There cannot be any difference between the holder of a land within the municipal area and within the rural area. Really speaking, the value of the land is the developed town within the municipal area could have no comparison to the value of the land in rural area, and it is difficult to fathom why more compensation, including solatium is provided in case of lands in rural areas and the same is denied for the lands within the municipal area, which are of very high value. As the legislation providing for compensation is clearly discriminatory and the discrimination is not substantiated on valid grounds, it must be held that the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 44 do not conform to the constitutional right conferred upon the citizen under Article 300A of the Constitution. In our judgment, even assuming that the provisions of Chapter V of the Act are protected from challenge under Articles 14, 19 and 31 due to the applicability of Article 31C of the Consti-tution, still the impugned provisions of the Act are required to be struck down as the said provisions are neither just nor fair or reasonable. Our conclusions, therefore, are : (1) Sub-section (3) and sub-section (4) of section 44 of the Maha- rashtra Housing and Area Development Act, 1976 are unreasonable and discriminatory and, therefore, ultra vires Article 14 of the Constitution; (2) Section 43 and sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 44 are not enacted to give effect to the policy of the State towards securing the principles specified in clause (b) or clause (c) of Article 39, and, there- fore, the right conferred by Article 14 of the Constitution is not taken away as provided under Article 31C of the Constitution; and (3) Even otherwise the impugned provisions of the legislation are unjust, unreasonable and unfair and the deprivation of the property under sections 41 and 42 of the Act is not by authority of law. 25. In view of our conclusions, the petition must succeed and the action taken by the respondents to deprive the petitioners of their land requires to be quashed. 26. Accordingly, the petition succeeds and the rule is made absolute in terms of prayer (a). In the circumstances of the case, there will be no order as to costs. Petition allowed. ----"