G.M. LODHA, Act, C.J.—Shri Padam Kumar Jain, President, Rajasthan Judicial Service Association, addressed a letter to the Chief Justice of this Court on 4th September, 1987. This letter was directed to be registered as a writ petition and was listed before a division bench of this Court. The Division Bench by its order dated 8th September, 1987, issued a notice to the Chief Secretary to the Government of Rajaslhan to show cause as to why the writ petition should not be admitted. After service the case was admitted vide order dated 6th November, 1987. Shri B.L. Sharma appeared for the petitioner and prayed that an ad interim stay order should be passed directing the respondent to allow Selection scale and Super-time scale to the RJS Officers anologous to the RAS Officers in the State of Rajasthan. 2. Shri S.B. Mathur appeared on behalf of the State and prayed for time to file reply and the case was listed for orders and hearing on 17th November, 1987. On 17th November, 1987, time was sought on behalf of the State and, this Court was informed that the Government is giving active consideration to the demand made in the writ petition. The case was adjourned to allow time to file reply and, ultimately, after filing the reply, the ease was heard. 3. The main grievance raised in this writ petition by the petitioner is that Selection scale and Super-time scale has been allowed to RAS, RACS and RPS cadres of Rajasthan which has resulted in discrimination against RJS cadre who has not been given the benefit of Selection grade or Super-time seale. The treatment which has been given to the judiciary in comparison to the provincial executive wing in the State is the main grievance of this writ petition and is a cause of heart burning. 4. The brief history of the different cadres of services in the State of Rajasthan would reveal that the position of Rajasthan Judicial Service (RJS) vis-a-vis the Officers of the Rajasthan Administrative Service (RAS). Rajasthan Police Service (RPS) was a bit better. While Assistant Collectors, Magistrates, and Sub-Divisional Officers were in the scale of pay of 250-25-400 E8-25-500, Civil Judges and Munsiffs were in the pay scale of 250-25-400-25-500. Rajasthan Police Service (RPS) was a bit better. While Assistant Collectors, Magistrates, and Sub-Divisional Officers were in the scale of pay of 250-25-400 E8-25-500, Civil Judges and Munsiffs were in the pay scale of 250-25-400-25-500. It may further be observed that there were three pay scales for Judicial Officers, one which has already been stated above; another scale was 400-25-600 for Civil and Assistant Sessions Judges and third one was 600-25-800 which was given to the District & Sessions Judges. As against these three scales available to the Judicial Officers there were only two pay scales-for the Administrative Officers, one which has been referred to above and another was 500-25-700, which was given to the Collectors and Additional Collectors. This was the position in the year 1950 and had continued upto 1956. In 1954, Rajasthan Administrative Services Rules and Rajasthan Police Services Rules were framed. Under Pay Scale Rules of 1956, the ordinary pay scale admissible to the Munsiff and Civil Judge was 250-25-500-EB-25-750 and the pay scale admissible to the Rajasthan Administrative Service was 250-25-500-EB-25-750 which was termed as time-scale There was a selection grade of 500-30-740-EB-30-800-50-900. Thus, so far as the time-scale grade was concerned, it remained the same for RJS and RAS Officers. However, District & Sessions Judges, Civil Judges and Additional Sessions Judges were constituted into a separate cadre known as RHJS. A comparative statement showing the pay scales of Officers of Rajasthan Administrative Service and Rajasthan Judicial Service since 1956 upto 1987 is given below. 5. In the year 1969, the under Rules of Rajasthan Civil Services New Pay Scale Rules, 1969, the Rajasthan Administrative Service was to have three scales, one ordinary time scale; second senior scale and the third was selection grade. The same pay scales and rules were made admissible to the Rajasthan Accounts Service. With respect to the Rajasthan Police Service, ordinary time scale and senior scales were kept at par with the Rajasthan Administrative Service and the Rajasthan Accounts Service. But, so far as the Rajasthan Judicial Service is concerned, the ordinary time scale was meant for Munsiff and was kept at par with the Rajasthan Administrative Service, Rajasthan Police Service and Rajasthan Accounts Service. The senior scale was given to the Civil Judges belonging to the Rajasthan Judicial Service. But, so far as the Rajasthan Judicial Service is concerned, the ordinary time scale was meant for Munsiff and was kept at par with the Rajasthan Administrative Service, Rajasthan Police Service and Rajasthan Accounts Service. The senior scale was given to the Civil Judges belonging to the Rajasthan Judicial Service. But, whereas the senior scale was made available 100% to the Rajasthan Administrative Service, Rajasthan Accounts Service and Rajasthan Police Service, the senior scale was given only to 1/3rd of the Civil Judges and, they were designated as Senior Civil Judges. The selection grade was disallowed to the Rajasthan Judicial Service. Thus, in the year 1969, the first major deviation from the principle of treating the Rajasthan Judicial Service, in the matter of pay scales at par with the Rajasthan Administrative Services, Rajasthan Accounts Services and Rajasthan Police Services, was made. It is contended by the petitioner that thus in the initial stage, the Rajasthan Judicial Service Officers were given better treatment than the Officers of other services referred to above. In the year 1961, the judicial work which was discharged by the Executive Magistrates were completely taken away from them and the same was entrusted to the Officers of the Rajasthan Judicial Service. It may be mentioned here that cases under the minor Acts only remained with the Executive Magistrates. In the year 1974, there was a complete separation of judiciary from executive and a new system of designation of posts came in under the New Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. As a result of the New Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, posts of Chief Judicial Magistrates were created and, the administration of justice in the District was placed under the control of Chief Judicial Magistrate. As a result of the New Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, posts of Chief Judicial Magistrates were created and, the administration of justice in the District was placed under the control of Chief Judicial Magistrate. Year Ordinary Scale Senior Scale Selection Scale Super-time Scale Ordinary Scale Senior Scale Selection Scale Super-time Scale 1956 250-550-EB-750 – – – 250-750 (No EB) – – – 1961 250-550-EB-750 – 500-800 – 250-750 (No EB) – Nil – 1966 285-800 – 500-800 – 285-800 – Nil – 1969 375-800 700-1200 1100-1500 – 375-800 700-1200 (1/3) 500-1000 (2/3) Nil – 1976 750-1350 1150-1650 1550-1900 – 750-1350 930-1500 (1/3) 1250-1700 (2/3) Nil – 1983 1000-1860 1500-2250 1920-2500 – 1000-1860 1600-2325 Nil – 1987 1720-3350 2540-3900 2975-4700 3900-5300 1720-3350 2600-4150 Nil Nil It is further contended by the petitioner that the duties and the functions which were previously discharged by the District Magistrates as District Magistrates with respect to administration of criminal justice were entrusted exclusively to the Chief Judicial Magistrates. The office of the Chief Judicial Magistrate was from amongst the cadre of Civil Judges. At this time, some improvements were made in the RAS grade and other grades. For RAS Officers the grades were revised from Rs. 700-1200 to Rs. 1150-1650 and the grades of Chief Judicial Magistrate were revised to 1250-1750 under the New Pay Scale Rules of 1976. It is further contended that to the Civil Judges who were not Chief Judicial Magistrates, the scale allowed was Rs 930-1500, whereas the revised grade of the Rajasthan Administrative Service was Rs. 1150-1650. The Rules of 1976 were replaced by the Rules of 1983. In the year 1983, the ordinary time-scale was revised both for RJS and RAS to Rs. 1000-1860. With respect to Civil Judges, whether they were Chief Judicial Magistrates or not, one pay scale was allowed which was Rs. 1600-2325, while the senior pay scale of RAS Officers was revised to Rs. 1500-2270 and the Selection scale allowed to RAS Officers was revised to Rs. 1920-2500. The aforesaid rules of 1983 were further revised by the Rules of 1987. 6. Thus, it appears from the above that there are four pay scales in RAS, RPS, RA/cS -Ordinary Scale (19) 1720-3050; Senior Scale (22) 2540-3900; Selection Scale (25) 2975-4700 and Super-time Scale (30) 3900-5300. 1920-2500. The aforesaid rules of 1983 were further revised by the Rules of 1987. 6. Thus, it appears from the above that there are four pay scales in RAS, RPS, RA/cS -Ordinary Scale (19) 1720-3050; Senior Scale (22) 2540-3900; Selection Scale (25) 2975-4700 and Super-time Scale (30) 3900-5300. On the other hand, Rajasthan Judicial Service has only two scales of pay, one Scale No. 19-1720-3350 and another Scale No. 23 - 2600-4150. 7. From the above narration of facts, it would be evident that the Rajasthan Administrative Service, Rajasthan Police Service and Rajasthan Accounts Service, which in the year 1950 were being treated lower than Judicial Service so far as pay scales were concerned, have been brought since 1969 to 1987 to a position which is higher and beneficial then the pay scales allowed to the Judicial Officers. From the above narration, it is also evident that the responsibilities of Judicial Officers have increased, but their pay scales have been reduced in comparison to the Rajasthan Administrative Service, Rajasthan Police Service and Rajasthan Accounts Service. 8. At this junction, we would like to state that, though Legislature, Executive and Judiciary are the three wings of our democracy and, it is the independent judiciary which ensures rule of law. It is on account of this reason that the judiciary is being treated with respect and faith in comparison to the executive officers, and this distinction is one of the essential features of our constitutional system of justice. We would like to refer to some of the comments which famous jurists, philosophers or the Judges have observed in respect of judiciary. The Law Commission, headed by Justice P. B. Gajendragadkar, in its Fifty-Fourth Report, observed as under:- "53.4. In this connection we must first and foremost, refer to the question of adequate remuneration to the members of the judiciary which has been discussed more than once. It is obvious that ill-paid Judicial Officers cannot give their best. 53.5. What is more important is, poor remuneration for Judicial Officers can never attract competent lawyers to join the judicial service. In this connection we must first and foremost, refer to the question of adequate remuneration to the members of the judiciary which has been discussed more than once. It is obvious that ill-paid Judicial Officers cannot give their best. 53.5. What is more important is, poor remuneration for Judicial Officers can never attract competent lawyers to join the judicial service. We confess that we are unable to decide how we should express our firm belief in this matter, in order to convince the Union Government and the State Governments that they are ill serving judicial administration by refusing to recognise the patent truth that for the success of the judicial process, we must attract competent lawyers to join the judicial service, and that competent lawyers just will not be attracted to the judicial service unless the terms of their services are radically improved. 53.5A. We are fully conscious that the subject of the terms and conditions of service of the subordinate judiciary is a matter for the State Government to decide, but we would urge the Union Government to persuade the State Governments to take the necessary action without delay before the judicial process falls into complete disrepute by its inefficiency and unsatisfactory working. If the rule of law is to become and continue to be a reality in our national life, our courts must be manned by a competent and experi-enced and fearless judges, it is in this context that we proceed to make our recommendations. 53.6(2). The remuneration at present payable to judges is grossly inadequate. The Law Commission has in its Fourteenth Report, made certain recommendations on this subject. If Judges are expected to work efficiently and honestly, they should be properly paid, having regard to their status and the nature of work done by them." 9. Mr. Soli J. Sorabjee in a special issue of Illustrated Weekly of India, dated December 11, 1977 stated as follows: "It is implicit in the concept of independence that provision must be made for adequate remuneration of the judiciary... Unfortunately, despite strong public agitation the conditions of service of the Judiciary have remained substantially unchanged since the dawn of Independence. The service conditions of the subordinate judiciary are appalling. Many of them do not have the basic staff and amenities requisite for proper discharge of judicial work. Their main problem is of accommodation. Unfortunately, despite strong public agitation the conditions of service of the Judiciary have remained substantially unchanged since the dawn of Independence. The service conditions of the subordinate judiciary are appalling. Many of them do not have the basic staff and amenities requisite for proper discharge of judicial work. Their main problem is of accommodation. There is hardly any section of society where salaries have practically remained stationary for the last 27 years, as in the case of the higher judicialy Judicial independence can be undetermined not only by political pressure but also by financial anxiety". 10. Sorabjee further observed in the same issue of Illustrated Weekly of India: "In an age when grandiose schemes and projects run into crores, the country will gladly pay and bear a small price for the preservation of an indispensable pillor of democracy. Let us never forget that if justice must be cheap, Judges must be expensive." 11. It would not be out of place to quote Sir Winstan Churchill as the Law Commission in its report has referred to a speech made by him, as under: "The service rendered by Judges demands the highest qualities of learning, training and character. These qualities are not to be measured in terms of pounds, shillings and pence according to the quality of work done. A form of life and conduct far more severe and restricted than that of ordinary people is required from Judges and, though unwritten, has been most strictly observed. They are at once privileged and restricted. They have to present a continous aspect of dignity and conduct... The Bench must be the dominent attraction to the legal profession, yet it rather hangs in the balance now, and heavily will our society pay if it cannot command the finest characters and the best legal brains which we can produce; and heavily will our country pay in an apoch where our relative material power has diminished, if we do not sustain these institutions for which we are renowned." 12. The Law Commission headed by Justice H. R. Khanna in the 77th Report given in 1978 has observed as under: "It is mostly that the trial Court Judges rather than appellate judge that the members of the general public come in contact, whether as parties, as witnesses, the image of judiciary for the common man is projected by the trial court judges and this in turn depends upon the intellectual and moral and personal qualities." 13. Justice Beri in his Report on the Rajasthan Pay Commission has observed as follows: "In so far as Rajasthan is concerned, the initial grade in both is identical, but as soon as the first promotion is reached by a member of the Rajasthan Administrative Service, the Judicial Service legs behind the Executive. I have also recommended the equalisation of the first step with the Provincial Civil Service, but the third scale I am unable to do so because that would create an irrational distance between the Additional District Judge and the Chief Judicial Magistrate. The pattern of the Judicial Service discourages me for equating the Rajasthan Judicial Service with the Rajasthan Administrative Service in the third scale." 14. In this report, comments received from the Rajasthan High Court were considered, wherein it was suggested that keeping the facts in view that RJS Officers possess higher qualification, join service comparatively late than RAS and their duties are also no less onerous than those of Administrative Officers at all levels. 15. Shri B. L. Sharma, learned counsel for the petitioner has placed reliance on H. L. Vijh v. Union of India (1). In this famous judgment, a Division Bench of the Delhi High Court observed that the Chief Justice is the Head of the Judiciary in the State. When, therefore, he makes recommendation the inevitable presumption is that it has been made, with a full sense of responsibility and circumspection and after having weighed various public interests as well as financial aspect involved. 16. When, therefore, he makes recommendation the inevitable presumption is that it has been made, with a full sense of responsibility and circumspection and after having weighed various public interests as well as financial aspect involved. 16. We have quoted these observations of the Delhi High Court to emphasise the view which the learned Chief Justice of this Court had while it had sent its comments to this Beri Commission vide letter dated 13th July, 1979 in which it was suggested that keeping the facts in view that RJS Officers possess higher qualification, join service comparatively late than RAS and their duties are also no less onerous than those of Administrative Officers, their pay scales should be at par with RAS Officers at all levels. 17. In the writ petition, the petitioner has pointed out that the officers recruited in RAS, RPS and RAS would get Senior scale within two to six years period, whereas the officers recruited in RJS could get Senior scale after 11 to 14 years. The Officers of RAS, RPS etc. could get the Selection scale within 12-13 years, but the Officers belonging to RJS cadre have not been promoted to RHJS even after 14 years service. The petitioner has further stated that in the year 1960, the number of RAS recruited as 19, and the number of RJS Officers was 8. RJS of 1960 batch have been promoted to RHJS in the year 1973-74. It has further been pointed out that the officers recruited in the year 1960 in RAS have been given Selection grade in the year 1978. The officers of 1960 batch of RAS could not get promotion in IAS because of dispute of seniority with the result that the promotion to IAS from RAS have not been finalised for the last 5-6 years. However, officiating promotions were given to the recruits of 1958 batch of RAS. The petitioner has further pointed out that the promotion to IAS to 1956 batch including Shri Munna Lal Goyal and others and those who were of 1963 batch were given as early as in the year 1971. The petitioner has also pointed out that the perks available to RJS Officers are none. But so far as RAS Officers are concerned, most of them are provided ear-marked government accommodation, they are provided vehicles and official telephones at their residence. The petitioner has also pointed out that the perks available to RJS Officers are none. But so far as RAS Officers are concerned, most of them are provided ear-marked government accommodation, they are provided vehicles and official telephones at their residence. Officers, except three CJMs, none of them get ear-marked official accommodation. Even the CJMs do not get vehicles. For official work. CJM is not entitled to get vehicle from Central Pool or District Pool. It is also submitted that though RAS Officers do not have any prescribed uniform, but RPS officers have prescribed uniform, and those officers are allowed uniform allowance and washing allowance thereto. All RPS Officers are given official residence and are provided vehicle and official telephone at their residence. RAS Officers also get vehicle for official purposes. RJS Officers have to put on the prescribed uniform, but they do not get any uniform allowance or washing allowance and the same are allowed to the Judicial Officers in other States like Orissa, and Uttar Pradesh. The petitioner has also contended that before 1966, the position has matnrially changed and the position since 1972 as given in the chart shows that they were in the ordinary time scale even upto 14-15 years. The present position as given by the petitioner with respect to scale of the officers of the aforesaid four services is as follows: Scale RAS RPS RACs RJS Ordinary 377 176 157 346 Senior 156 49 89 89 Selection 149 35 51 – Supertime 25 8 9 – 707 268 306 435 18. In the reply submitted by the State, it has been pleaded that generally pay scales, revision of pay scales, of various State services are within the discretion and domain of the State and the State Government has fixed them within the para-meters of its financial resources and looking to the administrative exigencies of particular service; and such matters are not justifiable. The State has also submitted that for Judicial Service High Court is controlling authority and the service conditions were to be laid down in respect of pay etc. by the High Court in consultation and after the approval from the State Government. 19. The State has also submitted that for Judicial Service High Court is controlling authority and the service conditions were to be laid down in respect of pay etc. by the High Court in consultation and after the approval from the State Government. 19. The respondent has also submitted that the Rajasthan Judicial Service and the Rajasthan Administrative Service alongwith RPS and the Rajasthan Accounts Service constitute different State Services having different job requirements and to meet out different administrative eventualities and are distinct class and, hence, Arts. 14 and 16 are not attracted. The State has also taken the plea that the Beri Commission in the year 1981 denied the relief claimed by the petitioner in the writ petition. It is also the case of the State that since the pay scales have been revised twice in 1969 and 1983 on the recommendations of the Pay Commission headed by the Rajasthan High Court Judges after detailed scrutiny of all aspects as well as the memorandum submitted by RAS, RJS and RPS associations. As such, no relief can be given in the writ petition. 20. Shri B.L. Sharma, learned counsel for the petitioner, has submitted that in Punjab there are 5 grades for the Judicial Officers; one is Munsiff, another Subordinate Judges and the rest are Junior Selection Grade, Senior Selection Grade, and Super time Scale. In Haryana also there are Time scale, Ordinary, Senior time scale and Selection grade. In Haryana rent free accommodation, at; the level of CJM is provided. A large number of Judicial Officers are provided Government accommodation and special pay of Rs. 100/-is given. The same position is in existence in Himachal Pradesh, and Punjab. In Madhya Pradesh telephones have been provided to CJM at residence. In Uttar Pradesh most of the Judicial Officers are provided with residential accommodation and in addition, robe and book allowance of Rs. 150/- per month is allowed to all Judicial Officers. Shri B.L. Sharma, learned counsel for the petitioner, has submitted that the petitioners are entitled to the Selection Scale and Super-time Scale and, that it is a case of discrimination meted out by the State by denying the benefits of Selection grade and Super-time Scale to the RJS Officers in comparison to RAS and RPS cadre. Shri B.L. Sharma, learned counsel for the petitioner, has submitted that the petitioners are entitled to the Selection Scale and Super-time Scale and, that it is a case of discrimination meted out by the State by denying the benefits of Selection grade and Super-time Scale to the RJS Officers in comparison to RAS and RPS cadre. His further submission is that when in the year 1950, the Judicial Service was treated a little higher than the RAS cadre there was no reason that stepmotherly treatment should be given to the RJS cadre by denying the Selection grade and Super-time Scale. 21. Shri M.I. Khan, learned Additional Advocate General vehemently submitted that this Court has no jurisdiction to grant relief to the petitioner in the matter of revision of pay scale. 22. Let us have a look at the conditions of service under which the RJS officers render their services. 23. The plight in terms of poor service conditions of the Munsifs which forms the RJS cadre in Rajasthan, has been aptly described by one of us in the following manner; "MUNSIF-A HAVE-NOT* BULLOCK CART DRIVER (*Judiciary Fumes, Flames & Fire :) Even with the advent of space-age, where science and technology have conqurred. "Moon and Stars" and crazy modernists are reserving space in space the Indian Judiciary, the most neglected, insignificant untouchable, unimportant segment of the society, moves with bullock cart speed only. The proverbial driver of this bullock cart is a Munsif the lowest in the judicial ladder, also known as Judicial Magistrate." (Page 104) 24. The pathetic and pitiable condition of the Munsif Magistrates, so far as it concerns the court building, has been described as under- "5 Inspiration by inspection To start with, I must mention my recent, experience of inspection of Munsif Courts of Jhunjhunu District. The plight and pitiable conditions of living, not only of the Judicial Officers so far as their residences are concerned, but, the court-buildings and the low status of the presiding officers have compelled me to pen down this paper for the souvenir and put the caption of have nots". (page 105) Eviction decree against Court 6. The court building of Khetri Munsif is functioning under a decree of eviction from the landlord, which is said to be now in appeal. (page 105) Eviction decree against Court 6. The court building of Khetri Munsif is functioning under a decree of eviction from the landlord, which is said to be now in appeal. Any day, the Munsif who passes or refuses the prayer for eviction, is under constraints stains and stress and peril of being thrown out with bag and baggage includ-ing eviction suit files and other cases, out-side the court-room by a bailiff, to whom he commands eviction of others. (page 105) Roof falling imminent 7. At Chirawa, the rent suit is pending against the court premises of the Munsif Magistrate. The roof of this small old relic of a Jagirdars room is in hopeless dilapidated condition. The rent is Rs. 12/- per month. The landlord does not permit renovation of the roof and the building, for more than Rs. 12/- in a year which is not sufficient for paying to one construction worker for one day. To stand below its roof is not without risk to life. The poor Munsif who works throughout the day under that roof where accidents have already happened of falling of old plaster, is always under a constrains, strains and stress of the danger of roof falling over his head any time. (page 105) Apology for Court 8. Facing eviction proceedings on the one side, and danger of room collapse from above, how one can discharge judicial duty of serious nature in a dark, dim, outdated, outmoded obsolete, old dilapidated room with clumsy surroundings which cannot even be an apology for a court, is a billion dollar question? (Judiciary Fumes, Flames & Fire : Page 106) Financial Autonomy Headed 10. Leaving aside courts at district places, most of the Munsif courts are functioning in rented premises from landlords as the State have not been able to provide the government buildings primarily on account of meagre financial resources and equally on account of apathy, indifference to the financial requirement of the judiciary. This can be remedied by "Financial Autonomy for Judiciary" and restoration of "Primary of Chief Justice" only. So far as the housing accommodation to the presiding officers is con-cerned, almost eighty to ninety percent of the presiding officers constitutnig the cadre of Rajasthan Judicial Services is forced to stay in private houses on rent basis at the whims and caprice and mercy of the landlords. So far as the housing accommodation to the presiding officers is con-cerned, almost eighty to ninety percent of the presiding officers constitutnig the cadre of Rajasthan Judicial Services is forced to stay in private houses on rent basis at the whims and caprice and mercy of the landlords. Some of the landlords prove to be most unscrupulous to exploit this tenant-land-lord relationship, aad destroy the image of the Judicial Officers, mostly with-out latters knowledge or connivance. And yet the poor Munsif is dubbed as corrupt in such situations. (Par 106) 80 % live in rented premises 11. A close comparison of the above statistics would show that the Officers of the Administrative Services of almost equal rank, whether in Rajasthan Administrative Service or Rajasthan Police Service invariably get government accommodation for their residence. Eighty percent of he Rajasthan Judicial Service Officers are have-nots in this respect but equal percentage of Rajasthan Administrative Service and Rajasthan Police Service and other Allied Services are haves. (Page 107) J.D. Vs A.O. 12. It would thus be seen that even in competitive comparison of almost the same cadre in matters of residential facilities, the Judicial Officers are have nots and the Administrative Officers are haves. (Para 107) 25. We are also conscious of the fact that though Mr. Khan has tried to undermine the grave problem which the RJS cadre is facing by arguing that the RJS cadre has got the benefit of getting the RHJS cadre, but this myth is exp sed when we find the meagre percentage of promotional avenues as highlighted by the Beri Commission at p. 240 and extracted in the above article-Munsif-A have-not in para 20, which is as under:- "20. Promotional avenues for Munsif are too scanty and meagre as pointed by the Rajasthan Pay Commission headed by the former Chief Justice Shri B.P. Beri- "11.3.13. The promotional avenues for Munsif to the post of Civil Judge is 4% and from Civil Judge to Chief Judicial Magistrate is 30%." (Page 111) 26. The pitiable condition of the Munsiffs was then described by one of us in the following manner: "With spates of adjournments taken by the parties, on one pretext or the other, he has to take cartload of files for homework and then also to struggle hard for reaching targets." (Para 114) 27. The pitiable condition of the Munsiffs was then described by one of us in the following manner: "With spates of adjournments taken by the parties, on one pretext or the other, he has to take cartload of files for homework and then also to struggle hard for reaching targets." (Para 114) 27. Here, we may remind the importance of the RJS cadre, which is the lowest bedrock in the judiciary in the words of Mr. Justice Hanna (Irish Free State), who stated: "Sometimes the judges of the higher courts think-and I am bound to say, I though sometimes myself-that the resoration of law and order depended upon what the High Court Judges did in dealing with the heaviest classes of crime. But I have finally come to conclusion ..that the real basis of establishment of law and order lies in the competency, honesty and fidelity of the lowest rank of judges." (Judiciary Fumes, Flames & Fire : page 115) 28. Justice H. R. Khanna, in his report of 77th Law Commission also realised that importance when he observed: "If an evaluation were made of the importance of the role of the different functionaries who play their part in the administration of justice the top position would necessarily have to be assessigned to the trial court Judge. He is the key man in our judicial system, the most important and influential participant in the dispensation of justice. It is mostly with the trial Judge that the members of the general public come in contact, whether as parties or as witnesses. The image of the judiciary for the common man is projected by the trial court judges and this in turn depends upon their intellectual, moral and personal qualities." (Page 116) 29. The role of trial Judge was also emphasized by Mr. Justice K. K. Mathew and Mr. Justice Madhusudan Rao when they observed : "The importance of the role of the trial Judge in our judicial system does not require over-emphasis. It is the trial Court, which is the first resort for almost all seekers of justice and the confidence of the common man in the system of judicial administration depends largely on the image produced by the trial Judges. The image that can be produced depends on the intellectual, moral and personal qualities of the Judge. It is the trial Court, which is the first resort for almost all seekers of justice and the confidence of the common man in the system of judicial administration depends largely on the image produced by the trial Judges. The image that can be produced depends on the intellectual, moral and personal qualities of the Judge. In his speech delivered at the All India Law Seminar held at Cochin in the year 1979, Justice K. K. Mathew said, "an examination of the role of the trial Judge in the administration of justice should suggest at least few of the attributes of mind, heart and character that are essential to the task. To be authentic in his role, the trial Judge must be an usually honest man, a man of exceptional integrity financially, politically and socially. This is usually put first in discussion of qualification or even one unique to the judicial branch of public service. Only a good lawyer, a genuinely good one, is qualified for service on a substantial trial court." (Page 117-118). 30. We have extracted above the relevant data and quotes of eminent jurists and our deductions show that the cadre of the RJS is the most important in judiciary and the statistical survey shows that 2/3rd of the subordinate judiciarys work is to be performed by the RJS cadre only. 31. We are not prepared to accept the contention of Mr. Khan that simply because the personal belonging to RAS or RPS is sometimes required to do harder duties in the field like controlling the mobs or operations against antisocial elements or attending the VTPs; therefore, they deserve better pay scales and amenities. It should not be forgotten that the task of taking judicial decision in multi-farious fields and disputes which includes the worst and most difficult, is of serious mental hazard and becomes nerve breaking and this process is repeated dozens of time a day and sometimes hundreds of times. Thereafter, to adjudicate the matters, by marshelling the facts, regulating the court work, doing home work for judgments and study of the latest law which is spread over in lacs of books of law with varied fields from civil rights to criminal jurisprudence, is the most difficult exercise which the present Judicial Magistrate is required to do, every-day in each hour and sometimes each minute. In our opinion, though duties of RPS and RAS officers are man) a times are equally difficult and hazardous, particularly when they are required to go in the field and take spot decisions which can result in serious consequences both to them and the public and the State, yet they do get equal time if not more than in administrative indoor works or even much less exerting duties to attend the superior officers and VIP on their visits or otherwise. 31. We do feel that considering the entire matter on a broad perspective, the duties of the RJS Officers are in no way less onerous than that of RPS and RAS. This fact is well proved even by the state admissions and the reports of various commissions in matters of pay scales and further the historical events where the State itself opted for better pay-scales of the RJS than the RAS or RPS at the time of initial formation of the state service. We would not like to comment that the State financial secretariat is manned by administrative and accounts service personnels and the RJS are foreigners to them. We do not want to allege any motive in deliberate disregard of the RJS cadre or undermine it, because the policy decisions are taken mostly by politicians at very high level and not by ordinary cadre. Be that as it may, we have got no hesitation in holding that even though they are in separate cadre, but they are in the same cadre of State service and Art. 14 by and large substantially applies to them. We would like to mention that when the State Government had the only difficulty of not permitting them better pay scales in terms of Super time or Selection scales or increasing the existing pay scales on the ground that the other services, which are equally placed like RPS and RAS would agitate for the same, it does not lie now in the month of Mr. Khan representing the State to circumvent the above position of equality between the three cadres and argue that even though their problem has now been solved as the RAS has been given Super-time and Selection Scales, yet they would deptive the RJS on a technical ground. Khan representing the State to circumvent the above position of equality between the three cadres and argue that even though their problem has now been solved as the RAS has been given Super-time and Selection Scales, yet they would deptive the RJS on a technical ground. The State Government should not forget that the social welfare state committed to the social justice should do its best to implement the social justice concept through judiciary by decisions based on it and should not promote the feeling in that cadre of judiciary to grow that, while they are required to deliver and administer social justice, they are themselves victims of States injustice. Such impression, if it grows, is bound to prove fatal to the efficiency dedication, impartiality ) of the cadre and that would retard their progressive capacity to deliver the speedy, substantial, social justice. 32. An important feature of historical importance is that the RAS Rules were framed in 1954 whereas the Rajasthan Judicial Service Rules were framed in 1955. Under rule 35 of the Judicial Service Rules, a person in Rajasthan Administrative Service could be recruited by transfer in the Rajasthan Judicial Service and under rule 36, qualifications were provided therefor. It was not every member of Rajasthan Administrative Service who could be recruited to Rajasthan Judicial Service. Only such members of the Rajasthan Administrative Service who hold the degree of bachelor of laws of the University of Rajasthan or of any other University established by law and recognised for the purpose by the Governor, or a Barrister of England or northern Ireland or a member of the faculty of Advocates in Scotland and must be a recruited RAS, by a competitive examination conducted by the commission in accordance with the rule 7 A of the Rajasthan Administrative Service Rules, 1954, could be recruited into RJS. It would thus be seen that for entry into RJS a person is to have qualifications better than those are meant for recruiting to RAS. The Rajasthan Judicial Services thus as per the views of the rule making authority is as service which required more qualified better and superior persons than those required for recruitment to RAS. 33. We may refer to the State Governments admission on the conference that the service condition of the Judicial Officers requires to be improved. The Rajasthan Judicial Services thus as per the views of the rule making authority is as service which required more qualified better and superior persons than those required for recruitment to RAS. 33. We may refer to the State Governments admission on the conference that the service condition of the Judicial Officers requires to be improved. The only constrain pointed out was the comparative benefits as available to the other Officers. In addition to it, the proverbial financial limitation was also mentioned, but it assured the Conference which was attended by the Prime Minister in addition to the Chief Justices, Chief Ministers and Law Ministers on 31st August, 1985 at Delhi that the State Government shall do its ut-most in order to improve the service conditions of the Judicial Officers. 34. The reply of the State further shows that in 1983 on the basis of the recommendations of the Beri Pay Commission the pay scales of RAS and RJS were almost identical except that the RAS Selection Scale was given to RAS Officers and the State has compared it with the grade of RHJS which according to us cannot be done because RHJS is a Senior cadre to RJS and it is only when some vacancies are created or occur, when some of the RJS cadre personnel is promoted. 35. Obviously the Selection Scale and Super-time Scale to RAS is not available to RJS, whereas the Selection Scale takes RAS upto Rs. 4700/- and the Super time Scale upto Rs. 5300/-, the RJS Officer cannot go beyond Rs. 4.50/-and thus there is a disparity of Rs. 1150/-. 36. We may also point out that before us it was pointed out in the minutes of the proceedings of the Joint Conference held in August-September, 1985. Para 37 of the minutes shows that the Chief Minister of Rajasthan agreed with all the suggestions and indicated that the Pay Revision Commission presided by High Court Judge had been set up to go into the revision of pay scales and that Commission would take into consideration all relevant factors. The Chief Minister further agreed that other suggestions would be implemented by obtaining financial assistance from 8th Financial Commission. 37. In Resolution No- 15, the State Governments following view was expressed: "Resolution No. 15. "The detailed note as received from the Conference with regard to residence, car, age of retirement, pay-scales, court-buildings, etc. The Chief Minister further agreed that other suggestions would be implemented by obtaining financial assistance from 8th Financial Commission. 37. In Resolution No- 15, the State Governments following view was expressed: "Resolution No. 15. "The detailed note as received from the Conference with regard to residence, car, age of retirement, pay-scales, court-buildings, etc. can be seen at Annexure-12. The State Government is seriously considering this resolution for adopting it in Rajasthan but any decision taken by the Government may also result in raising of demand by other sister services. Therefore, the State Government cannot give clearance at this stage. The State Government further proposes that if Indian Judicial Service is created, it shall solve most of the problems of the judiciary and for creation of that service, the State Government had also agreed earlier. We, therefore, reserve our decision in respect of salary and allowances, age of retirement, transport and residential accommodation. The financial implications as worked out by the Law Department in respect of these items are at Annexures 3 to 7." 38. We have also been informed that in other States like Uttar Pradesh, residential accommodation is provided to most of the Judicial Officers and robe and book allowance of Rs. 150/- per month is given to all Judicial Officers and there is Super time scale of pay. Generally we find that the staff-cars are provided to District Judges and upto Chief Judicial Magistrates and housing facilities available to almost all officers. 39. In Punjab the District Judges are provided with Office and Visitors rooms at the residence well furnished by the Government having one air conditioner and one sofa, carpet and other furnitures and the electric bill of this block is paid by the Office. The District Judges have got a car and the Amritsar District Judge has got three cars. Rent-free residence is provided to Additional Chief Judicial Magistrates also and the allotment of house is done by the District Judge. So is the case in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Chief Judicial Magistrates are provided with jeep in Uttar Pradesh and residential accommodation is given to the Lower Judicial Service also along with robe and book allowance. In Calcutta the Chief Metropolitan Magistrates and the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrates are provided with transport facilities. In Punjab special pay is given of Rs. 100/- to the Chief Judicial Magistrates and so also in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. In Calcutta the Chief Metropolitan Magistrates and the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrates are provided with transport facilities. In Punjab special pay is given of Rs. 100/- to the Chief Judicial Magistrates and so also in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. 40. We would not like to enter into the details of this comparative study but we must mention that the Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh pattern deserves to be treated as an ideal for all Judicial Officers Pay Scales and amenities all over India and specially Rajasthan which is geographically attached to Haryana on the one side and Punjab on the other. The disparity in Judicial Officers Service conditions in adjoining Districts like Ganganagar with Hissar or Jaipur with Gurgaon or Alwar with Rewari, certainly creates very anomolous and difficult psychological problems resulting in discouragement, depravation and lack of initiative in Rajasthan. 41. Since in the ultimate decision, we are proposing to direct the Government to set up a Committee or Commission for implementing the final decision which we would decide to give, we would also like that apart from pay scales revision for Super time and Selection grade, the Committee and Commission may further examine the other conditions of service of a Judicial Officer and in particular try to provide Government accommodation and transport in addition to other facilities like furnishing of the house or robe and library allowance or other allowance like special pay etc. mentioned above. 42. We have given our thoughtful consideration to the respective submissions made by the learned counsel for the parties. We may make reference to Arts. 233, 234 and 235 of the Constitution. Art 233 deals with the appointment, posting and promotion of the District Judges and Art. 234 deals with the appointment of persons in Judicial Service other than District Judges. These appointments shall be made by the Governor of the State in accordance with the rules framed by him in consultation with the High Court and the Rajasthan Public Service Commission. Art. 235 deals with the control over subordinate judiciary. But, Art. 235 does not confer upon the High Court the power to make rules regarding conditions of service of the Judicial Officers attached to the District Court and the court subordinate thereto. Art. 235 deals with the control over subordinate judiciary. But, Art. 235 does not confer upon the High Court the power to make rules regarding conditions of service of the Judicial Officers attached to the District Court and the court subordinate thereto. Undoubtedly, the High Court has power under Article 235 to frame rules for regulating the manner in which control vested in it may be exercised as the power of control vested in the High Court by Art. 235 is expressly made subject to law which may be enacted for regulating recruitment and service conditions of Judicial Officers of the State. 43. The smooth and speedy operation of the courts of law is essential for the progress of the country and the growth of its economic and industrial structure. The concept of judicial independence implies freedom from interference by the executive or the legislature in any manner, direct or indirect with exercise of judicial function. It is also implicit, in the concept of independence that provision must be made for adequate remuneration of the judiciary. We may state here that inspite of strong public agitation and demand made by the Judicial Officers of Delhi, the conditions of service of the Judicial Officers remained substantially unchanged since the dawn of independence. The service conditions of the subordinate judiciary are appalling. There is no denial of the fact that many of them do not have the basic staff and amenities required for proper discharge of judicial work. It is generally said that it is in the interest of the State itself that those who discharge judicial functions should possess higher quality of learning and character. It is also said that the State is the biggest litigant all over India and needs such a judiciary more than at any other time. There cannot be any dispute about the proposition that unless quality and status of judiciary are commensurate with its responsibility, the spirit of the Constitution will escape into emptiness. It is also said that the State is the biggest litigant all over India and needs such a judiciary more than at any other time. There cannot be any dispute about the proposition that unless quality and status of judiciary are commensurate with its responsibility, the spirit of the Constitution will escape into emptiness. It should not be also forgotten that the real basis of establishment of law lies in the competency, honesty and finality of the lowest rank of judges, and if an evaluation was made of the importance of the role of the different functionary who play their part in the administration of justice, the top position would necessarily have to be assigned to a trial Judge as he is the key man in our judicial system, the most important and influential participant in the dispensation of justice. The image of the judiciary for the common man is projected by the trial court Judges. Thus, the importance of the role of the trial Judge in our judicial system does not require over-emphasis. The Law Commission of India which was presided over by Shri M.C. Setalvad in his report observed as follows: "In the matter of scales of pay and remuneration, the judiciary com-pares unfavourable with the executive branches of the Government. It is true that, generally speaking, the scales of pay of the Judicial Officers and the corresponding Executive Officers are identical in many of the States. However it has to be remembered that the Executive Officers are, by and large, recruited at a much younger age than the Judicial Officers. The entrant to the judicial service is required to be a graduate in law and in most of the States it is also necessary that he should have practised for a certain number of years at the Bar. On the other hand, for recruitment to the executive branches of Government service, a degree in arts or science is, generally speaking, sufficient. In the result, a person entering the Judicial Service does so when he is about twenty five, six or twenty seven years of age and at a time when his contemporaries who have entered the executive service of the Government have already acquired a certain seniority in the service and have come to draw a higher salary. In the result, a person entering the Judicial Service does so when he is about twenty five, six or twenty seven years of age and at a time when his contemporaries who have entered the executive service of the Government have already acquired a certain seniority in the service and have come to draw a higher salary. It will thus be seen that a person joining the Judicial Service starts with a lower remuneration than what he would have received if he had entered the Executive Service a few years earlier." The Commission further observed as follows: "An important factor which detracts from the attractiveness of the Judicial Service is the inferiority of the status of the Judicial Officer compared with that of the Executive Officer." 44. Before the Beri Commission, the demand of the officers of the Raja-sthan Judicial Service was of absolute parity with the Rajasthan Administrative Service in terms of Senior and Selection scales and also for providing promotional avenues on the same percentage as is available in the RAS. It was also argued before the Beri Commission that in Haryana and Punjab Judicial Officers are equivalent to the provincial civil services in the matter of pay scales. Attention was also invited to the remarks of Mr. Justice Palekar that "Judicial Administration is an integrated function of the Judge and cannot suffer any dissection so far as maintenance of high standards of rectifude in Judicial Administration is concerned." The observations of Justice R.S. Phatak were also quoted when he said. "We are all trustees in the administration of justice and we are morally entitled to hold office only so long as we serve and fulfil the essential purpose of the judicial system. Dedication and loyalty to that purpose. and no self-service interest, marks the true Judicial Officer. Let no one hold the illusion that he can employ the powers of his office for private gain or personal interest, for the accumulation of ill-gotten wealth or the egoistical flaunting of judicial authority. If that is what constitutes the essential meaning of his office to him, let me say without hesitation that he has no place in the judiciary." 45. It was also argued before the Commission that more and more posts of Munsifs are being created and this is distorting the possibilities and prospects of promotion. If that is what constitutes the essential meaning of his office to him, let me say without hesitation that he has no place in the judiciary." 45. It was also argued before the Commission that more and more posts of Munsifs are being created and this is distorting the possibilities and prospects of promotion. The officers of the Rajasthan Judicial Service demanded washing allowance to be given to the officers. They also claimed library allowance and also conveyance allowance. Justice Beri in his report observed: "In so far as Rajasthan is concerned, the initial grade in both is identical, but as soon as the first promotion is reached by a member of the Rajasthan Administrative Service, the Judicial Service legs behind the Executive." 46. However, the Commission, for the reasons recorded by it, recommended as above. 47. In S.P. Gupta Vs, Union of India (2) the Supreme Court, through Desai J. observed as follows: "The legislative appropriation and executive control over finance cannot be permitted to castrate or cripple the Courts by refusing or reducing requisite grants and re-appropriations. To have the Courts under the fiscal thumb of the politician and the public servants is in direct violation of the spirit of the Constitution. The Courts are frequently called upon to pronounce on the acts of those who control public funds and must be kept free in such cases without fear of retaliation open or concealed. If independence and impartiality of the judiciary are to be maintained, it must possess and does possess powers over the purse. This power must be proclaimed and asserted in order to sustain the Constitution and the laws. To refuse to provide adequate funds to the Courts is to prevent them from discharging their constitutional responsibilities and therefore, it is an encroachment upon the exclusive area of the judiciary. To adopt a stance of confrontation or affrent or inaction will destroy the system and eventually the legislature and the executive. It is, therefore, in their interest to concede rather wisely such a power to the Courts." 48. In view of what we have stated above, or quoted from the learned jurists or from the observations of the Supreme Court, graver anxieties have been shown by them for improving the terras and conditions of service of the Judicial Officers. It is, therefore, in their interest to concede rather wisely such a power to the Courts." 48. In view of what we have stated above, or quoted from the learned jurists or from the observations of the Supreme Court, graver anxieties have been shown by them for improving the terras and conditions of service of the Judicial Officers. There is a clear voice echoed that the terms and conditions of the Judicial Officers be improved and at least they should be put at par with the administrative services 49. After observing the above, let us refer to the objections raised by Shri M.I. Khan, Additional Advocate Genera! that no mandamus can be issued against the State as the two services, i.e. Administrative Service and Judicial Service are two different categories and Arts. 14 and 16 are not attracted. In this regard, we would like to refer a judgment of this Court in S.K. Ghosh Vs. State of Rajasthan (3), wherein the Private Secretaries to Cheif Justice and Judges of the High Court file writ petitions for restoration of parity between them and Private Secretaries to the Commissioners and Secretaries to the Government in the matter of pay scale and status and, it was held that a writ of mandamus can be issued. It would be pertinent to mention here that the State Government filed an appeal before a Division Bench of this Court, which approved the judgment of the learned Single Judge. Aggrieved by the judgment of the learned Division Bench of this Court, the State filed a special leave petition before the Supreme Court and the same was dismissed. In this view of the matter, the objections raised by the State does not survive. 50. At present, the pay scale of 1987 provides as under; RAS RJS Ordinary Scale 1720-3350 1720-3350 Senior Scale 2540-3900 2600-4150 Selection Scale 2975-4700 Nil Super-time Scale 3900-5300 Nil 51. We may make it clear that we have considered only Rajasthan Judicial Service and have not considered the Rajasthan Higher Judicial Service as that is a different service and as per the report of the Beri Commission, it is evident that the pay scales of District Judges were revised in 1955 to bring the scale on par with the IAS Senior scale. There is a mention of the decision of the Cabinet, wherein the Cabinet accepted the principle that the grade and pay scale of District Judges will be on par with the Senior IAS Scale. 52. Having regard to the facts mentioned above and for the reasons discussed at various places in this judgment we are of the opinion that in order to do justice to the Rajasthan Judicial Service Officers, the following categories of pay scales shall be allowed on almost identical basis on which these pay scales have been given to the Rajasthan Administrative Service Officers: 1. Ordinary Scale 2. Sr. Scale 3. Selection Scale. 4. Super time Scale. 53. For giving effect to the pay scales in the above four categories, as stated above, and also percentage of promotional avenues vis-a-vis RAS Officers, a commission or committiee may be appointed by the Government and, it is expected that an early step would be taken by the Government in this regard. 54. The writ petition is allowed as indicated above, with no order as to costs.