JUDGMENT SINGH J. :— By means of this petition under Article 32 of the Constitution the petitioner has raised a grievance that the Respondent-Authorities have practised discrimination in violation of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution in refusing to pay him salary in the scale of pay prescribed for similarly placed employees. He has invoked the doctrine of "Equal Pay for Equal Work" as enshrined under Article 39(d) of the Constitution. 2. In order to appreciate petitioners grievance it is necessary to refer to relevant facts giving rise to this petition. The petitioner was initially appointed in 1967 to the post of Teacher Co-ordinator in the pay scale of Rs. 210-425 in the Research Project "Rehabilitation Unit in Audiology and Speech Pathology" a project funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research under PL -480 research scheme with the special assistance of the Social Rehabilitation Services (formerly Vocational Rehabilitation Administration). The aforesaid unit was taken over by the All India Institute of Medical Science on 1-7-1970 along with the staff attached to the said unit. The petitioners services stood transferred to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Institute) and the petitioner continued to hold the post of Teacher Co-ordinator in the Institute. On the recommendation of the Head of the Department of Rehabilitation Unit the petitioners post was redesignated as Hearing Therapist with effect from 3-8-1972 but he continued to draw the salary in the same scale of pay of Rs. 210-425. In pursuance to the recommendations of the Third Pay Commission as adopted by the Institute-the pay scale of Hearing Therapist was revised to Rs. 425-700 with effect from 1-1-1973. Since then the petitioner has continued to draw salary in the pay scale of Rs. 425-700. The petitioner made several representations to the respondent- authorities to revise his pay ,scale and to place him in the pay scale prescribed for the "Speech Pathologist" and "Audiologist" in the pay scale of Rs. 650-1200. Since no relief was granted to him he invoked the jurisdiction of this Court by means of this petition under Article 32 of the Constitution. 3. 650-1200. Since no relief was granted to him he invoked the jurisdiction of this Court by means of this petition under Article 32 of the Constitution. 3. The petitioners main grievance is that Hearing Therapist perform the same duties and functions as Senior Speech Pathologist Senior Physiotherapist, Senior Occupational Therapist, Audiologist- and Speech Pathologist, yet the respondents have practised discrimination in paying salary to the petitioner in a lower scale of pay. The petitioner has asserted that the qualification prescribed for the aforesaid posts are almost similar and they are working in the same institution under the same employer but the respondent-authorities have practised discrimination in refusing to accept the petitioners claim for equal pay. The petitioner has further raised a grievance that the Third Pay Commission ignored the claim of Hearing Therapist although it has granted higher scale of pay for similar posts of Speech Therapist, Senior Speech Pathologist and Audiologist. He has asserted that Speech Therapists performing similar kind of duties as performed by the petitioner have been granted higher pay scale in other organisations like Safdarjang Hospital, P.G.I. Chandigurh. Medical College Rohtak and Ali Yaver Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped, Hyderabad. The petitioner contends that the respondents have failed to implement the Directive Principles of Equal Pay for Equal Work as contained in Article 39(d) of the Constitution in violation of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. He has claimed relief for the issuance of writ of mandamus directing the respondents which include All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Union of India for fixing the petitioners pay in the scale of Rs. 400-950 with effect from 1-1-1970 and thereafter in the scale of Rs. 650-1200 with effect from 1-1-1973. In defence the respondents assert that the petitioner cannot compare himself with Senior Speech Therapist, Senior Physiotherapist, Senior Occupational Therapist, Audiologist or Speech Therapist as qualifications, duties and functions of those posts are altogether different and distinct from those prescribed for Hearing Therapist. There is no equality between the petitioner and persons holding the aforesaid posts. The Institute has created different posts with different pay scales having regard to the qualifications, duties, functions and responsibilities of the posts. The petitioner is not entitled to equate himself with the incumbents holding the posts of Senior Speech Therapist, Senior Physiotherapist, Senior. Occupational Therapist, Audiologist and Speech Therapist. The petitioners plea of discrimination is emphatically denied. 4. The Institute has created different posts with different pay scales having regard to the qualifications, duties, functions and responsibilities of the posts. The petitioner is not entitled to equate himself with the incumbents holding the posts of Senior Speech Therapist, Senior Physiotherapist, Senior. Occupational Therapist, Audiologist and Speech Therapist. The petitioners plea of discrimination is emphatically denied. 4. The doctrine of "Equal Pay for Equal Work" is not expressly declared a fundamental right under the Constitution. But Article 39(d) read with Articles 14 and 16 the Constitution declares the constitutional goal enjoining the State not to deny any person equality before law in matters relating to employment including the scales of pay. Article 39(d) read with Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution enjoins the State that where all things are equal and person holding identical -posts, performing identical and similar duties under the same employer should not be treated differently in the matter of their pay. The doctrine of `Equal Pay for Equal Work is not abstract one, it is open to the State to prescribe different scales of pay for different posts having regard to educational qualifications, duties and responsibilities of the post. The principle of Equal Pay for Equal Work is applicable when employees holding the same rank perform similar functions and discharge similar duties and responsibilities are treated differently. The application of doctrine would arise where employees are equal in every respect but they are denied equality in matters relating to the scale of pay. The principle of Equal Pay for Equal Work has been enforced by this Court in Randhir Singh v. Union of India, (1982) 1 SCC 618 ; Dhirendra Chamoli v. State of U.P., (1986) 1 SCC 637 ; V.J. Thomas v. Union of India, 1985 Suppl SCC 7; P. Savita v. Union of India, (1985) 1 Suppl SCR 101; Bliagwan Dass v. State of Haryana, (1987) 4 SCC 634 , and Jai Pal v. State of Haryana, (1988) 3 SCC 354 . In all these cases this Court granted relief on the application of the doctrine of Equal Pay for Equal Work. 5. While considering the question of application of principle of Equal Pay for Equal Work it has to be borne in mind that it is open to the State to classify employees on the basis of qualifications, duties and responsibilities of the posts concerned. 5. While considering the question of application of principle of Equal Pay for Equal Work it has to be borne in mind that it is open to the State to classify employees on the basis of qualifications, duties and responsibilities of the posts concerned. If the classification has reasonable nexus with the objective sought to be achieved, efficiency in the administration, the State would be justified in prescribing different pay scale but if the classification does not stand the test of reasonable nexus and the classification is founded on unreal, and unreasonable basis it would be violative of Arts. 14 and 16 of the Constitution. Equality must be among the equals, Unequals cannot claim equality. 6. In the writ petition the Petitioner claimed parity with the pay scale prescribed for Senior Speech Therapist, Senior Physiotherapist, Senior Occupational Therapist Audiologist and Speech Pathologist but during the course of hearing Sri Gobind Mukhoty, learned counsel for the petitioner confined the petitioners case for parity with Audiologist only. He urged that the educational qualifications, duties and functions of Hearing Therapist, and Audiologist are similar, if not the same, and there is no reasonable justification for prescribing lower pay scale of pay to Hearing Therapist. A Hearing Therapist is required to treat the deaf and other patients suffering from hearing defects. His function is to help in rehabilitation of those whose hearing capacity is impaired. The Hearing Therapists main function is to train the patient to facilitate maximum expressive and receptive communication skill. An Audiologist pertains to the science of hearing. His work is designed to co-ordinate the separate professional skills which contribute to study, treatment and rehabilitation of persons with impaired hearing. A person holding the post of Audiologist is a specialist in the non-medical evaluation, habilitation and rehabilitation of those who suffer from language and speech disorders. Generally, Hearing Therapist and Audiologist both perform duties and functions in helping rehabilitation of patients suffering from hearing disorders, their duties and functions appear to be similar, but the petitioner has not placed material before the Court to demonstrate that the duties and functions performed by Hearing Therapist is same or similar as that performed by an Audiologist. The petitioner has placed reliance on a certificate issued by the Head of Department of Otorhinolaryngology which enumerates duties, functions which the petitioner has been performing while working as Hearing Therapist. The petitioner has placed reliance on a certificate issued by the Head of Department of Otorhinolaryngology which enumerates duties, functions which the petitioner has been performing while working as Hearing Therapist. According to this certificate the petitioner has been carrying out the following functions. 1. Diagnosis of the impairment of hearing cases. (Detailed diagnosis). 2. Audiological evaluation i.e. hearing aid evaluation, hearing and prescription and auditory training. 3. Parent counselling and guidance. 4. Referring to different, experts for their opinion such as Physiotherapist, Occupational Therapist, Clinical Psychologist Ear Mould Technician, Paediatrician, Paediatric Neurologist and Ophthalmologist. Audiometry Technical and to ENTSpecialist. 5. Speech and language therapy. 6. Integration of hearing handicapped with normal persons. 7. Integration of hearing loss children with normal hearing children. 8. Guidance to the teachers of normal schools where there is any hard of hearing case is studying. 9. Writing of papers and books on the basis of personal experience and research. 10. Speech therapy to normal hearing persons as and when referred to them. 11. Referring the hearing handicapped children to special schools for the deaf and when a child is unable to study in a normal school. 12. Educational rehabilitation of any age group of hearing loss cases." The petitioner has, however, failed to place material before the Court showing the corresponding duties and functions of an Audiologist in the Institute. In the absence of duties, and functions of an Audiologist it is not possible for the Court to record fineness that the duties and functions performed by Hearing Therapist is similar to those performed by an Audiologist more so when the respondents have denied the petitioners claim in the counter-affidavit. The petitioners claim that he performs the same duties and functions as those performed by an Audiologist under the same employer cannot therefore be accepted. 7. Even assuming that the petitioner performs similar duties and functions as those performed by an Audiologist, it is not sufficient to uphold his claim for equal pay. As already observed, in judging the equality of work for the purposes of equal pay, regard must be had not only to the duties and functions but also to the educational qualifications, qualitative difference and the measures of responsibility prescribed for the respective posts. As already observed, in judging the equality of work for the purposes of equal pay, regard must be had not only to the duties and functions but also to the educational qualifications, qualitative difference and the measures of responsibility prescribed for the respective posts. Even if the duties and functions are of similar nature but if the educational qualifications prescribed for the two posts are different and there is difference in measure of responsibilities, the principle of Equal Pay for Equal Work would not apply. Under the relevant Rules framed by the Institute qualifications for the two classes of posts, namely, Audiologist and Hearing, Therapist are as under : Audiologist Qualifications Essential Hearing Therapist Qualifications Essential 1. A graduate in Science/Arts or Medicines, from a recognised University. 1. A graduate in Science or Arts of a recognised University in India or abroad. 2. Masters degree in Audiology or Otolaryngology from a recognised Institution/ University. 2. Trained teacher for the deaf, such as Certified Teacher for Deaf (C.T.D........Dip.) 3. Three years teaching/research ex-perience in the field of Audiology. 3. Teaching experience at a recognised school for the deaf in India for not less than three years. Desirable 1. Ph.D. in Audiology from a recognised University. 2. Practical experience of working in a speech and Hearing Rehabilitation Centre. 3. Journalistic or literary activity in relation to Audiology. A perusal of the above chart would show that different educational qualifications are prescribed for the two posts. For an Audiologist a Masters Degree in Otolaryngology or Audiology is an essential qualification but no such Masters Degree is prescribed for Hearing Therapist instead a diploma as Certified Teacher for Deaf is the essential qualification for the said post. A comparison of the qualifications prescribed for the two posts clearly indicates that higher qualification is prescribed for the post of Audiologist. There appears to be qualitative difference in the responsibilities of the two posts as an Audiologist possesses higher qualification. It is therefore manifest that on the basis of educational qualifications two posts cannot be equated. Even if the functions and duties of two posts are similar it is open to the State to prescribe different scales of pay on the basis of difference in educational qualifications. Different treatment to persons belonging to the same class is a permissible classification on the basis of educational qualifications. 8. Even if the functions and duties of two posts are similar it is open to the State to prescribe different scales of pay on the basis of difference in educational qualifications. Different treatment to persons belonging to the same class is a permissible classification on the basis of educational qualifications. 8. There are several decisions of this Court where educational qualifications have been recognised as a valid basis for classification. In State of Mysore v. Narasing Rao, (1968) 1 SCR 407 , this Court held that higher educational qualifications such as success in S.S.L.C. examination are relevant considerations for fixation of higher pay scale for tracers who had passed the S.S.L.C. examination and the classification of two grades of tracers in Mysore State, one for matriculate tracers with higher pay scale and the other for nonmatriculate tracers with lower pay scale, was held valid. It is pertinent to note that matriculate and non-matriculate tracers both constituted the same service performing the same duties and functions, yet the Court held that higher pay scale prescribed for the matriculate tracers on the. basis of higher educational qualification was not violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. In Union of India v. Dr. (Mrs.) S. B. Kohli, (1973) 3 SCC 592 , classification made on the basis of educational qualification for purposes of promotion was upheld by this Court on the ground that the classification made on the basis of such a requirement was not without reference to the objectives sought to be achieved and there could be no question of discriminaiton. In State of Jammu and Kashmir v. Triloki Nath Khosa (1974) 1 SCC 19 , cadre of Assistant Engineers included of Degree holders and Diploma-holders, they constituted one class of service but for promotion to the post of Executive Engineers only those Assistant Engineers were eligible for promotion who possessed Bachelors Degree in Engineering and the Diploma-holders were eligible only if they had put in 7 years minimum service no such restriction was prescribed for Degree- holder. The Diploma-holder Assistant engineers challenged the validity of the rule on the ground that it denied them equal opportunity of promotion, in violation of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. On a detailed consideration a Constitution Bench of this Court upheld the classification on the ground of difference in educational qualification. The Diploma-holder Assistant engineers challenged the validity of the rule on the ground that it denied them equal opportunity of promotion, in violation of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. On a detailed consideration a Constitution Bench of this Court upheld the classification on the ground of difference in educational qualification. The Court held that classification founded on the basis of educational qualification had a reasonable nexus to achieve administrative efficiency in Engineering Services. The Court approvingly referred to the decisions of the Court in State of Mysore v. Narasing Rao, (1968) 1 SCR 407 ; Ganga Ram v. Union of India, (1970) 3 SCR 481 ; and Union of India v. Dr. (Mrs.) S. B. Kohli, (1973) 3 SCC592. The Court upheld the classification and refused to grant any relief to Diplorna-holder Engineers. In Mohammad Shujat Ali v. Union of India, (1975) 1 SCR 449 another Constitution Bench of this Court upheld the classification of Supervisors into two classes. graduates and non-graduates for the purpose of promotion to the post of Assistant Engineers on the ground of educational qualification although both the class of Supervisors constituted the same service. In Federation of All India Customs and Central Excise Stenographers (Recognised) v. Union of India, (1988) 3 SCC claim of Personal Assistants and Stenographers attached to the Head of Departments in the Customs and Central Excise Department of the Ministry of Finance for equal pay in parity with the Personal Assistants and Stenographers attached to the Joint Secretaries and Officers above them in the Ministry of Finance was rejected by this Court on the ground of the functional requirement of the work done, training and responsibility prescribed for the two. posts. In State of U. P. v. Sh. J. P. Chaurasia, (1989) 1 SCC 121 the question arose whether it was permissible to have two different pay scales in the cadre of Bench Secretaries, for persons performing the same duties and having the same responsibilities. In the light of the various decisions of this Court it was held that the principle of "equal pay for equal work" has no mechanical application in every case of similar work. Articles 14 and 16 permit reasonable classification founded on rational basis, it is, therefore, permissible to provide two different pay scales in the same cadre on the basis of selection based on merit with due regard to experience and seniority. Articles 14 and 16 permit reasonable classification founded on rational basis, it is, therefore, permissible to provide two different pay scales in the same cadre on the basis of selection based on merit with due regard to experience and seniority. The Court held that in such a situation the principle of equal pay for equal work did not apply. 9. We would like to emphasise that the principle of equal pay for equal work cannot be invoked invariably in every kind of service, particularly, in the area of professional services. In Dr. C. Girijambal v. Government of Andhra Pradesh, (1981) 2 SCR 782 : (AIR 1981 5C 1537) it was contended before the Court that medical officers holding the degree of Graduate from the College of Integtated Medicine (GCIM) and holders of Licentiate in Indigenous Medicine (LIM) performed the same functions and discharged the same duties in dispensaries and therefore on the principle of "equal pay for equal work both class of persons were entitled to the same scale of pay. Medical Officers holding the qualifications of GCIM or the qualification, of LIM or the qualification of Diploma in Ayurvedic Medicine (DAMO), being in charge of dispensaries run by Zilla Parishads were not treated alike as the State Government had prescribed different scales of pay for medical officers. On behalf of the aggrieved Doctors it was contended that the functions and duties discharged by the three class of doctors in the dispensaries run by Zilla Parishads were the same and their qualifications were also similar and yet the State Government practised discrimination in prescribing different scale of pay for them. This Court held that the principle of equal pay for equal work could not be invoked or applied in the area of professional services like medical practioners. The Court observed as under (at P. 1539 of AIR) : "Dealing with the first contention we would like to observe at the outset that the principle of equal work cannot be invoked or applied invariably in every kind of service and certainly it cannot be invoked in the area of professional services when these are to be compensated. Dressing of any injury or wound is done both by a doctor as well as a compounder, but surely it cannot be suggested that for doing this job a doctor cannot be compensated more than the compounder. Dressing of any injury or wound is done both by a doctor as well as a compounder, but surely it cannot be suggested that for doing this job a doctor cannot be compensated more than the compounder. Similarly, a case in Court of law is argued both by a senior and a junior lawyer, but it is difficult to accept that in matter of remuneration both should be treated equally. It is thus clear that in the field of rendering professional services at any rate the principle of equal pay for equal work would he inapplicable. In the instant case Medical Officers holding the qualification of GCIM , or the qualification of LIM or the qualification of DAM, though in charge of dispensaries run by Zilla Parishads cannot therefore, be treated on par with each other and if the State Government or the Zilla Parishads prescribe different scales of pay for each category of Medical Officers no fault could be found with such prescription." 10. We fully agree with the above observations and accordingly we hold that in the instant case since the Hearing Therapist and Audiologist both render professional services and there is qualitative difference between the two on the basis of educational qulification the principle of equal pay for equal work cannot be invoked or applied. The Pay Commission considered the case of Hearing Therapists and it did not accept their claim for higher scale of pay. The Pay Commission was in a better position to judge the volume of work, qualitative difference and reliability and responsibility required for the two posts. The Pay Commission made recommendations for pay scales on the basis of value judgment which has an intelligible criteria on the basis of educational qualifications. The scant material placed before the Court by the petitioner, is not sufficient to hold that the recommendations of Pay Commission are without any rational basis or that it permits discrimination. 11. The petitioners contention that Speech Therapists have been granted higher scale of pay in other Institutions, namely, Rohtak Medical College, National Institute for Hearing Handicapped, Hyderabad, Safdarjang Hospital, and P.G.I., Chandigarh cannot be taken into consideration as the petitioner has failed to place any material showing the duties and functions performed by the Speech Therapist in the aforesaid Institutions or the qualifications prescribed for the same. Merely because Speech Therapists performing similar duties and functions in other Institutions are paid higher pay scale is no good ground to accept the petitioners claim for equal pay. There may be difference in educational qualifications, quality and volume of work required to be performed by the Hearing Therapists in other Institutions. In the absence of any material placed before the Court it is not possible to record findings that the petitioner is denied equality before law. Moreover, if the employer is not the same the principle of Equal Pay for Equal Work would not be applicable. We do not consider it necessary to discuss the matter further as the petitiolner has not placed requisite material before the Court for the application of the principle of `Equal Pay for Equal Work. 12. In view of the above discussion we are of the opinion that the petitioner has faded to demonstrate that any discrimination has been practised against him in the matter relating to pay, therefore the question of application of the principle of Equal Pay for Equal Work does not arise and the petitiner is not entitled to any relief. The petition fails and is accordingly dismissed but there will he no order as to costs. Petition dismissed. For Citation : AIR 1989 SC 1256 = (1989) I JT 512 1989 Lab IC 1348 = (1989) 58 Fac LR 640. ,