JUDGMENT (Per B. N. Srikrishna, J.) These two references made under Section 256(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, pertain to different assessment years. Income-tax Reference No. 447 of 1977 pertains to the assessment year 1962-63 while Income-tax Reference No. 295 of 1978 pertains to the assessment years 1963-64, 1965-66 and 1966-67. Both these references have been made at the instance of the assessee and the questions referred for opinion of this Court are as under :- "(1) Whether there is any evidence on record to support the finding that, right from the first purchase in 1942, the intention of the Applicant in acquiring the land was stamped with the character of trading venture and, therefore, the tax authorities were correct in taxing the profit as business income ? (2) Whether the conclusion of the Tribunal that, right from the first purchase in 1942, the intention of the applicant in acquiring the land was stamped with the character of a trading venture and therefore, the tax authorities were correct in taxing the profit involved as business income inconsistent with the evidence on record and, therefore, valid in law ?" The assessee is a company which carries on business of manufacture and sale of hume pipes, R.C.C. pipes, pre-stressed pipes etc. The assessee company was incorporated in the year 1926 to take over the business carried on by two concerns engaged in manufacture and sales of hume pipes. Initially, the factory of the assessee (for carrying on the said business) was situated at Nesbit Road, Mazagaon, Bombay. In or about 1933-34, a sister concern of the assessee called Building Construction Company Ltd. (hereinafter referred to an 'BCC') was incorporated with a view to undertake building construction activities. In 1936, BCC purchased an area admeasuring 21,000 sq. yds., together with the factory building, sheds etc. from one Pioneer Company and, after the said purchase, BCC leased out that area to the assessee. In 1937, the factory of the assessee was shifted to the said property situated at Wadala from Nesbit Road and the manufacturing activities of the assessee have been thereafter carried on at Wadala. Initially, the entire area of 21,000 sq. yds. was utilised for the business purpose of the assessee. In 1938, 1940 and 1941-42, BCC made the following further purchases of land at Wadala :- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Area Seller Consideration (Sq. Initially, the entire area of 21,000 sq. yds. was utilised for the business purpose of the assessee. In 1938, 1940 and 1941-42, BCC made the following further purchases of land at Wadala :- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Area Seller Consideration (Sq. yds.) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1938 40,423 Bank of Baroda Ltd. About Rs. 1/- per Sq. yd. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1940 29,925 -do- -do- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1941-42 195493 -do- 11 Annas per sq. yd. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 265841 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thus, the total area purchased by BCC, including the purchase in the year 1936 came to 2,86,841 sq. yds. BCC also leased out to the assessee the land purchased by it from 1938 to 1941-42 soon after the purchases were made. The assessee had also taken on lease an area admeasuring 24,798 sq. yds. in the year 1942 from one H. H. Khetsey. During the period from 1942 to 1957, the assessee purchased from BCC the entire area of 2,96,841 sq. yds. already leased out to it, together with another entire area admeasuring 1021 sq. yds. in the manner indicated below :- Year Seller Area (Sq. yds.) Rate (Rs.) at cost to BCC 1942 B.C.C. 87,750 1,12,000 plus expenses B.C.C. 1,99,176 1,36,500 incurred by it. 1957 B.C.C. 1,021 2,236 It may be noted at this stage that, though BCC had acquired by purchase land admeasuring 2,86,841 sq. yds., the assessee had purchased that entire area which turned out, on measurement, to be 2,87,941 sq. yds. (the difference between the two figures being attributable to defective measurement). Apart from purchasing the land for BCC, the assessee had also purchased land from different parties, during different years, as under :- ---------------------------------------------------------------- Year Area in Seller Rate Remarks Sq. yds. Rs. ---------------------------------------------------------------- (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1942 13,294 Tata Settlement 79,764 Trust ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1945 34,430 Peter Louis 86,075 ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1945 2,209 Daji 4,400 ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1945 29,687 Tata Settlement 118848 Trust ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1953 24,798 H. H. Khetsey 59,182 The said land as already stated above had been taken on lease in 1942 ---------------------------------------------------------------- In the aforesaid manner, the assessee came to acquire total area of land admeasuring 3,92,355 sq. yds. The entire area of land purchased by the assessee is situated near Antop Hill. Wadala, and all the lands were contiguous except two purchases on the West side of Antop Hill. The land on the West side of Antop Hill was purchased in 1945 and the total area admeasured 31,896 sq. yds. yds. The entire area of land purchased by the assessee is situated near Antop Hill. Wadala, and all the lands were contiguous except two purchases on the West side of Antop Hill. The land on the West side of Antop Hill was purchased in 1945 and the total area admeasured 31,896 sq. yds. Out of the purchased land admeasuring 3,92,355 sq. yds., the assessee sold various plots of land on both sides of the Antop Hill during the period 1951-52 to 1955-56 in bits and pieces, the smallest being an area of 30 sq. yds. in 1953-54, and the largest being an area of 22,326 sq. yds. in 1956-57. An area of 34,430 sq. yds. was acquired by the Government in 1955-56. As regards the sale in 1956-57 of the area of 22,326 sq. yds., the Tribunal has found that the assessee had a wire drawing factory situate on the said land and that it had sold out the said factory, along with the land on which the factory was situate, to M/s. Krishna Steel Industries. Barring the two instances of sale of large plots, one to M/s. Krishna Steel Industries in 1956-57 and the plot acquired by the Government in 1965-66, the area of land sold during the period 1951-52 to 1965-66 are very small and in driplets. The Departmental Authorities and the Tribunal have treated the surplus in the hands of the assessee from the sale of the aforesaid pieces of land as business profits and did not accept the contention of the assessee that it should be taxed as capital gains. The questions as aforesaid have been referred to this Court for its opinion at the instance of the assessee. It is not disputed that the assessee was not a dealer in real estate or a developer of land as its line of business was entirely different, as stated earlier. It is also not disputed that the bulk of the land was purchased in 1941-42 from BCC and represents an isolated transaction of purchase of land. In such a situation, where there is an isolated transaction, as pointed out by the Supreme Court in C. Venkataswami Naidu & Co. v. Commr. It is also not disputed that the bulk of the land was purchased in 1941-42 from BCC and represents an isolated transaction of purchase of land. In such a situation, where there is an isolated transaction, as pointed out by the Supreme Court in C. Venkataswami Naidu & Co. v. Commr. of Income-Tax (35 I.T.R. 594), some of the indicia for testing whether the transaction was a transaction in the nature of investment, or of an adventure in trade, are : (i) Was the purchase a trade and were the purchase of the commodity and its resale allied to his usual trade or business or incidental to it ? (ii) What is the nature of the commodity purchased and re-sold and in what quantity was it purchased and resold ? (iii) Did the purchaser by any act subsequent to the purchase improve the quality of the commodity purchased and thereby make it more readily re-saleable ? (iv) What were the incidents associated with the purchase and resale ? (v) Were they similar to the operations usually associated with trade or business ? (vi) Are the transactions of purchase and sale repeated ? (vii) In regard to the purchase of the commodity and its subsequent possession by the purchaser, does the element of pride of possession come into the picture ? (viii) Whether the finance required for the purchase of the commodity has been found from the surplus funds with the assessee or whether they represent borrowed money ? The Supreme Court pointed out in the above case that, though none of these tests is in itself conclusive, the Court must look at the cumulative effect of all the factors and arrive at a conclusion as to whether the transaction was an instance of investment or an adventure in the nature of trade. Let us now apply these tests to the transactions in question before us. There is no finding, one way or the other, by the Tribunal, as to whether the money for purchase of the land came from the surplus funds in the hands of the assessee or whether from borrowed money. However, looking to the standing of the company and the amount invested, we think that it is more probable that the company may have invested its own surplus funds in acquiring the land. However, looking to the standing of the company and the amount invested, we think that it is more probable that the company may have invested its own surplus funds in acquiring the land. The assessee did not carry out any development such as plotting on the land, nor did it make any improvement on the land to make it readily marketable. The areas of plot sold were of different dimensions, during different years, and in such small quantities, as no normal trader in land would have done. Applying these tests and taking the cumulative effect of the answers thereto, and examining the course of conduct of the assessee from 1941-42 to 1965, we have no manner of doubt that these lands were not bought by the assessee with any intention to trade in land but merely as investments of surplus investible funds. We are of the view that the assessee's contention in this regard must be upheld. Consequently, we answer the questions referred to us in the following planner :- Question No. 1 : In the negative and in favour of the assessee. Question No. 2 : In the negative and in favour of the assessee. There will be no order as to costs.