S. B. Wad ( 1 ) THESE writ petitions raise common questions regardingthe implementation of the recruitment rules of the University Grants Commission and for proper balancing of the claims of the Under Secretaries and theeducation Officers in regard to seniority and promotion in the University Grantscommission. ( 2 ) THE University Grants Commission was established in 1956 by anact of Parliament, viz. University Grants Commission Act, 1956. The Statement of Objects and Reasons of the Bill in this regard stated that "the Constitution of India vests Parliament with exclusive authority in regard to coordination and determination of standards in institutions for higher education forresearch and scientific and technical institutions. It is obvious that neithercoordination nor determination of standards is possible unless the Centralgovernment has some voice in determination of standards of teaching andexamination in the Universities both old and new. It is also necessary to ensurethat available resources are utilised to the best possible effect. The problem hasbecome more acute recently on account of the tendency to multiply Universities. " ( 3 ) THE University Grants Commission has the power under the Act torecommend to the Universities measures for improvement of Universityeducation. They have power to conduct inspection of the universities for theimplementation of such recommendations. The University Grants Commissionrecognises the Universities and also confers status of deemed universities oninstitutions of higher learning and research institutes. For the proper development of universities the University Grants Commission allocates funds to theuniversities for general and specific purposes. It is the body which coordinatesthe universities with the Central Government. The University Grants Commission acts a expert body to advice the Central Government on maintenance ofstandards in the universities. The Commission is composed predominantly ofthe educational experts. The Chairman is usually a well-known educationist. Out of 10 members not less than four members are from the teachers of theuniversities and the remaining members are from the persons who are thevice-Chancellors of the Universities or experts in Agriculture, Commerce,engineering, Law and Medicine. Amongst other things the University Grantscommission has the power (Section 26. c.) to frame regulations with the priorapproval of the Central Government specifying the terms and conditions. ofservice of the employees appointed by the Commission. Such regulations wereframed by the Commission in 1958 and then in 1983. Amongst other things the University Grantscommission has the power (Section 26. c.) to frame regulations with the priorapproval of the Central Government specifying the terms and conditions. ofservice of the employees appointed by the Commission. Such regulations wereframed by the Commission in 1958 and then in 1983. The administration of theuniversity Grants Commission is principally manned by the executive officers,such as Section Officers, Under Secretaries and by persons drawn from theuniversities and Scientific institutions. They can, thus, be broadly described asthe Executive, the Educationist and Scientists. ( 4 ) A body like University Grants Commission which oversees thethe standards of higher education in the Universities is expected to have effective administration to implement the objectives of the Act. The Officers manning such administration should have deep knowledge and experience of theuniversity functioning and its problems. This is not a routine administration butan administration with high function of improving the excellence of universityeducation by persons motivated and devoted to the cause of higher education. However, as the arguments proceeded in these petitions what was discoveredwas the total chaos in the service and complete negation of the higher purposefor which the University Grants Commission was established. It was seen thatthe appointments were made in total disregard of the service regulations. Unqualified people were appointed at various rungs of the administration. Ad hocpromotions were made almost as a matter of rule. Sometimes even two orthree ad hoc promotions one after another were given to same person. Theappointments so made had no co-elation with the availability of regular vacancies. The Under Secretaries and the Education Officers, which is the feeder postfor the post of Deputy Secretary, had no seniority rules. It appears that the administrative or executive wing had the upper hand in various posts of the officerscontrary to the service regulations and to the detriment of the educationists andscientists. The most glaring example was of keeping in abeyance the recruitmentof education officers year after year and making the said posts available for Section Officers by creating super numerary posts in the exact number. These factswere hardly denied by the University Grants Commission in their counteraffidavit and by the Counsel appearing before us. As a matter of fact, thecounsel for University Grants Commission repeatedly requested the Court tolay down the guidelines so as to establish some order in the entire service. These factswere hardly denied by the University Grants Commission in their counteraffidavit and by the Counsel appearing before us. As a matter of fact, thecounsel for University Grants Commission repeatedly requested the Court tolay down the guidelines so as to establish some order in the entire service. ( 5 ) WHEN CW 3507/89 came for admission before the Division Bench,the Division Bench issued notice and directed that no ad hoc promotions be made to the post of Deputy Secretary. The said order was lateron modified, permitting the University Grants Commission to make promotions on ad hoc basis, but strictly complying with the eligibility rules andclarifying that such promotions were subject to the final decision in the writpetitions. As the arguments proceeded the University Grants Commission wasdirected to file the entire list of Deputy Secretaries appointed on ad hoc basisand the duration of their ad hoc appointment. They were also directed to filethe joint seniority list of all the Under Secretaries and the Education Officersas well as schedules caste officers. With the information furnished it was foundthat the picture was getting murkier and murkier. Therefore, on 13. 11. 90 theuniversity Grants Commission was directed to review the entire question ofappointment of ad hoc appointees who were already working in that capacityfor more than six months. Thereafter, The Commission reported the finalisationof the seniority list and the schemes to be put up by the University Grants Commission to the Central Government for regularisation of ad hoc appointmentsat the various ladders of the administration. Since the entire service was in themelting pot, the Court further directed that no appointments ad hoc/regular/permanent be made till the disposal of the petition. Pursuant to our directionsfrom time to time the Scheme for regularisation of various ad hoc appointmentshas now been finalised in consultation with the Union of India. Thus, afterlong pursuation and directions from time to time some semblance of order hasnow been established in the administration of the University Grants Commission. The University Grants Commission is still working for a proper arrangement for recognising and protecting the claims of the various sections of administration, viz. educationists and scientists. ( 6 ) IT is on this background that the grievance of the petitions are tobe appreciated and it is on this background alone that some solutions can befound out for their problems. The University Grants Commission is still working for a proper arrangement for recognising and protecting the claims of the various sections of administration, viz. educationists and scientists. ( 6 ) IT is on this background that the grievance of the petitions are tobe appreciated and it is on this background alone that some solutions can befound out for their problems. If the individualistic and personal claims of thesections of the administration are to be recognised and protected it will set atnaught the entire effort made by the Court and the University Grants Commission to set the house in order. ( 7 ) CW 3491/89 has been filed by M/s. M. M. Chawla, S. P. Gupta,g. S. Bawa and K. . C. Verma. They were appointed as Under Secretaries on adhoc basis on 1. 10. 1983, 26. 12. 83, 1. 2. 84 and 19. 9. 84 respectively. In their writpetition they prayed for a mandamus, directing the respondents to regularisethe appointments of the petitioners and confirm them in the post of Undersecretary with effect from their initial appointment with consequential benefitslike seniority and promotion from their due dates. It was submitted in the writpetition that if their service is treated as a regular service from the date of theirinitial appointment, they will be completing more than five years regular serviceas Under Secretaries and this will make them eligible for the promotion to thepost of Deputy Secretary. According to the 1983 regulations the service rendering eligibility is not less than five years regular service as Under Secretary/education Officer. ( 8 ) IN CW 3507/89 filed by Dr. Kanta Kumari the petitioner hadprayed for a mandamus directing the respondents to consider the petitioner forad hoc promotion to the post of Deputy Secretary by following the 40 pointroster for working out the post available for scheduled castes and scheduledtribes. The petitioner claimed that the memorandum of Government ofIndia,department of Personnel, dated 2. 6. 89 should be strictly complied with for theappointment of scheduled castes and scheduled tribe employees and that theoffice memorandum of the University Grants Commission dated 26. 10. 89 wasviolative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. ( 9 ) CW 2147/90 has been filed by Dr. S. M. Mukherjee who is an Education Officer. 6. 89 should be strictly complied with for theappointment of scheduled castes and scheduled tribe employees and that theoffice memorandum of the University Grants Commission dated 26. 10. 89 wasviolative of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. ( 9 ) CW 2147/90 has been filed by Dr. S. M. Mukherjee who is an Education Officer. The petitioner has challenged the ad hoc appointments to thepost of Under Secretary from the- post of Section Officers of S/s. M. M. Chawla (the petitioner incw 3491/89) and 11 other Section Officers. They were allmatriculates while the education qualification for the post of Under Secretarywas a Graduate. The University Grants Commission relaxed the qualificationunder Rule 6 and made the said ad hoc appointments. The petitioner has several grievances about the same. He has submitted that prior approval of thecentral Government was not secured before the relaxation was given to thesaid Under Secretaries. He has submitted that such relaxation had been repeatedly used by the University Grants Commission at all levels of appointmentswith the result that large number of matriculate officers have reached even thestage of Deputy Secretaries and Joint Secretaries. As against these promotionsto the staff working on the executive side, the posts of Education Officers arekept in abeyance and not filled in time. These posts were converted into theposts of Under Secretaries by creating these posts as super numerary posts. Education Officers are highly qualified officers with Masters degrees and minimum of five years experience as teachers or researchers in the Universities orresearch institutions. This has resulted into anamolies and humiliating atmosphere in the entire service of University Grants Commission where sometimes thematriculates become the bosses of the highly. qualified Education Officers. Thechances of promotions of the Education Officers to the post of Deputy Secretaryand above are thus seriously jeopardised because of such relaxation of thequalifications laid down by the 1983 regulations. He has taken exceptionto keeping the posts of Education Officers in abeyance and creation of supernumerary posts of Under Secretaries as being contrary to service regulations andviolativeofarticlesl4andl6of the Constitution. He has prayed for strictcompliance with the 1983 Regulations in regard to appointment of Undersecretaries and further promotions to the post of Deputy Secretaries. He has taken exceptionto keeping the posts of Education Officers in abeyance and creation of supernumerary posts of Under Secretaries as being contrary to service regulations andviolativeofarticlesl4andl6of the Constitution. He has prayed for strictcompliance with the 1983 Regulations in regard to appointment of Undersecretaries and further promotions to the post of Deputy Secretaries. As a matter of fact, he contends, that the petitioners in CW 3491/89 andsome others have been irregularly appointed and promoted ad hoc right fromthe posts of U. D. C. to the post of Under Secretary through various promotions. ( 10 ) AS the arguments proceeded in the writ petitions with the directions given from time to time the University Grants Commission prepared thescheme for the regularisation of service with the concurrence of the Centralgovernment. Arguments were advanced by the respective counsel taking intoconsideration the new facts that were brought on record. The Central Government laid down the principle that where an employee has rendered ad hocservice for five years or more they should be given benefit of five years servicefor the purposes of regularisation. This principle was followed by the University Grants Commission and the entire ad hoc service/appointments/promotionswere regularised, including the regularisation of Under Secretaries. The entireservice in University Grants Commission is now to be taken as a fact afterremoval of the irregularities and illegalities that had crept in over the years. The exercise was a vast exercise, in some respects akin to the constitution of anew service. It has now been assured that the promotions in future would bestrictly made in accordance with the 1983 regulations. We rely on the saidassurance of the University Grants Commission and, therefore, do not find itnecessary to give any direction for the strict compliance of the 1983 serviceregulations. ( 11 ) DR. Kanta Kumar (CW 3507/89) has prayed that she should beappointed ad hoc to the post of Deputy Secretary. Since no ad hoc appointments are to be made contrary to service regulations of 1983, the petitionercannot be granted any relief. Moreover, admittedly, she is not eligible to beappointed to the post of Deputy Secretary as she has not completed five yearsregular service, as required by the service Regulations. Since no ad hoc appointments are to be made contrary to service regulations of 1983, the petitionercannot be granted any relief. Moreover, admittedly, she is not eligible to beappointed to the post of Deputy Secretary as she has not completed five yearsregular service, as required by the service Regulations. As regards per grievanceof the correct application of the 40 point roster for determining the vacanciesavailable for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and the implementation ofthe Central Government s office memoranda in regard to clearing the backlog,we direct the University Grants Commission to properly work out the 40 pointroster and to see that claims of scheduled castes and scheduled tribe employeesare properly protected. CW 3507/89 is disposed of with this order. ( 12 ) IN CW 2147/90 the grievance of the petitioner, Dr. Mukherjee, isagainst the relaxation of the qualification of graduation in favour of Sectionofficers and appointing them as ad hoc Under Secretaries. Shri M. M. Chawla,petitioner No. 1 in CW 3491/89, had got such benefit of relaxation. But theservice of all the four petitioners as ad hoc Under Secretaries in CW 3491/89were regularised by the University Grants Commission in June, 1990 during thependency of the writ petition. The regularisation was done by the Universitygrants Commission by giving the benefit of five years service as a generalprinciple of regularisation followed by the University Grants Commission inthe entire hierarchy of the University Grants Commission administration. Therelaxation of educational qualifications earlier cannot now be reopened. Dr. Mukherjee s other prayer that the promotions should be made strictly inaccordance with the 1983 Regulations is already met by the assurance given bythe University Grants Commission, which we have noted earlier. CW 2147/90is disposed of accordingly. ( 13 ) THIS leaves us to the claim of the four petitioners in CW. 3491/89. The Counsel for the petitioners in this petition has relied upon the decisionsof the "supreme Court in Direct Recruits Class II Engineering Officers Association v. State of Maharashtra and Others 1990 (2) SCC 715 and Narendra Chadhav. Union of India, 1986 (2) SCC 157 . He has submitted that the continuousservice in ad hoc capacity rendered by the petitioners from their respectivedates of promotions in 1983 and 1984 should be counted for the purposes ofregularisation and seniority. He has relied upon proposition b at page 745 ofthe Direct Recruits case ( 1990 (2) SCC 715 ). Union of India, 1986 (2) SCC 157 . He has submitted that the continuousservice in ad hoc capacity rendered by the petitioners from their respectivedates of promotions in 1983 and 1984 should be counted for the purposes ofregularisation and seniority. He has relied upon proposition b at page 745 ofthe Direct Recruits case ( 1990 (2) SCC 715 ). The proposition reads : "if the initial appointment is not made by following the procedure laid down by the rules but the appointee continues in the postuninterruptedly till the regularisation of his service in accordance withthe rules, the period of officiating service will be counted. " ( 14 ) HE has also relied upon the observations of the Supreme Court innarendra Chadha s case where it was held by the Supreme Court that theperiod of continue us officiation by persons promoted without following theprocedure laid down in the rules should be counted towards the seniority in thecadre and not doing so would be arbitrary and violative of Articles 14 and16of the Constitution. These observations in Narendra Chadha s case were upheldby the Supreme Court in Direct Recruits case. The Supreme Court was facedwith a very serious problem of the employees working on ad hoc basis for along period of 15 to 20 years. A solution in equity had, therefore, to be foundout by the Supreme Court so as to off-set grave prejudice which would havebeen caused if the said officers were to be reverted after 20 years service. Thesupreme Court availed of the power of relaxation provided by the service rulesapplicable in that case so as to get over the illegality of the non-compliance ofthe rules in matters of promotion. Each service has its own peculiarities in regardto the hierarchy and the service rules. So also the problems and difficulties areproblems of that service. Service law is an area of administrative law and it hasbeen recognised by all authorities on the administrative law as well as thedecisions of the superior Courts that the administrative solution found in relation to one service cannot be made applicable to other services/administrationwith the same logic and vigour. Each service/administration is unique in its ownway. Service law is an area of administrative law and it hasbeen recognised by all authorities on the administrative law as well as thedecisions of the superior Courts that the administrative solution found in relation to one service cannot be made applicable to other services/administrationwith the same logic and vigour. Each service/administration is unique in its ownway. We may state as a point ,of uniqueness of the University Grants Commission service that the problem of ad hoc promotions was not limited only tothe present case, but the entire service was infested with it with the spectre ofunpredictability and chaos. The petitioners in our case had not worked as adhoc Under Secretaries for a long length of time. such as 15 to 20 years. Eventheir promotions (and indeed the promotions of many others) right from thestage of Clerk were done by relaxation of qualifications at various ladders ofpromotions. This fact is not disputed by the University Grants Commission. The promotions of the petitioners in the present case were regularised duringthe pendency of this writ petition and they were subject to the final directionsby the Court. In order to do away with ad-hocism and to put the entire serviceunder University Grants Commission at all levels of hierarchy, the Universitygrants Commission followed the principle of giving five years benefit for thepurposes of regularisation of service. The benefit of the ad hoc service was notto be made available to any member of the University Grants Commissionservice for the purposes of seniority. If the petitioners and their class are to begiven the benefit of seniority their entire ad hoc service, it will start a chain oflitigation affecting the entire hierarchy of the service in the University Grantscommission. It will revert the entire service under University Grants Commission into total chaos as before. We are supported in our approach by theprinciple laid down by the Supreme Court in the Directs Recruits case at point j (at page 745 ). The said principle reads : "the decision dealing with important questions concerning aparticular service given after careful consideration should be respectedrather than scrutinised for finding out any possible error. It is not inthe interest of Service to unsettle a settled position. " ( 15 ) THE other principles laid down in the Direct Recruits case at page745 are also useful to some of the present problems. The quota rule shouldordinarily be followed strictly. It is not inthe interest of Service to unsettle a settled position. " ( 15 ) THE other principles laid down in the Direct Recruits case at page745 are also useful to some of the present problems. The quota rule shouldordinarily be followed strictly. If it becomes impossible to adhere to the existingquota rule it should be substituted by appropriate rule, failing which by theexecutive instructions. In such case where adherence to the service rules isimpossible and the quota rule has broken down the appointees regularly appoin-ted should not be pushed down below the appointees from the othersource. ( 16 ) IT has been admitted by the University Grants Commission thatright from the year 1983 to 1990 the posts of Education Officers were kept inabeyance and the said posts were treated as super numerary Under Secretaryposts. Ad hoc appointments were made in such super numerary posts. Theuniversity Grants Commission could not justify this course of action during thecourse of arguments. What was faintly suggested was that the direct recruitmentof the Education Officers takes time and, therefore, in the interest of service,those posts were utilised for the Under Secretaries posts by making them supernumerary posts. We are of the opinion that this practice followed by theuniversity Grants Commission year after year was highly pernicious anddestructive of the sound administration in the service. Super numerary postsare shadow posts made to meet rare contingency created by unforeseencircumstances in a given service. This cannot be converted into a regular practice so as to benefit one section of the service to the detriment of the others. Dr. Mukherjee is quite right in his submission that through this practice andthe practice of relaxation of qualifications repeatedly and indiscriminately, upperhand has been secured by the executive wing of the service. The clear implication of this is that the basic object of establishment of University Grants Commission, viz. maintenance of standards of excellence in the Universities is takenout of the purview of the educationists and scientists and put in the hands ofthe executive officers who have neither the qualifications nor the experience ofuniversity service. The impossibility of adherence to existing rules, mentionedin the Direct Recruits case, could only reasonably mean impossibility becauseof the circumstances beyond the control of the service. It cannot be used as anindirect cover for the deliberate disregard of the service rules. Thus. The impossibility of adherence to existing rules, mentionedin the Direct Recruits case, could only reasonably mean impossibility becauseof the circumstances beyond the control of the service. It cannot be used as anindirect cover for the deliberate disregard of the service rules. Thus. if theratio of the Direct Recruits case and the Narendra Chadha s case, is applied inthe light of the peculiar facts of the University Grants Commission service, itwould be clear that the petitioners cannot claim benefit of their service as adhoc Under Secretaries for the purposes of seniority. ( 17 ) DR. Mukherjee and other Education Officers were directly recruitedagainst the substantive vacancies, enjoying the benefits of regular service muchprior to the petitioners. The petitioners, therefore, cannot claim any seniorityover them. ( 18 ) ONE question that was examined during the arguments was whetherany regular/substantive post of Under Secretary was available when the petitioners were promoted ad hoc. The information supplied at the time of argumentsdoes not show that such a regular post was available when Mr. M. M. Chawla,who was promoted first amongst the four petitioners in 1983. The super numerary post cannot be equated with a regular post being only a shadow post andthus no regular post was available for the petitioners at the relevant time. Mr. M. M. Chawla, who perhaps has a better claim than the other petitioners,was not even a Graduate in 1983, which is the basic educational qualificationfor the post of Under Secretary. He became a graduate in 1987. ( 19 ) NONE of the petitioners have regular service of five years or morefor being eligible to be appointed to the regular post of Deputy Secretary. Asand when they would complete five years regular service they may becomeeligible for being considered to the post of Deputy Secretary. CW 3491/89 is,therefore, dismissed. There shall be no order as to costs.