Judgment :- One of the incidental questions surfaced to the fore in this matrimonial dispute is the relevance of an order of annulment of marriage passed by an "Ecclesiastical Tribunal". As we cannot dispose of this case without deciding the said question, we heard counsel on both sides in extenso regarding that question. 2. We shall now state as to how the matter came before us. A petition was filed by one husband for a decree either for divorce or for nullity of his marriage with the respondent. Parties are Christians and they belong to Roman Catholic Church. For the decree of divorce, petitioner alleged that respondent is guilty of incestuous adultery. For the decree of nullity of marriage petitioner adopted two separate grounds. First is that respondent was insane and continued to be so till the date of marriage. Second is that respondent had a previous marriage with one Prince Joseph. 3. A child was born to the respondent in her wedlock with the petitioner and the child is now with its mother, the respondent. 4. The petition was stoutly resisted and the respondent described the allegation regarding incestuous adultery as a cruel story shamelessly concocted by the petitioner. However, respondent admitted that she was involved in a previous marriage, but contended that the said marriage was annulled by the order of the Ecclesiastical Tribunal (or Church Court as it is referred to at times). According to the respondent, the fact of her previous marriage was made known to the petitioner and he agreed to marry the respondent with that knowledge. 5. Learned District Judge did not conduct any enquiry. He took the view that "on the admitted pleadings of the parties it is possible to dispose of the Original Petition without posting the case for evidence". As the respondent admitted the earlier marriage, learned District Judge found that in the absence of a decree passed by the civil court in the manner provided in the Indian Divorce Act, 1869 (for short the Divorce Act') the former marriage continued inspire of the annulment order passed by the Ecclesiastical Tribunal. On the said premise learned District Judge passed the decree declaring the present marriage null and void as for the ground envisaged in S.19(4) of the Divorce Act. 6. No doubt, as per S.45 of the Divorce Act, the proceedings thereunder can be regulated by the Code of Civil Procedure. On the said premise learned District Judge passed the decree declaring the present marriage null and void as for the ground envisaged in S.19(4) of the Divorce Act. 6. No doubt, as per S.45 of the Divorce Act, the proceedings thereunder can be regulated by the Code of Civil Procedure. But it has to be borne in mind that the said section is subject to the other provisions in the Divorce Act. S.47 of the Act requires a petitioner to state that there was no collusion or connivance between the parties to the marriage. A combined reading of these two sections indicates that the court has to be satisfied of the ground of nullity of marriage (if the petition is for a decree of nullity) inspite of the admission made by any party in the pleadings. Otherwise, there is a danger that two parties can collusively cause a petition to be filed alleging any particular ground for declaring the marriage null and void and the other side can simply admit the same and thereby present an admitted version regarding the ground for nullity. It must also be remembered that if the decree was passed by a District Judge the same is subject to confirmation by the High Court as provided in S.20 of the Divorce Act. All those would suggest that the District Judge is not to pass a decree of nullity of marriage just after reading the pleadings of the parties. At any rate, S.45 of the Divorce Act is not a carte blanche for dispensing with any enquiry as to the existence of a ground for nullity of marriage merely because no dispute regarding that ground has been raised by the other party. 7. In Preston Jones v. Preston Jones (1951 A.C. 391) Lord Mac Dermott has stated thus: "The jurisdiction in divorce involves the status of the parties and the public interest requires that the marriage bond shall not be set aside lightly or without strict enquiry". The aforesaid observation was quoted by a Full Bench of the Madras High court with approval in Jean Emeline v Joseph Taylor (MR 1966 Madras 155) and held that the above observation applies to nullity proceedings as well. We also take the same view. 8. The aforesaid observation was quoted by a Full Bench of the Madras High court with approval in Jean Emeline v Joseph Taylor (MR 1966 Madras 155) and held that the above observation applies to nullity proceedings as well. We also take the same view. 8. Shri. Mathai M. Paikeday, learned counsel for the respondent contended that since the Ecclesiastical Tribunal has already annulled the former marriage between respondent and Prince Joseph long before the present marriage the ground envisaged in S.19(4) of the Divorce Act is not available. He further contended that due weight shall be given by the court to the personal law of the parties regarding marriage and the order of the Ecclesiastical Tribunal should be treated as sufficient to end the former marriage. 9. In support of the contention Shri. Mathai M. Paikeday invited our attention to the judgment of a learned single judge of this Court (Sankaran Nair, J.) in Leelamma v. Dilip Kumar (1992(1) KLT 651). Learned Single Judge did not hold that Canon Law would supercede the statutory law regarding the marriage or any other matter. On the other hand, learned judge has pointed out, in clear terms, that "in the absence of statutory law Canon Law governs members of the community". A Division Bench of this Court (P.C. Balakrishna Menon J. (as he then was) and K.G. Balakrishnan, J.) has held in Jose v. Alice (1988(2) KLT 890) that "marriage between the parties creates civil rights and the ecclesiastical tribunals have no jurisdiction to annul marriages involving the civil rights of parties" and concluded that "a Christian marriage can he declared null and void only by a decree of court as provided for in S.18 and 19 of the Divorce Act". Learned counsel made a plea for reconsideration of the ratio in Jose v. Alice (1988(2) KLT 890). 10. The Divorce Act was passed to amend the law relating to divorce as well as matrimonial causes and for granting reliefs to parties professing Christian religion. Despite the nomenclature of the Act it contains not only provisions for divorce, but other provisions touching other matrimonial matters as well. 11 A short survey of history as to how the statute came into being may be of some advantage to decide the question. From the middle of the 12th century ecclesiastical courts were recognised as having exclusive jurisdiction in matters of marriage and divorce. 11 A short survey of history as to how the statute came into being may be of some advantage to decide the question. From the middle of the 12th century ecclesiastical courts were recognised as having exclusive jurisdiction in matters of marriage and divorce. Since the Church of Rome was the supreme ecclesiastical authority in England, the ecclesiastical courts applied Canon Law in matrimonial causes. Christian marriage was indissoluble, but divorce a mensa et thoro (in the nature of the present day judicial separation) was granted for certain cases. After 1857 divorce by judicial process in England came into operation for the first time by virtue of the Matrimonial Causes Act, 1857. (vide Halsbury' s law of England - Vol.13 - 4th Edition at page 244). By the said Act the jurisdiction till then exercised by ecclesiastical courts in England was conferred upon a new court called "the Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes". 12. In India, till 1861 "the Supreme Court at Bombay" exercised the jurisdiction which ecclesiastical courts exercised in England. When the High Court of Bombay was established, jurisdiction of the Supreme Court at Bombay in such matters was inherited by the High Court of Bombay. Later when British Parliament passed an Act for establishing High Courts at different centres in India, such jurisdiction was passed over to such High Courts also in accordance with the territorial limits. The Divorce Act, 1869 was passed "to amend the law relating to the divorce of persons professing Christian religion and to confer upon certain courts jurisdiction in matters matrimonial". 13. The above is the background for introduction of statutory law in matrimonial causes relating to persons professing Christian faith. Jurisdiction earlier exercised by ecclesiastical courts has, by a process of evolution, reached the High Courts and to a certain extent the District Court in relation to the territorial limits. 14. Marriage for Christians is not a contract, but a "sacrament". From the theological point of view, a sacrament is based on the faith that it was instituted by Jesus Christ and entrusted to the Church for the purpose of contributing to the manifestation of ecclesial communion with God (vide A Text and Commentary on the Canon Law by Geoffrey Chapman). Marriage for Christians is not a contract, but a "sacrament". From the theological point of view, a sacrament is based on the faith that it was instituted by Jesus Christ and entrusted to the Church for the purpose of contributing to the manifestation of ecclesial communion with God (vide A Text and Commentary on the Canon Law by Geoffrey Chapman). All the same, from the practical point of view, a marriage brings new status to the parties as husband and wife and the new status stands recognised by all concerned. As adjunct to it mutual rights and obligations sprout therefrom and they transcend to the realm of civil rights. The parties eventually become the parents of the children born to them and the children become entitled to inheritance etc. Acquisition of this legal status by the parties to a marriage is protected by civil law. A marriage may be solemnised according to the personal law of the parties, or according to custom, or according to the provisions of an enactment. Once the marriage is over, the legal status acquired thereby is legally recognized and thereafter it is a concern of the law. When there is a statute governing the area, the statute has primacy over any personal law in that regard. 15. S.18 of the Divorce Act enables a party to present a petition for a declaration that the marriage is null and void. S.19 lists four grounds for passing such a decree: (1) That the respondent was impotent at the time of the marriage and at the time of the institution of the suit. (2) That the parties are within the prohibited degree of consanguinity or affinity. (3) That either party was a lunatic or idiot at the time of the marriage. (4) That the former husband or wife of either party was living at the time of the marriage, and the marriage with such former husband or will was then in force. In the second paragraph of Section jurisdiction of the High Court to make decrees of nullity of marriage on the ground that the consent of either party was obtained by force or fraud) has been preserved. The Divorce Act does not envisage any other ground for annulling a marriage. 16. The grounds enumerated and envisaged in S.19 are exhaustive for nullifying a marriage. The Divorce Act does not envisage any other ground for annulling a marriage. 16. The grounds enumerated and envisaged in S.19 are exhaustive for nullifying a marriage. A court is not empowered to go outside the contours of the Divorce Act for granting a decree of divorce or a decree of nullity. This is clear from S.4 of the Divorce Act. The relevant portion reads thus: "The jurisdiction now exercised by the High Courts in respect of divorce a mensa et toro, and in all other causes, suits and matters matrimonial shall be exercised by such Courts and by the District Courts subject to the provisions in this Act contained and not otherwise". (emphasis supplied) The message contained in S.4 is, therefore, unambiguously clear particularly with the words "and not otherwise" that the court cannot exercise jurisdiction outside the boundaries fixed in the Divorce Act. The aforesaid position was considered by the Gujarat High Court in Kanku v. Shanabhal Fulabhai (I.L.R 1967 Gujarat 1003). A majority has stated, relying on S.4 of the Divorce Act, that the grounds set out in S.19 are exhaustive. 17. Canon Law of the Roman Catholic Church has covered certain other grounds also for declaring the marriage void. (We are not considering in this case the personal law relating to the members of other denominations of the Christian church. Various grounds have been formulated in the Canon Law for declaring a marriage null and void. Some grounds are those covered in the Divorce Act also. But some other grounds are special to the Canon Law. They are the following: Under Canon Law, any marriage entered into by those who are below the prescribed age limit is void (CCEO 800). Marriage contracted between a Christian and a non-christian is void (CCEO 803). Marriage of those in Holy Orders (Diaconate and Priesthood) and those who are bound by a public and perpetual vow of chastity in a religious institute is void (CCEO 804 and CCEO 805). Similarly, marriage between those who are under spiritual relationship is also void (CCEO 811). It must be remembered that none of those grounds is regarded as a ground to nullify the marriage under the Divorce Act. 18. Canon Law (or personal law of Christians) can have theological or ecclesiastical implications to the parties. Similarly, marriage between those who are under spiritual relationship is also void (CCEO 811). It must be remembered that none of those grounds is regarded as a ground to nullify the marriage under the Divorce Act. 18. Canon Law (or personal law of Christians) can have theological or ecclesiastical implications to the parties. But after the Divorce Act came into force a dissolution or annulment granted under such personal law cannot have any legal impact as. statute has provided a different procedure and a different code for divorce or annulment. It may be that a decree of divorce or annulment granted by a civil court cannot compel the ecclesiastical authorities to solemnise a second marriage for any one of the parties thereto. It is open to such authority to insist that until the spiritual bond is also snapped through the steps envisaged in the Canon Law they would not perform or celebrate such second marriage. But the converse is not the legal position. In other words, when the ecclesiastical court grants annulment or divorce the church authorities would still continue under disability to perform or solemnise a second marriage for any of the parties until the marriage is dissolved or annulled in accordance with the statutory law in force in this regard. Personal law has relevance only to the above extent vis-a-vis the statutory law. In other words personal law stands clipped to the "extent statutory law has stepped. 19. Nonetheless there is some relevance for personal law or Canon Law even in the legal domain of matrimonial causes. Supreme Court has recognised the above limited utility of personal law in the domain of statutory law in matrimonial causes. In Lakshmi Sanyal v. S.K. Dhar (1972 S.C. 2667) the question involved was whether a marriage between children of two sisters could be declared null and void on the ground envisaged in S.19(2) of the Divorce Act. Their Lordships noticed that the church court has granted dispensation to the spouses concerned in regard to the range' of prohibition of degree of consanguinity or affinity. As the expression "prohibited degree of consanguinity or affinity" has not been defined in the Divorce Act or in any other statutory law applicable to Christian community, the court was persuaded to resort to external aid. As the expression "prohibited degree of consanguinity or affinity" has not been defined in the Divorce Act or in any other statutory law applicable to Christian community, the court was persuaded to resort to external aid. Accordingly, the order of dispensation of prohibition granted by an ecclesiastical authority in accordance with Canon Law was recognized by the Supreme Court as the law governing the members of that community. The above is the indication of the limited scope of application of personal law of Christians vis-a-vis the statutory law. 20. In Leelamma v. Dilip Kumar (1992(1) KLT 651) Sankaran Nair, J. has taken the view that fraud envisaged in S.19 of the Divorce Act* would include an error concerning quality of a person and that even a representation that the party is a Christian would amount to fraud if that party was not a Christian by faith. In that case, learned single judge noted that there was no "iota of evidence" to show that the husband professed Christian faith. Hence the learned judge took the view that wife's consent was obtained by fraud. 21. To "profess" Christian faith is not analogues to "practice" Christian faith. The word "profess" means making a declaration or pronouncement that the person concerned has faith in the Christian tenets. Even in Art.25 of the Constitution wherein right to freedom of religion is envisaged the. word "profess" is used as having a different connotation from the word "practice". If a person has openly declared that he believed in Christian faith, such person cannot be held guilty of fraud merely because he was not strictly practising doctrinal attributes of a church. Sacerdotal controversies existing as between different denominations of Christian religion arc so nice and sometimes involving so abstract nuances that it would be pedantic to depict one who failed to follow all such doctrinal nuances as a heretic and thereby to hold that he committed matrimonial fraud. If the scope of the concept of "fraud" in matrimonial causes is given such a loosely elastic construction, many a marriage would ever remain on the brink of annulment and the stability of family would be its prime casualty. 22. "Fraud" envisaged in the second paragraph of S.19 of the Divorce Act has to be understood from the point of view of matrimonial matters. Fraud understood in the Law of Contract may not be a safe guide. 22. "Fraud" envisaged in the second paragraph of S.19 of the Divorce Act has to be understood from the point of view of matrimonial matters. Fraud understood in the Law of Contract may not be a safe guide. In the Indian Contract Act active concealment of a fact with intent to induce another person to enter into a contract is sufficient to constitute fraud (S.17). In the Explanation to the Section it is made clear that mere silence as to the facts likely to effect the willingness of a person to enter into a contract is not fraud. But this clarification is subject to a rider that if circumstances are such that it is the duty of the person keeping silence to speak, then, even silence may amount to fraud. Such a wide connotation is not importable to matrimonial causes. 23. A Division Bench of this Court (Thomas & Sankaran Nair, JJ.) has held in Moore v. Valsa (1991(2) KLT 504) that the concept of fraud in the contract Act is of wider amplitude than in relation to matrimonial causes. The boundaries, of concept of fraud cannot be stretched as wide as including concealment of every fact. The Division Bench observed that "it has to be borne in mind that at the time of negotiation or courtship, parties might try to project themselves in the best possible form. Some amount of exaggeration in representation is often experienced to make him or her acceptable to the other as a spouse. Mere concealment or overstatement of facts by itself does not invalidate a marriage". At the same time, the Division Bench pointed out that the prestine view that scope of fraud in matrimonial law has a narrow radius need not rigidly be adhered to in modern times. 24. Over the years legislature liberalised the grounds for dissolution in matrimonial causes and thereby opened wider vision and perspective. This change had corresponding effect on the courts as they adopted more pragmatic approach in construing the grounds for dissolution or annulment of marriage. In a way a more liberal outlook was adopted by the courts in recent years. This trend gained approval from the apex court in Reynold Rajamani v. Union of India (A.I.R 1982 SC 1261). This change had corresponding effect on the courts as they adopted more pragmatic approach in construing the grounds for dissolution or annulment of marriage. In a way a more liberal outlook was adopted by the courts in recent years. This trend gained approval from the apex court in Reynold Rajamani v. Union of India (A.I.R 1982 SC 1261). Nonetheless a mis-statement or overstatement about one's quality or qualification would not amount to fraud as envisaged in the Divorce Act unless it is in respect of a factor vital to the marriage alliance itself. 25. We are of the view that legal position has been correctly stated in Moore v, Valsa (1991(2) KLT 504). The observations of Sankaran Nair, J. in Leelamma v. Dilip Kumar (1992(1) KLT 652) to. the contrary cannot be accepted as the correct exposition of law in this regard. According to us, the observation of Sankaran Nair, J. in the aforesaid decision that the marriage is liable to be declared null and void unless the consent signified is a consent recognized in personal law or Canon Law is too broad a proposition for approval. 26. In this context we have to refer to another recent decision rendered by Ramakrishnan, J. in Sujatha v. Jose Augustine (1994(2) KLT 4). Learned single judge has held that "a marriage between a baptised Christian and a person not baptised is void". The said decision was based on Canon 1086 of Canon Law. But in our view a marriage between a baptised Christian and a person not baptised is not a nullity under the Divorce Act and therefore cannot be declared as void under the provisions of the Divorce Act. Such a marriage if properly solemnised, would imbibe all attributes of a valid marriage. Theological faith of one of the parties does not matter in the validity of a marriage. The dictum to the contrary contained in Sujatha v. Jose Augustine (1994(2) KLT 4) is, therefore, not correct and it stands overruled. 27. Our conclusion is the legal position laid down by the Division Bench in Jose v. Alice (1988(2) KLT 890) vis-a-vis the Canon Law is the correct position and requires no change. The decree of nullity passed by the learned District Judge has to be set aside and we do so. 27. Our conclusion is the legal position laid down by the Division Bench in Jose v. Alice (1988(2) KLT 890) vis-a-vis the Canon Law is the correct position and requires no change. The decree of nullity passed by the learned District Judge has to be set aside and we do so. We direct the District Judge to conduct an enquiry into the allegation relating to the subsistence of the former marriage and pass a decree in the light of the legal position set forth above.