K. C. BHARGAVA, J. All the aforemen tioned writ petitions relate to the same con troversy involving similar question of facts and law regarding reservation for the post of Professors, hence these writ petitions have been heard together and are being disposed of by a common judgment. 2. The facts, in short, which are relevant for the purposes of disposal of these writ petitions, are that one post of Professor in Political Science, one post of Professor in the department of Sanskrit, one post of Professor in Medieval and Modern History, one post of Professor in the depart ment of Applied Economics fell vacant be tween June 1989 to September, 1993. For filling up all these posts Lucknow Univer sity issued an advertisement No. 5/1993, copy of which is contained in Annexure-1, giving the number of posts required in dif ferent departments. In pursuance of this advertisement applications were invited from the eligible candidates. Last date for submission of application Forms was 20th October, 1993. Interview letters for these posts were issued sometimes in March 1994 and the interview of the candidates took place between 4. 4. 94 to 22. 4. 94 by the Selec tion Committee. The Selection Committee after interviewing the candidates submitted its report to the Vice-Chancellor for placing the same before the Executive Council, who had to approve these selections and there after appointment letters are issued. But before these proceedings could be placed before the Executive Council of the Univer sity, an Ordinance No. 5/94 was issued on 11. 2. 94 by the State Government for reser vation of the posts in the cadre of Profes sors, Readers and Lecturers. Thereafter this Ordinance was replaced by Act No. 4 of 1994, which notified on 23. 4. 94 and was given retrospective effect from 11th Decem ber, 1993. This Act is known as U. P. Public Services (Reservation of Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Clas ses) Act 1994, (here in after called the Act ). 3. When this Ordinance was promul gated, the University keeping in view the provisions of the reservation made, issued fresh advertisement in 1995 inviting ap plications for the post of Professors and Lecturers. Before this advertisement was issued by the University and after promulga tion of Ordinance No. 5/94, the present writ petitions were filed. 4. 3. When this Ordinance was promul gated, the University keeping in view the provisions of the reservation made, issued fresh advertisement in 1995 inviting ap plications for the post of Professors and Lecturers. Before this advertisement was issued by the University and after promulga tion of Ordinance No. 5/94, the present writ petitions were filed. 4. In some of "the writ petitions, by means of interim direction, it was provided that the proceedings of Selection Commit tee shall be placed by the Vice-Chancellor before the Executive Council, who shall take decision on the report of the Selection Committee, but shall not issue appointment letters. This interim order was not passed in one of the writ petitions, viz. W. P. No. 783 (SB) of 1994. After the issuance of this interim order the Executive Council approved the selection made by the Selec tion Committee but refrained from issuing any appointment letter in terms of the Court order. As there was no direction to consider the decision of the Selection Com mittee in W. P. No. 783 (SB) of 1994, there fore, proceedings of Selection Committee was not placed before the Executive Coun cil, which still remains at that stage. 5. In the writ petitions it is alleged that the Selection Committee was duly con stituted in accordance with the provisions of U. P. State Universites Act, 1973 and after coming into force Act No. 4 of 1994, the provisions of Ordinance No. 5 of 94 will not have any effect on the constitution of Selec tion Committee in view of Section 31 of the U. P. State Universities Act. It has been al leged that the panel of Experts is to be drawn by the Chancellor and the nomina tion of that Expert should be indicated in the panel. The panel was constituted by the Chancellor after coming into force the Act No. 4 of 1994, hence the Chancellor is now bound by his act and he cannot cancel the recommendations made by the Selection Committee. The provisions of Act No. 4 of 94 are not attracted in the present case in view of the judgment in Indra Sawhney v. Union of India, 1992 Supp. (3) SCC 217. 6. It is further alleged that the selection process had already started before coming into force of Act No. 4 of 1994, hence fresh advertisement cannot be issued after amending the earlier advertisement. (3) SCC 217. 6. It is further alleged that the selection process had already started before coming into force of Act No. 4 of 1994, hence fresh advertisement cannot be issued after amending the earlier advertisement. The roster has also been notified by the Gover nor on 29th March, 1994 under the provisions of Section 3 (5) of Act No. 4/94. In the Selection Committee by virtue of the provisions of Sec. 7 of the Act, nomination is to be given from Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Clas ses, so that the representation of these clas ses is duly made. Under the powers con ferred under Section 7 of the Act the State Government has delegated powers of nominating the member of those classes to the Chairman of the Selection Committee, (copy of that G. O. is Annexure-5 to the writ petition ). Section 31 of the U. P. State Universities Act cannot be amended by the G. O. and the nomination in the Selection Committee is to be done under the provisions of the Act by the Vice-Chancel-lor. It is further alleged that under Section 15 (1) of the Act, it is provided that the provisions of this Act shall not apply in the case where selection process has been in itiated before commencement of the Act. In the Explanation to Section 15 of the Act it is mentioned that the selection process shall be deemed to have been initiated from the date of starting written examination or in terview, as the case may be. 7. As mentioned above in Indra Sawhneys case (supra) the Honble Supreme Court has held that there cannot be any reservation in the post like Professor and other technical and the super- speciality post, because it affects the efficiency of Ad ministration, which cannot be com promised. The action of the Vice-Chancel-lor in issuing fresh advertisement is ar bitrary and illegal and he had to refer the matter to the Executive Council for con sideration of the recommendations sent by the Selection Committee and the appoint ments should have been made on the basis of the said selection. 8. By means of supplementary af fidavit, it is further mentioned by the petitioners that the Government has issued an order dated 6. 3. 8. By means of supplementary af fidavit, it is further mentioned by the petitioners that the Government has issued an order dated 6. 3. 95 clarifying that the reservation would be applicable Only where five or more posts are available, therefore, reservation cannot be made against the posts which were advertised in the year 1994. A copy of this G. O. has been annexed as Annexure S-l to the supplementary af fidavit. Reservation in single post of Profes sor cannot be made as has been laid down by the Honble Supreme Court in various cases, it is further alleged that the cadre of professors, Readers and Lecturers are separate and they cannot be clubbed together for the purposes of reservation as indicated in the G. O. dated 19. 4. 95. 9. Lucknow University has filed a short counter affidavit alleging therein that the posts were advertised vide advertisement No. 5/93 & 7/93 for various posts of Profes sors, Readers and Lecturers and interviews were held between 4. 4. 94 to 20. 4. 94. It is alleged that before the recommendations of the Selection Committee could be placed before the Executive Council (who is the appointing authority) U. P. Act No. 4 of 1994 came into operation. In exercise of powers given under sub-Section (5) of S. 3 of U. P. Act No. 4/94 the Govt. issued roster on 29. 3. 94 for providing reservation. The selec tion process has been explained in Sec. 15 (1) of the Act. As already mentioned in the earlier part of the judgment, before the date of meeting of the Selection Committee U. P. Act No. 4/94 came into operation on 23. 3. 94, therefore, the University requested the Chancellor for guidance and direction in the matter. The Principal Secretary to the Chancellor informed the University to act after taking into consideration the various provisions of U. P. Act No. 4/94. 10. In view of the clarification given by the Chancellor the Executive Council decided to advertise the posts afresh after noting the order of the Chancellor regard ing cancellation of recommendations of the Selection Committee held after 11th Dec. 1993, Therefore, it is clear that the inter views held by the Selection Committee after enforcement of the Act were not in accord ance with the Act, hence re- advertisement was necessary. 1993, Therefore, it is clear that the inter views held by the Selection Committee after enforcement of the Act were not in accord ance with the Act, hence re- advertisement was necessary. Therefore, recommenda tions of the Selection Committee could not be placed before the Executive Council for approval. 11. It is alleged that Government is sued a G. O. No. 780/15-10-95-15 (18)/94 dated 6. 3. 95 clarifying as to how reservation will be applicable in the State Universities and Degree Colleges, in pursuance of U. P. Act No. 4/94. Thereafter another Notifica tion was issued by the Govt. on 19. 4. 95 in which it has clarified that all the posts of Professors fall in one cadre and as such on the basis of all the posts, provisions of reser vation will be applicable. It has further been clarified that the provisions of reservation will not be applicable on the basis of separate subjects/departments, but the same will be applicable on the basis of all the posts of Professors in all the subjects con sidering the same into one cadre and the cadre of Readers and Lecturers. A copy of that G. O. has been annexed as Annexure CS-1. There are three categories of teachers in the University, viz. Professors, Readers and Lecturers as mentioned in the Statute 10. 01. of the U. P. State Universities Act. 12. In the counter-affidavit filed by the State it is alleged that as far as reservation is concerned, number of posts in a particular department is immaterial. All the posts of Professors fall in one cadre irrespective of departments, as such on the basis of all the posts in all the departments provisions of reservation will be applicable. In the G. O. it has been clarified that the provisions of reservation will not be applicable on the basis of separate departments/subjects, rather the same will be applicable on the basis of all the posts of Professors in all the subjects considering the same into one cadre and the same arrangements will be applicable in the cadre of Reader and Lec turer. Previously an advertisement was made on 15th September 1993 for filling up 11 posts of Professors, copy of this adver tisement has been annexed to the counter affidavit. 13. Previously an advertisement was made on 15th September 1993 for filling up 11 posts of Professors, copy of this adver tisement has been annexed to the counter affidavit. 13. It is further alleged in the counter-affidavit that the process of selection did not start from the date of submission of applica tions or the advertisement but it will be deemed to have been initiated under the relevant service rules on the basis of written test or interview only. It has further been alleged that reservation policy does not apply on the posts whose total number is less than four in a particular cadre. There fore, the appointment of Director and by. Director in Academic Staff College is in accordance with law, but the posts of Profes sors, Readers and Lecturers from separate cadre and all the posts in all the depart ments in the University will made a cadre i. e. Professor cadre, Reader cadre and Lecturer cadre. It has further been mentioned that in view of the clarification sought by some of the Universities, G. O. dated 6. 3. 95 was is sued that the reservation applies only in the posts when there are five posts in a cadre. Another G. O. dated 19. 4. 95 further clarifies the position that all the posts of Professor fall in one cadre. 14. In the rejoinder-affidavit to the counter-affidavit filed on behalf of Opp. party. 1, the State of U. P. the petitioner has be appointed in the subject on whole time basis in view of the Statute 10. 02 of the Universities Act. The Statute 11. 01 and 11. 02 deal and provide with the minimum qualifications for the purpose of appoint ment on various posts including that of the professors separately in different depart ments. All the posts in the department can not be clubbed together in one cadre for applying reservation policy. The entire scheme of the Act contemplated a separate and individual department being separate cadres, which cannot be clubbed in one cadre. The G. O. dated 19. 4. 95 is wholly il legal and without jurisdiction and cannot operate against the provisions of U. P. State Universities Act. The entire scheme of the Act contemplated a separate and individual department being separate cadres, which cannot be clubbed in one cadre. The G. O. dated 19. 4. 95 is wholly il legal and without jurisdiction and cannot operate against the provisions of U. P. State Universities Act. The provisions of Section 7 and 15 (1) of the Act are not attracted in the case of Lucknow University because there are no service rules relating to the recruitment of Professors of Lucknow University and the appointment of Profes sors in Lucknow University is made under the provisions of U. P. State Universities Act and the Statute. There is no provision in the Statute that the post of Professors shall be filled up by way of written test only. On the contrary-, a person can be selected without any written test or interview and merely on the basis of the record even in his absence. It is for the Selection Committee to adopt a particular procedure as it may think fit. As there is no provision or rule for holding written test or interview, the explanation, mentioned above, is not at all attracted. 15, Writ Petition No. 506 (SB) of 1994 filed by Baba Sahib Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Mahasabha against Vice-Chancellor and the Registrar of the Lucknow University. In other writ petitions an application for impleadment was also moved by National Union of Backward Classes, Scheduled Cas tes, Scheduled Tribes and Minorities. That application for impleadment has been al lowed and a counter-affidavit has also been filed on the lines of writ petition No. 506 (SB) of 1994. 16. It is alleged that the previous adver tisement of 1993 was issued inviting for 11 posts of Professors and not for one post of Professor. The roster which was issued on 29. 3. 94 was issued much before holding of selection by the Selection Committee which started from 4. 4. 94. As that advertisement ought to have been issued for filling up these 11 posts of Professors. The Selection Com mittee ought to have been constituted com plying with the provisions of Section 7 of the Act and as such the constitution of the Selection Committee is illegal and against the provisions of the Act. There was no advertisement for selection of one post of Professor only. The Selection Com mittee ought to have been constituted com plying with the provisions of Section 7 of the Act and as such the constitution of the Selection Committee is illegal and against the provisions of the Act. There was no advertisement for selection of one post of Professor only. The recommendations of the Selection Committee which was con stituted against the provisions of law, can not be acted upon in view of the fact that they are not recommendations in the eye of law. The entire exercise is void and illegal. U. P. Act No. 4/94 is applicable to the present case and the allegations to the contrary can not be accepted. It is further mentioned that the explanation to Section 15 of the Act provides that selection process is deemed to have been started where under the relevant service rules recruitment is to be made on the basis of written test or interview only, has started. This Act will not apply where written test and interview have already started. In the case of selection of Professors no written test is prescribed and the inter views were started long after coming into force the Ordinance which was later on replaced by the Act. The roster has been issued in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and is perfectly valid. Compliance of Section 7 of the Act is not been made because the advertisement was for 11 posts of Professors. The provisions of Sec. 3 (5) of the Reservation Act are not in conflict with Section 31 (5) of the U. P. State Universities Act. The provisions of U. P. Act No. 4/94 will prevail over other provisions being a Special Act, The Chancellor was with in its power to issue letters explaining the provisions of the reservation Act for compliance by the University. The case of Dr. Chakradhar Paswan is not applicable in this case as there was no provision for reser vation. 17. We have heard learned counsel for the petitioners as well as learned counsel for the opp. parties. 18. The points which arises for deter mination in these writ petitions may be sum marised as under:- " (1) Whether there can be reservation against a single post? 17. We have heard learned counsel for the petitioners as well as learned counsel for the opp. parties. 18. The points which arises for deter mination in these writ petitions may be sum marised as under:- " (1) Whether there can be reservation against a single post? (2) Whether all the posts of Professors in various departments can be clubbed together and treated as one cadre for the purposes of U. P. Act No. 494 providing for reservation? (3) Whether the vacancies which arose before coming into force the amendment, will be covered by the U. P. Act No. 4/94. (4) Whether the provisions of U. P. Act No. 4/94 does not apply to the case of Universities, to which U. P. State Universities Act applies. 19. Now we take up these points one by one:- The first point to be considered is whether the reservation against single post is permissible. According to the learned counsel for the petitioner there can be no reservation against single post as been held by the Honble Supreme Court in various cases. Learned counsel appear ing on behalf of the State Government and the University, argued that if there is only one post then no reservation will be applicable. Learned counsel in Writ Petition No. 506 (SB) of 1994 argued that the reservation will also apply in the case of isolated single post. In this connection reference may be made to certain decisions of the Apex Court, which have concluded the controver sy that no reservation is permissible against single isolated post. The first case is Dr. Chakradhar Paswan v. State of Bihar & Others, (1988)2 SCC 214 . In this case Bihar Public Service Commission had invited applications for the post of by. Direc tor (Homeopathic) in the Directorate of In digenous medicines, Health Department, State of Bihar, from scheduled castes candidates and thereafter State Govt. , by order dated 30th May, 1979 posted Dr. Chakradhar Paswan to that post. On 6th May 1978 the State Govt. created separate Directorate of Indigenous medicines, the director being from one of the systems of medicines con sisting of Ayurvedic, Unani and Homeopathic. At that time post of two Directors for each of the two remaining systems was also created. In the Direc torate of Indigenous medicines, three posts were sanctioned viz. Director of Indigenous medicines, Dy. Director Homeopathic and Dy. Director Unani. At that time post of two Directors for each of the two remaining systems was also created. In the Direc torate of Indigenous medicines, three posts were sanctioned viz. Director of Indigenous medicines, Dy. Director Homeopathic and Dy. Director Unani. It was suggested that according to roster of appointments out of these three posts, first post be treated as unreserved, second be treated as reserved and third as unreserved. It was argued that all the posts could be grouped together from the point of view of reservation. In para 17 the Court held as under" "no reservation could be made under Ar ticle 16 (4) so as to create a monopoly. Otherwise it would render the guarantee of equal opportunity contained in Art. 16 (1) & 16 (2) wholly meaning less and illusory. These principles unmistakably lead us to the conclusion that if there is only one post in the cadre, there can be no reservation with reference to that post either for recruitment at the initial stage or for filling up a future vacancy in respect of that post. A reservation which would come under Art. 16 (4), presupposes the availa bility of at least more than one post in that cadre. " 20. Second case on this points is Bhide Girls Education Society v. Education Officer, Zila Parishad Nagpur and others, 1993 Supp (3) SCC 527. In that case also the ques tion arose as to whether or single post of Head Mistress in an educational institution can be filled up by Scheduled Caste can didate. The Court in that case considered the case of Dr Chakradhar Paswan (supra) and held that Dr. Chakradhar Paswans case concluded the controversy raised in this case. It was further held that there is only one post of Head Mistress in the High School run by the appellant Society and as such there cannot be any reservation on that post. 21. The Next case is Smt. Chetana Dilip Motghare v. Bhide Girls Education Society, Nagpur and others AIR 1994 Supreme Court 1917. That was a judgment in a review petition. The question in that case was also whether reservation is permissible against a single post. The case of Dr. Chakradhar Paswan ) (supra) was also discussed and it was held as under: "thus, we are clearly of the view that Dr. That was a judgment in a review petition. The question in that case was also whether reservation is permissible against a single post. The case of Dr. Chakradhar Paswan ) (supra) was also discussed and it was held as under: "thus, we are clearly of the view that Dr. Chakradhar Paswans case (supra) holds the field and the decision by the three Judge Bench dated January 17, 1992, does not lay down any law and is not an authority for holding that the principle of reservation has to be applied in case of even one isolated post also. " 22. Thus, in view of the law laid down by the Honble Supreme Court it is held that there can be no reservation against single or isolated post. 23. So far as point No. 2 is concerned, it has been mentioned in the earlier part of the judgment that in the year 1993, 11 posts of professors were advertised and in pursuance thereto applications were invited by the University for which last date for submis sion of applications was 20. 10. 1993. There after Ordinance No 5/94 was promulgated by the State Govt. on 11. 2. 94 for reservation of posts in favour of Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes and other backward clas ses. This was replaced by U. P. Act No. 4 of 1994, which was notified on 20. 3. 94. It is known as U. P. Public Services (Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes and other Back ward Classes) Act, 1994, The operation of this Act was made retrospective and it came into operation on 11. 12. 93. After passing of the said Act, the University after seeking clarification from the Chancellor readvertised these posts in the year 1995. By means of a Notification, all the posts of Professors in different departments were clubbed together. Some of the writ petitions which were filed before issuance of this advertise ment, were later on amended and this point was also raised and in other writ petitions this point has been raised in the rejoinder-affidavit. 24. Learned counsel for the petitioner has argued that there are three classes of teachers in the University under Statute 10. 01, namely, Professors, Readers and Lec turers and they have to be appointed in the subjects on full time basis. 24. Learned counsel for the petitioner has argued that there are three classes of teachers in the University under Statute 10. 01, namely, Professors, Readers and Lec turers and they have to be appointed in the subjects on full time basis. He has further argued that the posts of Professors are separate in different departments and separate specialised qualifications have been fixed for separate subjects. According to the learned counsel for the petitioner, the appointment has to be made against a par ticular subject and not in a cadre of Profes sors. All the posts of Professors in various departments cannot be clubbed together and treated as belonging to one cadre for the purposes of reservation. According to the learned counsel, the U. P. State Universities Act and the Statute contemplate separate and individual cadres and as such the Govt. Notification dated 19. 4. 95 is wholly illegal and without jurisdiction. 25. On the other hand learned counsel for the University and the State, argued that all the posts of Professors in different departments can be clubbed together in one cadre for the purposes of reservation. The G. O. dated 19. 4. 95 copy of which is on the record, provides that all the posts of Profes sors are in one cadre, hence reservation has to applied. It has specifically been men tioned that reservation is to be applied after taking into consideration the posts of Professors in different subjects or depart ments. Such procedure shall also be applied in the case of Reader and Lecturer. This question also arose before the Honble Apex Court for consideration in the case of Dr. Suresh Chandra Verma & Other v. The Chancellor, Nagpur University and others (1990)4 SCC 55 . The question which arose for consideration was whether the employ ment notice ought to have indicated reser vation post wise. In that case the University had issued employment notice inviting ap plications for a total of 77 posts, which in clude 13 posts of Professors, 29 posts of Readers and 35 posts of Lecturers in different subjects like Economics, Politics, Sociology, Physics, Pharmacy and Geology. The notice mentioned total number of reservation category wise but not subject wise. After interviews etc. were held and appointments were to be made some Social Workers and Organisations made repre sentation to the Chancellor. The notice mentioned total number of reservation category wise but not subject wise. After interviews etc. were held and appointments were to be made some Social Workers and Organisations made repre sentation to the Chancellor. In the mean time writ petitions were also filed before the High Court and the Court restrained from making any appointment without getting recommendations from the B. U. TR. There was conflicting decisions in two Division Bench cases of the same High Court. The Honble Apex Court considering the nature of advertisement, observed that; - "neither the University nor the candidate knew at that time as to for which of the subjects and in what number the said posts were reserved. The result was that the candidates belonging to the reserved category in particular, who wanted to apply for the reserved posts did not know for which of the posts they could apply and whether they should apply at all for the posts in the subjects in which they were qualified. " "what is further, the selection committees which were appointed to interview the candidates for the respective posts did not also know whether they were interviewing the candidates for reserved posts or notand to assess merits of the candidates from the reserved category as such candidates. " "in the first instance, the contention proceeds on the footing that all those belonging to the reserved category who wanted to apply for all the said posts had done so even without knowing that the concerned posts were reserved. Secondly, it also presumes that all eligible candidates from unreserved category had apples for the posts without knowing whether the posts were reserved or not. The possibility that many eligible can didates belonging to both reserved and un reserved categories might not have taken the risk and chosen to gamble cannot be ruled out. This argument further ignores the fact that the suit ability of a candidate from a reserved category to the particular post has to be adjudged by taking into consideration various factors and the desired result cannot be obtained by merely giving unifo rm weightage marks to the candidates concerned which was the only method followed by the selec tion committee while selecting the candidates to the reserved category had applied for a par ticular post in a reserved seat, without the prior knowledge that the post was reserved. It is, there fore, difficult to understand as to how the selec tion committees proceeded to give weightage to the candidates without knowing whether they had applied for reserved or non-reserved seats. What is more objectionable in the procedure was that its Executive Council proceeded to classify the posts in different subjects between reserved and non-reserved posts after the lists of selected can didates were received from different selection committees. " 26. It was further held in para 11: "the contention is that since Section 57 (4) (a) requires the University to state in the adver tisement only the total number of posts and the number of reserved posts and not post wise i. e. subject wise, the employment notice in question was not bad in law. According to us, the word "post" used in the context has a relation to the faculty, discipline, or the subject for which it is created. When, therefore reservations are re quired to be made "in posts. " the reservations have to be post wise i. e. subject wise. The mere announcement of the number of reserved posts is no better than inviting applications for posts without mentioning the subjects for which the posts are advertised. When, therefore, Section 57 (4) (a) requires that the advertisement or the employment notice would indicate the number of reserved posts, if any, it implies that the employ ment notice cannot be vague and has to indicate the specific post, i. e. the subject in which the post is vacant and for which the applications are invited from the candidates belonging to the reserved classes. A non-indication of the post in this man ner itself defeats the purpose for which the ap plications are invited from the reserved "category candidates and consequently negates the object of the reservation policy. " 27. In para 14 it was held that the Court was in complete agreement that the view taken by the Full Bench that the employ ment notice dated July 27, 1984 was bad in law since it had failed to notify the reserva tions of the posts subject wise and had men tioned only the total number of reserved posts without indicating the particular posts so reserved subject wise. 28. This point has also been considered by a Division Bench of this Court sitting at Allahabad in Civil Misc. Writ Petition No. 12592 of 1995 Dr. 28. This point has also been considered by a Division Bench of this Court sitting at Allahabad in Civil Misc. Writ Petition No. 12592 of 1995 Dr. Dina Nath Shukla v. State of U. P. & Others decided on 3. 5. 1996. That writ petition was filed after issuance of GO dated 19. 4. 95 directing reservation in the post of Professors, Readers and Lecturers in the University treating as one unit. The Court after considering the case of Dr. Suresh Chandra Verma (supra) and other provisions of the State Universities Act ob served as under: "when the posts are created subject wise and the appointments of the teachers are also made subject wise and the teachers of one department cannot be treated as teachers of the other department, all the posts of the teachers of the University cannot be clubbed together category wise for applying the reservation. Each department of teaching is a separate unit. There fore, reservation has to be applied subject wise. This will ensure reservation in all categories of teachers in all subjects departments. If the reser vation is not applied subject wise, it will result in violation of Article 16 of the Constitution. If all the Professors working in all the subjects in the University are treated as belonging to one unit, the result would be that in some subjects there will be no reservation while in others there might be hundred percent reservation. " 29. Thus, in view of the decision in the case of Dr. Suresh Chandra Verma (supra) and the Division Bench case, mentioned above, it is clear that the reservation has to be applied subject wise and the Professors of all the departments cannot be clubbed together and treated as one cadre for the purposes of applying reservation. Thus, it is held that the advertisement issued in the year 1995 cannot be upheld and is liable to be quashed. 30. Now we come to the third and fourth point, which can be taken up together conveniently. Learned counsel for the petitioners raised points regarding the fact that the vacancies which arose before coming into force the U. P. Act No. 4 of 94, shall be filled up by the old rules. Learned counsel for the petitioners have argued that vacancies had arisen before commencement of U. P. Act No. 4/94, hence the selection would be governed by the old rules. Learned counsel for the petitioners have argued that vacancies had arisen before commencement of U. P. Act No. 4/94, hence the selection would be governed by the old rules. It has been seen in the earlier part of the judgment that the vacancies had arisen between June 1989 to Sept. 1993. It has also been men tioned above that previously an Ordinance No 5/94 was issued on 11. 2. 94 providing reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes arid other Backward clas ses. Later on the Ordinance was replaced by U. P. Act No. 4 of 1994 which was notified on 23. 3. 94 and was given retrospective effect w. e. f. 11. 12. 93. 31. Now we- have to see that all the posts which fell vacant before 11. 12. 93 are to be filled in accordance with old rules or the provisions of U. P. Act No. 4/94 will apply. A perusal of provision of U. P. Act No. 4/94 goes to show that it has been passed in order to provide for reservation in public services and posts in favour of persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Clas ses of citizens and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. 32. Section 3 of the Act provides for percentage of reservation to three classes mentioned above for which reservation has been made under this Act. Reliance has been placed on Sec. 7 and 15 of this Act. For the sake of convenience both these sections are reproduced below: "sec. 7 : The State Government may, by order, provide for nomination of officers for giving representation to the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribesand other Backward Classes of citizens in the Selection Committee to such extent and in such manner as it may consider necessary where such Committee is constituted either under the service rules or otherwise. Sec. 15 : The provisions of this Act shall not apply to cases in which selection process has been initiated before the commencement of this Act and such cases shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions, of law and Government or ders as they stood before such commencement. Sec. 15 : The provisions of this Act shall not apply to cases in which selection process has been initiated before the commencement of this Act and such cases shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions, of law and Government or ders as they stood before such commencement. Explanation: For the purposes of this sub section the selection process shall be deemed to have been initiated where, under the relevant ser vice rules, recruitment is to be made on the basis of- (i) written test or interview only, the writien test or the interviews, as the case may be, has started, or (ii) both written test and interview, the writ ten test has started. 2. The provisions of this Act shall not apply to the appointments to be made under the U. P. Recruitment of Dependent of Government Ser vant Dying in Harness Rules, 1974". 33. In order to substantiate these points, learned counsel for the petitioners, nave placed reliance on certain cases that the selection process starts on the issue of advertisement. The first case is A. P. Public Service Commission, Hyderabad &. Others v. B. Sarat Chandra & Others, (1990)2 SCC 669 . In this case it was held by the Honble Supreme Court that the word selection does not mean only the final act of selecting candidates with preparation of the list for appointment. The process of selection begins with the issuance of advertisement and ends with the preparation of select list for appointment. In the case of N. T. Devin Katt and others v. Karnatak Public Service Commission & others (1990)3 SCC 157 , it was held that where advertisement is issued inviting applications for direct recruitment to a category of postsand the advertisement expressly states that selection shall be made in accordance with the existing rules of government ordersand if it further indi cates the extent of reservations in favour of various categories, the selection of can didates in such a case must be made in ac cordance with the then existing rules and government orders. Where proceedings are initiated for selection by issuing advertise ment, the selection should normally be regulated by the then existing rules and government orders and any amendment of the rules or the government order pending the selection should not affect the validity of the selection made by the selecting autho rity or the Public Service Commission un less the amended Rules or the amended Govt. orders, issued in exercise of its statut ory power either by express provision or by necessary intendment indicate that amen ded Rules shall be applicable to the pending selections. Reliance has also been placed by the learned counsel for University on the above said case of N. T. Devin Katti (supra ). 34. Thus, a perusal of these cases go to show that if advertisement has been issued for selecting candidates then the selection process will start from issuance of advertise ment but where the advertisement expressly states that the selection shall be governed in accordance with the existing rules or in ac cordance with the amended rules, then the condition mentioned in the advertisement shall prevail irrespective of the fact whether the vacancy arose before the Rules came into force. But if the rules or provisions are silent on the point then normal course is that the selection process shall be governed by the rules existing on the date of adver tisement. 35. Now we have to see in relation to the provisions of U. P. Act No. 4/94 whether the selection process will be governed by the provisions of this Act or in accordance with the rules obtaining before coming into force of this Act. U. P. Act No. 4/94 does not say that the advertisement, which had been is sued prior to coming into force of this Act, shall be governed by the provisions of this Act. 36. Section 7, as seen above, provides that where the selection committee is to be constituted either under service rules or otherwise then the State Government may provide for nomination of officers forgiving representation to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled tribes and other Backward Clas ses. A power has been given to the State Government to notify for nomination of these officers under this Section. The. State Government had issued a Notification dated 29. 3. 94 providing for representation of these members in the committee. 37. A power has been given to the State Government to notify for nomination of these officers under this Section. The. State Government had issued a Notification dated 29. 3. 94 providing for representation of these members in the committee. 37. According to the learned counsel for the petitioners, Sec. 7 clearly provides that if the selection committee is to be con stituted in accordance with the service rules only then this provision will apply. The selection committee has been constituted under the U. P. State Universities Act. Reliance has been placed on Section 31 (4) (a) of the U. P. State Universities Act to show that the constitution of selection com mittee has been provided under the Act. This section for the sake of convenience may be reproduced as under:, "31 (4) (a) : The Selection Committee for the appointment of a teacher of the University (other than the Director of an Institute and the Pr incipal of a constitutent college), shall consist of- (i) the Vice-Chancellor who shall be the chairman there of, (ii) the Head of the Department concerned: Provided that the Head of the Department shall not sit in the Selection Committee, when he is himself candidate for appointment or when the post concerned is of a higher rank than his sub stantive post and in that event his office shall be filled by the Professor in the Department and if there is no Professor by the Dean of the Faculty: Provided further that where the Chancellor is satisfied that in the special circumstances of the case, a selection committee cannot be constituted in accordance with the preceding proviso, he may direct the constitution of the selection committee in such manner as he thinks fit. (ii) in the case of a Professor or Reader, three Expertsand in any other case, two experts be nominated by the Chancellor. " 38. Thus a perusal of this rule goes to show that the constitution of the selection committee has been provided under the Act where the Vice-Chancellor is to head the committee as chairman. The provision of expert has also been made and the Chancel lor has to nominate the experts. " 38. Thus a perusal of this rule goes to show that the constitution of the selection committee has been provided under the Act where the Vice-Chancellor is to head the committee as chairman. The provision of expert has also been made and the Chancel lor has to nominate the experts. The provision regarding experts is contained in Section 31 (5) (a), which is also reproduced for the sake of convenience as below: "31 (5) (a): A panel of six or more experts in each subject of study shall be drawn up by the Chancellor after consulting the corresponding Faculty in Indian Universities or such academic bodies or research institution in or outside Uttar Pradesh as the Chancellor may consider neces sary. Every expert to be nominated by the Chan cellor under sub-section (4) shall be a person whose name is borne on such panel. (b) The Board of each Faculty shall main tain a standing panel of sixteen or more experts in each subject of studyand every expert to be nominated by the Vice-Chancellor under sub-Section (4) shall be a person whose name is borne on the panel. (c) A panel referred to in clause (a) or clause (b) shall revised after every three years. Explanation I.-For the purpose of this sub-Section, a branch of subject in which a separate course of study is prescribed for a post-graduate degree or for Part I or Part II there of shall be deemed to be a separate subject of study. Explanation II--Where the post of teacher to be selected in common to more than one sub ject of study, the expert may belong to either of such subjects of study". 39. Thus, we find that the Chancellor has to draw a panel of experts after consult ing with the Faculty of indian Universities etc. and a panel shall be-maintained. 40. Thus, we find that the selection committee in the case of Lucknow University has not been constituted under any service rules but has been constituted under the Act. U. P. Act No. 4/94 does not provide that if the selection committee has been con stituted under a particular provision of the Act, then the constitution of that committee shall also be in accordance with the provisions of Section 7 of the U. P. Act No. 4/94. U. P. Act No. 4/94 does not provide that if the selection committee has been con stituted under a particular provision of the Act, then the constitution of that committee shall also be in accordance with the provisions of Section 7 of the U. P. Act No. 4/94. This Act does not supercede or does not make any amendment in Section 31 of the U. P. State Universities Act. The amend ment in the constitution of the Selection Committee cannot be made by the Govt. Order, Executive instructions, bye laws, notification, regulations etc. as it is evident that no Govt. order or executive instruction can amend the provision which is contained in the Statute. 41. As seen in the earlier part of the judgment, the Vice- Chancellor is the Chairman of the Selection Committee. In the Govt. Order dated 29. 3. 94 issued under the provisions of U. P. Act. No. 4/94, the chairman has been given power to nominate officers of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward classes in the Selection Committee. Under Section 31 (4) (a)second proviso the Chancellor has been given power to constitute the commit tee, if the committee cannot be constituted in the manner provided under the Section. But Vice-Chancellor has no power to nominate any person to the selection com mittee. Therefore, the provisions of U. P. Act No. 4/94 will not in any way affect the con stitution of the committee under Sec, 31 (4) (a) of the U. P. State Universities Act. Thus, the constitution of the committee framed for selection of Professors, in the present case, is legal and proper. Thus, it is held that Sec. 7 will not come in the way of the Chancellor to constitute a selection committee in accordance with the provisions of Sec. 31 (4) (a) of the U. P. State Universitites Act and Sec. 7 of U. P. Act No. 4/94 shall not apply in such cases. 42. Section 15 of the U. P. Act No. 4/94 provides that the provisions of this Act will not apply in those cases where the selection process has been initiated before commen cement of this Actand they are to be dealt with in accordance with the relevant service rules. 42. Section 15 of the U. P. Act No. 4/94 provides that the provisions of this Act will not apply in those cases where the selection process has been initiated before commen cement of this Actand they are to be dealt with in accordance with the relevant service rules. But it has been provided that if the selection is to be held on the basis of inter view or written test only, then selection process shall be deemed to have been started when written test and interview started. The explanation further provides that if both written test and interview are to be held, then process of selection will be deemed to have been started from the date of written test. 43. In the present case, as seen in the earlier part of the judgment, the advertise ment was issued much before commence ment of the Act but interviews were held between 4. 4. 94 to 22. 4. 94. These two dates fell after coming into force U. P. Act No. 4/94. Therefore, if it is held that the selec tion process in the present case started from the date of interview then the provisions of Section 15 of the Act will apply. 44. Learned counsel for the petitioners have further argued that in the present case even the provisions of Section 15 (1) of the Act will not apply because in the U. P. State Universities Act there is no provision for selection of Professors, Readers and Lec turers by way of written test or interview. A reference has been made to the provisions of Statute 11. 05 framed under the U. P. State Universities Act, which is being reproduced below: "11. 05 (a) Meetings of the selection com mittee for appointment of teacher in the Univer sity shall be convened under the orders of the-Vice-Chancellor. (b) The selection committee shall not con sider the name of a person for appointment as teacher of the University unless he applies for it: Provided that in the case of appointment of a Professor, the Committee may, with the ap proval of the Vice-Chancellor, consider the names of persons who have not applied. (c)A member of the selection committee shall withdraw from a meeting of the committee or of the Executive Council, as the case may be. (c)A member of the selection committee shall withdraw from a meeting of the committee or of the Executive Council, as the case may be. if the question of appointment of any of the relatives (as defined in the Explanation to Section 20) of such member is being or is likely to be considered at such meeting". 45. A perusal of this Statute will go to show that the meeting of the selection com mittee is to be convened under the orders of the Vice-Chancellor and a provision has further been made that in case of appoint ment of Professors, the Committee may, with the approval of the Vice-Chancellor, consider the names of the persons who have not applied. 46. It has no where been provided under the U. P. State Universities Act or the Statute that for selection to the post of Professors, Readers and Lecturers, the selection committee has to hold written test or interview. Therefore, the selection committee is not bound by any procedure of written test or interview. It has merely to select out the candidates the best on the basis of bio-data furnished by the can didates. As seen in the earlier part of the judgment, that with the previous approval of the Vice- Chancellor under the provi sions of the Statute 11. 05 in the case of Professors, the names of the persons, who have not even applied, can also be con sidered in such meeting. Thus, in the case of Professors there is a definite provision that the candidates need not apply and the selection ( committee with the approval of the Vice-Chancellor can select a person without his being a candidate. All these provisions show that no interview or written test is provided under the provisions of the U. P. State Universities Act or the Statute framed there under. 47. It has also been referred to in the earlier part of the judgment that the ex planation to Sec. 15 (1) of the U. P. Act No. 4//94 provides that the selection process shall be deemed to have been initiated where under the relevant rules, the selec tion is to be made on basis of written test or interview, as the case may be, has started. In the present case, the U. P. State Universities Act or the Statute does not provide for selection of Professors, Readers and Lec turers through written test or by means of interview. Therefore, this provision will also not apply. 48. It has further been seen that Sec. 15 (1) states that the provisions of this Act will not apply in such cases where the selec tion process has been initiated before com mencement of this Act, but those cases have to be dealt with in accordance with the provision of law or the Govt. Order as they stood before commencement of this Act and the explanation to it also clarifies this posi tion that the selection process is deemed to have been initiated where the written test or interview has started. When under the U. P. State Universities Act, written test or inter view is not the pre-requisite condition for selection of Professor, Reader and Lecturer, the provisions of U. P. Act No. 4/94 will not apply in view of specific provisions of Section 15 of this Act. 49. Thus, on the basis of aforesaid dis cussion, it is held that the provision of U. P. Public Services (Reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other Back ward Classes) Act, 1994 (U. P. Act No. 4/94) shall not apply to the selection for the post of Professors, Readers and Lecturers under the U. P. State Universities Act. 50. In Writ Petition No. 783 (SB) of 1994 Dr. Navjiwan Rastogi v. State of U. P, learned counsel for the petitioner has drawn the attention of the Court that the Selection Committee has made its recommendations, but the same has not been put up before the Executive Counsel for approval. According to the learned counsel in other writ peti tions by virtue of an interim order of this Court in those writ petitions, the report of the Selection Committee was put up before the Executive Counsel, who has considered the same and only appointments in those cases are to be made. It is further argued that if the appointment letters to those can didates are issued and the appointment let ter to this petitioner is not issued simul taneously, then he will lose seniority in the same cadre of Professors to which appoint ments are to be made on the basis of the recommendations duly approved by the Ex ecutive Counsel. 51. 51. Therefore, in order to obviate this difficulty it is directed that the Vice-Chan cellor shall place the report of the selection committee before the Executive Counsel for selection of the candidates for the post of Professor in the department of Sanskrit with in three days of this order and the Executi ve Counsel shall consider and decide the re port of the Selection Committee with re spect to Dr. Navjiwan Rastogi, petitioner in W. P. No. 783 (SB)/94 with in next three days and the appointment letters shall be issued to all the successful candidates in that depa rtment simultaneously on the same day. 52. An argument has also been placed before this Court that the Executive Coun sel has completed its selection process with respect to three departments viz. applied Economics, Politics and Modern Indian History. It is further argued that the petitioners should be given back date promotions and the seniority may also be given from the date of the decision of the Executive Council. This court will not ex press any opinion on this point and it is left open to the University authorities to decide the seniority of the successful candidates in accordance with law regarding seniority. 53. Writ Petition No. 489 (SB) of 1994 filed by Navjiwan Rastogi has become in-fructuous as stated by the learned counsel for the petitioner because of filing of Writ Petition No. 783 (SB) of 1994 by the same petitioner. 54. Thus, in view of aforesaid discus sions, Writ Petition No. 489 (SB) of 1994 and Writ Petition No. 506 (SB) of 1994 are dis missed while Writ Petition Nos. 783 (SB) of 94, 876 (SB) of 94, 877 (SB) of 94 and 878 (SB) of 94 are allowed. In writ Petition No. 783 (SB) of 94 it is directed that the recommendations of the Selection Com mittee shall be placed before the Executive Counsel as indicated in the earlier part of the judgment and after considering the report, appointment letter shall be issued to all the successful candidates simultaneously on the same day. The advertisement dated 22-3-1995 contained in Annexure-14 to the W. P. No. 783 (SB) of 1994 is here by quashed. The advertisement dated 22-3-1995 contained in Annexure-14 to the W. P. No. 783 (SB) of 1994 is here by quashed. It is further declared that the U. P. Public Services (Reservation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Clas ses) Act 1994 and the roster notified under Section 3 (5) of the said Act would not apply to the universities governed by the U. P. State Universities Act. There shall be no order as to costs. Ordered accordingly. .