JUDGMENT K. John Mathew, J. 1. These are appeals filed under S.30 of the Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923, for short 'the Act', against orders of the Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation (Deputy Labour Commissioner), Kannur, in different cases. When we noticed that a large number of appeals were being filed against the orders of this Commissioner, we di reeled the office to post them together. On a perusal of the records we prima facie found that in most of these appeals learned Commissioner has erred in fixing and awarding compensation. Accordingly we passed the following order on M.F.A.No.649 of 1993 on 13-7-1993: "Notice. Give notice to A.G. also. Issue notice to Shri. G. Sasidharan Nair, Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation (Deputy Labour Commissioner) Kannur, informing him that he may appear, if he thinks it necessary, at the final hearing of this case and the following similar cases, since prima facie we are of the view that in these cases some strictures against the officer are likely to be made: (1) M.F.A. 607/93 W.C.C. 124/91 * * * * * * On receipt of this order the learned Commissioner entered appearance through Advocate Mr. M. Ramachandran, who ably represented his case. 2. In the nature of the contentions raised by learned counsel appearing for the parties the following general points arise for consideration: (i) Whether in the case of an injury not specified in Schedule I to the Act can the Commissioner fix the percentage of loss of earning capacity without an assessment by a qualified medical practitioner? (ii) Is it proper on the part of the Commissioner to disburse the compensation amount deposited before the expiry of the appeal period? Point No.(i) 3. Prior to 1984 Amendment S.4 of the Act was as follows: "4. Amount of compensation:- (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the amount of compensation shall be as follows, namely: (a)................. (b)................. (c) Where permanent partial disablement results from the injury." (i).................. (ii) In the case of an injury not specified in Schedule I, such percentage of the compensation payable in the case of permanent total disablement as is proportionate to the loss of earning capacity permanently caused by the injury." (Explanation and remaining Section are omitted). 4. Subsequent to the amendment by Act 22 of 1984 the present provision is as follows: " 4. 4. Subsequent to the amendment by Act 22 of 1984 the present provision is as follows: " 4. Amount of compensation.- (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the amount of compensation shall be as follows, namely:- (a) ................. (b)................. (c) Where permanent partial disablement results from the injury: (i) ................. (ii) In the case of an injury not specified in Schedule I, such percentage of. the compensation payable in the case of permanent total disablement as is proportionate to the loss of earning capacity (as assessed by the qualified medical practitioner) permanently caused by the injury; * * * * * * From a reading of these two provisions it is clear that after the amendment it is essential that the loss of earning capacity is to be assessed by the qualified medical - practitioner. 5. How to estimate the loss of earning capacity was considered by various courts. Loss of earning capacity is different from loss of physical capacity. Earning capacity is capacity to earn money. (Sec Agent, East Indian Railway v. Maurice Cecil Ryan, AIR 1937 Cal. 526, and Commissioners for Port of Calcutta v. Prayag Ram, AIR 1967 Cal. 7 ). In some cases any physical defect which may occur as a result of the accident may not reduce the worker's earning capacity or capacity to do work. Incapacity for work is not to be ascertained merely by examining whether the workman is suffering from physical injury. It is to be ascertained by reference to his incapacity to earn wages. If his wage earning capacity is diminished he can be said to be suffering from partial incapacity for work. However, if his wage earning capacity has not been affected, notwithstanding the fact that he may be having some physical injury, he is not entitled to compensation. Therefore the loss of earning capacity is a question which has to be proved by evidence of physical injury resulting in loss of earning capacity. Only in the case of a scheduled injury the loss of earning capacity is presumed. Where the injury is not included in the schedule, the reduction in earning capacity will have to be proved as any other question of fact. It must be proved by evidence which will establish that the workman was unable to earn as much as he did before, as a result of the injury. 6. Where the injury is not included in the schedule, the reduction in earning capacity will have to be proved as any other question of fact. It must be proved by evidence which will establish that the workman was unable to earn as much as he did before, as a result of the injury. 6. This Court in U.I: Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Sethu Madhavan, 1992 (2) KLT 702 ; held as follows: "10. A certificate prescribing (sic) the nature of the injury and its impact on the organ of the human body involved technical and special knowledge with regard to the same and therefore, expert opinion as regards that aspect becomes necessary. The nature of the injury, the part where it is inflicted and the effect it produces require expertise and therefore opinion of expert in that regard becomes relevant and necessary. The evaluation of the nature of injury is objective. Then its effect on the functioning of organ is also a matter for the expert ........... As the percentage of loss of earning power depends upon the disablement and other factors, the same is a question of fact depending upon the nature of work, the age of the workman etc." 7. We may observe that the most of the decisions referred to by learned counsel for the respondents and learned counsel who represented the Commissioner were dealing with S.4(c)(ii) of the Act before its amendment in 1984. As observed above before the amendment the words 'as assessed by the qualified medical practitioner' were not present. Those words were added only by Act 22 of 1984. So much so the decisions in Sukhai v. Hukumchand Jute Mills Ltd. AIR 1957 Cal. 601 , Commissioners for Port of Calcutta v. Prayag Ram, AIR 1967 Cal.7, Kochu Velu v. Purakkdttu Joseph 1984 ACJ 630 and Pratap Narain Singh v. Shrinivas, AIR 1976 SC 222 , may not directly apply to a case arising under the amended provision. In AIR 1976 SC 222 the Supreme Court held that amputation of left hand above elbow will amount to total disablement because the carpenter did not work with one hand. The argument in. that case centred round the meaning of the words of total disablement. The importance of the medical certificate or the assessment of loss of earning capacity by a qualified medical practitioner was not in issue in that case. The argument in. that case centred round the meaning of the words of total disablement. The importance of the medical certificate or the assessment of loss of earning capacity by a qualified medical practitioner was not in issue in that case. In Kochu Velu v. Purakkattu Joseph, 1984 ACJ 630 : 1984 KLT SN 129 p.79, this court only considered the meaning of 'permanent disability'. The necessity for assessment of loss of earning capacity by a qualified medical practitioner was not an issue in that case. In U.I.Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Sethu Madhavan, 1992 (2) KLT 702 , this Court held that in deciding the loss of earning capacity the basic document was the certificate by the qualified medical practitioner (see Para.14). Further this Court cautioned that it was for the Commissioner to adjudicate the percentage of loss of earning capacity after taking into consideration the medical. certificate as well as other evidence. 8. Whether the Medical Officer should be examined? The Travancore-Cochin High Court in M.S.N. Co. Ltd. v. Mohd. Kunju, AIR 1956 TC 55 , held that normally "a medical certificate shall not be used without examining the medical officer who issued the certificate unless the parties agreed to be bound by the certificate. The Court also quoted with approval the following observation of Harries C. J. in Panchanan Ghose v. Bhaggu Bari, AIR 1950 Cal. 261 : "The Commissioner also noted that he had seen the workman. The Commissioner is not medical man and in this class of litigation malingering and false claims are notorious and I am sure that the Commissioner would find it very difficult to say whether an alleged injury to a joint was real or not". The Allahabad High Court in M/s. Burhwal Sugar Mills Ltd. v. Ramjan, 1982 Lab.I.C. 84. noticed that S.11(1) of the Act does hot prescribe that if a medical certificate has been produced by the workman and the employer does not avail of the right conferred under sub-s.(1) of S.11, the medical certificate submitted by the employee will be deemed to be correct. The employer is entitled to challenge the medical certificate produced by the workman. The Calcutta High Court in Bengal Coal Co. The employer is entitled to challenge the medical certificate produced by the workman. The Calcutta High Court in Bengal Coal Co. Ltd. Girimint v. Sew Pujan Harijan, 1983 Lab.I.C. 1285, held that in order to make the medical certificate legally admissible, the Doctors giving the same must come and give evidence in support of the certificates. The Court also held as follows: "16........ But in the case of Panchanan Ghose v. Bhaggu Bari, AIR 1950 Cal. 261 it is observed that it is not proper for the Commissioner to base his findings upon his own observation of the injured person. Further, in the absence of medical evidence the Commissioner is not in a position to decide the percentage of the physical disability of the injured workman." The Act nowhere excludes the operation of the Evidence Act in claims to be decided under the Act. Under S.25 of the Act the Commissioner is to make a brief memorandum of the substance of the evidence of every witness as the examination of the witness proceed. This only shows that there is some difference between the normal procedure of examination of witness contemplated by the Evidence Act. But it is highly risky to leave to the individual Commissioners to adopt procedures to their liking. It is much safer to adopt the provisions of the Evidence Act. Even if the Evidence Act as such is not made applicable the general principles of the Act would apply to the proceedings before the Commissioner. Medical certificate is not a document which can be admitted in evidence without proof under any of the provisions of the Evidence Act or under any of the provisions of the Workmen's Compensation Act. Therefore the certificate will have to be proved in one of the modes allowed by the Evidence Act. 9. Whether the Commissioner can personally examine the disabled workman to decide the percentage of loss of earning capacity is a question which has considerable importance in workmen's compensation claims. The Commissioner is entitled to examine the workman in a particular case or a particular injury if he feels it is necessary for the purpose of settling the amount as he is enjoined to do under S.19 of the Act. However, this power should be exercised with circumspection. The Commissioner is entitled to examine the workman in a particular case or a particular injury if he feels it is necessary for the purpose of settling the amount as he is enjoined to do under S.19 of the Act. However, this power should be exercised with circumspection. The Commissioner should always keep in mind that after the 1984 amendment the power to assess the loss of earning capacity in the case of non scheduled injury is vested in the qualified medical practitioner. We have to accept the position that in spite of numerous decisions of different courts to the effect that in case of non scheduled injuries the Commissioner is the authority to adjudicate and determine the percentage of loss of earning capacity the legislature thought it necessary to amend S.4(c)(ii) of the Act in order to vest in the qualified medical practitioner the power to assess the loss of earning capacity in the case of non scheduled injuries. The motive of the legislature in making the 1984 amendment is beyond the scrutiny of courts. Nor can the courts examine whether the legislature had applied its mind to the provisions of a statute before passing it: The propriety, expediency and necessity of a legislative act are not for the determination of the courts. (See T. Venkata Reddy v. State of A.P., AIR 1985 SC 724 ). No doubt while assessing the percentage of loss of earning capacity the authority should have adequate knowledge of various other factor, like the nature of the work, chances of re-employment, number of years of service of the workman etc. The assessment made by the qualified medical practitioner' can only relate to the physical disability of the workman. Although that is an important factor in assessing the loss of earning capacity of a workman there may not be any doubt that this is not the only factor. Therefore we cannot hold that after the 1984 amendment the Commissioner has no power at all to determine the loss of earning capacity of an injured workman. However proved medical evidence has to be insisted upon by the Commissioner which is the primary basis on which the loss can be assessed. 10. Therefore we hold that primarily the loss of earning capacity is to be assessed by the qualified medical practitioner. Normally he should be examined to prove the certificates. However proved medical evidence has to be insisted upon by the Commissioner which is the primary basis on which the loss can be assessed. 10. Therefore we hold that primarily the loss of earning capacity is to be assessed by the qualified medical practitioner. Normally he should be examined to prove the certificates. However in case there are special reasons the Commissioner may accept other evidence to prove the medical certificate. Normally the Commissioner shall not decide the loss of. earning capacity without a medical certificate of a qualified medical practitioner assessing the loss of earning capacity except in cases where there are special reasons to dispense with medical certificate. However it goes without saying that the probative value of the medical certificate has to be adjudged by the Commissioner taking into consideration the other evidence in the proceedings. We respectfully adopt the reasoning of this Court in U.I. Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Sethu Madhavan, 1992 (2) KLT 702 . 11. Point No.(ii): S.30 of the Act confers on an aggrieved party the right to challenge the order of the Workmen's Compensation Commissioner before the High Court. The period of limitation for such appeal is 60 days. S.5 of the Limitation Act is made applicable to the appeals under S.30 of the Act. Under the 3rd proviso to S.30 of the Act no appeal by an employer shall lie unless the memorandum of appeal is accompanied by a certificate by the Commissioner to the effect that the appellant has deposited with him the amount payable under the order appealed against. Thus it is mandatory that the employer should deposit the compensation amount before the appeal can be entertained. In case within the appeal period of 60 days the Commissioner disburses the compensation to the workman the appeal itself may become infructuous since in most of the cases it may not be possible to get back the amount withdrawn by ; the workman. There is no provision in the Act empowering recovery of the amount paid to the workman. S.31 of the Act only provides for recovery of any amount payable by the employer. Therefore the disbursal of the compensation amount should be done only after the expiry of the period of 60 days. Under S.29(2) of the Limitation Act 1963 the appellant is entitled to the exclusion of lime for obtaining a certified copy of the award. S.31 of the Act only provides for recovery of any amount payable by the employer. Therefore the disbursal of the compensation amount should be done only after the expiry of the period of 60 days. Under S.29(2) of the Limitation Act 1963 the appellant is entitled to the exclusion of lime for obtaining a certified copy of the award. In these cases the Commissioner forwarded the copies of the award to the parties. Thus the affected parties will get sixty days from the date of receipt of such copy to file appeal. In special cases the Commissioner may order disbursal of the whole or part of the compensation amount by order on a petition to be filed by the workman after giving notice to the employer and hearing the employer's objections. Even after the period of 60 days if the employer has informed the Commissioner about the Filing of an appeal or the intention to file an appeal the compensation amount may be disbursed only after hearing the employer also. 12. Now we will deal with individual appeals : M. F. A. No. 366 of 1993 This is an appeal by the employer against the award in W. C. C. No. 87 of 1992 before the Workmen's Compensation Commissioner, Kannur. The respondent worker claimed compensation of Rs. 50,000/- for personal injuries sustained on 2-3-1990 in the course of her employment. The appellant filed a counter statement contending that the worker was absent from work only for 43 days and her entire medical expenses were met by the appellant. Compensation for the period of absence was also paid to her and she accepted the same in full and final settlement of all her claims. She also executed an agreement on 27-4-1990 under R.49 of the Rules. It was also contended that the worker is even now working as usual under the employer. She was a temporary worker at the time of accident. She was made permanent, in October, 1990 after a thorough check up and she is still a permanent worker of the appellant. The monthly salary stated in the petition was also denied by the appellant. The extract of pay roll and the records of the hospital together with memorandum of agreement and photocopy of the check rolls were produced before the Commissioner. A Section officer of the appellant was also examined. No medical certificate was produced in this case. The monthly salary stated in the petition was also denied by the appellant. The extract of pay roll and the records of the hospital together with memorandum of agreement and photocopy of the check rolls were produced before the Commissioner. A Section officer of the appellant was also examined. No medical certificate was produced in this case. 13. The Learned Commissioner without referring to these records observed that there was no record to prove that the worker is still continuing her employment. On that reasoning the Commissioner held that she has lost 100% of her earning capacity observing that this 'could very well be assessed from her personal appearance' and 'with reference to Ext. A2 document, We have perused Ext. A2. It is a prescription written by Dr. Vinod Govind. We were unable to find any evidence in Ext. A2 supporting the finding that the worker lost 100% of her earning capacity. Apparently the learned Commissioner has not bestowed proper attention on Ext. A2 before observing that Ext. A2 will support the view that the worker lost 100% of her earning capacity. The result of such a finding was that the learned Commissioner awarded Rs. 1,00,723/35 against the claim for Rs. 50,000/-. In view of our findings on the general issues and also [in view of the non advertence to the evidence in this case we set aside the order under challenge and remand the case to the Commissioner for fresh consideration and disposal in accordance with law. 14. M. F. A. No. 380 of 1993: This is an appeal filed by the 2nd opposite party, viz., the insurer of the employer. The 1st respondent is the applicant in W. C. C. No. 18 of 1992. He claimed compensation of Rs. 50,000/- for personal injuries sustained in a road accident on 6-1-1990 while he was employed as a driver in a bus owned by the second respondent herein. The alleged disability and the quantum of compensation claimed were disputed by the appellant. No disability certificate was produced by the applicant. As per Exts. A 5 and A6 wound certificates he had fracture of left ankle and abrasion 3 cm. x 1 cm. on the lateral aspect of right ankle. The learned Commissioner, assessed the loss of earning capacity as 50% 'from his personal appearance and the documents produced'. No disability certificate was produced by the applicant. As per Exts. A 5 and A6 wound certificates he had fracture of left ankle and abrasion 3 cm. x 1 cm. on the lateral aspect of right ankle. The learned Commissioner, assessed the loss of earning capacity as 50% 'from his personal appearance and the documents produced'. The order under challenge is set aside and the claim is remanded to the Tribunal for fresh consideration and disposal in accordance with law. 15. M. F. A, No. 580 of 1993 : The 2nd opposite party in W. C. C. No. 161 of 1992 is the appellant. The 1st respondent in this appeal filed the said claim for compensation for injuries alleged to have been sustained by him in an accident which occurred on 27-5-1992 in the course of his employment with the 2nd respondent. There is a total absence of legal evidence regarding the percentage of loss of earning capacity suffered by the workman. The learned Commissioner held without any evidence that the workman suffered 100% loss of earning capacity. In para.3 of the judgment it was observed that the opposite parties did not raise any dispute on the above aspects. This observation is absolutely incorrect since the respondents had disputed it as well as the salary of the workman. The order also stated that from the medical records produced as exhibits and the personal appearance of the workman it was seen that he was totally disabled to do any work in future and that he can walk only with the help of crutches. In making this observation the learned Commissioner did not refer to Ext. A3 discharge summary where it was observed as follows : "Xray Rt. femur taken fracture united well. Progress : Hospital stay uneventful, knee and ankle movements are better. Patient is walking without crutches". From this it is clear that the workman feigned illness before the Commissioner and the Commissioner accepted this contention even without referring to the records. The order under challenge is set aside. The claim is remanded to the Commissioner for fresh consideration and disposal in accordance with law. 15. His Lordship dealt with all the appeals and continued. 16. On a review of these various cases we have to observe that the learned Commissioner has awarded exhorbitant amounts as compensation, often more than the claim amount, without supporting evidence. The claim is remanded to the Commissioner for fresh consideration and disposal in accordance with law. 15. His Lordship dealt with all the appeals and continued. 16. On a review of these various cases we have to observe that the learned Commissioner has awarded exhorbitant amounts as compensation, often more than the claim amount, without supporting evidence. We cannot accept the contention of the learned counsel appearing for him that these awards were passed on a misunderstanding of the reported decisions. In most of these cases the Commissioner has observed that the assessment was made on the basis of personal satisfaction of the Commissioner. M.F.A.No.580 of 1993 is an example to show that the personal satisfaction of the Commissioner can be mistaken. In that case the Commissioner observed that the petitioner came to the court with the help of crutches. But the discharge summary specifically mentioned that he was walking without crutches. So also in two of these cases when the petitioners were examined by Medical Board as per the order of this Court, we found that there was no justification for assessing the percentage of disability at the high figure estimated by the Commissioner. In M.F. A.No.608 of 1993 the Medical Board assessed the disability as 5% where as the Commissioner fixed his disability at 50%. In M.F.A.No.750 of 1993 the Medical Board assessed that there is no disability as against 75% disability fixed by the commissioner. We also find that in some of these cases learned Commissioner disbursed the compensation amount before the expiry of the appeal period and that also in spite of the filing of petitions not to disburse the amount since the appellants are intending to file appeal. In some case there was a request to send the claimant for medical examination, the Commissioner refused to send him for medical examination. We bring all these aspects to the notice of the Government in order to take appropriate remedial actions so that these errors or omissions may not happen in future. 17. Since we are setting aside the awards passed by the Commissioner all the claimants who have withdrawn the compensation amount should re-deposit the amount with the Commissioner within one month from the date of this judgment. In case they are not depositing the amount the Commissioner should take steps to recover the amount from the claimants. 17. Since we are setting aside the awards passed by the Commissioner all the claimants who have withdrawn the compensation amount should re-deposit the amount with the Commissioner within one month from the date of this judgment. In case they are not depositing the amount the Commissioner should take steps to recover the amount from the claimants. Registrar will forward a copy of this judgment to the Chief Secretary, State of Kerala, for appropriate action.