Mohd. Shamim, J. ( 1 ) "let honesty be as the breath of thy soul; then shalt though reach the point of happiness, and independence shall be thy shield and buckler, thy helmet and crown ; then shall thy soul walk upright, nor stoop to the silken wretch because he had riches, nor pocket an abuse because the hand which offers it wears a ring set with diamonds. " - Frannklin. "the whole of Government consists in the art of being honest. " - Thomas Jefferson, Works VI, 186. Thus realising the importance of honesty and probity in public life and to weed out the corruption rampant amongst the public servants, the legislators thought it fit and proper to frame a comprehensive legislation in the form of Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 as the existing laws in the form of Sections 161 to 165a Indian Penal Code, they felt, had proved inadequate for dealing with the situation obtaining at that time on account of war and immediately thereafter. Subsequently in order to further strengthen the anti- corruption laws and to make them very effective the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 was passed which received the assent of the President of India on September 9,1988. ( 2 ) THE present petitions relate to the corruption charges levelled against the petitioners under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. ( 3 ) THE petitioners herein, known as S/shri L. K. Advani, V. C. Shukia, J. K. Jain, N. K. Jain, S. K. Jain and B. R. Jain have taken exception through the present revision petitions bearing Nos. 124, 166, 167, 256, 257, 265, 328, 329, 330 and 331 of 1996, to the judgments and orders dated September 6, 1996 and May 8,1996 passed by the learned Special Judge in C. C. Nos. l7/96 in RC/1 (A)/95-ACU-6 under Section 120b Indian Penal Code and Sections 7 and 13 (2) read with Section 13 (l) (d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and under Section 120b Indian Penal Code and Section 12 of Prevention of Corruption Act. l7/96 in RC/1 (A)/95-ACU-6 under Section 120b Indian Penal Code and Sections 7 and 13 (2) read with Section 13 (l) (d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and under Section 120b Indian Penal Code and Section 12 of Prevention of Corruption Act. The learned Special Judge through the said judgment and order came to the conclusion that there was a prima facie case against the above-named petitioners under Section 120b Indian Penal Code and Sections 7, 12 and 13 (2) read with Section 13 (l) (d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act against all the abovenamed persons i. e. S/shri L. K. Advani, S. KJain, J. K. Jain, N. K. Jain and B. RJain. He further found that there existed a prima facie case for framing charges under Sections 7 and 13 (2) read with Section 13 (l) (d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act against Shri L. K. Advani. He further opined that there was a prima facie case for framing a charge under Section 12 of the Prevention of Corruption Act against S/shri S. KJain, N. KJain, J. K. Jain and B. RJain. He thus ordered that charges be framed against them accordingly. ( 4 ) SIMILARLY, the petitioners S/shri V. C-Shukla, S. K. Jain, N. K. Jain, J. K. Jam and B. R. Jain have preferred TO the present revision petition against the judgment and order dated May 8,1996 passed by the learned Special Judge in C. C. No. 15/96 in RCI (A)/95- ACU (VI) under Section 120b Indian Penal Code and Section 13 (2) read with Sections 13 (l) (d), 7 and 12 of the Prevention of Corruption Act wherethrough the learned Special Judge found that there existed a prima facie case under Section 120b Indian Penal Code and Section 13 (2) read with Sections 13 (l) (d), 7 and 12 of the Prevention of Corruption Act against Shri. V. C. Shukla. It was further ordered that charges under Section 12 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 be framed against S/shri S. KJain, J. K. Jain, N. KJain and B. RJain. Accordingly the charges under the said sections were framed against S/shri S. KJain, J. KJam, N. KJain and B. RJain on May 24,1996 whereas the charges against Shri V. C. Shukia were framed on August 19,1996. Accordingly the charges under the said sections were framed against S/shri S. KJain, J. KJam, N. KJain and B. RJain on May 24,1996 whereas the charges against Shri V. C. Shukia were framed on August 19,1996. ( 5 ) AGGRIEVED and dis-satisfied with the said judgments and orders the petitioners have approached this Court for quashment of the said charges and the proceedings pending decision before the learned lower court. ( 6 ) ALL the above petitions are being taken up together for disposal as the questions of law and facts which are likely to arise while disposing them of would be the same. Hence it is proposed to dispose them of by one and the same judgment. ( 7 ) RELEVANT and material facts which led to the presentation of the petition pertaining to charge sheet No. RC/1 (A)/95-ACU-6 and charge sheet No. RGI (A)/95- ACU (VI) are as under: that during the years 1988-9petitioners S/shri S. KJain, J. K. Jain, B. RJain and N. KJain entered into a criminal conspiracy amongst themselves. The object of the said conspiracy was to receive un-accounted money and to disburse the same amongst themselves, friends, close relations and amongst different persons including the public servants and political leaders. With the said end in view petitioner Shri S. KJain lobbied with different public servants and government organisations in the power and steel sectors of the Government of India for the purposes of pursuing of award of various contracts to different foreign bidders with the motive of getting illegal kickbacks from them. The petitioners in connection therewith received Rs. 59,12,ll,685. 00 during 1988-1991 by channelling some amount within the country and by receiving major portion of the same from foreign countries through hawala channels as kickbacks from the foreign bidders of certain projects of NHPC and NTPC. The note books, diaries and Files seized from the residence of the petitiorier Shri J. KJain on May 3,1991 during the course of his house search which was conducted in case No. R. C. 5 (S)/91 -SIU (V) SIC (II) CBI, New Delhi, disclosed the receipt of the amounts mentioned in the body of the charge sheet. A close scrutiny of the diary MR68 of 1991 and the file MR 72/91 seized from the residence of the petitioner Shri J. KJain on May 3,1991 reveals that a total amount of Rs. A close scrutiny of the diary MR68 of 1991 and the file MR 72/91 seized from the residence of the petitioner Shri J. KJain on May 3,1991 reveals that a total amount of Rs. 60 lacs was paid to Shri L. K. Advani as noted in the diaries during the period April 1988 - April 1991 and these expenses are under the heading of POE. A sum of Rs. 35 lacs was paid to him during the period from April 1988 - March 1990. Similarly, a sum of Rs. 25 lacs was paid to him on April 26,1991. The above- mentioned factsand circumstances disclosed that the Jains individually as well as collectively were in the habit of making payments to influential political leaders and public servants of high status and accepting official favours from them. Shri L. K. Advani was a well known political leader not only during the relevant period but much before as well as after the same. He has been holding high public offices, e. g. , Member of Rajya Sabha, Member of Lok Sabha, as well as Union Cabinet Minister for a long period. He is still a Member of Lok Sabha and President of BJP. The above- mentioned payments of Rs. 60 lacs were made by Jains which amount to payment of illegal gratification other than legal remuneration. However, out of this payment of Rs. 60 lacs, the payment of a sum of Rs. 25 lacs pertains to the period when Shri L. K. Advani was not a public servant in April 1991. It is thus clear from above that Shri L. K. Advani has committed an offence of criminal conspiracy and criminal misconduct punishable under Section 120b Indian Penal Code and Section 13 (2) read with Section 13 (1) (d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. Whereas the petitioners S/shri S. K. Jain, N. K. Jain, B. R,jain and J. K. Jain have committed offences punishable under Section 120b Indian Penal Code and Section 12 of the Prevention of Corruption Act. ( 8 ) A sum of Rs. 80,85,834. 00 was paid to Shri V. C. Shukla, during July 1989 to April 1991. However, a sum of Rs. 38,85,834. 00 is the only sum which was paid to him while he was a public servant . Out of the said amount, a sum of Rs. ( 8 ) A sum of Rs. 80,85,834. 00 was paid to Shri V. C. Shukla, during July 1989 to April 1991. However, a sum of Rs. 38,85,834. 00 is the only sum which was paid to him while he was a public servant . Out of the said amount, a sum of Rs. 20 lacs was paid to him in February 1990 whereas Rs. 10 lacs are shown to have been paid to him in March 1990. A sum of Rs. 2,67,834. 00 was paid to him in October, 1990, Rs. 5,30,000. 00 paid to him in December 1990 ( 23. 12. 1990) and in January 1991 he was paid a sum of Rs. 88,000. 00. ( 9 ) SHRI V. C. Shukia, M. P. ( Lok Sabha) was occupying a position of power in the Government of India for quite a long period and worked in various influential positions. He was a Member of Parliament ( Lok Sabha) from December 31,1984 to July 26,1989 and from June 20,1991 onwards. He also worked as Union Minister for External Affairs from November 21,1990 to February 20,1991, as Union Minister for Water Resources from June 20,1991 to January 18,1993 and as Union Minister of Parliamentary Affairs from January 18,1993 to January 17, 1996. The above-mentioned payments of Rs. 38,85,834. 00 were made by Jains to Shri V. C. Shukia while he was working as a public servant with a motive which amounts to payment of illegal gratification other than legal remuneration to a public servant for favours shown and/or expected of him in the light of the fact that he was holding positions of power and was likely to be so. The said amounts were received by the petitioner Shri V. C. Shukia without any public interest by abusing his position as a public servant during the period February 1990 to January 1991. The abovesaid facts and circumstances constitute offences of criminal conspiracy and misconduct punishable under Section 120b Indian Penal Code and Section 13 (2) read with Sections 13 (l) (d), 7 and 12 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. The abovesaid facts and circumstances constitute offences of criminal conspiracy and misconduct punishable under Section 120b Indian Penal Code and Section 13 (2) read with Sections 13 (l) (d), 7 and 12 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. ( 10 ) IT has been urged for and on behalf of the petitioners by Messrs Ram Jethmalai, Rajeender Singh, Kapil Sibal and R. K. Anand, Senior Advocates, that the impugned orders passed by the learned Special Judge with regard to the framing of charges against the petitioners are illegal and invalid inasmuch as there is absolutely no matrial to show prima facie any case against the petitioners under the Sections mentioned therein. There is absolutely no evidence against the petitioners except the alleged diaries and the note books, the entries wherein are not even worth the paper on which the same have been recorded, as the same are inadmissible in evidence and thus could not have been taken into consideration by the learned lower court at the time of the framing of the charges. Learned counsel for the petitioners, S/shri S. K. Jain, J. K. Jain, N. K. Jain and B. R. Jain i. e. Messrs. Rajeender Singh and Kapil Sibal, Senior Advocates, and learned counsel for Shri V. C. Shukla, Mr. R. K. Anand, have further contended that an M. P. is not a public servant , a fortiori, the proceedings under the Prevention of Corruption Act could not have been launched against the petitioners i. e. Shri L. K. Advani and Shri V. C. Shukla, It has been further urged on behalf of Shri V. C. Shukla by Mr. Anand and Mr. Sibal that even if it is presumed for the sake of arguments that an M. P. is a public servant which Mr. Shukla was at the relevant time, in that eventuality no charge-sheet could have been filed against him without obtaining. sanction under Section 19 (c) of the Prevention of Corruption Act from the authority competent to remove him. ( 11 ) LEARNED counsel for the respondent i. e. Central Bureau of Investigation, Messrs. Gopal Subramanium and Mr. R. Natarajan, Senior Advocates, have, on the other hand, contended with all the vehemence at their command that an M. P. is a public servant within the meaning of Section 2 (c) (viii) of the Prevention of Corruption Act. ( 11 ) LEARNED counsel for the respondent i. e. Central Bureau of Investigation, Messrs. Gopal Subramanium and Mr. R. Natarajan, Senior Advocates, have, on the other hand, contended with all the vehemence at their command that an M. P. is a public servant within the meaning of Section 2 (c) (viii) of the Prevention of Corruption Act. There is sufficient evidence on record to prima facie show that Shri L. K. Advani and Shri V. C. Shukla are guilty of accepting illegal gratification under Section 7 and criminal misconduct undersection 13 (l) (d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act. There was general conspiracy amongst the petitioners i. e. Jain brothers, namely, S/shri N. K. Jain, B. R. Jain and S. K. Jain and their employee Shri J. K. Jain. During the period the said conspiracy was afoot a sum of Rs. 35 lacs was paid to Shri L. K. Advani whereas a sum of Rs. 38. 85 lacs was paid to Shri V. C. Shukla on different dates by the aforementioned Jain brothers and they accepted the same as gratification other than legal remuneration as a motive and reward for showing favours in the discharge of their official functions. There is ample evidence in the form of diaries and note books to prima facie substantiate the said averments of the prosecution. ( 12 ) IT is manifest from the facts canvassed above that the most polemical issue which arises for adjudication in the present case is as to whether an M. P. is a public servant ? This point was. not raised on behalf of Shri Advani by the learned counsel Mr. Jethmalani. He did not dispute the fact that an M. P. is a public servant within the ambit of Section 2 (c) (viii) of the Prevention of Corruption Act. However, learned counsel for other petitioners namely, S/shri S. K. Jain, J. K. Jain, N. K. Jain, B. R. Jain ( hereinafter REFERRED TO to as jains in order to facilitate the reference) and V. C. Shukla i. e. Messrs. Kapil Sibal, Rajeender Singh and R. K. Anand have argued with great zeal and fervour that an M. P. is not a public servant. He is neither appointed as an M. P. nor he can be removed from the position which he holds. Kapil Sibal, Rajeender Singh and R. K. Anand have argued with great zeal and fervour that an M. P. is not a public servant. He is neither appointed as an M. P. nor he can be removed from the position which he holds. This is again one of the indicia to show that he is not a public servant . In fact it was never the intention of the legislature to include an M. P. or an M. L. A. within the domain of Section 2 (c) of the Prevention of Corruption Act. Had there been any such intention nothing was easier for them than to say so in the definition of public servant i. e. Section 2 (c) of the Prevention of Corruption Act,1988 ( hereinafter REFERRED TO to as the act for the sake of brevity ). Since it has not been said so it would be neither proper nor permissible on the part of this Court to read some thing which is not there. The same is to be interpreted as it is and not as the Court wishes it to be or as itought to be. The same is beyond the forte of a Court of Law. The learned counsel in support of their contention have relied upon the observations of the Hon ble Supreme Court as made in R. S. Naik v. A. R. Antulay, (1984) 2 SCC 183 . The Hon ble Supreme Court in the said case examined the question as to whether an M. L. A. was a public servant within the meaning of Section 21 (12) (a) of the Indian Penal Code and came to the conclusion that since an M. L. A. was neither the servant of the Government nor remunerated by fees or commission for the performance of any public duty by the Government, hence he cannot be held to be a public servant by any stretch of imagination. According to the Hon ble Supreme Court the expression government in Section 21 (12) (a) clearly denotes the Executive and not the Legislature since an M. L. A. is not in the pay of the executive, hence he cannot be held to be in the pay of the Government. The Members of the Legislative Assembly enjoy the power of the purse. There is an enactment whereunder the Members of the Legislative Assembly draw their salary and allowances. The Members of the Legislative Assembly enjoy the power of the purse. There is an enactment whereunder the Members of the Legislative Assembly draw their salary and allowances. They have got the power to vote the grant and pay themselves. To illustrate the said point he has led me through certain lines of paras 56 and 57 of the judgment. ". . . . . . . Therefore, even though MLA receives pay and allowances, he is not in the pay of the State Government because Legislature of a State cannot be comprehended in the expression state Government . . . " (pr. 57) ". . . . . When all these aspects are pieced together, the expression . Government in Section 21 (12 (a) clearly denotes the Executive and not the Legislature. MLA is certainly not in the pay of the Executive. Therefore, the conclusion is inescapable that even though MLA receives pay and allowances, he cannot be said to be in the pay of the Government i. e. the Executive. This conclusion would govern also the third part of clause 12 (a) i. e. " remunerated by fees for performance of any public duty by the Government". In other words, MLA is not remunerated by fees paid by the Government i. e. the Executive. " ( 13 ) LEARNED counsel thus contends that it is clear from above that an M. L. A. is not a public servant. It can be safely concluded from above on the basis of the same principles which are applicable to an M. L. A. that an M. P. is not a public servant . However, there may be certain occasions when an M. P. is called upon to perform certain sovereign functions which are delegated to him by the Government, such as, when he is appointed as Chairman of some Corporation, then he would be holding an office and by virtue whereof he would become a public servant within the ambit of Section 2 (c) (viii ). ( 14 ) THE next limb of the argument advanced by the learned counsel for the petitioner is that no provision of the Constitution of India talks of an office which is to be held by a Member of the Parliament. ( 14 ) THE next limb of the argument advanced by the learned counsel for the petitioner is that no provision of the Constitution of India talks of an office which is to be held by a Member of the Parliament. Whereas in case of other dignitaries such as the President of India, the Vice President of India, the word office has been used while referring to them throughout the Constitution in connection therewith ( vide Articles 56, 59 and 67 ). Article 56 relates to the office of the President. Article 67 refers to the office of the Vice President. Articles 80 and 81 relate to Members of Parliament. The architects of the Constitution have intentionally used the word seat in connection with their appointment. The learned counsel thus arguesthat the founding fathers of the Constitution knew it very well that an M. P. does not hold an office and as such, have intentionally and purposely used the word seat while adverting to them. ( 15 ) LEARNED counsel for CBI, Messrs. N. Natrajan and Gopal Subramanium have urged to the contrary. According to them, the underlying idea while making amendment to the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 by the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 was to make the anti corruption laws more effective by widening their coverage and by strengthening the provisions. The definition of public servant , as given in Section 2 (c) of the Act, was widened and made more exhaustive with a view to bringing in its range almost all the persons who hold an office and are required to perform any public duty. Thus the intention of the Legislature was clear i. e. to bring Members of Parliament within the ambit of Section 2 (c) of the Act since by virtue of their office they are required to perform multifarious public duties. ( 16 ) I have heard the learned counsel for parties at sufficient length and have very carefully examined their rival contentions and have given my anxious thoughts thereto. ( 17 ) SINCE we are concerned with the construction of Section 2 (c) of the Act which defines public servant it would bejust and proper to examine the provisions of the said Section before proceeding further in the matter. ( 17 ) SINCE we are concerned with the construction of Section 2 (c) of the Act which defines public servant it would bejust and proper to examine the provisions of the said Section before proceeding further in the matter. It is in the following words:- "public servant means (i) any person in the service or pay of the Government or remunerated by the Government for fees or commission for the performance of any public duty; (ii) any person in the service or pay of local authority; (iii) any person in the service or pay of a Corporation. . . . (iv) any Judge. . . . . . (v) any person authorised by a Court of Justice. . . . (vi) Any arbitrator or other person. . . . (vii) any person who holds an office. . . . . (viii) any person who holds an office by virtue of which he is authorised or required to perform any pubic duty. " ( 18 ) SECTION 2 (c) (i) is the reproduction of Section 21, clause 12 (a) of the Indian Penal Code. The said provision was the subject matter of construction before the Hon ble Supreme Court in Antulay s case (supra ). Hon ble Mr. Justice D. A. Desai, as he then was, while animadverting on the said clause i. e. 21 (12) (a) came to the conclusion that an MLA was not a public servant within the meaning of Section 21 (12) (a) as he was neither in the pay of the Government nor in the service of the Government nor remunerated by fees or commission for the performance of a public duty by the Government. In view of the above, the conclusion is inevitable that the case of an M. P. is beyond the ken of Section 2 (c) (i)of the Act. Thus the only other relevant clause is 2 (c) (viii) of the Prevention of Corruption Act which can embrace within its fold the case of an M. P. It lays down and provides that any person who holds an office by virtue of which he is authorised or required to perform any public duty would be a public servaknt . The term public duty on the other hand has been defined in clause (b) of Section 2 of the Act. The term public duty on the other hand has been defined in clause (b) of Section 2 of the Act. It envisages public duty means a duty in the discharge of which the State, the public or the community at large has aninterest. Learned counsel for the petitioners Mr. Sibal conceded with commendable fairness on his part that there is no dispute wh regard to the fact that an MP discharges a duty wherein the public or community at large is interested. Thus the only question which crises for decision is as to whether an MP holds an office or not? ( 19 ) MR. Sibal, learned counsel for Jams in order to substantiate his contention that a Member of Parliament is not a public servant and that is why the founding fathers of the Constitution have intentionally used the word seat which is occupied by him at the time of his selection, to any of the seats in the Parliament. Thus learned counsel has urged that a Member of Parliament does not occupy an office as a result of his being elected to the Parliament. He has in this connection led me through different provisions in the Constitution and has argued on the basis of the same that whenever the framers of the Constitution refer to a Member of Parliament they refer to his seat in the House and not to his office. Art. 84 deals with the qualifications for Members of Parliament. It talks of a seat in the Parliament. On the other hand, Art. 101 relates to vacation of seats by Members of Parliament. Third Schedule (B) of the Constitution of India deals with the form of oath or affirmation which is to be administered to a Member of Parliament. He is required to take oath in the following words: " That I having been elected ( or nominated) a Member of the Council of State ( or the House of the People ) do swear in the name of God, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to enter. " ( 20 ) WHEREAS the architects of the Constitution in case of form of oath or affirmation to be administered to a Minister of the Union of India have used the word office . The learned counsel has thus argued that had the MP been also holding the office he would have also been administered the same type of oath which is administered to the holder of an office i. e. the Minister. There was no question of any distinction being made in between the two oaths. ( 21 ) THE learned counsel has further argued that whenever the framers of the Constitution have REFERRED TO to the President of India, Vice President of India, they have adverted to his office and not to seat ( vide Articles 59, 60, 65, 67 and 68. . . . . . ). Similarly, while dealing with the officers of Parliament they talk of their office ( vide Articles 89,91,92 and 94 ). ( 22 ) THE other contention of the learned counsel for the petitioners is that a Member of Parliament is neither appointed nor removed. He is disqualified from being a Member of either House of Parliament on the happening of certain contingencies which find a mention in Art. 102 of the Constitution of India. The learned counsel has further led me through Section 8 (3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1961, which provides that a person who has been convicted for not less than two years shall be disqualified from the date of such conviction and shall continue to be disqualified for a further period of six years since his release. Furthermore, conviction under the provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act has not been shown as one of the grounds for disqualification of an M. P. The learned counsel on the basis of the above wants me to conclude therefrom that it shows in unequivocal terms that a Member of Parliament is not a public servant and does not hold an office. Had it been otherwise he would not have been allowed to continue as an M. P. after his conviction for a period of less than two years. ( 23 ) THE contention of the learned counsel is an ingenious one but can be brushed aside within an anon without much difficulty. Had it been otherwise he would not have been allowed to continue as an M. P. after his conviction for a period of less than two years. ( 23 ) THE contention of the learned counsel is an ingenious one but can be brushed aside within an anon without much difficulty. The mere fact that the position which an MP occupies in the Parliament has been REFERRED TO to as seat instead of office is not a sure indicium of the fact that an MP is not a public servant and it would not be proper to place reliance thereupon for the conclusion of the fact that an MP is not a public servant . It is true as it has been already observed above by this Court that in the Constitution of India a Member of Parliament has been REFERRED TO to as one who holds a seat in the House. However, a Member of Parliament has been adverted to as a person having an office in the Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament Act, 1954 ( Act No. 30 of 1954 ). Section 2 (e) of the aforementioned Act is in the following words:- "term of office" means (a) in relation to a person who is a member at the commencement of this Act, the period beginning with such commencement and ending with the date on which his seat becomes vacant; (b) in relation to a new member,- (i ). . . . . . (ii ). . . . . . . . (iii) where such new member is member of either House of Parliament elected in a bye-election to that House or a member nominated to the Huse of the People the period beginning with the date of his election REFERRED TO to in Section 67a of the said Act or, as the case may be, the date of his nomination. " ( 24 ) IT would not be out of place to reproduce here Section 3 of the said Act which provides as under:- "3. " ( 24 ) IT would not be out of place to reproduce here Section 3 of the said Act which provides as under:- "3. Salaries and daily allowances.- A member shall be entitled to receive a salary at the rate of seven hundred and fifty rupees per mensem during the whole of his term of office and subject to any rules made under this Act an allowance at the rate of seventy five rupees for each day during any period of residence on duty. " It thus can be concluded from above that the words seat and office are interchangeable terms and either one of them can be used while referring to a Member of Parliament. The term office has been defined in the Oxford English Dictionary, IInd Edn. , Vol. X ( p. 729) in the following words:- " 2. . . . . . b. Duty attaching to one s station, position, or employment; a duty, service, or charge falling or assigned to one; a service or task to be performed; 4a. A position or place to which certain duties are attached,especially one of a more or less public character; a position of trust, authority, or service under constituted authority; a place in the administration of government, the public service, the direction of a corporation, company, society, etc. The word office has got the following meaning as given to it in Stroud s Judicial Dictionary of Words and Phrases, Vth Edn. ( page 1751) " 5. In any case, an office necessarily implies that there is some duty to be performed". The word office has been defined in Black s Law Dictionary, page 1082, an "assigned duty" or "function". Synonyms are "post", "appointment", "situation", "place", "position", and "office" commonly suggests a position of ( especially public) trust or authority. " The term office has also been a subject matter of interpretation in American Jurisprudence, IInd Edn. Voi. 63a, page I,". . . . Ordinarily and generally, a public office is defined to be the right , authority, and duty created and conferred by law, the tenure of which is not transient, occasional, or incidental, by which for a given period an individual is invested with power to perform a public function for the benefit of the public. 63a, page I,". . . . Ordinarily and generally, a public office is defined to be the right , authority, and duty created and conferred by law, the tenure of which is not transient, occasional, or incidental, by which for a given period an individual is invested with power to perform a public function for the benefit of the public. The position is an office whether the incumbent is selected by appointment or by election, and whether he is appointed during the pleasure of the appointing power or is elected for a fixed term. " "a public officer is such an officer as is required by law to be elected or appointed, who has a designation or title given him by law, and who exercises functions concerning the public, assigned to him by law. " ( 25 ) GRAHM Zellic in an article " Bribery of Members of Parliament and the Criminal Law published in Public Law, 1979, has cited the observations of Sir Issac J. , which are in the following words:- "when a man becomes a Member of Parliament, he undertakes high public duties. Those duties are inseparable from the position; he cannot retain the honour and divest himself of the duties. The position, independent of the Member, is subsisting, permanent and substantive and will be filled by others after him; this is provided by law ; and it is certainly of a more, rather than less, public character. Erskin May in fact speaks of "corruption in the Execution of their office as Members. " There is nothing to stop a court, therefore, holding that membership of Parliament constitutes an office. . . . . . " ( 26 ) LET us now see as to whether an M. P. holds an office? Admittedly, an M. P. enjoys a status and position. He is also required to perform public duties under the Constitution. Thus it can be safely concluded therefrom that a Member of Parliament is holder of an office. ( 27 ) THE other contention of the learned counsel for the petitioners as put forward by Mr. R. K. Anand and Mr. Kapil Sibal is that since the legislators in their wisdom have not put an M. P. in the category of public servant this Court would not be justified in doing so. ( 27 ) THE other contention of the learned counsel for the petitioners as put forward by Mr. R. K. Anand and Mr. Kapil Sibal is that since the legislators in their wisdom have not put an M. P. in the category of public servant this Court would not be justified in doing so. According to them, the law is to be interpreted as it is and not as the Court wishes it to be or as it ought to be. This is none of the functions of a Court of Law. I am sorry I am unable to agree with the contention of the learned counsel. ( 28 ) A perusal of the statement of Objects and Reasons behind the enactment of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 reveals that the legislators wanted to amend the existing anti corruption laws with a view to making them more effective by extending the scope and ambit of the definition of public servant and to bring within its sweep each and every person who held an office by virtue of which he was required to perform any public duty. ( The Statement of Objects and Reasons accompanying the Prevention of Corruption Act, in 1988 CCL 529 ). ( 29 ) THUS the underlying idea was to eradicate the corruption. The object of the Act is a very laudable one. Hence it cannot be so construed as to narrow down its scope. It is well known that when the words of a statute are wide and clear then a restrictive meaning cannot be given to them. The purpose of the Act is clear and unambiguous i. e. the eradication of the corruption. Hence a construction which would enhance the object of the Act and curb the mischief has to be put. The object of the Act is to serve as a beacon. If there are certain crevices and dark areas in the enactment they are to be illuminated with the help of the said object, nay it is the duty of the Court to put such construction which would illuminate the said areas. The object of the Act is to serve as a beacon. If there are certain crevices and dark areas in the enactment they are to be illuminated with the help of the said object, nay it is the duty of the Court to put such construction which would illuminate the said areas. Thus this Court is of the view that having regard to the moral and commendable object of the Act a purposive interpretation should be put on the relevant provisions of law so as to fulfil the intention of the legislature and eschew an interpretation which defeats the object of the Act. If so construed an M. P. would be covered by the definition as given in Section 2 (c) (viii) of the Act. ( 30 ) I am supported in my above view by the enthralling Commentary on Statutory Interpretation by F. A. R. Bennion, page 659: " Parliament is presumed to intend that in construing an Act the court, by advancing the remedy which is indicated by the words of the Act for the mischief being dealt with, and the implications arising from those words, should aim to further every aspect of the legislative purpose. A construction which promotes the remedy Parliament has provided to cure a particular mischief is now known as a purposive construction. " ( 31 ) FURTHERMORE, the Prevention of Corruption Act is an enactment which is meant for the benefit of the public. The main aim of the Act is eradication of the corruption which is permeating every nook and corner of the country. Hence it should be so interpreted which would serve the object of the Act. I am tempted here to cite a few lines from Sutherland s Statutory Construction, page 56, " Where a public interest is affected an interpretation is preferred TO wllich favours the public. A narrow construction should not be permitted to undermine the public policy sought to be served. This is especially so where a narrow construction discourages rather than encourages the specific action, the legislature has sought to foster and promulgate. " The founding fathers of the Constitution envisioned the legislators as men of character, rectitude and moral uprightness whose sole object was to serve the public with dedication, to be open, truthful and legal. I am reminded here of the memorable words of H. G. Wells. " The founding fathers of the Constitution envisioned the legislators as men of character, rectitude and moral uprightness whose sole object was to serve the public with dedication, to be open, truthful and legal. I am reminded here of the memorable words of H. G. Wells. He was of the view: " The true strength of rulers and empires lies not in armies or emotions, but in the belief of men that they are inflexibly open and truthful and legal. As soon as a government departs from that standard, it ceases to be anything more than "the gang in possession" and its days are numbered. " ( 32 ) MR. J. A. G. Griffith in Parliament , Functions, Practice and Procedure, has cited Edmund Burke while commenting on the functions of the Members of Parliament. According to him, " It ought to be the happiness and glory of a representative to live in the strictest union, the closest correspondence, and the most unreserved communication, with his constituents. Their wishes ought to have great weight with him; their opinion, high respect; their business, unremitted attention. It is his duty to sacrifice his repose, his pleasures, his satisfactions to theirs, - and above all, ever, and in all cases, to prefer their interest to his own. But his unbiased opinion, his mature judgment, his enlightened conscience, he ought not to sacrifice to you, to any man, or to any set of men living. . . . Your representative owes you, not his industry only, but his judgment; and he betrays, instead of serving you, if he sacrifices it to your opinion. " (Speech to the electors of Bristol.) ( 33 ) LEARNED counsel for the petitioners Mr. Sibal and Mr. Anand have led me through the speech of Mr. P. Chidambram, Minister of State in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievance and Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs, who piloted the bill for prevention of corruption in 1987, in order to show and prove that it was clever the intention to include MPs and MLAs within the definition of public servant . On being asked as to whether the MPs were proposed to be included therein, he replied in the negative. To reproduce his exact words ". . . . Therefore, there is no doubt about the fact that a Minister would certainly be covered by this bill. On being asked as to whether the MPs were proposed to be included therein, he replied in the negative. To reproduce his exact words ". . . . Therefore, there is no doubt about the fact that a Minister would certainly be covered by this bill. A question has been raised as to what is the position of a Member of Parliament or a Member of a Legislative Assembly, we have not done any thing different or contrary to law as it stands toay. Under the law as it stands today, the Supreme Court has held in Anthulay s case that a Member of the Legislative Assembly is not a public servant within the meaning of Section 21 of the Indian Penal Code. ( 34 ) I personally think that it is very difficult to say when an MLA or an MP becomes a public servant . ( 35 ) I believe that when an MP functions qua MP perhaps he is not a public servant . . . . we think that there could be situation when an MP or an MLA does certain things which are really not part of his duties as an MP or as an MLA. We think thatan MP or an MLA could in certain circumstances hold an office where he will be discharging certain public duties. These two situations are covered by this Act. . . . . . We are trying to fit this in with the pronouncement of the Supreme Court, and at the same time taking note of the felt needs of the situation. " ( 36 ) IT is amply clear from above that the Minister on being asked conceded that there may be certain situations when an MP or an MLA would be a public servant within the meaning of this Act and as such would be liable for his actions like an ordinary citizen. Thus there was not a total denial on the part of the Minister on this question. A perusal of the speeches in the Parliament at the time of the debate on the bill reveals that the learned Members of the Parliament showed their anxiety, concern and worry with regard to the corruption not only amongst the government employees but they talked of even political corruption. A perusal of the speeches in the Parliament at the time of the debate on the bill reveals that the learned Members of the Parliament showed their anxiety, concern and worry with regard to the corruption not only amongst the government employees but they talked of even political corruption. To illustrate the point Shri Y. S. Mahajan from Jalgaon was of the view " Sir, political corruption is pervasive in character. It assumes multiplicity of forms which is astonishing. It is a syndrome and covers not only simple cases of bribery but also extends to misuse of political power for private gain, such as, nepotism, misappropriation, illegal appropriation of public resources and patronage which is often the basis of the formation of political groups dominated by individual politicians. " ( 37 ) THIS is manifest from above that the legislators were aware of Political Corruption and wanted to eradicate the same, this could have been done only by including the MPs within the ambit of a public servant . This they did by enlarging the scope of Section 2 (c) of the Act. ( 38 ) THERE is another aspect of the matter. The judgment in Antulay s case was given in the year 1984. The Hon ble Supreme Court was called upon in the said judgment to pronounce on the question as to whether an MLA was a public servant or not within the meaning of definition of public servant as given in Section 21 of the Indian Penal Code. The Hon ble Supreme Court after examining the historical evolution of the definition of public servant and after taking into consideration the provisions of the Indian Penal Code i. e. Section 21, and Legislative Body Corrupt Practices Bill, 1925, the provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947, Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1958 and the Santhanam Committee Report which was submitted in 1964, found that the MLA was not a public servant within the ambit of Section 21 (12) (a) of the Indian Penal Code. The Hon ble Court observed that an MLA could not have been a public servant as the Legislative Assemblies were not in existence in the year 1860 when the Indian Penal Code came into force on October 6,1860. So, howsoever far-sighed Lord Macaulay might have been but even then he would not have thought of in terms of an MLA. The Hon ble Court observed that an MLA could not have been a public servant as the Legislative Assemblies were not in existence in the year 1860 when the Indian Penal Code came into force on October 6,1860. So, howsoever far-sighed Lord Macaulay might have been but even then he would not have thought of in terms of an MLA. Thus an MLA could not have been contemplated to be a public servant at the time when the Indian Penal Code was enacted. The Apex Court decided the case of an MLA on the anvil of the provisions of Section 21 of the Indian Penal Code and the definition of public servant as given in the said Section i. e. clause 12 (a) that an MLA was neither in the service of the Government nor in the pay of the Government nor remunerated by fees or commission for the performance of any public duty by the Government. To reproduce the exact words of the Apex Court ( in para 60) in A. R. Antulay s case (supra) it was observed " If MLA is not in the pay of the Government in the sense of Executive Government or is not remunerated by fees for performance of any public duty by the Executive Government, certainly he would not be comprehended in the expression public servant within the meaning of the expression in clause 12 (a ). He is thus not a public servant within the meaning of the expression in clause 12 (a ). This conclusion reinforces the earlier conclusion reached by us after examining the historical evolution of clause 12 (a ). " ( 39 ) IT is crystal clear from the above discussion that an MLA was not held to be a public servant as it was found that he was neither in the service nor pay of the Government nor remunerated by fees or commission for the performance of any public duty by the Government. The above snags which came in the way of the Apex Court in coming to the conclusion that an MLA was not a public servant have now been removed by the amendment of the definition vide cl. 2 (c) (viii ). The scope of the said definition has been enlarged and widened by removing the said obstacles and hurdles to hold an MLA or an MP to be a public servant . 2 (c) (viii ). The scope of the said definition has been enlarged and widened by removing the said obstacles and hurdles to hold an MLA or an MP to be a public servant . Now each and every person who holds an office by virtue of which he is required to perform any public duty in the discharge of which the Stale, public or the community at large is interested would be deemed to be a public servant . It is no more necessary that to be a public servant the said person must be in the pay of the Government or remunerated for the performance of any public duty by the Government. Admittedly, the decision in Antulay s case (supra) was very much before the august Parliament at the time of the discussion on Prevention of Corruption Act. Mr. Chidambaram, Hon ble Minister, who piloted the Bill even made a specific reference to Antulay s case. Thus it can be presumed that the Parliament while enacting the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 enlarged the definition of public servant so as to embrace within its domain each and every person whosoever holds an office. ( 40 ) ADMITTEDLY as the law is today every member of the Executive, every member of the Judiciary is covered by the provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 as observed by the Hon ble Supreme Court in K. Veeraswamy v. Union of India and others, (1991) 3 SCC 655. Thus there is no reason, whatsoever,as to why members of the legislature should be immune from the operation of the Act. The Members of Parliament should not have any quarrel on the said score. The view which is being taken by this Court was also taken by High Court of Australia in His Majesty the King v. Boston,33 Com. L. R. 386 ( at page 402), ". . . . . A member of Parliament is, therefore, in the highest sense, a servant of the State;- his duties are those appertaining to the position he fills, a position of no transient or temporary existence, a position forming a reconginised place in the constitutional machinery of Government. Why, then, does he not hold an "office"?" In R. V. White, ( (1875) 13 S. C. R (N. S. W.) (L) 322 ), it was held, as a matter of course, that he does. Why, then, does he not hold an "office"?" In R. V. White, ( (1875) 13 S. C. R (N. S. W.) (L) 322 ), it was held, as a matter of course, that he does. That decision is sound. . . . . . . ". "clearly a member of Parliament is a public officer in a very real sense, for he has, in the words of William J. in Faulkner v. Upper Boddington Overseers, ( 1857) 3 C. B. (N. S.), 412 at p. 420 ). "duties to perform which would constitute in law an office". ( 41 ) A matter very much akin to the matter in hand also came up before their Lordships of the Privy Council in Attorney General of Ceylon v. D. Livera And Another, 1962 (3) All. E. R. 1066. It was observed at page 1073 " With all respect to this clear enunciation of principle, their Lordships are of opinion that it puts too limited a construction on the words of the Act and might in some cases result in defeating the intention expressed by those words. To make the result depend on an inquiry into the range of the "exclusive" powers and duties of a member of Parliament is likely to hang it solely on the actual written provisions of the prevailing construction, and to do this may require avirtual ignoring of the plain facts of a particular case. Where the facts show clearly, as they do here, that a member of Parliament has come into or been brought into a matter of government action that affects his constituency, that his intervention is attributable to his membership and that it is the recognised and prevailing practice that the government department concerned should consult the local M. P. and invite his views, their Lordships think that the action that he takes in approaching the minister or his department is taken by him "in his capacity as such member" within the meaning of s. 14 (a) of the Bribery Act. " ( 42 ) TO the same effect are the observations of a Division Bench as reported in Habibulla Khan v. State of Orissa and Another, 1993 0 Crlj 3604 , ( vide paras 9,10,26 and 29 ). . . " ( 42 ) TO the same effect are the observations of a Division Bench as reported in Habibulla Khan v. State of Orissa and Another, 1993 0 Crlj 3604 , ( vide paras 9,10,26 and 29 ). . . " An MLA does hold an "office" and performs "public duty" by virtue of holding that office as would appear from Chapter III, Part VI of the Constitution. Therefore, though an MLA wouldcome within the fold of the definition of public servant , as given in Section 2 (c) of the Act, he is not the type of public servant for whose prosecution under the Act, previous sanction as required by Section 19 is necessary. " ( 43 ) NOW the question as to whether a sanction was necessary in order to prosecute the petitioners namely Shri L. K. Advani and Shri V. C. Shukla under Section 19 of the Act which provides " No Court shall take cognizance of an offence punishable under sections 7,10,11, 13 and 15 alleged to have been committed by a public servant except with the previous sanction: (a ). . . . . . . (b ). . . . . . . . . in case of any other person by the authority competent to remove him from his office. " ( 44 ) LEARNED counsel for the petitioner Mr. Ram Jethmalani, Senior Advocate, has not raised this point before this Court. He has not challenged the fact that an M. P. is a public servant . Ergo he has not raised the point that a sanction was required to prosecute him. In view of the above, I need not go into the question that a sanction was necessary to prosecute Shri L. K. Advani. ( 45 ) NOW the question which falls for determination is as to whether the prosecution was under an obligation to obtain a sanction before launching the prosecution against Shri V. C. Shukia. Shri Shukla is being prosecuted in the present case for the offences which he is alleged to have committed during the period from February 1990 to January 1991 as per the charge framed against him on August 19,1996. Shri V. C. Shukia was a member of Parliament from December 31,1984 to July 26,1989. Thereafter he was a member of Lok Sabha from December 2,1989 to March 13,1991. The Prliament was constituted on June 20,1991. Shri V. C. Shukia was a member of Parliament from December 31,1984 to July 26,1989. Thereafter he was a member of Lok Sabha from December 2,1989 to March 13,1991. The Prliament was constituted on June 20,1991. Shri V. C. Shukia was a member of Parliament on the date of the presentation of the charge sheet against him on January 23,1996. Thus the offences alleged against Shri V. C. Shukia were in respect of acts of omission and commission between February 1990 and January 1991. The abovesaid period fell within his tenure as a member of the Lok Sabha during the period from December 2,1989 to March 13,1991 i. e. 9th Lok Sabha. The said Lok Sabha was dissolved on March 13,1991. Thus the date on which the charge sheet was filed Shri Shukla was no more a member of the erstwhile Lok Sabha i. e. 9th Lok Sabha. He was a member of a newly constituted House. Hence it can be safely concluded therefrom that the acts of omission and- commission were committed by him in his capacity as a member of the earlier Lok Sabha i. e. the 9th Lok Sabha. I am therefore of the view that no sanction was required on the date of the charge sheet i. e. January 23,1996 for his prosecution in respect of the acts of omission and commission alleged to have been committed during the period from February 1990 to January 1991, as he was, now a member of newly constituted Lok Sabha ( 10th Lok Sabha ). ( 46 ) I am fortified in my above view by the observations of their Lordships, of the Supreme Court as reported in K. Veeraswamy s case (supra), wherein it was observed by their Lordships of the Supreme Court ( para 62) after relying on the observations in S. A. Venkataraman v. State, AIR 1958 SC 107 , that no sanction for prosecution of the appellant under Section 6 was necessary since he had retired from the service on attaining the age of superannuation and was not a public servant on the date of filing of the charge- sheet. To reproduce the exact words, their Lordships opined ". . . . To reproduce the exact words, their Lordships opined ". . . . The scope of Section 6 was first considered by this Court in S. A. Venkataraman case, where it was observed ( at p. l048) that Section 6 of the Act must be considered with refer- ence to the words used in the section independent of any construction which may have been placed by the decisions on the words used in Section 197 of the Criminal Procedure Code. The court after analysing the terms of the section further observed ( at p. 1046) that " there is nothing in the words used in Section 6 (1) to even remotely suggest that previous sanction was necessary before a court could take cognizance of the offences mentioned therein in the case of a person who had ceased to be a public servant at the time the court was asked to take cognizance, although he had been such a person at the time the offence was committed. " ( 47 ) TO the same effect are the observations in R. S. Naik v. A. R. Antulay, (1984) 3 SCC 194, and Habibullah Khan v. State of Orissa and Ors. , 1995 Cr. L. J. 2071. ( 48 ) LEARNED counsel Mr. R. K. Anand has then contended that the petitioner Shri Shukla is being prosecuted for the offence of criminal conspiracy under Section 120b of the Indian Penal Code also. Hence the charge sheet against him for the alleged conspiracy could not have been filed without the prior sanction under Section 197 Criminal Procedure Code. ( 49 ) THE answer to the above point raised is very simple. No sanction is required since Shri V. C. Shukla is not a public servant within the meaning of Section 21 of the Indian Penal Code as held by the Hon ble Supreme Court in Antulay s case (supra ). Furthermore, it cannot be said by any stretch of imagination that the alleged act of taking of the bribe by the petitioner Shri Shukla was in the discharge of his official duty (vide H. H. B. Gill and another v. The King,air (35) 1948 Privy Council 128) " A public servant can only be said to act or to purport to act in the discharge of his official duty, if his act is such as to lie within the scope of his official duty. Thus a Judge neither acts nor purports to act as a Judge in receiving a bribe, though the judgment which he delivers may be such an act: nor does a Government medical officer act or purport to act as a public servant in picking the pocket of a patient whom he is examining, though the examination itself may be such an act. " ( 50 ) NOW the question which arises for adjudication is as to whether the learned Special Judge was justified in ordering the framing of the charges against Shri L. K. Advani and Jains and in framing the charges against Shri V. C. Shukia and Jains? The petitioners are being tried admittedly under the provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act. A Special Judge under the Prevention of Corruption Act is under an obligation ( vide Section 5) to follow the same procedure as is followed by a Magistrate for trial of warrant cases instituted on a police report. Sections 239 and 240 Cr. P. C. deal with the framing of charges in cases instituted on a police report under Chapter I of the Criminal Procedure Code. etitled " Trial of warrant cases by a Magistrate". Section 239 envisages " If, upon considering the police report and the documents sent with it under Section 173 and making such examination, if any, of the accused as the Magistrate thinks necessary and after giving the prosecution and the accused an opportunity of being heard, the Magistrate considers the charge against the accused to be groundless, he shall discharge the accused, and record his reasons for so doing. "