H. L. GOKHALE, J. ( 1 ) THIS petition filed by the petitioner-Housing Society under Art. 226 of the Constitution of India raises the question as to whether the decisions of the respondent No. 1 - State of Gujarat and respondent No. 2 (Additional collector, Rajkot) to allot certain urban vacant lands in Rajkot to respondent Nos. 3 to 5. Housing Societies ignoring the claim of the petitioner-society, are unfair, unjust and illegal and violative of Art. 14 of the Constitution of India and consequently whether the said decisions should be interfered with and if so what directions are required. ( 2 ). The petitioner is a registered Co-operative Housing Society of Government employees having 50 members. It applied for allotment of land bearing Survey No, 440 in the City of Rajkot in the year 1990 under Sec. 23 of the Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976. That request was not entertained since the particular survey number was under litigation. The petitioner-society thereafter made another application on 19-5-1992 for the allotment of land bearing Survey No. 438 of City of Rajkot for 40 members. The respondent Nos. 3, 4 and 5 are proposed co-operative societies of Government employees. They also applied for allotment of land from the same survey number on 18-2-1992. 15-2-1992 and 15-6-1992 respectively for the benefit of their members. It is relevant to note that the members of the petitioner as well as respondent Nos. 3. 4 and 5 are Government employees belonging to Class iii or Class IV. The respondent No. 1 herein is the State of Gujarat through the secretary. Revenue Department and the respondent No. 2 is the Additional Collector and Competent Authority under the Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, rajkot. ( 3 ). The Excess Land Distribution Committee for District Rajkot (District Land committee for short) first met on 30th of June, 1992. It had in all 13 applications before it which included petitioner-society and respondent Nos. 3 and 4 societies. There was no application of respondent No. 5 society before the Committee at that time. Amongst others, the Committee decided to recommend a parcel of land admeasuring 3,000 sq. mts. . for 30 members from final plot Nos. 287/1 and 285/ 2 (of Survey No. 438) to the petitioner-society. The request of respondent No. 4 society was also similarly entertained for 30 members. The application of respondent no. Amongst others, the Committee decided to recommend a parcel of land admeasuring 3,000 sq. mts. . for 30 members from final plot Nos. 287/1 and 285/ 2 (of Survey No. 438) to the petitioner-society. The request of respondent No. 4 society was also similarly entertained for 30 members. The application of respondent no. 3 society was, however, kept pending. The Committee again met on 5-8-1992, since a part of the concerned land from Survey No. 438 admeasuring 8,324 sq. mts. , was available for effecting allotment. This time the Committee decided to recommend allotment of 6,674 sq. mts. . out of final plot No. 287/1 (from Survey No. 438) for 60-61 members to the respondent No. 3 society whose application had been earlier kept pending. As far as the respondent No 5 society is concerned, its application came up before the Committee for the first time and it was decided to recommend this society for 15 members with an area of 1,650 sq. mts. , from final plot No. 285/ 3. Thus, the position as per the recommendations emerges as follows :- ( 21 ). It is submitted by Mr. Patel and Mr. Sompura that initially all the societies were asking for the allotment of the land at Rs. 550. 00 per sq. mt. and in fact, the application of respondent No. 4 society was being entertained earlier at that rate. In para 4 of Mr. Shahs affidavit, it is stated that -"accordingly, the first applicant Tripada Society was handed over the land as recommended, at the price of Rs. 550. 00 per sq. mt. However, in the meanwhile, it came to the notice of the Government that the price of the land which was handed over was much less than the prevailing market price. Therefore, on asking the Deputy town Planner to inform the real market price, he informed that the real market price as on 28-8-1992 was between Rs. 850. 00 to Rs. 1,000. 00 depending upon the location of the land. On coming to know that the society is demanding land at a very less rate than the prevailing market price, the said offer came to be cancelled on 15-2-1993 by the Government". The affidavit further states all the applications were kept pending till final decision of the market price. The Government appointed a Committee headed by Chief secretary to decide the market price. The affidavit further states all the applications were kept pending till final decision of the market price. The Government appointed a Committee headed by Chief secretary to decide the market price. The said Committee came to the conclusion that the market price of the land in question should be Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. Then it is stated, - "accordingly, Tripada Society was again handed over by letter dated 16-8-1993, the land at Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. However, the said society did not accept the said offer at Rs. 1,000. 00 but wanted the land at the original rate of Rs. 550. 00 only, hence the said offer was also cancelled. Intimation was sent to Tripada Society on 29-4-1994. Thereafter, the affidavit says that in the meanwhile the Government decided to grant the land by auctioning the same in public. Then there is a reference to the meeting "fariyad TUMARI DAD AMARI" held on 24-2-1996 at Rajkot. It is further stated in the affidavit that since the societies demanded the land at the original price of Rs. 550. 00 only, the said chapter came to an end. ( 22 ). It is, however, relevant to note that whereas the Committee under the Chief secretary, decided the price of the land at Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. , on 9-7-1993 (as per Ex. X-3) only Tripada Society (Respondent No. 4) was informed accordingly. This is accepted in earlier part of Para 5 of the affidavit, which reads as follows -"it is submitted that the Government in Revenue Department has decided to grant the land bearing Survey No. 438 of city of Rajkot only at the prevailing market price. Accordingly, the Government asked the Competent Authority, Rajkot to inquire from the society as to whether the societies whose applications are pending from Survey no. 438, are still willing to accept the land at the prevailing market price or not, by letters dated 13-3-1995, 22-8-1995 and 22-7-1996. But the Competent Authority, rajkot could not communicate it to any of the said societies whose demands were pending because of the Review Application pending till 24-10-1996". Thus, there was no intimation to the petitioner-society. 438, are still willing to accept the land at the prevailing market price or not, by letters dated 13-3-1995, 22-8-1995 and 22-7-1996. But the Competent Authority, rajkot could not communicate it to any of the said societies whose demands were pending because of the Review Application pending till 24-10-1996". Thus, there was no intimation to the petitioner-society. The decision of the government to auction the land is reported to be informed to the societies orally in the "fariyad TUMARI DAD AMARI" programme of 24-2-1996 at Rajkot, but no Minutes thereof are produced to know as to which societies were present therein. ( 23 ). In para 6 of his affidavit, Mr. Shah has stated that the new Chapter opened as follows :"it is submitted that Tripada Society, Vividh Society and Ankur Society jointly made application on 6-8-1996 demanding the very said land bearing Survey No. 438 of city of Rajkot and offered price of Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. , for the same land. Thereafter, again another application was made on 3-10-1996 and again another reminder was also made by the said societies on 4-11-1996". Now, what is material to note is that these averments have come in the reply of the Deputy Secretary affirmed on 30/07/1997. The respondent Nos. 3 to 5 societies have themselves filed two affidavits prior thereto on 17-7-1997. and a third one was filed on 28-7-1997. In none of the three affidavits, there is any such averment that they had sought the land at the price of Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. , through the applications as stated above by Mr. Shah. In fact in Para 4 of the affidavit of mr. Vasoya dated 28-7-1997, it is categorically stated that "in the meanwhile, the prices of the lands in Rajkot were going up, and, therefore, the respondents Nos. 3. 4 and 5 relented their stand" and made joint application on 16-5-1997 for purchasing the land at the rate of Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. Three letters referred in the above affidavit are in Gujarati and fortunately are on record at Annexures X- 4. X-6 and X-7. The letter dated 6-8-1996 is of Tripada Society only and not by the other two. This is the society for whom there is a reference in the affidavit- in-reply of Mr. Shah. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. Three letters referred in the above affidavit are in Gujarati and fortunately are on record at Annexures X- 4. X-6 and X-7. The letter dated 6-8-1996 is of Tripada Society only and not by the other two. This is the society for whom there is a reference in the affidavit- in-reply of Mr. Shah. This letter does state in Para 3 that their request at the rate of Rs. 1,000. 00 may be considered. The second letter dated 3-10-1996 is by the three societies and in the para after Para No. 15, it does state that being fed- up of the political aspects of the matter, they have expressed their willingness to purchase the land at the rate of Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. However, as against that, in the third letter dated 4-11-1996 again sent by three societies, there is a reference in Para 15 thereof that in Gandhinagar, land has been given at the rate of Rs. 100. 00 per sq. mt. , and in Para 9, in terms it states -"after the report of the Committee, the Government has asked the Tripada Society to take the land at Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. , but no explanation is provided with respect to our reasonable demand of allotting land at Rs. 550. 00 per sq. mt. , which we are still maintaining". It is strange that when the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 have not chosen to refer to these letters, in their earlier three affidavits, the Government has chose to state that they had applied and had offered the price of Rs. 1,000. 00 on 6-8-1996 and that another application was made on 3-10-1996 with a reminder dated 4-11-1996. This is nothing but a case of "suggestio falsi". In view of the contents of the last letter dated 4-11-1996, it cannot be said that there was any pending acceptance of these three societies as on that datefor purchasing the land at Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. ( 24 ). Thus, it is clear that the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 societies for the first time showed their unequivocal willingness to accept the land at Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. on 16-5-1997 which is also their case. That letter makes an interesting reading. It is addressed to the Section Officer. It is in Gujarati. mt. ( 24 ). Thus, it is clear that the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 societies for the first time showed their unequivocal willingness to accept the land at Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. on 16-5-1997 which is also their case. That letter makes an interesting reading. It is addressed to the Section Officer. It is in Gujarati. The ninth line of that letter when translated in English reads as follows :-"the Honble Chief Minister has informed us - societies that land will be allotted at the rate of Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. and in that context, we are ready to pay market price". Later on this letter further states that -"respondent No. 3 Vividh Society (respondent No. 3) be allotted 13,800 sq. mts. for 120 members, Tripada Society (respondent No. 4) be allotted 4,025 sq. mts. for 35 members and Ankur Society (respondent No. 5) be allotted 5,520 sq. mts. , for 48 members". The affidavit of Mr. Shah, Deputy Secretary, Revenue Department, conveniently does not refer to this letter, though it refers to earlier letters dated 6-8-1996, 3- 10-1996 and 4-11-1996. Thereafter, it states that as nothing was done by the government, the delegation of Class III and Class IV represented before the Honble minister as well as Chief Minister. "accordingly the Government in its Cabinet meeting held on 21-5-1997 decided to grant the land to the said societies, being respondent Nos. 3 to 5 at the price of Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. , looking to the difficulties and strains under which the Class III and Class IV employees have passed through for getting the said land for their residential purpose" ( 25 ). Thus, it is material to note that the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 not only represented on 16-5-1997 to grant the land at Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. , but they also pointed out as to how much land should be given to each of them. That representation was straightaway accepted in the Cabinet meeting on 21-5-1997 in toto. Nothing is stated in the affidavit of Mr. Shah as to why the petitioner-society was not asked in any way as to whether they were still ready to accept the prevailing market price. As far as the earlier non-communication is concerned, in the years 1995-96, as seen earlier, the Dy. Nothing is stated in the affidavit of Mr. Shah as to why the petitioner-society was not asked in any way as to whether they were still ready to accept the prevailing market price. As far as the earlier non-communication is concerned, in the years 1995-96, as seen earlier, the Dy. Secretary has tried to explain its way by saying that Government had written letter to Competent Authority to inform the Societies as to whether they were ready to pay market price, but the Competent Authority did not communicate with the Societies. What is material is that when final negotiations have taken place in May, 1997 or thereabout, they have taken place keeping the petitioner completely in dark. The question is whether this course of action is permissible to a State government while disposing of the land under Sec. 23 (4) of the Act. ( 26 ). It is also relevant to note that whereas in the recommendations of the District land Committee, one Vechanvera Society was recommended for 9,000 sq. mts. , that recommendation also stands ignored. In this connection, on a query from the Court, it was stated that some other land has been allotted to that society but nothing is stated on oath, nor is any communication to and from that society is brought to my notice that either the claim of that society is satisfied in any way or is otherwise rejected. ( 27 ). It has been canvassed by the respondent-societies as well as by the government that all the societies were until the last asking for allotment of the land at the rate of Rs. 550. 00 per sq. mt. , but the Government did not accept that offer as it was not ready to allot the land for the price less than Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. The words of Mr. Vasoya, as he stated in Para 2 of his further affidavit dated 28- 7-1997 which read as follows :"therefore the applications of all the societies stood rejected. In that view of the matter, the question of making application for allotment by any society in earlier point of time or subsequently did not arise at all, because entire chapter closed sometime in 1992 on the rejection of all the applications". The Government has also taken the same stand and in Para 5 of the affidavit of mr. In that view of the matter, the question of making application for allotment by any society in earlier point of time or subsequently did not arise at all, because entire chapter closed sometime in 1992 on the rejection of all the applications". The Government has also taken the same stand and in Para 5 of the affidavit of mr. Shah, Deputy Secretary, Revenue Department, dated 30/07/1997, he states that -"all the societies demanded the land only at the original price of Rs. 550. 00 per sq. mt. Therefore, applications of the societies could not be granted at the price of rs. 550/- per sq. mt. . as claimed by the said societies. In that view of the matter, the said chapter came to an end"in the submission of Mr. Shah, new Chapter is supposed to have begun with the joint application of the three societies dated 6-8-1996 which even the societies have not said. As seen above, the letter dated 6-8-1996 is firstly not a joint letter of the societies. This letter was written by only one society, namely, Tripada which is respondent No. 4 herein. The subsequent letter dated 3-10-1996 is written by three societies and it does say that "being fed-up of the political aspect of the controversy, they were accepting the price of Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. " but in the third letter dated 4-11-1996 written by the three societies, in Para 9 thereof, they stated that the government was not giving any explanation with respect to their reasonable request to allot the land at Rs. 550. 00 per sq. mt. , which they were maintaining. The respondent-societies have not referred to these three letters in their affidavit and as stated earlier, Mr. Vasoya in Para 4 of his affidavit, has stated that it was on 16-5-1997 that the societies made a joint application afresh. Thus, if it is a case of the respondents that it is a new Chapter, it is obvious that it has began on 16- 5-1997 and has ended in their favour in its entirety as requested by them on 21- 5-1997 in the Cabinet Meeting. But this story of it being new Chapter is belied by the allotment order dated 31-5-1997 (Exh. But this story of it being new Chapter is belied by the allotment order dated 31-5-1997 (Exh. X-2) issued to the respondent No. 5 society which specifically states that it is with respect to their application dated 20/06/1992 that the Government had decided to allot the land of 5,520 sq. mts. , to that society. This cannot be said to be a new case since the reference is to a much earlier pending application. ( 28 ). However, whether it is an old Chapter or a new one, in either case, it does not help the respondents. Even if this is considered as a new chapter, the Government could not take the decision on its own to allot the entire land to three societies approaching to it. If it is a new Chapter, it was necessary for the Government to refer the matter again to the District Land Committee constituted under the resolution dated 30/05/1997 to seek its recommendations. This is because in that event, it was a new application of 16-5-1997 requesting for much larger parcels of land. If it was not a new application, it was necessary to find out as to whether there were any other interested societies. That was to be done by the District Land committee as per Clause (10) of the Resolution, either by inviting applications or by public advertisement. By the impugned decision, the Government was choosing all the three societies at its own level and granting them entire land as sought by them, without any reference to the recommendations of the District Land Committee. Thus, the two societies in whose favour the recommendations were already made, (viz. , petitioner and Vechanvera Society) were kept out of negotiations and their legitimate expectations were defeated. In Para 4 of the affidavit-in-rejoinder of Mr. Arya, the President of the societies dated 31/07/1997, there is specific allegation in this behalf which reads as follows :-"in fact, the fact that all these 3 societies could join hands and approach the honble Chief Minister speaks volumes about surreptitious way of getting land keeping apart the petitioner-society. From the averments made in further affidavit of the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 societies, it clearly appears that State Government had never gone to these societies to offer land at Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. From the averments made in further affidavit of the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 societies, it clearly appears that State Government had never gone to these societies to offer land at Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. , but these societies themselves have gone to Honble Chief Minister and could get their demand passed through. Thus, decision of State Government dated 31-5-1997 asking the respondent nos. 3 to 5 societies to deposit the amount was on the basis of negotiation with the honble Chief Minister and not on the basis of earlier offer to these societies. Unfortunately, neither the petitioner-society was offered land at the rate of Rs. 1,000/ - per sq. mt. , nor was kept present with respondent Nos. 3 to 5 societies while taking decision to offer land at the rate of Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. ". There is no denial to these allegations. ( 29 ). Mr. Patel. the learned Counsel appearing for the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 submitted that all that Government was required to do was to see to it that the disposal of land by the Government was "to subserve the common good" as provided in Sec. 23 (4) of the Act. Mr. Patel submitted that the District Land committee appointed by the State Government under its Resolution laying down the guidelines in this behalf was merely a recommending body and its recommendations cannot be emphasized beyond a limit. He submitted that the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 are the societies of Government employees and they were being allotted the concerned land at market price. Hence, there was no reason to interfere with the decision of the Government in this behalf. He relied upon the observations of the Honble Supreme Court in Paras 101 and 102 of the judgment in LIC of India v. Escorts Limited, reported in AIR 1986 SC 1370 , wherein the honble Supreme Court has observed as follows :- in para 101, the Honble Supreme Court observed as follows -". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . While we do not for a moment doubt that every action of the state or an instrumentality of the State must be informed by reason and that in appropriate cases actions uninformed by reason may be questioned as arbitrary in proceedings under Art. 226 or Art. 32 of the Constitution, we do not construe Art. 14 as a charter for judicial review of State actions and to call upon the State to account for its actions in its manifold activities by stating reasons for such actions". In Para 102, it is observed as follows -". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . If the action of the State is related to contractual obligation or obligations arising out of the tort, the Court may not ordinarily examine it unless the action has some public law character attached to it. "there can be no two views on the above propositions, but they do not help the respondents in the present case. The allotment of land by the State acquired by it under the Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, has to be done to subserve the common good. It is. therefore, axiomatic that such a decision to allot the land must be governed by reason and fair-play. The allotment of the land by the State is an executive act. It is not a matter of policy decision. When the State itself has framed the guidelines by passing a resolution, it is implied that those guidelines are meant to be observed. If a society applies for allotment of land in pursuance to the guidelines, is considered eligible and recommended by the Competent committee, the recommendations create legitimate expectations in the minds of the members of the society. When their representation is kept pending what is minimum expected of the State is that they ought to be informed as to what is happening on their application. If there are more than requisite applications and if an appropriate price is to be obtained, all are entitled to participate in the negotiations. ( 30 ). That the Government is not free to select recipients for its largesse is well settled by judicial pronouncements. If there are more than requisite applications and if an appropriate price is to be obtained, all are entitled to participate in the negotiations. ( 30 ). That the Government is not free to select recipients for its largesse is well settled by judicial pronouncements. In M/s. Erusian Equipment and Chemical Ltd. v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1975 SC 266 , the Honble Supreme Court was concerned with the decision of the respondent Government black-listing the petitioner from bidding from contract when but for black-listing, the petitioner would have been entitled to participate in the bid. The argument canvassed on behalf of the respondents were recorded by the Honble Supreme Court in Para 11 of that judgment which reads as follows :-"the Solicitor General on behalf of the appellant in Civil Appeal No. 318 of 1974 made these submissions. The Government could choose any person for entering into a contract. Further, the State could insist on dealing with persons in whom the State had trust for integrity. The sales were not under a statute. Black-listing is an internal and confidential step. Rights under Arts. 14, 19 and 21 do not extend to the compelling of any third party including the Government to negotiate or enter into a contract. The duty to act fairly may include in many cases duty to act judicially and those would be cases where there is existing vested rights. The duty to act fairly would not always mean a duty to hear the party affected. Whereas public black-listing is not confidential, departmental black-listing will be a confidential matter. If natural justice does not come into play in rejecting a bid, natural justice does not operate at the time of entering into contract":having considered this submission on behalf of the respondent, what Honble supreme Court has held in Para 12 of that judgment is as follows :-"under Art. 298 of the Constitution, the Executive power of the Union and the state shall extend to the carrying on of any trade and to the acquisition, holding and disposal of property and the making of contracts for any purpose. The State can carry on executive function by making a law or without making a law. The exercise of such powers and functions in trade by the State is subject to Part III of the Constitution. The State can carry on executive function by making a law or without making a law. The exercise of such powers and functions in trade by the State is subject to Part III of the Constitution. Art. 14 speaks of equality before the law and equal protection of the laws. Equality of opportunity should apply to matters of public contracts. The State has the right to trade. The State has there the duty to observe equality. An ordinary individual can choose not to deal with any person. The Government cannot choose to exclude persons by discrimination. The order of black-listing has the effect of depriving a person of equality of opportunity in the matter of public contract. A person who is on the approved list is unable to enter into advantageous relations with the Government because of the order of black-listing. A person who has been dealing with the Government in the matter of sale and purchase of materials has a legitimate interest or expectation. When the State acts to the prejudice of a person it has to be supported by legality". ( 31 ). Thus. as held by the Honble Supreme Court, executive function of the State government to acquire or dispose of any property can be carried on either by making a law or without making a law but exercise of such power and function has to be subject to Part III of the Constitution which includes Art. 14 which provides for equality of opportunity. Subsequently, in Ramana Dayaram Shetty v. The International airport Authority of India, reported in AIR 1979 SC 1628 , the Honble Supreme court in Para 12 while agreeing with the observations of Mathew, J. , in V. Punnam thomas v. State of Kerala, reported in AIR 1989 Kerala, 81, (sic.) quoted the same with approval as follows :-"the Government, is not and should not be as free as an individual in selecting the recipients for its largesse. Whatever its activity, the Government is still the government and will be subject to restraints, inherent in its position, in a democratic society. A democratic Government cannot lay down arbitrary and capricious standards for the choice of persons with whom alone it will deal". ( 32 ). Whatever its activity, the Government is still the government and will be subject to restraints, inherent in its position, in a democratic society. A democratic Government cannot lay down arbitrary and capricious standards for the choice of persons with whom alone it will deal". ( 32 ). In that Paragraph, the Honble Supreme Court referred to the approval of the above referred decision of M/s. Erusian Equipment and Chemical Ltd. v. State of W. B. , AIR 1975 SC 266 and observed as follows :-"the power or discretion of the Government in the matter of grant of largesse including award of jobs, contracts, quotas, licences etc. , must be confined and structured by rational, relevant and non-discriminatory standard or norm and if the government departs from such standard or norm in any particular case or cases, the action of the Government would be liable to be struck down, unless it can be shown by the Government that the departure was not arbitrary, but was based on some valid principle which in itself was not irrational, unreasonable or discriminatory". The same approach is again reflected in the approach of the Honble Supreme Court in the case of Shri Sachidanand Pandey v. State of West Bengal, reported in AIR 1987 SC 1109 , wherein after considering all relevant judgments, the Honble supreme Court observed in Para 39 as follows :"on a consideration of the relevant cases cited at the bar the following propositions may be taken as well established : State-owned or public-owned property is not to be dealt with at the absolute discretion of the executive. Certain precepts and principles have to be observed. Public interest is the paramount consideration. One of the methods of securing the public interest, when it is considered necessary to dispose of a property, is to sell the property by public auction or by inviting tenders. Though that is the ordinary rule, it is not an invariable rule. There may be situations where there are compelling reasons necessitating departure from the rule but then the reasons for the departure must he rational and should not be suggestive of discrimination. Appearance of public justice is an important as doing justice. Nothing should be done which gives an appearance of bias, jobbery or nepotism". The same approach is further reflected in the case of Haji T. M. Hussan v. Kerala Financial Corporation, AIR 1988 SC 157 . Thus. Appearance of public justice is an important as doing justice. Nothing should be done which gives an appearance of bias, jobbery or nepotism". The same approach is further reflected in the case of Haji T. M. Hussan v. Kerala Financial Corporation, AIR 1988 SC 157 . Thus. it is well settled that the State Government cannot discriminate while discharging its executive functions and its decision in its entirety must conform to reason and fair-play. ( 33 ). Mr. Soni, the learned Counsel appearing for the petitioner-society led great stress on the facts of the judgment of the Honble Supreme Court in the case of sriniketan Co-operative Group Housing Society v. Vikas Vihar Co-operative Group housing Society, reported in AIR 1989 SC 1673 . The facts of that case were almost similar to the facts of the present case. In that matter, the concerned Housing societies were claiming allotment of Government land. List of eligible societies was prepared by Registrar of Co-operative Housing Societies for the decision of the concerned authority, namely, the Delhi Development Authority, but that list was interfered with by the Central Government, Ministry of Urban Development on the basis of a new criterion, namely. "first Come First Served". That criterion was also not followed uniformly and the Honble Supreme Court observed in Para 24 of that judgment as follows :-"on a careful consideration of the matter, we find that even if the contentions of the learned Counsel for the affected societies are accepted, viz. , that norms and guidelines for allotment of land had been prescribed, that those norms had been conformed to when land was allotted to the nine Societies, that the allotment of land was for a public purpose and that land had not been offered at a throw-away price but at a rate three and a half times more than in other areas after obtaining the views of the Financial Adviser and the Finance Ministry, there are other factors which stand in the way of accepting their further contention that the allotment of land had been done in a fair and just manner and there are no grounds for quashing the allotment order on the ground of arbitrariness or discrimination". Thereafter, the Honble Supreme Court in Paras 26 and 28 of that judgment observed as follows :- para 26 :"this argument cannot advance the case of the allottee societies in any manner because of two reasons. In that first place, the allotment of land was not done by the D. D. A. , but by the Ministry of Urban Development. It cannot, therefore, be said that the formula contained in the rules pertaining to allotment of land by D. D. A. , should have put the societies on notice that the same rule would be followed by the ministry of Urban Development also in selecting societies for allotment of land. The second reason is that the Government of India has not taken this stand in the counter- affidavit filed by it. On the other hand, the Government of India had candidly admitted in the counter-affidavit that the criterion of "first come first served "evolved on 5/03/1984 had not been made known to all the societies. It, therefore, follows that the allotment of land to the nine Co-operative Societies had been made without putting all the societies on notice as to what would be the basis on which their applications would be considered. ""another factor worthy of note is that even in the application of the norm first come first served, the Government had not followed a uniform policy. The High Court has pointed out that initially five societies were selected for allotment of land on the basis of "first come first served, but subsequently one of the societies was dropped out and there is no explanation for the said society being dropped out. In addition the High Court has commented on the fact that when the Registrar had sent a list containing the names of 15 societies, the Ministry had selected only four societies for allotment of land and rejected the applications of the other societies. No explanation is forth- coming for not allotting land to those societies. As the norm of first come first served had not been followed in the case of all the applicant- societies, the Government of India had to concede in the counter-affidavit filed by shri A. K. Goyal that the principle first come first served was not universally applied to all the societies which had been allotted land. As the norm of first come first served had not been followed in the case of all the applicant- societies, the Government of India had to concede in the counter-affidavit filed by shri A. K. Goyal that the principle first come first served was not universally applied to all the societies which had been allotted land. Since all the eligible societies were not treated alike and allotted land, the High Court has held that the allotment of land had been done in an arbitrary manner. This finding cannot he said to be wrong. "thus, the norms of first come first served were not followed as an uniform policy and in Para 27, it has been noted that it was never made known to the applicant societies that the allotment of land would be done by the Ministry itself. In view of these facts, the Honble Supreme Court interfered with the allotments and set them aside and directed refund of the amounts with interest. ( 34 ). There is one another aspect of this matter which has got to be dealt with, namely, the legitimate expectations of the citizens. The doctrine is lucidly elaborated by the Honble Supreme Court in Fond Corporation of India v. Kamdhenu Cattle food Industries ( AIR 1993 SC 1601 ). In that matter, the last date upto which the offers made in the tender was to remain open was 17-7-1992. After opening the tenders on 18-5-1992. the appellant decided to negotiate with all the tenders on 9- 6-1992, when significantly higher amount was offered over. the amounts quoted in the highest tender. Ultimately, highest tender was superseded only by significantly higher rate arrived at during negotiations with all tenders giving to all an opportunity to compere by revising their bids. The Honble Supreme Court held that the highest bid was obtained by an auction which satisfied the requirements of non-arbitrariness. The Honble Supreme Court, in Para 10 of the judgment in Food Corporation of India v. Kamdhenu Cattle Food Industries, AIR 1993 SC 1601 observed as follows :-"the object of inviting tenders for disposal of a commodity sale procure the highest price while giving equal opportunity to all the intending bidders to compete. Procuring the highest price for the commodity is undoubtedly in public interest since the amount so collected goes to the public fund. Procuring the highest price for the commodity is undoubtedly in public interest since the amount so collected goes to the public fund. Accordingly, inadequacy of the price offered in the highest lender would be a cogent ground for negotiating with the tenderers giving them equal opportunity to revise their bids with a view to obtain the highest available price". The basis of the above approach is legitimate expectations of every citizen. The observation made in Para 7 of that judgment by the Honble Supreme Court (Per verma. J. . as he then was) read as follows :-"in contractual sphere as in all other State actions, the State and all its instrumentalities have to conform to Art. 14 of the Constitution of which non- arbitrariness is a significant facet. There is no unfettered discretion in public law a public authority possesses powers only to use them for public good. This imposes the duty to act fairly and to adopt a procedure which is fair-play in action. Due observance of this obligation as a part of good administration raises a reasonable or legitimate expectation in every citizen to be treated fairly in his interaction with the State and its instrumentalities, with this element forming a necessary component of the decision-making process in all State actions. To satisfy this requirement of non-arbitrariness in a State action, it is, therefore, necessary to consider and give due weight to the reasonable or legitimate expectations of the persons likely to be affected by the decision or else that unfairness in the exercise of the power may amount to an abuse or excess of power apart from affecting the bona fides of the decision in a given case". ( 35 ). In the facts of the present case, it is accepted in the affidavit of the State government that all the societies were not asked as to whether they were willing to accept the land at the market price. It also becomes clear that the respondent nos. 1 and 2 have lastly moved into the matter due to letter of the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 dated 16-5-1997 and after negotiations with them only. a Cabinet decision has been taken on 21/05/1997 to allot the concerned lands to respondent Nos. 3 to 5. The petitioner-society had its legitimate expectations that it will be informed as to what is happening on its application. 3 to 5 dated 16-5-1997 and after negotiations with them only. a Cabinet decision has been taken on 21/05/1997 to allot the concerned lands to respondent Nos. 3 to 5. The petitioner-society had its legitimate expectations that it will be informed as to what is happening on its application. The petitioner-society was not included in negotiations when the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 agreed to pay Rs. l,000. 00per sq. mt. , as the price of the land. Thus. the petitioner-society did not have equal opportunity to revise its bid. The decision of the respondent No. 1 arrived in such a manner cannot be said to "subserve the common good", and will, therefore, have to be interfered with. ( 36 ). Then comes the question as to what should be the next course of action. At one point of time. Mr. Soni, the learned Counsel appearing for the petitioner- society submitted that the allotment in favour of the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 be cancelled in its entirety: the amounts paid by them be refunded to them, and the matter may be directed to reconsider by the District Committee. This submission was made on the lines of the operative order of the Honble Supreme Court in the case of Shriketans case (supra ). That was the case where a large number of societies were involved and there were allegations that those societies which were formed by the Members of Parliament, were being favoured. In the instant case, the petitioner- society, as also the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 societies and another recommended society (which is not before this Court, namely. Vechanvera Co- operative Housing Society) are all Housing Societies of Government employees, consisting of members from Class III and Class IV. The basis of the claim of the petitioner-society is in the recommendations of the District Committee and the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 are also being covered under those recommendations. The fact however, remains that in the decision of the State Government, the petitioner and Vechanvera Society are completely eliminated, and lands which were recommended for them are now allotted to the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 societies. As can be seen from the allotment order issued to the respondent No. 5, it is with reference to their application made in June, 1992. Thus, it is the earlier pending application which has culminated into allotment. Mr. 3 to 5 societies. As can be seen from the allotment order issued to the respondent No. 5, it is with reference to their application made in June, 1992. Thus, it is the earlier pending application which has culminated into allotment. Mr. Patel, the learned Counsel appearing tor the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 therefore, submitted that in the event this court finds anything erroneous in the decision of the Government, the allotment be protected to the extent which it could be. It is on this basis that if there is any error, it is in allotment of land which is in excess over what was initially recommended by the District Land Committee in favour of the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 societies. In fact, that is a way whereby the interest of the petitioner-society can also be safeguarded. ( 37 ). The petitioner-society has shown its readiness to pay the price at the rate of Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. The respondent Nos. 3 to 5 societies have already deposited the amount at that rate. In the circumstances, in my view, it would be proper that the allotment in favour of the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 ought to be interfered to the extent to which it is in excess of the recommendations initially made by the District committee. The allotment order issued to them will have to be interfered, and modified to that extent. That will leave more than sufficient space to the petitioner- society. The basis of its claim is also the recommendations of the District Land committee, and hence it should be and will be allotted land as per the recommendations of the District Land Committee. Nothing has been stated in the affidavit filed on behalf of the State Government with respect to Vechanvera Society, though it was stated by Mr. Sompura. the learned A. G. P. , across the Bar, on instructions, that vechanvera Society does not appear to be interested as its claim has been satisfied by allotting some other land. That society is not before this Court, nor is there any document concerning that society produced before the Court pointing out that the recommendation in its favour made by the District Land Committee would no longer survive for any particular reason. In the facts and circumstances of the case. That society is not before this Court, nor is there any document concerning that society produced before the Court pointing out that the recommendation in its favour made by the District Land Committee would no longer survive for any particular reason. In the facts and circumstances of the case. the land which was originally allotted to Vechanvera Society will have to be kept intact, until proper decision after due notice is taken holding that the claim of that society no longer survives. ( 38 ). In the circumstances, the petitioner will have to be allowed and is hereby allowed with the following directions : (i) The impugned order of allotment dated 31-5-1997 in favour of the respondent no. 5 and similar order in favour of respondent Nos. 3 and 4 are hereby interfered and set aside. (ii) The respondent No. 1 is directed to issue fresh orders of allotment within four weeks from the receipt of writ to the petitioner-society and the respondent Nos. 3. 4 and 5 societies for the area and members as recommended by the District Land Committee, Rajkot viz. , 3,300 sq. mts. , for 30 members to the petitioner-society, 6,675 sq. mts. , for 60-61 members to the respondent no. 3 society, 3. 300 sq. mts. , for 35 members to the respondent No. 4. and 1,650 sq. mts. , of land for 15 members to the respondent No. 5 society. (iii) Rest of the land will remain with the Government. The respondent No. 1 is directed to inform the Vechanvera Society about this decision and to find out as to whether that society is willing to take the recommended land at the rate of Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. mt. by depositing necessary amounts within eight weeks from the date of the communication which will be sent within two weeks from receipt of writ. If according to the Government, as submitted across the Bar. the claim of the Vechanvera Society no longer survives, the respondent No. I may pass necessary order after due notice and hearing to that society. (iv) It will be open for the Government to take appropriate decision with respect to the allotment of remaining surplus vacant lands and its price (including one which was initially recommended to the Vechanvera Society, if its claim gets extinguished by the procedure stated above ). (iv) It will be open for the Government to take appropriate decision with respect to the allotment of remaining surplus vacant lands and its price (including one which was initially recommended to the Vechanvera Society, if its claim gets extinguished by the procedure stated above ). The Government will take the decision with respect to disposal of that land in the light of the guidelines contained in the Resolution dated 30/05/1987. (v) If the Government decides to allot this land to employees housing societies. all eligible societies will be entitled to lodge their claim before the District land Committee. (vi) The respondent Nos. 1 and 2 will refund the amounts received from the respondent Nos. 3 to 5 societies in excess of what would be due from them at the rate of Rs. 1,000. 00 per sq. int. , for the area in excess of 6,675 sq. mts. . 3,300 sq. mts. , and 1,650 sq. mts. . respectively. The amount will be refunded within four weeks from today. (vii) The respondent Nos. I and 2 will pay to the petitioner a sum of Rs. 5,000. 00 as costs for this petition. Rule is made absolute accordingly. Writ to be issued immediately. .