Judgment D.P. Wadhwa, J.-The appellants, numbering three, were directly recruited as Assistant Directors of Sericulture under the Andhra Pradesh Industries Service Rules by the Andhra Pradesh Service Commis­sion after following the procedure prescribed. Their appointments were challenged before the Andhra Pradesh Administrative Tribunal (for short ‘the Tribunal’) by Inspectors of Sericulture, being respondents 4 to 7. Under the relevant Andhra Pradesh Industries Ser­vice Rules post of Assistant Director Sericulture is a promotional post from the Inspector Sericulture. Respondents 4 to 7 who challenged the appoint­ment of the appellants were also candidates for appointment as Assist­ant Directors Sericulture by direct recruitment but they were not able to qualify. They challenged the appointment of the appellants on the following three grounds: (1) According to the Rules, the question of direct recruitment arises only if there are more than five permanent vacancies. If direct recruitment is to be made for three posts, there should be 15 perma­nent vacancies. There were not so many vacancies. (2) It will not be in public interest to recruit candidates to the posts of Assistant Directors of Sericulture without practical experience when candidates with practical experience were available. (3) The proposal to make direct recruitment affects the rights of the petitioners who are fully qualified and eligible for promotion. 2. Grounds 2 and 3 were not considered by the Tribunal in any detail as those appeared to be meaningless. As a matter of fact respondents 4 to 7 were initially appointed as Assistant Inspectors of Sericulture and subsequently promoted as Inspectors of Sericulture. These respond­ents when they were appointed as Assistant Inspectors of Sericulture had no practical experience in Sericulture industry as envisaged in the Ser­vice Rules yet they were sent for 15 months training for a Diploma in Sericulture. It is not that the appellants did not possess the qualification prescribed for appointment to the post of Assistant Director of Sericulture, the only ground which found favour with the Tribunal in quashing their appointment was that there were no permanent posts of Assistant Director of Sericulture under the Rules and as such the appointment of the appellants was not legal. The impugned judgment of the Tribunal is dated March 27, 1989. The appellants filed a review petition before the Tribunal which was dismissed by the Tribunal by order dated August 9, 1989. The impugned judgment of the Tribunal is dated March 27, 1989. The appellants filed a review petition before the Tribunal which was dismissed by the Tribunal by order dated August 9, 1989. The Tribunal affirmed its view that a substantive vacancy and a permanent post were not the same. In the impugned judgment dated March 27, 1989 the Tribunal observed as under: “Admittedly, according to Rules, appointment to the posts of Assistant Sericulture Experts redesignated as Assistant Director of Sericulture can be made either by direct recruitment or by transfer from A.P. Industries Subordinate Services. Appointment by direct recruitment can be made only when there are more than five permanent posts. According to the Respondents, there are 30 posts of Assistant Directors of Sericulture. They have not stated how many of these are permanent posts. They have however stated that 17 posts of Assistant Directors are continuing for more than 10 years. In the course of the hearing the learned G.P. stated that there were only two permanent posts. According to the explanation below Rule 6 of the A.P. State and Subor­dinate Service Rules these are in the nature of substantive vacancies and direct recruitment can be made against such posts. But the ques­tion is whether substantive vacancies are synonymous with permanent posts. In the course of the hearing, the counsel for the petitioner argued that a permanent vacancy is different from a substantive vacan­cy as defined in the Explanation below Rule 6 of the A.P. State and Subordinate Service Rules. On the other hand, the counsel for the Respondents argued that there is no such difference and that a sub­stantive vacancy should be deemed to be a permanent post for purposes of the rules. In this connection, they referred to the Webster Dic­tionery (Encyclopedic Edition) in which the word `substantive’ is said to mean permanent. It seems to me however, the explanation below Rule 6 of the State and Subordinate Service Rules makes a distinction between vacancies in the permanent cadre and other substantive vacan­cies. While all vacancies in the permanent cadre are substantive it cannot be said that all substantive vacancies are permanent. The term `substantive’ seems to be broader in connotation than the term `perma­nent post’. The term `substantive vacancies’ cannot therefore be regarded as synonymous with permanent posts. While all vacancies in the permanent cadre are substantive it cannot be said that all substantive vacancies are permanent. The term `substantive’ seems to be broader in connotation than the term `perma­nent post’. The term `substantive vacancies’ cannot therefore be regarded as synonymous with permanent posts. While Rule 6 of the General Rules permits direct recruitment against substantive vacan­cies, according to the proviso (6) below Rule 2 of the Industries Service Rules direct recruitment can be made only when there are more than five permanent posts. It is well established that where there is a difference between a General Rule and a Special Rule the latter will prevail. In the circumstances. I am of the opinion that unless it is established that there are more than five permanent posts as dis­tinguished from 5 substantive vacancies direct recruitment is not permissible in terms of these rules.” It is this reasoning of the Tribunal which is challenged before us and it is submitted by the appellants that this led to miscarriage of justice. 3. At this stage we may refer to the relevant Rules on the subject. (1) Andhra Pradesh Industries Service Rules Rule 1. Constitution:-The service shall consist of the following categories of Officers, namely:- Assistant Sericultural 1. By direct recruit- Expert ment; or (redesignated as Assis- 2. By transfer from tant Director of Sericul- category-I   ture) (Sericultrural Ins-­ pectors/Supervi- sors) or Class IX of the   A.P.Industries Sub-    ordinate Service. Provided that : (a) ......... (b) ......... (c) .......... (d) .......... (e) .......... (f) Appointment to the post of Sericulture Expert by direct recruitment shall be made only when there are more than 5 permanent posts. Out of every four permanent vacancies of Asstt. Sericulture Expert the third vacancy shall be filled or reserved to be filled by direct recruitment. (Ins. by G.O.Ms. No. 315, Inds. Dt. 26.4.1973 w.e.f. 26 (2) Andhra Pradesh State and Sub­ordinate Service Rules Rule 6. Out of every four permanent vacancies of Asstt. Sericulture Expert the third vacancy shall be filled or reserved to be filled by direct recruitment. (Ins. by G.O.Ms. No. 315, Inds. Dt. 26.4.1973 w.e.f. 26 (2) Andhra Pradesh State and Sub­ordinate Service Rules Rule 6. Method of Recruitment:-Where the normal method of recruitment to any service, class or category is neither solely by direct recruit­ment nor solely by transfer but is both by direct recruitment and by transfer- (a) the proportion or order in which the special rules concerned may require vacancies to be filled by persons recruited direct and by those recruited by transfer shall be applicable only to substantive vacancies in the permanent cadre; (b) a person shall be recruited direct only against a substan­tive vacancy in such permanent cadre and only if the vacancy is one which should be filled by a direct recruit under the special rules referred to in clause (a) : Provided that for special reasons, direct recruitment may also be made against the temporary posts. (Added by G.O.Ms. No. 739, GA (Ser-A), Dt. 22-12-1984). (c) recruitment to all other vacancies shall be made by transfer : Provided that nothing in this rule shall adversely affect any person who on the date of issue of the special rules referred to in clause (a) was a probationer in such service, class or category, as the case may be. Explanation:-For the purpose of this rule, notwithstanding anything contained in these rules or special or ad hoc rules ‘substantive vacancies’ shall mean all vacancies in the permanent cadre, all vacan­cies in the posts which have been in existence for more than 10 years. All vacancies in 75% of the posts which have been in existence for more than 3 years but less than 10 years and all vacancies in 50% of the posts which have been in existence for more than one year but less than 3 years. (G.O.Ms. No. 310, G.A. (Ser-D), Dt. 24.5.1984 w.e.f. 8-3-1983). 4. Considering these Rules we think there can be hardly any scope for controversy raised in the matter. Requirements of filling up of three posts of Assistant Director Sericulture by direct recruitment are: (1) Existence of more than 5 permanent posts in the cadre and (2) Posses­sion of prescribed qualifications by the incumbent. There is no dis­pute that the appellants did possess the prescribed qualifications. Requirements of filling up of three posts of Assistant Director Sericulture by direct recruitment are: (1) Existence of more than 5 permanent posts in the cadre and (2) Posses­sion of prescribed qualifications by the incumbent. There is no dis­pute that the appellants did possess the prescribed qualifications. Tribunal has noted that the State Government stated that there were 30 posts of Assistant Directors Sericulture but it was not stated as how many of these were of permanent posts though 17 posts had been contin­uing for the last more than 10 years. That being so under Explanation (amended w.e.f. 8.3.1983) to Rule 6 of the A.P. State and Subordinate Service Rules these 17 posts would certainly be permanent posts in the perma­nent cadre of Assistant Director Sericulture and any vacancy in these posts would be a substantive vacancy to be filled by a direct recruit under Rule 6. Three vacancies for direct recruitment were thus clearly available. Contention raised by the respondents 4 to 7 therefore that there were no permanent posts of Assistant Director of Sericulture and therefore the direct recruitment by the A.P. Public Service Commission was illegal was not correct. Thus, while notifying the 3 vacancies for direct recruitment the ratio fixed in sub-rule II (f) of Rule 2 of the A.P. Industries Service Rules was followed keeping in view the avail­ability of such number of permanent posts. As a matter of fact, it is the stand of the State Government that there were 4 posts of Assistant Director of Sericulture as against 3 which were available for direct recruitment and the A.P. Public Service Commission was informed ac­cordingly on October 31, 1988. It has also been pointed out by the State Government that there are standing orders issued by GOMs No. 47 dated January 31, 1987 wherein it was provided that there should be at least 30% of the posts were to be earmarked for direct recruitment and that there is yet another GOMs No. 739 dated 22.12.1984 which provides for direct recruitment for special reasons even against temporary posts. To this again the Tribunal was of the view that these GOMs could not be made applicable unless special rules were suitably amend­ed. 5. The qualifications required for the post of Assistant Director Sericulture under direct recruitment are a degree in Botany, Zoology, Agriculture of any recognised University with Diploma in Sericulture of a recognised Institute. To this again the Tribunal was of the view that these GOMs could not be made applicable unless special rules were suitably amend­ed. 5. The qualifications required for the post of Assistant Director Sericulture under direct recruitment are a degree in Botany, Zoology, Agriculture of any recognised University with Diploma in Sericulture of a recognised Institute. The State Government has also pointed out that the contention of the respondents 4 to 7 that it would not be in public interest to recruit Assistant Director of Sericulture by direct recruitment without having practical experience was also not correct as by GOMs 315 dated April 16, 1973 in Rule 7(ii) it had been added that the candidate selected by direct recruitment to the post of Assistant Sericulture Expert (Assistant Director of Sericulture) shall during the period of probation and before posted with regular duty would undergo a course of training for a period of 6 months in Mulber­ry cultivation, silkworm rearing and silk reeling. As noted above post of Assistant Director of Sericulture is a promotional post from In­spector of Sericulture and respondents 4 to 7 would certainly be considered for promotion in due course on merit to fill up the post of Assistant Director of Sericulture available to be filled for by promo­tion. There is no dispute that post of Assistant Sericulture Expert is redesignated as Assistant Director of Sericulture and in our view the Tribunal unnecessarily raised this controversy. In the petition filed by the respondents before the Tribunal they themselves sought a decla­ration that the rights of the petitioners and others to have their cases considered for promotion to the post of Assistant Director of Sericulture (Assistant Sericulture Expert) could not be taken away by making direct recruitment to the said posts contrary to the Statutory Rules and they had also sought quashing of the advertisement No. 3/88 dated 7.5.88 of the Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission published in Deccan Chronicle dated 12.5.88 so far as it related to the filling up of the posts of Assistant Director of Sericulture. Thus the whole controversy which arose before the Tribunal was if the substantive vacancies were synonymous with permanent posts. The Tribunal held that the term ‘substantive’ seemed to be broader in connotation and sub­stantive vacancies could not therefore be regarded as synonymous with permanent posts under the Rules. This, according to us, is not correct. Thus the whole controversy which arose before the Tribunal was if the substantive vacancies were synonymous with permanent posts. The Tribunal held that the term ‘substantive’ seemed to be broader in connotation and sub­stantive vacancies could not therefore be regarded as synonymous with permanent posts under the Rules. This, according to us, is not correct. The Tribunal, in our view, quite unnecessarily raised of its own difference between special and general laws. Construction of A.P. Industries Service Rules and the A.P. State and Subordinate Service Rules has to be done harmoniously and as a matter of fact there is no conflict between the two set of Rules. The appellants are right in their submission that substantive vacancies are synonymous with the vacancies in permanent posts. The three appellants, being the directly recruited Assistant Directors Sericulture, have filled the substantive vacancies in the permanent cadre of the Assistant Directors Sericul­ture. 6. In this view of the matter 3 posts of Assistant Director of Seri­culture were clearly available to be filled by direct recruitment to which the appellants have been appointed. We, therefore, allow the appeals, set aside the impugned order of the Tribunal holding other­wise and would dismiss the petitions filed by the respondents 4 to 7 before the Andhra Pradesh Administrative Tribunal. Appeals allowed. ********** Parallel Citations of other Journals : A.K. Nazeer Saheb v. A.P. Public Service Commission, 1998(2) Supreme 224 00055