S. H. A. RAZA, J. ( 1 ) ALL the above mentioned writ petition involved the common question of facts and law and were heard together, hence the same are being disposed of by a single and common judgment. However, writ petition No. 32348 of 1992 shall be the leading case. ( 2 ) IN most of the writ petitions the result dated 10th and 11th August, 1992 published in the U. P. Public Service Commission in respect of the Combined State Service/upper Subordinate Service preliminary Examination, 1990 and the result dated 28-8-1992 publised in the U. P. Public service Commission in respect of the Combinded Upper Subordinate Service Examination. 1988 and Lower Subordinate Services. 1987 have been challanged. The Government Orders dated 19-2-1981, 4-8-1989. 11-4-1991 and 19-10-1992 were also assailed. Besides the above U. P. Act no. 21 of 1989 and the schedule appended thereto was also challenged and the State of U. P. was sought to be restrained from making recruitment in the State of U. P. by giving the benefit of reservation of the backward and other backward classes in pursuance of U. P. Act No. 21 of 1989. A writ of mandamus was also prayed for restraining the respondents from making any recuritment by giving the benefit of reservation to any category of persons until and unless it is clearly found that the said class is inadequately represented in service and the reservation in no case should exceed 50%. ( 3 ) IN writ petition No. 22753 of 1992 as well as in writ petition No. 27465 of 1993, the petitioners prayed for issuance of a writ in the nature of mandamus commanding the commission to make recommendation for allotment of different categories of post to successful candidates category wise, keeping in view the merit as well as preference of the general and S. C. and S. T. candidates separately in accordance with the Government Order dated 19-10-1992 and not to make any appointment on the basis of arbitrary recommandation of the Commission, which is against the policy laid down in the Government Order dated 19-10-1992. ( 4 ) THESE writ petitions were filed, before the land mark judgment of Honble Supreme Court in indira Sawhney v. Union of India, 1992 Supp. ( 4 ) THESE writ petitions were filed, before the land mark judgment of Honble Supreme Court in indira Sawhney v. Union of India, 1992 Supp. (3) SCC 217, was pronounced by Honble supreme Court, in spite of the fact that most of the questions, which have been raised in these writ petitions, have already been set at rest by Honble Supreme Court. ( 5 ) HEARD Shri S. C. Budhwar, learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the petitioners and shri P. M. N. Singh, learned Additional Advocate General, assisted by Shri Nurul Huda, learned standing Counsel. ( 6 ) IT is pertinent to mention here that in the State of U. P. reservation in favour of backward classes, besides the other states, much before the publication of the report of the Mandal commission and the decision of Honble Supreme Court in the case of Indira Sawhney (supra), was in operation by the executive orders and later on by an Ordinance, which was replaced by u. P. Act No. 29 of 1988. According to observations of the Honble Supreme Court, reservation to other backward classes continue to operate based on the list of U. B. Cs. However, it was indicated that the process of laying down the criteria for exclusion of "creamy lawyer" would be completed within a period of six months. ( 7 ) WE need not further delve into that question as the same is not relevant for the purposes of the controversy involved in these writ petitions. ( 8 ) WHEN the learned Counsel for the parties were confronted with the decision of Honble supreme Court in Indira Sawhneys case (supra) and were told that controversy raised in these writ petitions has already been adjudicated upon and the same question cannot be raised again in the writ petition, the Counsel conceded that the controversy pertaining to reservation stand foreclosed. ( 9 ) LEARNED Counsel appearing on behalf of petitioners submitted that he does not wish to assail the constitutional validity of those Government Orders as well as the provisions of U. P. Act No. 21 of 1989 and the schedule appended thereto, but they submitted that as the process of selection had started prior to issuance of the Government Order dated 11-4-1991 and 19-10-1992 which are prospective in nature, the selection ought to have been made in pursuance of earlier government Orders. ( 10 ) BEFORE dealing with the aspect as to whether the Government Order dated 11-4-1991 and 19-10-1992 were only explanatory, directory or declaratory in nature or they have superseded or amended the earlier Government Orders, it would be necessary to elucidate the facts of the said selections. ( 11 ) IN the month of December, 1987 an advertisement for Combind Lower Subordinate Service examination was issued by the Commission for 600 different types of posts. The number of vacancies were subsequently increased up to 969. In response to that advertisement about one lakh candidates applied. A preliminary examination was held by the Commission in the month of september, 1989 in which about 70402 candidates appeared. Result of the said preliminary examination was declared in December, 1990. 23094 candidates qualified for the main examination. The main written examination was held in August, 1991, result of which was declared in December, 1992. For the purpose of interview about 3000 candidates were called for. The process of interview, which started from January, 18, 1993, completed on January 28, 1993. The final result was declared by the Commission in July, 1993. On 22nd August, 1993 the commission sent its recommendation to the State Government. ( 12 ) IN the month of December, 1988, 345 posts were advertised for Combined Upper subordinate Examination, 1988. The result of which was declared in the month of April, 1992 and after the interview, which was held in between May and June, 1992, the final result of selected candidates was declared by the Commission in July, 1992. ( 13 ) SIMILARLY, an advertisement was issued on 26-12-1987 for Lower Subordinate Examination, 1987. Preliminary examination was held on 24-9-1989. The result was declared in the month of october, 1990. Main examination was held on 2-8-1991 and the result was declared in the month of December, 1992. Thereafter, the interview was held and final result was declared in the month of July, 1993. ( 14 ) THE contention of the learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the petitioners appears to be is that the declaration of the result were unduly delayed for which the petitioners were not responsible and hence the provisions regarding reservation in the Government Orders dated 11-4-1991, 16-4-1992 and 19-10-1992 ought not to have been applied in the said examinations. ( 14 ) THE contention of the learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the petitioners appears to be is that the declaration of the result were unduly delayed for which the petitioners were not responsible and hence the provisions regarding reservation in the Government Orders dated 11-4-1991, 16-4-1992 and 19-10-1992 ought not to have been applied in the said examinations. ( 15 ) IT is pertinent to mention here that when the advertisements were issued, the Government order dated 19-2-1981 was in existence. This Government Order provides that in case more candidates of reserved categories than their respective number of posts are found successful on the basis of marit, all such reserved categories candidates should be selected passing over the reserved vacancies allotted for them. The subsequent Government Orders dated 11-4-1991, 19-12-1991 and 19-10-1992 provide the all such reserved categories candidates who will succeed with general candidates in the open competition on the basis of merit without availing of any prescribed relaxation, shall be adjusted against the general vacancies. The Government order dated 16-4-1992 further indicates that these meritorious candidates of reserved categories, who have been considered at par with the general candidates, shall not be adjusted against their reserved categories in that particular selection. In such case the reserved vacancies shall be required to be filled in addition to such reserved categories candidates, who have been selected on the basis of merit. It was also provided that the minimum aggregate marks of suitability should be fixed, below which the candidates shall not be selected by the Commission in the competitive examination. ( 16 ) DURING the course of argument it was asserted by the learned Counsel for the petitioners that the Government Orders dated 11-4-1991, 19-12-1991 and 19-10-1992 were contrary to government Order dated 19-2-1981. It was also asserted that when the process of selection began then only Government Order dated 19-2-1981 was in operation and the subsequent government Orders mentioned hereinabove have more or less superseded or amended the government Order dated 19-2-1981. It was also asserted that when the process of selection began then only Government Order dated 19-2-1981 was in operation and the subsequent government Orders mentioned hereinabove have more or less superseded or amended the government Order dated 19-2-1981. As subsequent Government Orders dated 11-4-1991, 19-12-1991 and 19-10-1992 were prospective in nature, hence it was obligatory upon the U. P. Public Service Commission to have declared the result in pursuance of the policy of reservation as contained in the Government Orders dated 19-2-1981 ( 17 ) ALTHOUGH in some of the writ petitions the Government Order dated 19-2-1981 itself was assailed and challenged as violative of Article 16 of the Constitution of India, but relying upon the said Government Order, it was asserted by the learned Counsel for the petitioners that the selection was not made in accordance with the Government Order dated 19-2-1981, and the commission proceeded to make the selection in accordance with the subsequent Government orders which were issued much after the commencement of the process of selection. ( 18 ) IN the light of the said submission we have minutely studies the Government Order dated 19-2-1981, which provides to select all such reserved categories candidates who became successful on the basis of their merit, ignoring their reserved number of vacancies/posts. It clearly means that all such reserved categories candidates should be selected on merit excluding there served vacancies allotted to them. ( 19 ) THE provisions of the said Government Order were clarified by the subsequent Government order dated 11-4-1991, 19-12-1991, and 19-10-1992, which mention that all such reserved categories candidates, who will succeed with general candidates in the open competition on the basis of merit, without availing of any prescribed relaxation, shall be adjusted against the general vacancies. The Government Orders further mention that these meritorious candidates of reserved categories, who have been considered at par with the general candidates shall not be adjusted against their reserved vacancies in that particular selection. The reserved vacancies shall be required to be filled in addition to such reserved categories candidates who have been selected on the basis of the merit. ( 20 ) IT is thus, evident that the Government Order dated 11-4-1991, 19-12-1991 and 19-10-1992 have only clarified or explained the police of the State Government, which was mentioned in the government Order dated 19-2-1981. ( 20 ) IT is thus, evident that the Government Order dated 11-4-1991, 19-12-1991 and 19-10-1992 have only clarified or explained the police of the State Government, which was mentioned in the government Order dated 19-2-1981. The Government Orders dated 11-4-1991, 19-12-1991 and subsequent Government Orders actually did not supersede or amend the Government Order dated 19-2-1981. The susequent Government Orders only clarified the reservation policy, which was indicated in the Government Orders dated 19-2-1981. ( 21 ) NO doubt if either by means of a legislative enactment, Rules, Regulations or Government orders the previous enactment, Rules, Regulation or Government Orders are superseded or amended, then the Commission is bound to follow the mode of selection prescribed under the law in existence and the result would not be announced on the basis of change of law, which is not in existance. ( 22 ) IN nutshell the argument of the learned Counsel for the petitioners appears to be is that when the process of selection began, the Government Orders dated 11-4-1991, 19-12-1991 and 19-10-1992 were not in existence, hence reserved categories candidates could not have been considered at par with the general candidates and ought to have been adjusted against their reserved vacancies in a particular selection. ( 23 ) AS we have already pointed out that the Government Order dated 19-2-1981 itself provides that if more candidates belonging to reserved categories then their respective number of reserved posts were found successful on the basis of merit, all such candidates should be selected passing over the reserved vacancies allotted for them. The subsequent Government Orders have only clarified and explained the earlier Government Orders, neither it amended nor superseded the earlier Government Order dated 19-2-1981, hence it cannot be said that the selections were made contrary to the Government Orders dated 19-2-1981. ( 24 ) A combined reading of the Government Orders dated 19-2-1981, 22-5-1989, 11-4-1991, 19-12-1991 and 19-10-1992 would indicate that candidates who belong to socially and educationally backward classes could be selected along with general candidates on merit and they cannot be bracketed with the reserved categories candidates or fall with the quota limit of reserved categories. ( 24 ) A combined reading of the Government Orders dated 19-2-1981, 22-5-1989, 11-4-1991, 19-12-1991 and 19-10-1992 would indicate that candidates who belong to socially and educationally backward classes could be selected along with general candidates on merit and they cannot be bracketed with the reserved categories candidates or fall with the quota limit of reserved categories. If a candidate belonging to reserved categories is meritorious and if he does not avail the provisions of relaxation under the Government Orders, he can be selected as general candidates and he cannot be deprived of to be treated as general candidate. Exclusion of such candidates, belonging to reserved categories to be selected on merit with general candidates would amounts to hostile discrimination against them and contrary to equality clause of the constitution of India as it virtually amounts to putting a ceiling limit upon the person belonging to reserved categories. Such an intention is neither contemplated nor permissible under the constitution. ( 25 ) IT is pertinent to mention here that a person belonging to S. C. and S. T. can contest the election of Legislative Assembly and Parliament from the reserved seat, but being a S. C. and S. T. , he cannot be debarred from contesting the election from a general seat. Similarly, a person belonging to reserved categories cannot be excluded from being selected on merit at par with general candidates. The Government Orders dated 11-4-1991, 19-12-1991 and 19-10-1992 do not lay down any fresh policy. It simply declared and explained the position of law which is enshrined in the Constitution of India. ( 26 ) THE normal rule of interpretation of any provisions of the Act, Rules or the Government orders are the prospective in nature unless made retrospective, but if any Act or any provision of the Act, Rules or Government Orders are of a curative, declaratory, explanatory or clarificatory nature, then it may operate retrospectively. ( 27 ) MR. Jagdish Swarup, former Solicitor General of India in his commentary on "legislation and Interpreation" 1989 edition at para 18. 22 Chapter 18 page 586 indicated : "if a statute merely declares the previous law, retrospective operation would be more rightly ascribed to it than the legislation which may prejudicially affect past rights and transaction. " he further remarked: "a declaratory statute is generally retrospective in its operation. 22 Chapter 18 page 586 indicated : "if a statute merely declares the previous law, retrospective operation would be more rightly ascribed to it than the legislation which may prejudicially affect past rights and transaction. " he further remarked: "a declaratory statute is generally retrospective in its operation. Where a statute is passed for the purpose of supplying an omission in a former statute, or for explaining a former statute, the subsequent statute relates back to the time when the prior statutes was passed. But it does not necessarily follow that because an enactment is declaratory in form it is restrospective in its operation and it is meant to apply to acts which had been completed or to interests which had vested before it became law. Thus, the context of the statute and the terms of the clauses in question should be examined before statutes, even if, declaratory in form are held to be retrospective. Thus, though the Act may not be called a declaratory or an explanatory Act, yet if from the words used in the Act the Court can come to the conclusion that it is a declaratory or an explanatory Act, retrospective effect will be given to such Act. " In Channan Singh and Anr. v. Smt. Jai Kaur, AIR 1970 SC 349 , it was observed in para 5 of the report :"if the above discussion is kept in view there is no difficulty in attributing a retroactive intention to the legislature when the amendment Act of 1964 was enacted. It is well settled that if a statute is curative or merely declares the previous law retroactive operative would be more rightly ascribed to it than the legislation which may prejudicially affect past rights and transactions. " Justice G. P. Singh in his book "principles of Statutory Interpretation, 6th Edition 1996 at page 338 observed :"the presumption against retrospective operative in not applicable to declaratory statutes. As stated in CRAIES and approved by the Supreme Court: For modern purposes a declaratory Act may be defined as an Act to remove doubts existing as to the common law, or the meaning or effect of any statute. Such Acts are usually held to be retrospective. As stated in CRAIES and approved by the Supreme Court: For modern purposes a declaratory Act may be defined as an Act to remove doubts existing as to the common law, or the meaning or effect of any statute. Such Acts are usually held to be retrospective. The usual reason for passing a declaratory Act is to set aside what Parliament deems to have been a judicial error, whether in the statement of the common law or in the interpretetation of statutes. Usually, if not invariably, such an Act contains a preamble, and also the word declared as well as the word enacted. But the use of the words it is declared is not conclusive that the Act is declaratory for these words may, at times, be used to introduce new rules of law and the Act in the latter case will only be amending the law and will not necessarily be retrospective. In determining, therefore, the nature of the Act, regard must be had to the substance rather than to the form. If a new Act is to explain an earlier Act, it would be without object unless construed retrospective. An explanatory Act is generaly passed to supply an obvious omission or to clear up doubts as to the meaning of the previous Act. It is well settled that if a statute is curative or merely declaratory of the previous law retrospective operation is generally intended. The language shall be deemed always to have meant is declaratory, and is in plain terms retrospective. In the absence of clear words indicating that the amending Act is declaratory, it would not be so construed when the pre-amended provisions was clear and unambiguous. An amending Act may be purely clarificatory to clear a meaning of a provision of the principal Act which was already implicit. A clarificatory amendment of this nature will have retrospective effect and, therefore, if the principal Act was existing law when the constitution came into force, the amending Act also will be part of the existing law. " ( 28 ) THE Government Orders dated 11-4-1991, 19-12-1991 and 19-10-1992 were issued to clear certain doubts and omission, which may occur due to the mis-reading of the Government Order dated 19-2-1981. Subsequent Government Orders are curative, explanatory and declaratory in nature and they only clarified the earlier Government Order, hence, it would be deemed to be retrospective. " ( 28 ) THE Government Orders dated 11-4-1991, 19-12-1991 and 19-10-1992 were issued to clear certain doubts and omission, which may occur due to the mis-reading of the Government Order dated 19-2-1981. Subsequent Government Orders are curative, explanatory and declaratory in nature and they only clarified the earlier Government Order, hence, it would be deemed to be retrospective. The subsequent Government Orders have only removed an omission in the previous Government Order and explained preious Government Order, hence subsequent government Orders relate back to the time when the prior Government Order dated 19-2-1981 was issued. ( 29 ) LARGE number of authorities were cited by the learned Counsel for the petitioners that the subsequent Government Orders dated 11-4-1991, 19-12-1991 and 19-10-1992 were prospective in nature and those were not in existence when the process of selection began, hence the selection made in accordance with those Government Orders deserves to be set aside. ( 30 ) AS we have already held that the subsequent Government Orders dated 11-4-1991, 19-12-1991 and 19-10-1992 are curative, explanatory, declaratory and clarificatory in nature and relate back to the earlier Government Order dated 19-12-1981, we have not discussed the said authorities. Admittedly, when the results were declared, the Government Orders dated 11-4-1991, 19-12-1991 and 19-10-1992 were in operation and those Orders relate back to the government Order dated 19-2-1981 having retrospective effect. Hence, the U. P. Public Service commission was bound to make selection in accordance with those Government Orders. ( 31 ) THE petitioners have raised inconsistent pleas in the writ petitions. On one side they assailed the Government Order dated 19-2-1981 and challenged its validity and on the other side they, taking a cue from the Government Order dated 19-2-1981 which does not help the cause of the petitioners, have tried to assail the Government Orders dated 11-4-1991, 19-12-1991 and 19-10-1992 on the ground that they are prospective in nature. ( 32 ) FURTHERMORE, the results were declared long ago. The selected candidates must have joined, six or seven years back. The selected candidates due to their selection and appointment have perfected a right, which cannot be denied to them, without a proper hearing. They have not been arrayed as parties to these writ petitions. Hence, for that reason as well, the writ petitions must fail. ( 33 ) IN view of what has been indicated hereinabove, all the writ petitions are dismissed. They have not been arrayed as parties to these writ petitions. Hence, for that reason as well, the writ petitions must fail. ( 33 ) IN view of what has been indicated hereinabove, all the writ petitions are dismissed. ( 34 ) HOWEVER, the parties are directed to bear their own costs. .