Judgment :- Arijit Pasayat C.J. judgment passed by learned Single Judge holding that respondent was entitled to pension with interest at the rate of 18 % per annum for the period during which pension was not paid is subject-matter of challenge. 2. A brief reference to the factual aspects would suffice. Respondent who was serving as Village Assistant retired from service with effect from 31.5.1990. Sub Judge, Thrissur, convicted respondent by judgment dated 26.10.1991 in C.C. No. 14 of 1991 and imposed sentence of imprisonment for a period of one year and a fine of Rs. 5000/-, with a default condition of simple imprisonment for three months in case of non-payment of fine. Respondent was arrested on 12.12.1994 and remained in custody till November, 1995. Respondent was paid pension till November, 1994. As he was convicted, minimum pension payable to him was stopped on the ground that he was undergoing imprisonment from 13.12.1994. Respondent preferred his pension bill from December, 1994. But no pension was in reality paid. 3. In the Original Petition, O.P. No. 12371 of 1996, stand of State Government was that because of his conviction, orders were to be passed whether pension was to be paid or not and the matter was awaiting orders of sanction for withholding payment of minimum pension. Learned Single Judge found that there was no pro vision specifically authorising withholding of pension. Accordingly direction was given to pay minimum pension and interest at the rate of 18% covering the period of non-payment. 4. According to learned counsel for the State, Part III of Kerala Service Rules, 1959 (in short'the K.S.R.') deals with "pension" and Rr. 2 and 3 read with R.135 make the respondent disentitled from receiving pension. Learned counsel Sri. Siby Mathew appearing for respondent submitted that these provisions, as referred to by learned counsel for the State, have no relevance. 5. For appreciating the rival submissions, it is necessary to extract the provisions as referred to. R.2. (a) Future good conduct shall be an implied condition of every grant of a pension: The Government may, by order in writing, withhold or withdraw a pension or part thereof whether permanently or for a specified period, if the pensioner is convicted of a serious crime or is found guilty of grave misconduct. R.2. (a) Future good conduct shall be an implied condition of every grant of a pension: The Government may, by order in writing, withhold or withdraw a pension or part thereof whether permanently or for a specified period, if the pensioner is convicted of a serious crime or is found guilty of grave misconduct. (b) Where a pensioner is convicted of a serious crime by a Court of law action under clause (a) shall be taken in the light of the judgment of the court relating to such conviction. (c) In a case not falling under clause (b), if the Government under clause (a) considers that the pensioner is prima facie guilty of grave misconduct, it shall, before passing an order under clause (a), (i) Serve upon the pensioner a notice specifying the action proposed to be taken against him and the ground on which it is proposed to be taken and calling upon him to submit within fifteen days of the notice or such further time not exceeding fifteen days may be allowed, his explanation for such misconduct. (ii) Take the explanation, if any, submitted by the pensioner under sub-clause (i) into consideration. (d) The Public Service Commission shall be consulted before final orders are passed. Explanation:- In this rule, the expression "serious crime" includes a crime involving an offence under the Official Secrets Act, 1923 (19 of 1923) and the expression "grave misconduct" includes the communication or disclosure of any secret official code or password or any sketch, plan, model, rule, note, document or information, such as is mentioned in S.5 of the said Act (which was obtained while holding office under the Government) so as to prejudicially affect the interest of the general public or the security of the State; R.3. The Government reserve to themselves the right of withholding or withdrawing a pension or any part of it, whether permanently or for a specified period, and the right of ordering the recovery from a pension of the whole or part of any pecuniary loss caused to Government, if in a departmental or judicial proceeding the pensioner is found guilty of grave misconduct or negligence during the period of his service; including service rendered upon re-employment after retirement. Provided that (a) such departmental proceeding, if instituted while the employee was in service, whether before his retirement or during his re-employment, shall after the final retirement of the employee, be deemed to be a proceeding under this rule and shall be concluded by the authority by which it was commenced in the same manner as if the employee had continued in service; (b) such departmental proceeding, if not instituted while the employee was in service, whether before his retirement or during his re-employment, (i) shall not be instituted save with the sanction of the Government; (ii) shall not be in respect of any event which took place more than four years before such institution; and (iii) shall be conducted by such authority and in such place as the Government may direct and in accordance with the procedure applicable to departmental proceedings in which an order of dismissal from service could be made in relation to the employee during his service; (c) No such judicial proceedings, if not instituted while the employee was in service whether before his retirement or during his re-employment, shall be instituted, save with the sanction of the Government, in respect of a cause of action which arose or an event which took place more than four years before such institution (d) The Public Service Commission shall be consulted before final orders are passed." "R.135. Lapses and Forfeiture. If a pension remains un drawn for more than one year, pension ceases to be payable." 6. R.2 deals with the power of the Government to withhold or withdraw pension or a part thereof, whether permanently or for a specified period, if the pensioner is convicted of a "serious crime" or is found guilty of a "grave misconduct". For bringing into operation R.2, an order in writing by Government is necessary. Admittedly, such an order is not in existence till now. Explanation to the Rule deals with crimes which can be encompassed with the expression "serious crime". Whether the offence for which respondent was convicted can be called a "serious crime" is not the subject-matter of dispute in the present case. R.3 deals with the power of the Government to reserve on to them selves the right to withhold or withdraw pension under circumstances enumerated therein. Whether the offence for which respondent was convicted can be called a "serious crime" is not the subject-matter of dispute in the present case. R.3 deals with the power of the Government to reserve on to them selves the right to withhold or withdraw pension under circumstances enumerated therein. Same had application when the withholding or withdrawing or recovering is relatable to pecuniary loss caused to the Government and if in a departmental or judicial proceeding a pensioner is found guilty of grave misconduct or negligence during the period of service, including service rendered upon re-employment after retirement. The final order can be passed under the provision after consultation with Public Service Commission (in short "Commission"). That situation has also not arisen in the case at hand. R.135 deals with "lapses and forfeiture". This provision has application only when pension remains un drawn for more than one year. The question of the pension remaining un drawn i n the present case does not arise. No pension i n fact was sanctioned for payment. 7. In the circumstances, learned Single Judge was justified in concluding that pension was withheld without any authority. 8. The other question that remains to be adjudicated is whether the rate of interest as stipulated is proper. After rendering years of service the employer finds from records that the employee has reached a particular age and he should retire. Immediate consequence of these is reduction in the payment made to him by the employer. Thereafter what the employee gets is normally called pension. Factual matrix as indicated above only assists in dealing with broader issues involved. 9. A political society which has a goal of setting up of a welfare state, would introduce and has i n fact introduced as a welfare measure wherein the retiral benefit is grounded on consideration of State obligation to its citizens who having rendered service during the useful span of life must not be left to penury in their old age, but the evolving concept of social security is a later day development. And this journey was over a rough terrain. To note only one stage in 1856 a Royal Commission was set ud to consider whether any changes were necessary in the system established by the 1834 Act. The Report of the Commission is known as "Northoote-Trevelyan Report". And this journey was over a rough terrain. To note only one stage in 1856 a Royal Commission was set ud to consider whether any changes were necessary in the system established by the 1834 Act. The Report of the Commission is known as "Northoote-Trevelyan Report". The Report was pungent in its criticism when it says that: "in civil services comparable to lightness of work and the certainty of provision in case of retirement owing to bodily incapacity, furnish strong inducements to the parents and friends of sickly youth to endeavour to obtain for them employment in the service of the Government, and the extent to which the public are consequently burdened, first with the salaries of officers who are obliged to absent themselves from their duties on account of ill health, and afterwards with their pensions when they retire on the same plea, would hardly be credited by those who have not had opportunities of observing the operation of the system". (See Gerald Rhodes, Public Sector Pensions, pp. 18-19). 10. This approach is utterly unfair because in modern times public services are manned by those who enter at a comparatively very young age, with selection through national competitive examination and ordinarily the best talent gets the opportunity. 11. Let us therefore examine as was done by the apex Court in D.S. Nakara v. Union of India (AIR 1983 SC 130) as to what are the goals that pension scheme seeks to subserve. A pension scheme consistent with available resources must provide that the pensioner would be able to live: (i) free from want with decency, independence and self-respect and (ii) at a standard equivalent at the pre-retirement level. This approach may merit the criticism that if a developing country like India cannot provide an employee while rendering service a living wage, how can one be assured of it in retirement? This can be aptly illustrated by a small illustration. A man with a broken arm asked his doctor whether he will be able to play the piano after the cast is removed. When assured that he will, the patient replied, 'that is funny, I could not before'. It appears that in determining the minimum amount required for living decently is difficult, selecting the percentage representing the proper ratio between earnings and the retirement income is harder. When assured that he will, the patient replied, 'that is funny, I could not before'. It appears that in determining the minimum amount required for living decently is difficult, selecting the percentage representing the proper ratio between earnings and the retirement income is harder. Butitis imperative to note that as self-sufficiency declines the need for his attendance or institutional care grows. Many are literally surviving now than the past. We owe it to them and ourselves that they live, not merely exist. The philosophy prevailing in a given society at various stages of its development profoundly influences its social objectives. The law is one of the chief instruments whereby the social policies are implemented and pension is paid according to rules which can be said to provide social security law by which it is meant those legal mechanisms primarily concerned to ensure the provision for the individual or a cash income adequate, when taken along with the benefit in kind provided by other social services (such as free medical aid) to ensure for him a culturally acceptable minimum standard of living when the normal means of doing so failed. (See Social Security Law of Prof. Harry Calvert, p. 1). 12. Viewed in the light of the present day notions pension is a term applied to periodic money payments to a person who retires at a certain age considered age: of disability; payments usually continue for the rest of the natural life of the recipient. The reasons underlying the grant of pension vary from country to country and from scheme to scheme. But broadly stated they are: (i) as compensation to former members of the armed forces or their dependants for old age, disability, or death (usually from service causes), (ii) as old age retirement or disability benefits for civilian employees, and (iii) as social security payments for the aged, disabled or deceased citizens made in accordance with the rules governing social service programmes of the country. Pensions under the first hand are of great antiquity. Under the second head they have been i n force in one form or another in some countries for over a country but those coming under the third head are relatively of recent origin, though they are of the greatest magnitude. Pensions under the first hand are of great antiquity. Under the second head they have been i n force in one form or another in some countries for over a country but those coming under the third head are relatively of recent origin, though they are of the greatest magnitude. There are other views about pensions such as charity, paternalism, deferred pay, reward for service rendered, or as a means of promoting general welfare (See Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol. 17, p. 575). But these views have become otiose. 13. Pension to civil employees of the Government and the defence personnel as administered in India appear to be a compensation for service rendered in the past. However, as held in Dodge v. Board of Education ((1937) 302 US 74:82 Law Ed. 58) a pension is closely akin to wages in that it consists of payment provided by an employer, is paid in consideration of past service and the purpose of helping the recipient meet the expenses of living. This appears to be the nearest to our approach to pension with the added qualification that it should ordinarily ensure freedom from undeserved want. 14. Summing up i t can be said with confidence that pension is not only compensation for loyal service rendered in the past, but pension also has a broader significance, in that it is a measure of socio-economic justice which inheres economic security in the foil of life when physical and mental powers is ebbing corresponding to aging progress and therefore, one is required to fall back on savings. One such saving in kind is when you gave your best in the hey day of life to your employer, in days of invalidity, economic security by way of periodical payment is assured. The term has been judicially defined as a stated allowance or stipend made in consideration of past service or a surrender of rights or emoluments to one retired from service. Thus the pension payable to a Government employee is earned by rendering long and sufficient service and therefore can be said to be a deferred portion of the compensation for service rendered. In one sentence one can say that the most practical raison d'etre for pension is the inability to provide for oneself due to old age. One may live and avoid unemployment but not senility and pecuniary if there is nothing to fall back upon. 15. In one sentence one can say that the most practical raison d'etre for pension is the inability to provide for oneself due to old age. One may live and avoid unemployment but not senility and pecuniary if there is nothing to fall back upon. 15. The discernible purpose thus underlying pension scheme or a statute introducing the pension scheme must inform interpretative process and accordingly it should receive a liberal construction and the Courts may not so interpret such statute as to render them lose (See American Jurisprudence 24.881). 16. From the discussion three things emerge: (i) that pension is neither bounty nor a matter of grace depending upon the sweet will of the employer and that it creates a vested right subject to Orissa Civil Services (Pension) Rules, 1992 (in short, the 'Rules') or any other Rules holding the field, (ii) that the pension is not an ex gratia payment but it is a payment for the past service rendered; and (iii) it is a social welfare measure rendering socio-economic justice to those who in the hey day of their life ceaselessly toiled for employer on an assurance that in their life old age they would not be left in lurch. It must also be noticed that the quantum of pension is a certain percentage correlated to the average emoluments drawn during last three years of service reduced to ten months under liberalised pension scheme. Its payment is dependent upon an additional condition of impeccable behaviour even subsequent to retirement. That is, since the cessation of the contract of service and that it can be reduced or withdrawn as a disciplinary measure. 17. In Corpus Juris Secondum, Vol. 70 at p. 423, it is stated that the title 'pension' includes pecuniary allowances paid periodically by government to persons who have rendered services to the public or suffered loss or injury in the public service, or to their representatives; who are entitled to such allowances and rate and amount thereof: and proceedings to obtain and payment of such pensions. A pension is a periodical allowance of money granted by the Government in consideration or recognition of meritorious past services, or of loss or injury sustained in the public service. A pension is mainly designed to assist the pensioner in pro viding for his wants, and it presupposes the continued life of the recipient. A pension is a periodical allowance of money granted by the Government in consideration or recognition of meritorious past services, or of loss or injury sustained in the public service. A pension is mainly designed to assist the pensioner in pro viding for his wants, and it presupposes the continued life of the recipient. In its strict sense a pension is not a matter of contract, and is not founded on any legal liability, it is a mere bounty or gratuity "springing from the appreciation and consciousness of the sovereign", and it may be given or withheld at the discretion of the sovereign. It may be bestowed on such persons and on such terms as the law-making body of the government prescribes, and it is, at most, an expectancy granted by the law. The term 'pension' has been compared and distinguished from 'bonus', 'compensation', 'profits' and 'retirement payment'. A pension fund is to be distinguished from an annuity fund derived in part from voluntary contributions under a statutory opinion to contribute or refrain from contributing The term 'pension' is frequently, particularly in recent years, used in the broad sense of retirement pay or compensation in which it may partake of the nature of a contractual right rather than of gratuity, and, as used in this sense with respect to persons in the service of the Government, the term is fully discussed in Officers q. 92. A pension is a gratuity only where it is granted for services previously rendered which at the time they were rendered gave rise to no legal obligation. 18. A somewhat discordant note on the question whether pension and gratuity are bounty to be distributed by the Government to its employee on their retirement vis-a-vis the position as indicated in Corpus Juris Secondum, a similar view was also expressed in State of Kerala & Ors. v. M. Padmanabhan Nair (AIR 1985 SC 356). It was observed that pension and gratuity are no longer any bounty to be distributed by the Government to its employee on their retirement but are valuable rights and property in their hands and any culpable delay in settlement and disbursement thereof must be visited with the penalty of payment of interest at the current market rate till actual payment. The view has been recently reiterated in Dr. The view has been recently reiterated in Dr. Uma Agarwal v. State of U.P. & Anr, (1999 (2) KLT (SC) (SN) 55 = (AIR 1999 SC 1212). 19. It s to be noted that in certain countries wrongful withholding of pension money has been made a criminal offence and it has been observed in some of the western countries that the federal statute making the wrongful withholding of pension money a criminal offence must be strictly construed. The purpose of the statute, it was held, to protect the pensioner against fraud until the unconditional payment of the money to him. 20. The purpose of the statute, it was held, to protect the pensioner against fraud until the unconditional payment of the money to him. 20. In Halsbury's Law of England, Fourth Edition, Reissue - Vol 16, it has been observed on the subject as follows: "Pension means, a periodical payment or lump sum by way of pension, gratuity or super annuation allowance as respects which the Secretary of State is satisfied that it is to be paid in accordance with any scheme of arrangement having for its object or one of its objects to make provision in respect of persons serving in particular employments for providing them with retirement benefits and, except in the case of such a lump sum which had been paid to the employee, that: (1) the scheme or arrangements is established by Act of Parliament or of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, or other instrument having the force of law, or (2) the benefits under the scheme or arrangement are secured by an irrecoverable trust which is subject to the laws of any part of the Great Britain; or (3) the benefits under the scheme or arrangements are secured by a contract of assurance or an annuity contract which is made with; (a) an insurance company to which the Insurance Companies Act, 1982 applies; or (b) a registered friendly society; or (c) an industrial and provident society registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1965; or (4) the benefits under the scheme or arrangement are secured by any regulation or other instrument, not being a regulation or instrument having-the force of law, made with the authority of a Minister of the Crown or with the consent of the Treasury for the purpose of authorising the payment to persons not employed in the Civil Service of the State of such pensions, gratuities or other like benefits as might have been granted to person so employed; or (5) the scheme or arrangement is established by an enactment or other instrument having the force of law in any part of the Commonwealth outside the United Kingdom: and that the provision made to enable benefits to be paid, taking into account any additional resources which could and would be provided by the employer, or any person connected with the employer to meet any deficiency, is adequate to ensure payment in full of such benefits. Tension' includes any part of a pension. 'Pension' does not include: i) a payment of an employee which consists of solely of a return of his own contributions, with or without interest; ii) that part of a payment to an addition which is attributable soley to additional voluntary contributions by that employee made in accordance with the scheme or arrangement; iii) a periodical payment or lump sum, in so far as that payment or lump sum represents compensation under statutory compensation scheme and is payable under a statutory provision whether made or passed before, on or after 31st July. 1978. If in any case the Secretary of State is satisfied that benefits under the scheme or arrangement are wholly or mainly provided for the benefit of persons not resident to Gm Britain, he may, if he thinks fit and subject to such conditions, if any, as he thinks proper, wane the requirement contained in head (2) above in respect of a scheme or arrangement the benefits under which are secured by an irrecoverable trust or the requirements of head (3XaX 3Cb)or 3(c) above in the case of a scheme or arrangement the benefits under which are secured a contract of assurance or an annuity contract." 21. But, at the same time, the rate as stipulated appears to be on the higher side. Taking into account the normal bank rate of interest, we fix it at 12% per annum. Payment shall be made within three months from today. It goes without saying that if the Government desires to pass any order for taking action in terms of R.2 or R 3, as the case may he, our judgment shall not stand in its way, if permissible to be done. Writ Appeal is disposed of accordingly.