Judgment :- P.K. MISRA, J. ( 1 ) PETITIONER, Kanyakumari District co-operative Spinning Mills Limited has filed this writ petition challenging the award dated April 13, 1994 in I. D. No. 85 of 1984. ( 2 ) PETITIONER is established under aegis of the Government of Tamil Nadu to make available cotton yarn to handloom weavers. The Mill of the petitioner consist of several departments like blow-room, carding, preparatory, simplex, spinning, winding reeling, bundling and baling. The work in the departments being inter-related, if the workmen in any particular department resort to strike or slow down, work in other departments are inevitably affected. Keeping in view the work load and other factors, settlement under section 12 (3) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (hereinafter called the Act) had been arrived on August 6, 1975 laying down the details of the work assignments, efficiency, basic wages, etc. The workload for the blow room scutcher attendant had been fixed at one man for two scutchers with automatic doffing upto 3,000 kgs. at the basic wage of Rs. 67. 08 and one man to attend three scutchers with automatic doffing with basic wage of Rs. 78. The tenure of settlement was for a period of three years. Said settlement continued even after August 6, 1978. Even though at the time of settlement there are only two scutchers, anticipating installation of additional automatic scutcher and keeping in view the normal work load it had been fixed one man to attend three scutchers with automatic doffing. In 1978, an automatic additional scutcher was acquired and accordingly the Management allocated three automatic scutchers to the attendants with effect from November 2, 1978 as per the terms of the section 12 (3) settlement. However, the scutcher attendants refused to operate the third scutcher and the Management was constrained to mark refused to work in the Time cards of the concerned scutcher attendants. The workmen concerned thereafter refused to operate even two scutchers with effect from 2nd shift from November 6, 1978 and thus the work in the blow room, where raw cotton is cleaned, and thereafter supplied to carding section was stopped on account of the scutcher attendants refusal to operate. Ultimately the work in other departments such as carding, bundling and baling came to a stand still from november 8, 1978. Ultimately the work in other departments such as carding, bundling and baling came to a stand still from november 8, 1978. The Management was not able to provide any work to the employees of other departments due to the situation created by the scutcher attendants in the blow room section. Thereafter the Management was constrained to lay-off the workmen of the other departments stage by stage. Ultimately the matter came to be referred to the Industrial tribunal to consider the following issues: whether the limit of the workmen mentioned below to pay wages from november 6, 1978 to December 17, 1978 which was treated as the period in which the workmen refused to work/consequential lay-off is justified. If so, to give appropriate direction. ( 3 ) AFTER filing of the claim petitions by the workmen and the reply by the management, the industrial Tribunal raised the following issues for determination:" (1) Whether the 8 workmen. . . . . . . . . . refused to do work and whether they were justified in doing so? (2) Whether the Management was justified in laying off all other workers mentioned in the annexure to the reference and whether the lay off is legal? (3) Whether the workmen are not entitled to the wages for the period from November 6, 1978 to December 17, 1978?" ( 4 ) THE Industrial Tribunal on consideration of the materials available on record held that the workmen had refused to run even two scutchers from November 6, 1978 onwards and refusal to run three scutchers was not justified and there was absolutely no justification for refusing to run even two scutchers. It further concluded that"the management laid off the workers in other departments when they could not provide work to them and stage by stage. So, I find that the action of the Management in laying off the workmen is not only bona fide but is also justified. "however, after having arrived at such conclusion, the Industrial Tribunal held that since no permission as contemplated under section 25-M had been obtained from the appropriate Government, the lay off of the workmen of other departments from November 6, 1978 to December 17, 1978 is illegal and those workmen were entitled to wages for the aforesaid period even though the lay off itself might have been justified. It had also held that the workmen who refused to work in the blow room were not entitled to any wages for the aforesaid period. The direction of the Tribunal to pay wages to the workmen of other departments is being questioned by the management in this writ petition. ( 5 ) LEARNED counsel appearing for the petitioner has contended that the expression lay-off is defined in Section 2 (kkk) of the Act and since the lay-of in the present case which is found to be factually justified was not on account of any of the causes indicated in section 2 (kkk), there was no question of adjudicating such lay-off as illegal under section 25-M of the Act. Section 2 (kkk) is extracted hereunder:"2 (KKK) "lay-off (with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions) means the failure, refusal or inability of an employer on account of shortage of coal, power of raw materials or the accumulation of stocks or the breakdown of machinery or natural calamity or for any other connected reasons to give employment to a workman whose name is bome on the muster-rolls of his industrial establishment and who has not been retrenched. " ( 6 ) IN Management of Kairbetta Estate, kothagiriv. Rajamanickam, AIR 1960 SC 893 : 1960-II-LLJ-275, while considering the claim of the workmen for payment of compensation during a lock-out it was observed at p. 277 and 278 of LLJ:"section 2 (kkk) defines a lay off as meaning the failure, refusal or inability of an employer on account of shortage of coal, power or raw materials or the accumulation of stocks or the breakdown of machinery or for any other reason to give employment to a workman whose name is borne on the muster rolls of his industrial establishment and who has not been retrenched. There is an explanation to the definition which it is unnecessary to set out. It is clear that the lay off takes place for one or more of the reasons specified in the definition. Lay off may be due to shortage of coal or shortage of power or shortage of raw materials or accumulation of stocks or break-down of machinery or any other reason. "any other reason" to which the definition refers must, we think, be a reason which is allied or analogous to reasons already specified. Lay off may be due to shortage of coal or shortage of power or shortage of raw materials or accumulation of stocks or break-down of machinery or any other reason. "any other reason" to which the definition refers must, we think, be a reason which is allied or analogous to reasons already specified. It has been urged before us on behalf of the respondents that "any other reason" mentioned in the definition need not be similar to the preceding reasons but should include any other of whatsoever character for which lay off may have taken place; and in support of this argument reliance is placed on Section 25-E (iii ). Section 25-E deals with three categories of cases where compensation is not liable to be paid to a workman even though they may have been laid off. One of these is prescribed by section 25-E (iii); if the laying off is due to a strike or slowing down of production on the part of workmen in another part of the establishment no compensation has to be paid. The argument is that laying off which is specified in this clause has been excepted because, but for the exception, it would have attracted the definition of Section 2 (kkk) and would have imposed an obligation on the employer to pay lay off compensation. That no doubt is true; but we do not see how the case specified in this clause is inconsistent with the view that "any other reason" must be similar to the proceeding reasons specified in the definition. If there is a strike or slowing down of production in one part of the establishment, and if lay off is the consequence, the reason for which lay off has taken place would undoubtedly be similar to the reasons specified in the definition. We are, therefore, satisfied that the expression "any other reason" should be construed to mean reason similar or analogous to the preceding reasons specified in the definition. That is the view taken by the Allahabad High court in J. K. Hosiery Factory v. Labour appellate Tribunal of India, 1956-II-LLJ-4. We are, therefore, satisfied that the expression "any other reason" should be construed to mean reason similar or analogous to the preceding reasons specified in the definition. That is the view taken by the Allahabad High court in J. K. Hosiery Factory v. Labour appellate Tribunal of India, 1956-II-LLJ-4. " ( 7 ) IN Workmen of Dewan Tea Estate and others v. Their Management, AIR 1964 SC 1458 : 1964-I-LLJ-358, it was observed at p. 362 of LLJ:"it is, however, significant that when section 25-C deals with workmen who are laid off and proceeds to prescribe the manner in which compensation should be paid to them, it is inevitably referring to the lay-off as defined by Section 2 (kkk) of the act. The said Section defines a "layoff (with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions) as meaning "the failure, refusal, or inability of an employer on account of shortage of coal, power of raw materials or the accumulation of stocks or the breakdown of machinery or for any other reason to give employment to a workman whose name is borne on the muster rolls of his industrial establishment and who has not been retrenched. "it would be legitimate to hold that layoff which primarily gives rise to a claim for compensation under Section 25-C must be a lay off as defined by Section 2 (kkk ). If the relevant clauses in the standing Orders of industrial employers make provisions for lay off and also prescribe the manner in which compensation should be paid to them for such lay off, perhaps the matter may be covered by the said relevant clauses; but if the relevant clause merely provides for circumstances under which layoff may be declared by the employer and a question arises as to how compensation has to be paid to the workmen thus laid off, Section 25-C can be invoked by the workman provided, of course, the lay off permitted by the Standing Order also satisfies the requirements of Section 2 (kkk), is a matter with which we are not directly concerned in the present appeal. The question which we are concerned with at this stage is whether it can be said that Section 25-C recognizes a common law right of the industrial employer to lay off his workmen. This question in our opinion, be answered in the negative. The question which we are concerned with at this stage is whether it can be said that Section 25-C recognizes a common law right of the industrial employer to lay off his workmen. This question in our opinion, be answered in the negative. When the laying off the workmen is referred to in Section 25-C, it is the laying off as defined by Section 2 (kkk), and so, workmen who can claim the benefit of section 25-C must be workmen who are laid off and laid off for reasons contemplated by section 2 (kkk); that is all that Section 25-C means. If any case is not covered by the Standing Orders, it will necessarily be governed by provisions of the Act, and layoff would be permissible only where one or other of the factors mentioned by Section 2 (kkk) is present, and for such layoff compensation Would be awarded under Section 25-C. Therefore, we do not think that the Tribunal was right in holding that Section 25-C recognise the inherent right of the employer to declare layoff for reasons which he may regard as sufficient or satisfactory in that behalf. No such common law right can be spelt out from provisions of Section 25-C. ( 8 ) IN Workmen of Firestone Tyre and rubber Co. of India (P) Limited v. Firestone tyre and Rubber Co. , AIR 1976 SC 1775 : 1976 (3) SCC 819 : 1976-I-LLJ-493 it was observed as follows at pp. 497 and 498 of LLJ: "there are two small matters which present some difficulty in the solution of the problem. In explanation (i) appended to sub-section (2) of Section 25-B the words used are:"he has been laid off under an agreement or as permitted by standing orders made under the Industrial Employment (Standing orders) Act, 1946, or under this Act or under any other law applicable to the industrial establishment. "indicating that a workman can be laid-off under the Industrial Disputes Act also. But it is strange to find that no Section in Chapter V-A in express language or by necessary implication confers any power, even on the management of the Industrial Establishment to which the relevant provisions are applicable, to lay-off a workman. "indicating that a workman can be laid-off under the Industrial Disputes Act also. But it is strange to find that no Section in Chapter V-A in express language or by necessary implication confers any power, even on the management of the Industrial Establishment to which the relevant provisions are applicable, to lay-off a workman. Clause (ii) of Section 25-E says:"no compensation shall be paid to a workman who has been laid-off if he does not present himself for work at the establishment at the appointed time during normal working hours at least once a day. "this indicates that there is neither a temporary discharge of the workman nor a temporary suspension of his contract of service. Under the general law of Master and Servant, an employer may discharge an employee either temporarily or permanently but that cannot be without adequate notice. Mere refusal or inability to give employment to the workman when he reports for duty on one or more grounds mentioned in Clause (kkk) of Section 2 is not a temporary discharge of the workman. Such a power, therefore, must be found out from the terms of contract of service or the Standing orders governing the establishment. In the instant case the number of workmen being only 30, there were no Standing Orders certified under the Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946. Nor was there any term of contract of service conferring any such right of lay-off. In such a situation the conclusion seems to be inescapable that the workmen were laid-off without any authority of law or the power in the management under the contract of service. In Industrial Establishments where there is a power in the management to lay-off a workman and to which the provisions of Chapter v-A apply, the question of payment of compensation will be governed and determined by the said provisions. Otherwise Chapter V-A is not a complete code as was argued on behalf of the respondent company in the matter of payment of lay-off compensation. This case therefore, goes out of Chapter V-A. Ordinarily and generally the workmen would be entitled to their full wages but in a reference made under section 10 (1) of the Act, it is open to the tribunal or the Court to award a lesser sum finding the justifiability of the lay-off. This case therefore, goes out of Chapter V-A. Ordinarily and generally the workmen would be entitled to their full wages but in a reference made under section 10 (1) of the Act, it is open to the tribunal or the Court to award a lesser sum finding the justifiability of the lay-off. In Kanhaiya Lal Gupta v. Ajeet Kumar Dev, 1967-II-LLJ-761 (All), a learned single Judge of the allahabad High Court seems to have rightly held that in the absence of any term in the contract of service or in the statute or in the statutory rules or standing orders an employer has no right to lay off a workman without paying him wages. A learned single Judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court took an identical view in the case of Steel and General mills Company Limited v. Additional District judge, Rohtak, 1972-I-LLJ-284. The majority view of the Bombay High Court in K. T. Rolling mills Private Limited v. M. R. Meher, AIR 1963 bom. 146 , that it is not open to the Industrial tribunal under the Act to award lay-off compensation to workmen employed in an Industrial establishment to which Section 25-C does not apply, is not correct. The source of the power of the employer to lay-off workmen does not seem to have been canvassed or discussed by the Bombay High Court in the said judgment. In the case of the Delhi Office of the respondent the Tribunal has held that the lay-off was justified. It was open to the Tribunal to award a lesser amount of compensation than the full wages. Instead of sending back the case to the Tribunal, we direct that 75% of the basic wages and dearness allowance would be paid to the workmen concerned for the period of lay-off. As we have said above this will not cover the case of those workmen who have settled or compromised their disputes with the management. Instead of sending back the case to the Tribunal, we direct that 75% of the basic wages and dearness allowance would be paid to the workmen concerned for the period of lay-off. As we have said above this will not cover the case of those workmen who have settled or compromised their disputes with the management. ( 9 ) THOUGH the aforesaid decisions were rendered in the context of applicability of chapter V-A, similar considerations may arise considering the applicability of Chapter V-B. Nothing has been indicated that under the standing orders applicable to the establishment, the Management has got the absolute right to "lay-off any workman without following the procedure contemplated under the Industrial disputes Act nor anything has been indicated about the right of the management to suspend the workmen and if so regarding the amount of compensation/wage paid to such workmen. ( 10 ) KEEPING in view the ratio of the decisions of the Supreme Court and particularly the last one reported in The Workmen of firestone and Rubber Co. of India (P) Limited v. Firestone Tyre and Rubber Co. , (supra), it cannot be said that the Management has absolute right in the facts and circumstances of the case to lay-of the workmen without paying them any compensation/wages for the period concerned. As has been observed by the supreme Court in 1976-I-LLJ-493, in the absence of any specific provision in Standing orders, the Management is required to pay the wages for the entire period. As has been further observed in the aforesaid Supreme Court decision, when the matter comes for adjudication in an Industrial Dispute, the labour Court has a discretion to consider the quantum of amount to be paid to the workmen. In the present case, the findings of the Labour court which has already been extracted indicate that the Labour Court has found that there was factual justification for laying off the workmen. In such view of the matter, it was unjust on the part of the Labour Court to give direction for payment of entire wages. ( 11 ) HAVING regard to the facts and circumstances of the case, I think interest of justice would be served by directing that the management would be liable to pay 75 per cent of the wages during the period in which the workmen of other departments had been laid off. ( 11 ) HAVING regard to the facts and circumstances of the case, I think interest of justice would be served by directing that the management would be liable to pay 75 per cent of the wages during the period in which the workmen of other departments had been laid off. The award of the Industrial Tribunal is modified to the aforesaid extent. ( 12 ) IN the result, the writ petition is allowed in part and in modification of the award, it is directed that the workmen concerned in other Departments were entitled to 75% of the wages for the period in question. Direction of the Labour Court regarding non-payment of any wages to the persons operating scutchers having not been challenged, shall remain unaltered. No order as to costs.