S. R. NAYAK, J. ( 1 ) IN a bodily injury case, the injured person being dissatisfied with the award of Rs. 1,48,200 with interest at the rate of 9 per cent per annum, has preferred this appeal under section 173 (1) of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (for short, 'the Act' ). ( 2 ) THE determination of the quantum of compensation by the decision-maker in this case is niggardly and reflects conservatism to the core and an outstanding orthodoxy in legal reasoning. Value of life and limb has not received due consideration at the hands of the decision-maker. Compensation awarded by the M. A. C. T. is very much mean and totally unfair 'in the views of reasonable men in general and of judges in particular', if we can borrow that phrase from Sachs, LJ. , in Jones v. Griffith, (1969)2 All ER 1015. Salmon, LJ. , in Fletcher v. Autocar and Transporters Ltd. , 1969 acj 99 (CA, England), said:". . . the damages awarded should be such that the ordinary sensible man would not instinctively regard them as either mean or extravagant, but would consider them to be sensible and fair. . . "the damages are not consolation money and they are given for the loss already incurred and to be incurred in the future for the harm actually sustained in the accident. ( 3 ) THE appellant sustained certain grievous injuries in an accident occurred on 21. 4. 96 at about 6. 30 p. m. on the footpath of Puttenahalli Bus Stop on bangalore-Doddaballapura Road involving a motor vehicle, i. e. , Ambassador car bearing registration no. MET 7885 owned by respondent no. 2 and insured by the respondent no. 1. The appellant claiming that on the date of accident he was 31 years of age and serving as police constable in the Central reserve Police Force (CRPF) in No. 58 battalion in Bangalore, and due to the injuries sustained by him in the accident he was reduced totally non-functional, filed claim petition under section 166 of the Act before the IX Addl. Small Causes Judge, member, M. A. C. T. , Bangalore (for short, 'the M. A. C. T. ') and claimed compensation of Rs. 10,00,000. The quantum of compensation claimed in the claim petition has been amended from Rs. 10,00,000 to rs. 25,00,000 in this appeal by the appellant by filing LA. Small Causes Judge, member, M. A. C. T. , Bangalore (for short, 'the M. A. C. T. ') and claimed compensation of Rs. 10,00,000. The quantum of compensation claimed in the claim petition has been amended from Rs. 10,00,000 to rs. 25,00,000 in this appeal by the appellant by filing LA. No. 2 of 2001 and the same was ordered by us on 10. 2. 2004. ( 4 ) THE claim petition was opposed by the insurance company by filing written statement and other respondents did not contest the petition. In the written statement filed by the insurance company, all material averments made in the claim petition are denied except the fact that the motor vehicle involved in the accident was insured with it. It was also contended in the written statement that the respondent no. 2 was not the owner of the vehicle involved in the accident on the date of the accident and its driver had no valid and effective driving licence as on the date of the accident. ( 5 ) IN the premise of the above pleadings, the M. A. C. T. framed the following issues for trial:" (1) Whether the petitioner proves that on 21. 4. 1996 at about 6. 30 p. m. when he was sitting on footpath at Puttenahalli bus Stop on Bangalore-Doddaballapura road, Ambassador car No. MET 7885 came in a high speed rashly and negligently and dashed against him as a result he sustained injuries as stated in the wound certificate? (2) Whether the petitioner is entitled to compensation? If so, how much and from whom?" ( 6 ) IN support of his claim, the appellant examined himself as PW 1, Dr. N. Ramesh as PW 2 and Dr. Sarala Mahobia as PW 3 and produced 43 documents marked as exhs. P-1 to P-43. On behalf of the respondents, none was examined nor any document was produced. ( 7 ) THE M. A. C. T. , on appreciation of evidence, oral and documentary, held issue no. 1 in favour of appellant-claimant and awarded compensation of Rs. 1,48,200. ( 8 ) WE have heard Mr. A. K. Bhat, learned counsel for the appellant and Mr. M. Sowri Raju, learned standing counsel for respondent No. 1 insurance company. Mr. ( 7 ) THE M. A. C. T. , on appreciation of evidence, oral and documentary, held issue no. 1 in favour of appellant-claimant and awarded compensation of Rs. 1,48,200. ( 8 ) WE have heard Mr. A. K. Bhat, learned counsel for the appellant and Mr. M. Sowri Raju, learned standing counsel for respondent No. 1 insurance company. Mr. A. K. Bhat would contend that in assessing 'loss of future earnings', the M. A. C. T. has wrongly taken the percentage of permanent disability at 6 per cent, whereas, the disability certificate would show 54 per cent permanent disability to the whole body. Mr. Bhat would contend that compensation of Rs. 61,200 towards 'loss of future income' is a pittance, because in terms of functional disability, the disability sustained by the appellant in the accident is total and 100 per cent. Mr. Bhat would also contend that even the compensation awarded under the heads 'pain and suffering', 'food and nourishment', 'loss of income during the laid-off period', 'conveyance expenses', 'attendant charges' and 'loss of amenities of life' is very less. ( 9 ) MR. M. Sowri Raju, learned standing counsel for the respondent No. 1 insurance company, on the other hand, would contend that simply because the appellant has sustained 54 per cent permanent disability to the whole body, it cannot be said that he is totally disabled to earn any income. Elaborating the contention, Mr. Sowri Raju would contend that the permanent disability might disentitle him to be a personnel in combat force, but that disability will not come in the way of the appellant from doing some light manual work or clerical work and earn income. In that view of the matter, Mr. Sowri Raju would contend that the M. A. C. T. has not committed any error or illegality in not taking functional disability at 100 per cent. Mr. Sowri Raju would also contend that the compensation awarded under various heads is reasonable and just. In support of his submission, Mr. Sowri Raju would place reliance on Full bench judgment of this court in Shivalinga shivanagowda Patil v. Erappa Basappa bhavihala, 2004 ACJ 333 (Karnataka) and judgment of a Division Bench of this court in R. Venkatesh v. P. Saravanan, 2002 ACJ 1743 (Karnataka ). Mr. In support of his submission, Mr. Sowri Raju would place reliance on Full bench judgment of this court in Shivalinga shivanagowda Patil v. Erappa Basappa bhavihala, 2004 ACJ 333 (Karnataka) and judgment of a Division Bench of this court in R. Venkatesh v. P. Saravanan, 2002 ACJ 1743 (Karnataka ). Mr. Sowri Raju would also contend that since the appellant was discharged from service after completing 10 years of service in CRPF, he is getting pension at the rate of Rs. 1,500 per month and that sum has to be deducted from his income while assessing 'loss of income'. ( 10 ) IN reply, Mr. A. K. Bhat would contend that pension is a wage earned during his service to which the appellant is entitled as a matter of right. Therefore, while assessing 'future loss of income' the quantum of pension the appellant is receiving from CRPF is not liable to be deducted from salary of appellant. Mr. Bhat would also point out that if appellant was to continue in service of CRPF for the remaining 23 years of service, he would have earned at least three promotions. Therefore, it is fair and just that while assessing 'future loss of income', M. A. C. T. ought to have taken the income of the appellant at least at the rate which is equivalent to double of the actual salary drawn by him on the date of accident/his discharge from service of CRPF. Mr. Bhat would also contend that Exhs. P-30 and P-43, the documents produced in this case would clearly go to show that the appellant has sustained 100 per cent functional disability and, therefore, while assessing 'future loss of income' the appellant should have been treated as totally disabled person. Mr. Bhat would also highlight that since as per medical evidence, the appellant after sitting cannot get up without support from others and he is permanently and completely incapacitated for any kind of service either in CRPF or elsewhere, the appellant securing any job is very remote and even if he secures any light job, he cannot perform such job without assistance of others to ensure his mobility and without pain and discomfort. ( 11 ) HAVING heard the learned counsel for the parties, the only question that arises for decision is whether compensation of rs. ( 11 ) HAVING heard the learned counsel for the parties, the only question that arises for decision is whether compensation of rs. 1,48,200 awarded by the M. A. C. T. with interest at 9 per cent per annum, in the facts and circumstances of the case and evidence on record, is just and reasonable compensation and, if not, what is just and reasonable compensation? ( 12 ) THE appellant on the date of accident, that is on 21. 4. 1996, was 31 years of age and serving in CRPF as a police constable. Despite the injuries sustained by appellant in the accident, he continued in the service of CRPF by entrusting light clerical work to him till 16. 3. 2000 by the administration of CRPF with the sole intention to allow the appellant to complete 10 years of qualifying service in order to entitle him to pension under the Pension regulations. He was discharged from the service on 16. 3. 2000. The Medical Board has opined that the appellant is completely and permanently incapacitated for service of any kind in CRPF due to the grievous and permanent injuries sustained by him in the accident. The appellant was drawing monthly salary of Rs. 5,088 as per salary certificate, marked as Exh. P-9. ( 13 ) AS could be seen from the Office order No. P. III-63/2000-GC-BLR-Pen- sion dated 12. 3. 2000 issued by the office of the Additional DIGP, Group Centre, crpf, Bangalore, marked as Exh. P-43, the Medical Invalidation Board has categorically opined that the appellant is completely and permanently incapacitated for service of any kind in CRPF. At this stage itself, it is also relevant to notice that the medical Invalidation Board was constituted to assess the suitability of the appellant for retention in service not only as police constable in CRPF but also otherwise. The words 'further retention in service or otherwise' occurring in Exh. P-43 are quite significant. In the endorsement issued by the assistant Commandant (Adm. Cops GC, crpf, Bangalore) dated 20. 9. 1999, marked as Exh. P-30, it is stated that 'he (the appellant) cannot get up after sitting without support'. It is also stated that appellant 'has developed restriction of movement of both knee joints and shortening of right leg'. Exh. P-43 are quite significant. In the endorsement issued by the assistant Commandant (Adm. Cops GC, crpf, Bangalore) dated 20. 9. 1999, marked as Exh. P-30, it is stated that 'he (the appellant) cannot get up after sitting without support'. It is also stated that appellant 'has developed restriction of movement of both knee joints and shortening of right leg'. Exh. P-30 makes clear that the administration of CRPF allowed the appellant to continue in service despite the total un-suitability for service in CRPF with the sole compassionate intention that if the appellant completes 10 years of service, he would be entitled to pension in terms of the Pension Regulations governing the service in CRPF. In Exh. P-30 it is stated thus:"he should be sent for Medical Invalidation Board after completion of 10 years pensionable service. He has completed 10 years of service on 7. 8. 1999. His qualifying service may be worked out and action for the Medical invalidation Board taken as and when he completed 10 years of pensionable service. " ( 14 ) EXHS. P-26 to P-28 and P-30 are the discharge summaries issued by Bowring hospital, Bangalore. As per Exh. P-26, the appellant was inpatient in Bowring Hospital from 22. 4. 1996 to 19. 10. 1996. As per exh. P-27, the appellant was an inpatient in the Bowring Hospital from 2. 1. 1997 to 25. 1. 1997. As per Exh. P-28, the appellant was inpatient in Bowring Hospital from 20. 5. 1997 to 26. 5. 1997. The appellant was also inpatient in the G. C. Hospital, CRPF, yelahanka, Bangalore between 19. 10. 1996 and 13. 5. 1997 and again, he was readmitted as an inpatient from 26. 5. 1997 and discharged on 23. 7. 1997 and he was advised complete bed rest till 20. 10. 1997. It appears that when the appellant was inpatient in G. C. Hospital, CRPF, Yelahanka, the authorities of that hospital referred the appellant to Bowring Hospital. As per Exh. P-31, discharge summary, the appellant was inpatient for a total period of 279 days. It has come in the evidence that as on the date of accident, the appellant was 31 years of age and as on the date of discharge from service, that is on 16. 3. 2000, he was 35 years of age. As per Exh. P-31, discharge summary, the appellant was inpatient for a total period of 279 days. It has come in the evidence that as on the date of accident, the appellant was 31 years of age and as on the date of discharge from service, that is on 16. 3. 2000, he was 35 years of age. ( 15 ) IN the premise of the above established facts, the M. A. C. T. has awarded rs. 25,000 for pain, shock, mental agony and suffering; Rs. 10,000 for food and nourishment during the laid off period; rs. 5,000 for conveyance; Rs. 12,000 for attendant charges; Rs. 25,000 for loss of amenities of life; Rs. 61,200 towards loss of future income taking the permanent disability at 6 per cent and Rs. 10,000 towards future medical expenses. The M. A. C. T. has thus awarded compensation of Rs. 1,48,200 with interest at 9 per cent per annum from the date of petition, till payment/deposit. ( 16 ) THE courts and Tribunals, in bodily injury cases, while assessing compensation, should take into account all relevant circumstances, evidence, legal principles governing quantification of compensation. Further, they have to approach the issue of awarding compensation on the larger perspectives of justice, equity and good conscience and eschew technicalities in the decision-making. There should be realisation on the part of the Tribunals and courts that the possession of one's own body is the first and most valuable of all human rights, and that all possessions and ownerships are extensions of this primary right, while awarding compensation for bodily injuries. Bodily injury is to be treated as a deprivation which entitles a claimant to damages. The amount of damages varies according to gravity of injuries. Deprivation sustained as a consequence of bodily injuries may bring with it three consequences, namely, (i) loss of earnings and earning capacity, (ii) expenses to pay others for what otherwise he would do for himself and (iii) loss or diminution in full pleasures and joys of living. Though it is impossible to equate money with human suffering, agony and personal deprivation, the Tribunals and courts should make an honest and serious attempt to award damages so far as money can compensate the loss. Loss of curing and earning should adequately be compensated. Though it is impossible to equate money with human suffering, agony and personal deprivation, the Tribunals and courts should make an honest and serious attempt to award damages so far as money can compensate the loss. Loss of curing and earning should adequately be compensated. Therefore, while considering deprivation, the Tribunals and courts should have due regard to the gravity and degree of deprivation as well as the degree of awareness of the deprivation. It is trite, in awarding damages in personal injury cases, the compensation awarded by the court should be substantial, it should not be merely token damages. ( 17 ) IN R. D. Hattangadi v. Pest Control (India) Pvt. Ltd. , 1995 ACJ 366 (SC), speaking about the heads of compensation, the Apex Court held thus:"broadly speaking, while fixing the amount of compensation payable to a victim of an accident, the damages have to be assessed separately as pecuniary damages and special damages. Pecuniary damages are those which the victim has actually incurred and which are capable of being calculated in terms of money; whereas non-pecuniary damages are those which are incapable of being assessed by arithmetical calculations. In order to appreciate two concepts pecuniary damages may include expenses incurred by the claimant: (i) medical attendance; (ii) loss of earning of profit up to the date of trial; (iii) other material loss. So far as non-pecuniary damages are concerned, they may include: (i) damages for mental and physical shock, pain and suffering, already suffered or likely to be suffered in the future; (ii) damages to compensate for the loss of amenities of life which may include a variety of matters, i. e. , on account of injury the claimant may not be able to walk, run or sit; (iii) damages for the loss of expectation of life, i. e. , on account of injury the normal longevity of the person concerned is shortened; (iv) inconvenience, hardship, discomfort, disappointment, frustration and mental stress in life. " ( 18 ) VISCOUNT Dunedin in Admiralty comrs. v. 5. 5. Valeria, (1922) 2 AC 242, has observed thus: "the true method of expression, I think, is that in calculating damages you are to consider what is the pecuniary consideration which will make good to the sufferer, as far as money can do so, the loss which he has suffered as the natural result of the wrong done to him. 5. Valeria, (1922) 2 AC 242, has observed thus: "the true method of expression, I think, is that in calculating damages you are to consider what is the pecuniary consideration which will make good to the sufferer, as far as money can do so, the loss which he has suffered as the natural result of the wrong done to him. " ( 19 ) LORD Blackburn in Livingstone v. Rawyards Coal Co. , (1880) 5 AC 25, has held thus:"where any injury is to be compensated by damages, in settling the sum of money to be given. . . you should as nearly as possible get at that sum of money which will put the person who has been injured. . . in the same position as he would have been in if he had not sustained the wrong. " ( 20 ) OF course, both the above cases were about damage to property. But we have referred to the above observations of viscount Dunedin and Lord Blackburn to show that in a case where a property or a thing cannot be replaced or repaired or restored, the court, at least, should make an attempt to give a fair equivalent in money, so far as the money can be an equivalent, and in that 'make good' the damage. In applying the above observations of Viscount dunedin and Lord Blackburn to personal injuries, it must be recognised that the primary rule is compensation. The rule restitutio in integrum which is a derivative of the main rule that compensation is measured by the cost of repair, or restoring the original position applies only if and so far as the original position can be restored. If it cannot, the law must endeavour to give a fair equivalent in money. ( 21 ) LORD Morris in his memorable speech in H. West and Son Ltd. v. Shephard, 1958-65 ACJ 504 (HL, England), pointed out this aspect in the following words:"money may be awarded so that something tangible may be procured to replace something else of the like nature which has been destroyed or lost. But money cannot renew a physical frame that has been battered and shattered. All the Judges and courts can do is to award sums which must be regarded as giving reasonable compensation. In the process there must be the endeavour to secure some uniformity in the general method of approach. But money cannot renew a physical frame that has been battered and shattered. All the Judges and courts can do is to award sums which must be regarded as giving reasonable compensation. In the process there must be the endeavour to secure some uniformity in the general method of approach. By common assent awards must be reasonable and must be assessed with moderation. Furthermore, it is eminently desirable that so far as possible comparable injuries should be compensated by comparable awards. " ( 22 ) IN the above case, their Lordships of the House of Lords, observed that the bodily injury is to be treated as a deprivation which entitles plaintiff to the damage and that the amount of damages varies according to the gravity of the injury. Their lordships emphasised that in personal injury cases the courts should not award merely token damages but they should grant substantial amount which could be regarded as adequate compensation. ( 23 ) IN Ward v. James, (1965) 1 All ER 563, speaking for the Court of Appeal in england, Lord Denning while dealing with the question of awarding compensation for personal injury laid down three basic principles:"firstly, assessability: In cases of grave injury, where the body is wrecked or brain destroyed, it is very difficult to assess a fair compensation in money, so difficult that the award must basically be a conventional figure, derived from experience or from awards in comparable cases. Secondly, uniformity: There should be some measure of uniformity in awards so that similar decisions may be given in similar cases; otherwise there will be great dissatisfaction in the community and much criticism of the administration of justice. Thirdly, predictability: parties should be able to predict with some measure of accuracy the sum which is likely to be awarded in a particular case, for by this means cases can be settled peaceably and not brought to court, a thing very much to the public good. " ( 24 ) IN deciding on the quantum of damages to be paid to a person for the personal injury suffered by him, the court is bound to ascertain all considerations which will make good to the sufferer of the injuries, as far as money can do, the loss which he has suffered as a natural consequence of the wrong done to him. ( 25 ) IN Basavaraj v. Shekhar, 1987 ACJ 1022 (Karnataka), a Division Bench of this court held:"if the original position cannot be restored as indeed in personal injury or fatal accident cases it cannot obviously be the law must endeavour to give a fair equivalent in money, so far as money can be an equivalent and so 'make good' the damage. " ( 26 ) THEREFORE, the general principle which should govern the assessment of damages in personal injury cases is that the court should award to injured person such a sum of money as will put him in the same position as he would have been in if he had not sustained the injuries. But, it is manifest that no award of money can possibly compensate an injured man and renew a shattered human frame. ( 27 ) LORD Morris of Borth-y-Gest in perry v. Cleaver, 1969 ACJ 363 (HL, england), said:"to compensate in money for pain and for physical consequences is invariably difficult but. . . no other process can be devised than that of making a monetary assessment. " ( 28 ) THE necessity that the damages should be full and adequate was stressed by the Court of Queen's Bench in Fair v. London and North Western Rly. Co. , (1869) 21 LT 326. In Rushton v. National coal Board, (1953) 1 All ER 314, Singleton, lj. said:"every member of this court is anxious to do all he can to ensure that the damages are adequate for the injury suffered, so far as there can be compensation for an injury, and to help the parties and others to arrive at a fair and just figure. " ( 29 ) FIELD, J. in Phillips v. South Western railway Co. , (1874) 4 QBD 406, held:"you cannot put the plaintiff back again into his original position, but you must bring your reasonable common sense to bear, and you must always recollect that this is the only occasion on which compensation can be given. The plaintiff can never sue again for it. You have, therefore, now to give him compensation, once and for all. He has done no wrong; he has suffered a wrong at the hands of the defendants and you must take care to give him full fair compensation for that which he has suffered. The plaintiff can never sue again for it. You have, therefore, now to give him compensation, once and for all. He has done no wrong; he has suffered a wrong at the hands of the defendants and you must take care to give him full fair compensation for that which he has suffered. " ( 30 ) IN Fowler v. Grace, (1970) 114 Sol jo 193, Edmund Davies, LJ. , said that 'it is the manifest duty of the Tribunal to give as perfect a sum as was within its power'. There are many losses which cannot easily be expressed in terms of money. If a person in an accident loses his sight, hearing or smelling faculty or a limb, value of such deprivation cannot be assessed in terms of market value because there is no market value for the personal asset which has been lost in the accident, and there is no easy way of expressing its equivalent in terms of money. Nevertheless a valuation in terms of money must be made, because, otherwise the law would be sterile and not able to give any remedy at all. Although accuracy and certainty were frequently unobtainable, a fair assessment must be made. Although undoubtedly there are difficulties and uncertainties in assessing damages in personal injury cases, that fact should not preclude an assessment at best as can, in the circumstances be made. ( 31 ) IN Mediana, (1900) AC 113, the plaintiffs were deprived of the use of a lightship, but sustained no pecuniary loss as another lightship was kept in reserve. Yet it was held that the plaintiffs were entitled to substantial damages for the loss of the use of their ship for a period, and lord Halsbury, LC. , answered the objection that assessment was too uncertain by observing that:"of course the whole region of inquiry into damages is one of extreme difficulty. You very often cannot even lay down any principle upon which you can give damages; nevertheless, it is remitted to the jury, or those who stand in place of the jury, to consider what compensation in money shall be given for what is a wrongful act. Take the most familiar and ordinary case: how is anybody to measure pain and suffering in moneys counted? Take the most familiar and ordinary case: how is anybody to measure pain and suffering in moneys counted? Nobody can suggest that you can by any arithmetical calculation establish what is the exact amount of money which would represent such a thing as the pain and suffering which a person has undergone by reason of an accident. . . . But, nevertheless, the law recognises that as a topic upon which damages may be given. " ( 32 ) IN personal injury cases, the court is constantly required to form an estimate of chances and risks which cannot be determined with precision. It is because, the law will disregard possibilities which are slight or chances which are nebulous; otherwise, all the circumstances of the situation must be taken into account, whether they relate to the future which the plaintiff would have enjoyed if the accident had not happened, or to the future of his injuries and his earning power after the accident. Damages are compensation for an injury or loss, that is to say, the full equivalent of money so far as the nature of money admits; and difficulty or uncertainty does not prevent an assessment. ( 33 ) IT is well settled principle that in granting compensation for personal injury, the injured has to be compensated (1) for pain and suffering; (2) for loss of amenities; (3) shortened expectation of life, if any; (4) loss of earnings or loss of earning capacity or in some cases for both; and (5) medical treatment and other special damages. In personal injury actions the two main elements are the personal loss and pecuniary loss. Chief Justice Cockburn in fair v. London and North Western Railway co. , (1869) 21 LT 326, distinguished the above two aspects thus:"in assessing the compensation the jury should take into account two things, first, the pecuniary loss the plaintiff sustains by the accident: secondly, the injury he sustains in his person, or his physical capacity of enjoying life. When they come to the consideration of the pecuniary loss they have to take into account not only his present loss, but his incapacity to earn a future improved income. " ( 34 ) MCGREGOR on Damages, 14th Edn. , para 1157, referring to the heads of damages in personal injury actions states:"the person physically injured may recover both for his pecuniary losses and his non-pecuniary losses. " ( 34 ) MCGREGOR on Damages, 14th Edn. , para 1157, referring to the heads of damages in personal injury actions states:"the person physically injured may recover both for his pecuniary losses and his non-pecuniary losses. Of these the pecuniary losses themselves comprise two separate items, viz. , the loss of earnings and other gains which the plaintiff would have made had he not been injured and the medical and other expenses to which he is put as a result of the injury, and the courts have subdivided the non-pecuniary losses into three categories, viz. , pain and suffering, loss of amenities of life and loss of expectation of life. " ( 35 ) BESIDES, the court is well advised to remember that the measures of damages in all these cases 'should be such as to enable even a tortfeasor to say that he had amply atoned for his misadventure'. The observation of Lord Devlin that the proper approach to the problem or to adopt a test as to what contemporary society would deem to be a fair sum, such as would allow the wrongdoer to 'hold up his head among his neighbours and say with their approval that he has done the fair thing', is quite apposite to be kept in mind by the court in assessing compensation in personal injury cases. ( 36 ) IN the premise of the above noticed well settled principles, norms and rules governing assessment of damages in personal injury cases, let us proceed to consider the contention of the learned counsel for the appellant that the compensation awarded by the M. A. C. T. , in the facts and circumstances of the case and evidence on record, is very much on lower side. Exh. P-30 and Exh. P-43 undeniably and clearly show that the appellant has sustained 100 per cent functional disability though as per pw 3, he has sustained only 54 per cent physical disability in respect of the whole body. The Medical Invalidation Board constituted by the administration of CRPF has certified that the appellant is completely and permanently incapacitated for service of any kind in CRPF due to injuries and multiple fractures sustained by him on both legs in the accident. In Exh. P-30 it is stated that appellant cannot get up after sitting without support. The Medical Invalidation Board constituted by the administration of CRPF has certified that the appellant is completely and permanently incapacitated for service of any kind in CRPF due to injuries and multiple fractures sustained by him on both legs in the accident. In Exh. P-30 it is stated that appellant cannot get up after sitting without support. In other words, in order to have free movement of the body, it has become absolutely necessary for the appellant to have the services of another. ( 37 ) IN R. Venkatesh v. P. Saravanan, 2002 ACJ 1743 (Karnataka), this court while dealing with a personal injury case where due to certain crushing injuries sustained by the claimant therein, his left lower limb was amputated, held that in terms of functional disability, the disability sustained by the claimant is total and 100 per cent though only the claimant's left lower limb was amputated. In para 9 of the judgment, the court held thus: "as a result of the amputation, the claimant had been rendered a cripple. He requires the help of crutches even for walking. He has become unfit for any kind of manual work. As he was earlier a loader doing manual work, the amputation of his left leg below knee has rendered him unfit for any kind of manual work. He has no education. In such cases, it is well settled that the economic and functional disability will have to be treated as total, even though the physical disability is not 100 per cent. " ( 38 ) WE can also derive support for our opinion from the judgment of the Gujarat high Court in A. S. Sharma v. Union of india, 1995 ACJ 493 (Gujarat ). In that case, Gujarat High Court held thus:"the assessment of damages in a case of personal injuries must be made on the basis as to what is the resultant impact and effect on the earnings or the capacity to earn. It is not entirely right to always make the future loss of income co-extensive with the extent of permanent disability. It is not an algebraic or mathematical formula which can be applied anywhere regardless of the avocation or profession or business of the injured-claimant. It is a problem which has to be approached from the point of view as to what is the resultant effect on the actual earnings or on the earning capacity. It is not an algebraic or mathematical formula which can be applied anywhere regardless of the avocation or profession or business of the injured-claimant. It is a problem which has to be approached from the point of view as to what is the resultant effect on the actual earnings or on the earning capacity. Thereafter, it is required to be quantified in terms of money for just and reasonable amount of compensation. On the basis of the evidence as to the permanent disablement, whether complete or partial, the assessment has to be made as to what effects the said disability would have on the entire functioning of the body and how it would consequently affect the earnings or the capacity to earn. " ( 39 ) MR. Sowri Raju, learned counsel for the insurance company would, however, submit that notwithstanding the injuries sustained by the appellant, he is capable of doing light manual work or clerical work and this fact is proved by his own evidence recorded on 23. 9. 1999 and also by the established fact that appellant was doing clerical work in CRPF between 23. 7. 1997 and 16. 3. 2000 and, therefore, while deciding on the loss of earning capacity of the appellant after accident, the court should take into account his capacity to do any other work after the accident. In support of the above contention, Mr. Sowri Raju would place strong reliance on the following observations of this court in para 25 of the judgment in Shivalinga Shivanagowda patil v. Erappa Basappa Bhavihala, 2004 acj 333 (Karnataka):". . . Determination of the loss of earning capacity has to be with reference to 'all the work' which the workman was capable of performing at the time of accident resulting in such disablement and not with reference to the work which the workman was performing at the time of the accident. However, this is subject to the condition that in case the workman establishes by acceptable evidence that after the injury not only he is not able to do the work which he was performing before the accident but he is not able to do any other work, the loss of earning capacity could be assessed on the basis of such evidence. " ( 40 ) THE contention of Mr. Sowri Raju is not acceptable to us for more than one reason. " ( 40 ) THE contention of Mr. Sowri Raju is not acceptable to us for more than one reason. Firstly, it is not correct to state that the appellant after the accident was capable of doing light manual work or clerical work. The argument of Mr. Sowri Raju is based on the fact that notwithstanding the accident, appellant was allowed to work and he was entrusted with some clerical work in the establishment of CRPF between 23. 7. 1997 and 16. 3. 2000. It is true that the appellant was in employment of the CRPF from 23. 7. 1997 till 16. 3. 2000 on which date he was discharged from service on the recommendation of the Medical invalidation Board. It needs to be emphasised at this stage itself that notwithstanding the fact that the appellant had sustained 100 per cent functional disability, out of compassion and in order to help appellant, it appears, the higher-ups in the administrative echelon of the CRPF allowed the appellant to complete 10 years of service in order to see that he would be entitled to pension in terms of the Pension Regulations. It is not just and fair that the court should put that circumstance against the appellant to hold that despite the injuries sustained by him in the accident, he is capable of doing light manual work or clerical work. We need not dilate on this aspect further because, Exhs. P-30 and p-43 would conclusively show and loudly tell us that the appellant has sustained 100 per cent functional disability in the accident. In addition, PW 2 doctor also in his deposition recorded on 16. 11. 1999 has stated that when he examined the appellant on 22. 10. 1999, the appellant was complaining pain in the left lower limb and also knee; appellant was limping towards left side and he had difficulty in squatting. It was also stated by PW 2 that the appellant could squat on the floor with crossed legs and that too with pain. PW 2 has also stated that the appellant might develop osteo-arthritis and the appellant is disabled to use Indian toilet without pain and difficulty. ( 41 ) IT is said that the appellant is only sslc and he does not possess any skill or experience or training to undertake any other work, manual or otherwise. PW 2 has also stated that the appellant might develop osteo-arthritis and the appellant is disabled to use Indian toilet without pain and difficulty. ( 41 ) IT is said that the appellant is only sslc and he does not possess any skill or experience or training to undertake any other work, manual or otherwise. After sslc, the appellant had joined CRPF as a police constable and he was trained in combating and to perform other duties and functions attached to the post of police constable. Since the appellant lacks skill or training or experience to undertake any other work, it is highly improbable and unlikely that the appellant will be able to secure any job even assuming that despite the injuries sustained by him, he is able to perform some light manual work or ordinary clerical work by squatting on the floor with pain and discomfort. Further, it needs to be emphasised that it is not the right of the tortfeasor or a person who has taken over the liability of the tortfeasor in terms of and under the Act to dictate that the injured person should do some other work, manual or otherwise, it does not matter, may be with pain and discomfort, in order to minimise his or its liability. Such insistence is untenable in law and if such is the case, it would violate basic human rights of the injured person. In this case, the appellant is reduced to such a state that he is unable to do any work, manual or otherwise, without subjecting himself to pain and suffering, agony and discomfort. In an accident, if a man is disabled for a work which he was doing before the accident, that he has no talents, skill, experience or training for anything else and he is unable to find any work, manual or clerical, such a man for all practical purposes has lost all earning capacity he possessed before and he is required to be compensated on the basis of total loss. In reaching this conclusion we may derive support from the judgments in Daniels v. Sir Robert Mcalpine and Sons Ltd. , (1971) 11 KIR 141 and Blair v. F. J. C. Lilley (Marine) Ltd. , 1981 SLT 90. Secondly, the physical incapacity to earn income sustained by appellant is not temporary, but permanent and complete as per Exh. P-43. In reaching this conclusion we may derive support from the judgments in Daniels v. Sir Robert Mcalpine and Sons Ltd. , (1971) 11 KIR 141 and Blair v. F. J. C. Lilley (Marine) Ltd. , 1981 SLT 90. Secondly, the physical incapacity to earn income sustained by appellant is not temporary, but permanent and complete as per Exh. P-43. Thirdly, it cannot be said that since the appellant has sustained only 54 per cent permanent physical disability in respect of the whole body as per PW 3, the court should take into account functional disability also at 54 per cent only while assessing the loss of earning capacity. Such hypothesis does not stand to reason nor can it be accepted as valid in terms of law. An injured person is compensated for the loss which he incurs as a result of physical injury and not for physical injury itself. In other words, compensation is given only for what is lost due to accident in terms of an equivalent in money insofar as the nature of money admits for the loss sustained. In an accident, if a person loses a limb or eye or sustains an injury, the court while computing damages for the loss of organs or physical injury, does not value a limb or eye in isolation, but only values totality of the harm which the loss has entailed the loss of amenities of life and infliction of pain and suffering: the loss of the good things of life, joys of life and the positive infliction of pain and distress. ( 42 ) LORD Reid in Baker v. Willoughby, 1970 ACJ 259 (HL, England), said:"a man is not compensated for the physical injury; he is compensated for the loss which he suffers as a result of that injury. His loss is not in having a stiff leg; it is in his inability to lead a full life, his inability to enjoy those amenities which depend on freedom of movement and his inability to earn as much as he used to earn or could have earned. . . " ( 43 ) IN conclusion, we hold that the appellant has sustained 100 per cent permanent functional disability in his earning capacity and, on that basis, we proceed to quantify the financial loss of the appellant. . . " ( 43 ) IN conclusion, we hold that the appellant has sustained 100 per cent permanent functional disability in his earning capacity and, on that basis, we proceed to quantify the financial loss of the appellant. In estimating the financial or pecuniary loss, the court must first form an opinion, from the evidence and probabilities in the case, of the nature and extent of the loss. While estimating the loss of earnings, the court must first decide what the claimant would have earned if the accident had not happened, allowing for any future increase or decrease in the rate of earnings. It is also necessary for the court to decide how long the loss will continue, whether there is incapacity for life or for a shorter period. The court should also make an estimate of the amount, if any, which the claimant could still earn in future, notwithstanding disabilities sustained by him in the accident. Further, in a case where the claimant claims medical and nursing expenses, the court must find as a fact what expenses have already been incurred and must estimate from the evidence the expenses which will be incurred in future. ( 44 ) IN this case, appellant was inpatient for a total period of 279 days in Bowring hospital, Bangalore and G. C. Hospital, crpf, Yelahanka. Medical records go to show that the appellant sustained fracture of both the bones of both legs and of right humerus and he had to be hospitalised for more than 9 months with agonising pain and discomfort. Taking into account the severity of the injuries sustained by the appellant and nature and length of medical treatment in two hospitals and pain, shock and mental agony inflicted on the appellant, we think it just and proper to award a sum of Rs. 50,000 for pain and suffering. ( 45 ) THE appellant was inpatient for a total period of 279 days of which most of the period was spent in Bowring Hospital, bangalore. The residence of the appellant was in Yelahanka. It has come in the evidence that the appellant's wife had to come to Bowring Hospital at least twice a day when the appellant was inpatient in that hospital from Yelahanka and she had to spend Rs. 100 for autorickshaw charges for every trip. The residence of the appellant was in Yelahanka. It has come in the evidence that the appellant's wife had to come to Bowring Hospital at least twice a day when the appellant was inpatient in that hospital from Yelahanka and she had to spend Rs. 100 for autorickshaw charges for every trip. That claim made by the appellant cannot be regarded as on higher scale having regard to more than 20 km. distance from Yelahanka to Bowring Hospital in Bangalore city. It is trite, during hospitalisation as inpatient, the appellant required the services of an attendant. As pointed out supra, even after the treatment also, he did not regain freedom in movement, in the strict sense, to maintain physical mobility without support of another. In that view of the matter, we award a sum of Rs. 27,900 towards attendant charges and another sum of Rs. 27,900 towards travelling expenses at the rate of Rs. 100 per day for a total period of 279 days. Thus, we award total sum of Rs. 55,800 towards attendant charges and travelling expenses. We further award a sum of rs. 20,000 towards special food, nutrition and incidental expenses, keeping in mind the length of treatment and the complexity of the injuries sustained by the appellant. ( 46 ) IT has come in the evidence that due to the injuries sustained by the appellant, he had to be on leave from the date of accident, i. e. , from 21. 4. 1996 to 22. 7. 1997 and, only on 23. 7. 1997 he was taken back on duty by the administration of CRPF and allowed him to continue in service till he completed 10 years of qualifying service for the purpose of earning pension. Monthly salary of the appellant at the relevant point of time was Rs. 5,088. The appellant was laid off for treatment as inpatient and outpatient for a total period of 15 months. We, therefore, award a sum of Rs. 76,320 (Rs. 5,088 x 15) for loss of earnings during the laid off period between 21. 4. 1996 and 22. 7. 1997. ( 47 ) IT has come in evidence that on the date of accident, the appellant was aged 31 years. However, notwithstanding the total functional disability, appellant was allowed to report for duty on 23. 7. 1997 and he was discharged from service on 16. 3. 4. 1996 and 22. 7. 1997. ( 47 ) IT has come in evidence that on the date of accident, the appellant was aged 31 years. However, notwithstanding the total functional disability, appellant was allowed to report for duty on 23. 7. 1997 and he was discharged from service on 16. 3. 2000 after completion of 10 years of service on the recommendation of Medical Invalidation board. As on 16. 3. 2000 the appellant was 35 years of age. Therefore, we think it just and appropriate to take the age of the appellant as 35 years and not 31 years for choosing the appropriate multiple for the purpose of estimating future loss of income. If that is so, the appropriate multiple to be applied is 15'. ( 48 ) THE next question to be considered is, whether for the purpose of estimating loss of future income, the court should take into account only the salary earned by the appellant on the date of accident or on the date of his discharge from service or the court should also take into account the future prospects of the appellant earning more income by way of periodical increments, regular promotions, revisions of salary, etc. Mr. A. K. Bhat, drawing our attention to the evidence of PW 1, would contend that in normal course the appellant, but for the injuries sustained by him in the accident, would have earned at least two promotions to the cadre of Head Constable and Sub-Inspector in the CRPF and increments and revision of pay from time to time during the remaining 23 years of uncompleted service and, therefore, court should take his monthly income at the rate of Rs. 10,176, which is double of the actual monthly salary of the appellant on the date of the accident for the purpose of estimate of future loss of income. ( 49 ) PER contra, Mr. Sowri Raju, learned standing counsel for the insurance company would contend that while estimating the future loss of income, the court should eschew the deductions made by the employer from the salary of the appellant and entire monthly salary of Rs. 5,088 cannot be taken as the basis. ( 50 ) LET us first dispose of the contention of Mr. Sowri Raju. It is not the case of the insurance company that from out of rs. 5,088 cannot be taken as the basis. ( 50 ) LET us first dispose of the contention of Mr. Sowri Raju. It is not the case of the insurance company that from out of rs. 5,088 any deduction was made by the employer towards income tax or professional tax. If that is so, deductions made by the employer towards loans obtained or advances made by the employer, etc. , need not be deducted from the gross salary of the appellant for the purpose of estimation of future loss of income. ( 51 ) THE appellant sustained very grievous injuries relatively at the young age of 31 years. Even on the date of his discharge from service, 23-24 years of service was left out because the age of superannuation in the CRPF, it is stated, is 58 years. In the normal course, the appellant would have earned at least two regular promotions as well as he would have the benefit of periodical revisions of wages, increments, etc. Of course, future promotions, increments, revisions of pay are in the domain of many imponderables and the court should bear them in mind while assessing future loss of income. Nevertheless, it is now well settled by the judgments in the cases of c. K. Subramonia Iyer v. T. Kunhi Kuttan nair, 1970 ACJ 110 (SC); Manjushri raha v. B. L. Gupta, 1977 ACJ 134 (SC); bhanumati Vithaldas Gor v. Magabhai dhulabhai, 1981 ACJ 379 (Gujarat); Nirmala Sharma v. Raja Ram, 1982 ACJ 143 (Delhi); U. P State Road Trans. Corpn. v. Deepti, 1985 ACJ 691 (Allahabad); Jyoti kaul v. State of Madhya Pradesh, 2000 acj 1368 (SC), that while estimating future loss of income, the court can take into account the future prospects of the injured or the deceased of earning more income by way of promotions or otherwise. In that view of the matter, we are of the considered opinion that for the purpose of estimating 'future loss of income' in case of the appellant, the court might be justified in taking his monthly income at least at the rate of Rs. 7,500, if not more. But, we are not doing so. Appellant in his evidence has stated that after his discharge from service, crpf is paying him pension at the rate of rs. 1,500 per month. 7,500, if not more. But, we are not doing so. Appellant in his evidence has stated that after his discharge from service, crpf is paying him pension at the rate of rs. 1,500 per month. Although pension is a wage earned and not a solatium, taking into account all exigencies, uncertainties, pitfalls which accompany an ordinary human life, and also taking into account the fact that the appellant is being given 'lump sum' money at one go towards loss of future income, we are inclined to take the monthly income of the appellant at rs. 6,000 only for assessing loss of future income. If we take monthly income at the rate of Rs. 6,000 and apply multiple of 15, the appellant is entitled to Rs. 10,80,000 (Rs. 6,000 x 12 x 15) towards loss of future income. ( 52 ) IT has come in the evidence of PW 2, doctor that the appellant is required to undergo one more surgery and requires to be inpatient for 15 days to be followed by treatment for a further period of one month. Of course, the doctor has not stated the cost of surgery nor the money required for treatment as such. But, taking into account what PW 2 has stated in para 7 of his deposition recorded on 16. 11. 1999, we think, a sum of Rs. 20,000 would be just compensation for future medical expenses. ( 53 ) WHATEVER be the medical expenses as already incurred by the appellant, it is admitted, have been reimbursed by the administration of CRPF and, therefore, awarding compensation towards medical expenses to the appellant would not arise. ( 54 ) THE permanent disability sustained by the appellant, undeniably, would come in the way of the appellant enjoying his normal and full life. Appellant has become very much dependent upon others even for maintaining his physical mobility. The appellant's freedom of movement is drastically impaired and arrested. On account of the injuries sustained by him, he is denied enjoyment and pleasures of life including normal sex life. Appellant has to live rest of his life with frustration, disappointment, unhappiness, discomfort and inconvenience. Appellant has become very much dependent upon others even for maintaining his physical mobility. The appellant's freedom of movement is drastically impaired and arrested. On account of the injuries sustained by him, he is denied enjoyment and pleasures of life including normal sex life. Appellant has to live rest of his life with frustration, disappointment, unhappiness, discomfort and inconvenience. On the head of damages for deprivation of amenities the measure of damages should primarily be the measure of deprivation of the natural gifts, faculties and capabilities of a man and to what extent the injured person has been deprived of the human experience, both physical and mental. Therefore, the court while assessing the damages for deprivation of amenities of life should take into account the gravity and degree of the deprivation, duration of the deprivation and the degree of awareness of the deprivation. In that view of the matter, we think that appellant is entitled to at least a sum of Rs. 1,00,000 towards loss of amenities of life, frustration, disappointment, unhappiness, discomfort and inconvenience, etc. ( 55 ) THE Tribunal has awarded interest at the rate of 9 per cent per annum. We think that the rate of interest awarded by the M. A. C. T. is just and fair. ( 56 ) IN the result and for the foregoing reasons, we allow the appeal in part, however, with no order as to costs and in substitution of the impugned award passed by the M. A. C. T. , we award total compensation of Rs. 14,02,120, rounded off to rs. 14,00,000 (rupees fourteen lakh) under the following heads: ( 57 ) THE insurance company shall deposit the compensation money minus the money already paid or deposited towards compensation, within one month from the date of receipt of a copy of this judgment and, on such deposit being made, the m. A. C. T. is directed to invest 50 per cent of the compensation money and proportionate interest in a term deposit initially for a period of 5 years in Ing Vysya Bank ltd. , High Court Extension Counter, High court Annexe, Bangalore 560001 and the remaining compensation amount shall be paid to the appellant. Appeal allowed. --- *** --- .