K. S. JHAVERI, J. ( 1 ) IN these petitions a common question of law is involved and therefore they are dealt with by this common judgement. ( 2 ) IN sca no. 5089/90 the petitioner has prayed for a direction to restrain the respondents from reverting the petitioner before the juniors to the petitioner are reverted. ( 3 ) IN sca no. 3241/95 the petitioners prayed for a direction to consider the case of the petitioner therein for promotion to the class ii post in the cadre of city survey superintendent on the basis of pre-29. 8. 1984 rules and to consider their case for promotion to the post of shirestedar/head clerk from the date on which unqualified persons were promoted and further giving the benefit of deemed date of promotion, pay fixation, arrears of salary and further promotion, etc. ( 4 ) THE petitioners in special civil application nos. 7000/1999 and 7688/99 are the employees (hereinafter referred to as the second group of petitioners) who are affected by the issuance of the circular dated 6th march 1995 by virtue of the fact that though they had cleared the departmental examination and they being eligible for the promotion to the higher post, in view of the fixation of the deemed date by circular dated 6th march 1995, they were deprived of their right of promotion and other consequential benefits. Therefore, those petitioners have challenged the decision dated 6th march 1995 and also prayed to quash the promotion orders passed and seniority list prepared in pursuance of the aforesaid decision dated 6th march 1995. . ( 5 ) IN special civil application nos. 7817 and 9942 of 2002 the prayer is to quash and set aside the order dated 17. 6. 2002 and 18. 9. 2002 respectively and for a declaration that the petitioners were given the deemed dates rightly and properly in the cadre of shirestedars and senior clerks. ( 6 ) IN special civil application no. 994/2003 and in special civil application nos. 10881, 11210 of 2002, 3147, 3152, 3159, 3162, 3164, 3166, 3167, 3168, 3169, 3170, 3171, 3172, 3173, 3174, 3175, 3176, 3177, 3178, 3179, 14058, 14060, 14061, 14062, 14370 and 14371 of 2003, the prayer is to quash and set aside the orders dated 8. 7. 2002 and 18. 9. 2002. 994/2003 and in special civil application nos. 10881, 11210 of 2002, 3147, 3152, 3159, 3162, 3164, 3166, 3167, 3168, 3169, 3170, 3171, 3172, 3173, 3174, 3175, 3176, 3177, 3178, 3179, 14058, 14060, 14061, 14062, 14370 and 14371 of 2003, the prayer is to quash and set aside the orders dated 8. 7. 2002 and 18. 9. 2002. By the decision dated 8th july 2002, passed by the settlement commissioner and director of land reforms, gujarat state, the benefits which were granted to the petitioners pursuant to the decision of the said authority dated 6th march 1995 were sought to be withdrawn. By the said decision the respondent authority has directed to reshuffle the deemed date given to the employees and to follow the guidelines issued on 13th august 1993. By order dated 18th september 2002 the deemed date given to the first group of petitioners in the cadre of senior clerk as well as sheristedar has been cancelled and sought recovery of the payment made to them. Therefore, the aforesaid petitioners have challenged both the decisions dated 8th july 2002 and 18th september 2002. ( 7 ) THE brief history of the events pertaining to the present petitions as they emerge from the record are as under: ( 8 ) ONE shri h. m. patel, working as field party surveyor in the office of the superintendent of land records, preferred appeal no. 84/81 before the gujarat civil services tribunal, gandhinagar challenging the order of promotion to the post of senior clerk of a person who has not passed the qualifying departmental examination. The question raised in the said appeal was to the effect that whether the promotion can be given to the post of senior clerk without passing the qualifying examination. The tribunal, by judgement and order dated 17th january 1983 allowed the said appeal. The operative part of the said judgement reads as under: ( 9 ) SINCE the senior persons to said shri h. m. patel were not granted the aforesaid benefits, they approached the gujarat civil services tribunal, gandhinagar, by way of filing appeals no. 234/84, 250/87, 335/87, and 109/87. The said appeals were allowed by common judgement and order dated 20th november 1992. The operative part of the said judgement reads as under: ( 10 ) PURSUANT to the aforesaid order of the gujarat civil services tribunal, gandhinagar, the state government viz. 234/84, 250/87, 335/87, and 109/87. The said appeals were allowed by common judgement and order dated 20th november 1992. The operative part of the said judgement reads as under: ( 10 ) PURSUANT to the aforesaid order of the gujarat civil services tribunal, gandhinagar, the state government viz. The settlement commissioner by circular dated 13th august 1993, issued certain guidelines whereby it was directed to give deemed date of promotion to the eligible employees pursuant to the judgement of the tribunal. ( 11 ) IN the meantime, since the directions of the tribunal remained uncomplied with, some of the employees who had passed the examination had approached this court by filing special civil application no. 12877 of 1993. This court, while issuing notice in the matter on 10th november 1993, passed the following order: ( 12 ) THEREAFTER the matter came to be admitted on 26th april 1994 and this court observed as under: ( 13 ) PURSUANT to the orders of this court the settlement commissioner modified the directions issued vide circular dated 13th august 1993 by yadi (hereinafter referred to as the order) dated 6th march 1995 wherein it is stated that deemed date in the cadre of senior clerks would be given to all those who were qualified over those non-qualified senior clerks during the period between 1975 to 1984. In pursuance of the said order special civil application no. 12877/93 came to be withdrawn. The said order reads as under: ( 14 ) ACCORDING to the petitioners, subsequently a meeting was conducted on 25th august 1995 wherein the representatives of government as well as employees were present and the guidelines issued on 6th march 1995 were the subject matter of discussion. The petitioners stated that on 7th september 1995 in the presence of the settlement commissioner and the secretary of the revenue department the issue was discussed and authority was granted to the settlement commissioner to resolve the question of deemed date and the decision of the settlement commissioner was informally approved by the state government. ( 15 ) PURSUANT to the order dated 6. 3. 1995 the first group of petitioners were given deemed date of promotions. ( 15 ) PURSUANT to the order dated 6. 3. 1995 the first group of petitioners were given deemed date of promotions. It is the case of the first group of petitioners that though the respondents were supposed to follow the directions contained in the order dated 6th march 1995, without any valid reasons and without following any procedure, the settlement commissioner reviewed the same and cancelled the instructions contained in paragraphs 2 and 4 of the order dated 6th march 1995 by his order dated 8th july 2002 and further directed to reconsider the deemed date which was given to the employees and that the same may be reconsidered in pursuance of the guidelines issued on 13th august 1993. The reasons assigned by the respondent authorities to cancel the order dated 6th march 1995 are to the effect that the directions contained in the order dated 6th march 1995 were not in consonance with the directions of the gujarat civil services tribunal dated 17. 1. 1983; that in class iii cadre, by virtue of passing the l. r. q examination, a junior in cadre gets undue advantage over his senior which is against the principles of natural justice; that l. r. q. rules only give a right of early promotion to such employee who has passed the examination earlier and it does not give any right to claim seniority; that by issuing deemed date orders many problems were created and that the order dated 13. 8. 1993 were more than sufficient and thus order dated 6th march 1995 is cancelled. While passing the above order dated 8th july 2002 the settlement commissioner has considered the judgement of the tribunal as well as the instructions issued by the state government on 24th may 2002. ( 16 ) IN the year 1995, certain employees of the land records department, who had not passed the l. r. q. examination have approached this court by filing special civil application no. 2894/95 seeking a declaration that seniority of the employees is governed by the principle of continuous officiation. A further declaration has been sought for that it was not obligatory for the employees to pass l. r. q. examination as a condition precedent for further promotion to the post of senior clerk in class iii service. This court, by order dated 18th june 1997 dismissed the said petition. A further declaration has been sought for that it was not obligatory for the employees to pass l. r. q. examination as a condition precedent for further promotion to the post of senior clerk in class iii service. This court, by order dated 18th june 1997 dismissed the said petition. ( 17 ) PURSUANT to the order dated 8th july 2002, the first group of petitioners were issued show cause notice dated 1st august 2002 calling upon them to show cause as to why deemed date orders issued to them should not be cancelled. The said petitioners submitted detailed representation on 9th august 2002. Ultimately vide order dated 18th september 2002 the deemed date given to the first group of petitioners in the cadre of senior clerk as well as sheristedar has been cancelled and the excess amount paid, if any, was sought to be recovered from the concerned employees. ( 18 ) IT is under the aforesaid circumstances the first group of petitioners challenged the orders dated 8th july 2002 and 18th september 2002. ( 19 ) AS stated earlier, the second group of petitioners are the employees who are allegedly affected by the issuance of circular dated 6th march 1995 inasmuch as though they had cleared the departmental examination and they are eligible for promotion to the higher post, because of the wrong continuation of the deemed date, they are wrongly deprived of their right of promotion. ( 20 ) THE contentions raised by mr. B. p. tanna, learned senior counsel on behalf of the first group of petitioners can be summarized as under: ( 21 ) MR. N. k. majumudar, who is appearing on behalf of some of the first group of petitioners submitted that he adopts the submissions advanced by mr. b. p. tanna, learned senior counsel. However, he further submitted that all the petitioners have passed land record examination within prescribed chances and therefore as per rule 4 (1) (3) of land records qualifying examination rules, 1970, they are entitled to retain their seniority. He also relied upon the order passed by the tribunal and also contended that there is an unreasonable delay in passing the impugned order. ( 22 ) MR. Supehia, who is appearing on behalf of some of the first group of petitioners submitted that he adopts the submissions of mr. B. p. tanna, learned senior counsel. He also relied upon the order passed by the tribunal and also contended that there is an unreasonable delay in passing the impugned order. ( 22 ) MR. Supehia, who is appearing on behalf of some of the first group of petitioners submitted that he adopts the submissions of mr. B. p. tanna, learned senior counsel. He further submitted that since the petitioners have already retired, no recovery may be made and their pension may not be disturbed. ( 23 ) I may now advert to the contentions raised on behalf the second group of petitioners in special civil application no. 7000/1999. Mr. Bambhania, learned counsel raised the following contentions: ( 24 ) MR. BAMBHANIA submitted that the government of gujarat has sanctioned only 21 posts of senior clerks and at no point of time the cadre strength has been enlarged by the subordinate officers like superintendent of land records, and or settlement commissioner and director of land records. The power to increase the posts and cadre strength vests with the government in revenue department, who can enlarge the cadre strength with the prior permission of the government in general administration department, and government in finance department. It is the specific plea and case of the original petitioners that the government has neither sanctioned the additional posts and/or permitted even for a temporary period to enlarge the cadre strength than sanctioned by the government. ( 25 ) ACCORDING to mr. Bambhania, the total posts of senior clerk throughout the state can be manned by the employees promoted to the post of senior clerk from the feeder post of junior clerk and/or surveyors. ( 26 ) HE submitted that from the desai pay commission onwards, the senior clerk cadre pay scale has been less than other cadre to which the surveyor and junior clerk cadre is the feeder cadre. ( 26 ) HE submitted that from the desai pay commission onwards, the senior clerk cadre pay scale has been less than other cadre to which the surveyor and junior clerk cadre is the feeder cadre. ( 27 ) HE next contended that the directions of the tribunal cannot be given a scope to extend promotion to all the employees of the state who had passed the land revenue qualifying examination shall be promoted irrespective of posts and accordingly more than 500 persons are extended such promotion as against less than 50 posts of senior clerks on extraneous consideration which is the subject matter of challenge before the honble tribunal by examining the promotion rules, cadre strength, rules and bombay civil services rules, 1959 regulating the appointment by way of promotion. ( 28 ) ACCORDING to mr. Bambhania, the total strength cannot be enlarged by the divisional offices and/or by the government in revenue department. Even in the present case, the government in general administration department and government in finance department has examined the issue and clarified that as against one unqualified one qualified to be substituted i. e. 1:1 by reverting one and replacing the one who ought to have been considered at the time vacancy was occupied by the unqualified person. According to the second group of petitioners the orders came to be passed ignoring all the rules and regulations and the law on the subject. ( 29 ) MR. Bambhania submitted that any action and orders passed on the basis of asserted orders of this court, which has factually incorrect foundation, cannot be given effect to as the officer who has passed the order had no authority to pass the instructions, which runs counter to the statutory rules and which has overriding effect over the instructions issued and orders passed. ( 30 ) LEARNED counsel submitted that by virtue of direction and observations, no employee can jump the promotion queue and procedure on the grounds of having passed the lrq examination. The post of junior clerk has the first promotion of surveyor and thereafter senior clerk/maintenance surveyors, sheristadars, etc. As per judgement of the tribunal, if any person who has passed the lrq examination from inferior service is available as per statutory rules and seniority, the unqualified person must give room to him. The equation should be 1:1 which shall not exceed the cadre strength. As per judgement of the tribunal, if any person who has passed the lrq examination from inferior service is available as per statutory rules and seniority, the unqualified person must give room to him. The equation should be 1:1 which shall not exceed the cadre strength. ( 31 ) IN substance, learned counsel has supported the impugned orders challenged by the first group of petitioners. ( 32 ) AFFIDAVIT in replies have been filed on behalf of the respondent authorities. The main defence urged by mr. Kamal trivedi, learned additional advocate general are as under: ( 33 ) MR. Trivedi submitted that the instruction issued on 6th march 1995 is neither in consonance with the statutory rules nor the same is in consonance with the judgement of the tribunal, and pursuant to the direction of the tribunal in above referred appeal of shri h. m. patel, directions were already issued on 13th august 1993 which was in compliance with the order of the tribunal. ( 34 ) ACCORDING to mr. Trivedi, the interim orders of this court passed in sca no. 12877/95 were already complied with by issuing directions to the authorities by instructions dated 13th august 1993, but ignoring the same the order dated 6th march 1995 came to be issued which is bad in law. ( 35 ) MR. Trivedi contended that the instructions issued on 6th march 1995 is in violation of basic principle of service jurisprudence inasmuch as deemed dates are given to the employees even though there were no sanctioned posts and the instructions issued by the tribunal is to give deemed date only against such sanctioned posts. By giving such deemed date not only the government is burdened with financial liability, but also the statutory provisions are violated and has ignored the judgements of this court whereby persons who are qualified on the date of promotions were deprived of their rights because of this aforesaid decision and such eligible persons were made juniors, which is not the object of the statutory rules. Therefore, considering the administrative exigency and burden on the state government, the state government has thought it fit to cancel paragraphs 2 to 4 of order dated 6th march 1995. ( 36 ) MR. Therefore, considering the administrative exigency and burden on the state government, the state government has thought it fit to cancel paragraphs 2 to 4 of order dated 6th march 1995. ( 36 ) MR. TRIVEDI submitted that as per the concept of "deemed date", it is only when any junior is promoted disregarding the senior, then in that case, deemed date of promotion is required to be given to the senior employee with effect from the date of promotion of the junior. In other words, the benefit of deemed date to be given to any senior/qualified employee has to be referable and related to the number of junior/non-qualified employees who might have been promoted in disregard of senior/qualified employees. ( 37 ) ACCORDING to mr. Trivedi, the instructions contained in letter dated 13. 8. 1993 were absolutely legal and proper and in consonance with the judgements dated 17. 1. 1983 and 20. 11. 1992 of the tribunal, whereby what was directed was to grant "deemed date" to all the qualified employees,i. e. those who had passed lrq examination against those who were non-qualified employees and occupying the posts of promotion. ( 38 ) MR. Trivedi submitted that it is admitted that the decision is taken first and post hearing is given, but principle of natural justice is complied with and out of 484 employees except few petitioners, majority of the employees have accepted the decision and seniority was reshuffled by the state government. He therefore submitted that therefore in the interest of all concerned, this court may not disturb the same, otherwise it will create administrative difficulties and huge financial burden on the state government. ( 39 ) MR. Trivedi further submitted that the order passed in sca no. 12877/93 wherein decision of 6th march 1995 is alleged to have been sought to be produced before this court and relying on which the petition is withdrawn is not a judicial approval. The said order reads as under:in view of the above it cannot be said that the state government has bypassed the decision of the high court. ( 40 ) MR. Trivedi has fairly conceded that the payment which is already made cannot be recovered in view of the fact that the benefits which are wrongly granted cannot be recovered in view of the settled legal position. ( 40 ) MR. Trivedi has fairly conceded that the payment which is already made cannot be recovered in view of the fact that the benefits which are wrongly granted cannot be recovered in view of the settled legal position. However, at least from 8th july 2002 i. e. the date on which the state government has realized its mistake, the petitioners are not entitled for the benefits and from that date it will be open for the state government to reconsider the deemed date given pursuant to the wrong decision dated 6th march 1995. ( 41 ) MR. TRIVEDI has, in the alternative, submitted that if the court is likely to set aside the order dated 8th july 2002 and the decision taken subsequently by the respondent no. 3, then the state government should be allowed to reconsider the decision dated 6th march 1995 inasmuch as the said decision is not in consonance with the statutory rules and should not be allowed to operate contrary to the judgement of this court. ( 42 ) MR. Trivedi has also submitted that while considering this alternative submission the court may bear in mind that the decision may not be cancelled, but in the case of petitioners the state government may be directed to reconsider the case keeping in mind the vacancies which were occupied by the non-qualified persons between 1975 and 1984; otherwise it will amount to opening pandoras box inasmuch as majority of the employees have accepted the decision of the state government and the things which are settled will again be reshuffled by this order. ( 43 ) MRS. Ketty mehta appearing for the respondents in special civil application nos. 7000 and 7688 of 1999 submitted that in view of the circular dated 6th march 1995 the benefits which are granted to the respondents are just and proper and the prayers made in the said petition may not be granted inasmuch as their prayer has become ineffective and cannot be granted in view of the government decision. ( 44 ) IN view of the aforesaid discussion, the points ( 45 ) BEFORE proceeding further it is relevant to note the relevant rules and regulations. ( 44 ) IN view of the aforesaid discussion, the points ( 45 ) BEFORE proceeding further it is relevant to note the relevant rules and regulations. ( 46 ) NOTIFICATION dated 29th august 1984 reads as under:the rule 2 (k) (prior to the amendment) of the land records qualifying examination rules, 1970 (hereinafter referred to as the rules of 1970) reads as under: "2 (k) subordinate land records service includes clerks, surveyors, maintenance surveyors, nimtendars, district surveyors and head surveyors. " the said rule 2 (k) after 29. 8. 1984 amendment reads as under: "subordinate land records service includes clerks, surveyors, senior clerks, maintenance surveyors, nimtendars, district surveyors and head surveyors". Rule 4 of the rules of 1970 reads as under:rule 5 (1) of the rules of 1970 reads as under:rule 6 of the rules of 1970 prior to the amendment reads as under:rule 6 of the rules of 1970 after 1980 amendment reads as under: ( 47 ) THUS, as per rule 6, the person who has not passed the examination within the prescribed period and prescribed chances but has passed the examination later in point of time compared to his junior will retain the seniority in the same cadre. But in the event the junior who had passed the examination earlier in point of time and had been promoted to the higher post, then the person who has passed the examination later in point of time cannot claim seniority over his junior in the promoted post. This was the factual position earlier. ( 48 ) THIS court in the case of k. n. patel vs. State of gujarat and anr, reported in 1990 (2) glr 1311 interpreted rules 3, 4, 5 and 6 of land records qualifying examination rules, 1970 and in para 16 it is held as under: ( 49 ) A division bench of this court in special civil application no. 5232 of 1983, in its judgement dated 18. 12. 1983, pertaining to the same subject matter had given the following directions: ( 50 ) IT is also necessary to note the factual position prevalent before passing the impugned orders. ( 51 ) AS per rule 2 (k) the subordinate land records service includes clerks, surveyors, maintenance surveyors, nimtendars, district surveyors and head surveyors. 12. 1983, pertaining to the same subject matter had given the following directions: ( 50 ) IT is also necessary to note the factual position prevalent before passing the impugned orders. ( 51 ) AS per rule 2 (k) the subordinate land records service includes clerks, surveyors, maintenance surveyors, nimtendars, district surveyors and head surveyors. In the year 1973 recommendations of desai pay commission were accepted by the government and the benefit of revised pay scale was extended to the respective cadres of the land records department. It appears that the pay scale of senior clerks was at a lower level compared to the other cadres of higher posts i. e. pay scale of senior clerks was 330-550 whereas the other posts in the higher cadre were given the scales of 425-700, 425-800. In view of this, certain posts of senior clerks appeared to have been filled up by non-qualified candidates, i. e. the persons not having passed lrq examination. ( 52 ) IN the case of shri h. m. patel in appeal no. 84/81 the gujarat civil service tribunal had directed that all the persons who have passed the qualifying examination but yet not promoted as senior clerk, along with shri h. m. patel be considered and they may be promoted to the post of senior clerk by reverting, if necessary, the senior persons who have already been promoted, but who have not passed the qualifying land records examination prescribed under the land record qualifying examination rules, 1970. It was further directed that shri h. m. patel along with others be given deemed date of promotion when they ought to have been promoted under the rules. It is pertinent to note that the tribunal has directed to give promotion to all qualified persons in light of the above observations made in the judgement. However, it appears that the tribunal has not considered the fact that whether there were enough sanctioned posts to promote all the persons as directed by the tribunal. Moreover, the appeal was filed by only one person and a general direction was issued in respect of all such similarly situated employees. ( 53 ) ACCORDING to the respondents, as on 29. 8. 1984 there were, in all, 56 available posts of senior clerks out of which 5 were vacant whereas 18 posts were occupied by non-qualified persons. Moreover, the appeal was filed by only one person and a general direction was issued in respect of all such similarly situated employees. ( 53 ) ACCORDING to the respondents, as on 29. 8. 1984 there were, in all, 56 available posts of senior clerks out of which 5 were vacant whereas 18 posts were occupied by non-qualified persons. ( 54 ) IN the year 1984 the rules of 1970 were further amended by amending rules 2 (k) whereby the post senior clerks was included in the subordinate land records service. In the year 1987 four appeals were filed before the tribunal contending that though the appellants were similarly situated as shri h. m. patel, they were not given benefits as were given to said shri h. m. patel. The said appeals were allowed and the respondents were directed to give promotion to the appellants therein. It was also directed that cases of all the employees in land records department throughout the state of gujarat of the time prior to notification dated 29. 8. 1984 should also be be similarly decided as per the directions of the tribunal in case of h. m. patel. It was also directed that promotions of such employees with deemed date should also be notional i. e. they would not be entitled to any arrears of pay. In pursuance of the aforesaid two judgements of the tribunal i. e. dated 17. 1. 1983 and 20. 11. 1992, the settlement commissioner and director of land records issued instructions/guidelines dated 13. 8. 1993. As per the said guidelines, the deemed date is to be given to the concerned persons who had passed the l. r. q. examination and qualified for the promotion to the post of senior clerk against the posts that have been occupied by the unqualified persons. ( 55 ) ACCORDING to these guidelines, the promotion which have been given to the unqualified persons to the senior-most be withdrawn as and when qualified persons are available. The benefit of deemed date should be given from the date on which the unqualified persons have been promoted. The deemed dates are given to only those persons who have been promoted against the post of senior clerk from which the unqualified persons have been reverted. ( 56 ) THEREAFTER certain petitions were filed in this court for implementation of the directions of the tribunal. The deemed dates are given to only those persons who have been promoted against the post of senior clerk from which the unqualified persons have been reverted. ( 56 ) THEREAFTER certain petitions were filed in this court for implementation of the directions of the tribunal. ( 57 ) ULTIMATELY another circular was issued on 6th march 1995 inter alia giving instructions in para 2 thereof that all eligible candidates who have passed lrq examination were directed to be given the deemed date. This would mean that deemed dates should be given to all the employees who had passed the qualified examination irrespective of the posts available at the relevant time. According to the respondents, as per the guidelines of 13. 8. 1993, the benefit of deemed dates was given to 92 senior clerks in all the divisions and 49 posts of sheristadar. According to them as per the revised guidelines of 6th march 1995, the deemed dates are to be given to all the employees of all divisions and the number comes to 391 for senior clerks and in the cadre of sheristadar it comes to 313. ( 58 ) ACCORDING to the respondents, the order dated 6th march 1995 created anomalies and imbalance in the subordinate cadre. Therefore, the settlement commissioner has taken the decision to quash and set aside those guidelines vide order dated 8th july 2002 which is challenged in the present petitions by the original petitioners. 13. 1. 0in order to support the contentions of the petitioners, the learned counsel has relied upon the following decisions. 13. 1. 1in the case of malcom lawrence cecil dsouza v. Union of india and ors. , reported in (1976) 1 s. c. c. p. 599, wherein in para 8 and 9, is held as under :-13. 1. 2in the case of p. Mohan reddy v. E. a. a. charles and ors. , reported in (2001) 4 s. c. c. p. 433, it is held that directions given by the court in relation to a rule of seniority after considering the same must be followed in preparing the seniority list unless a valid rule to the contrary with retrospective effect comes into existence. 13. 1. 3in the case of maharashtra vikrikar karamchari sangathan vs. State of maharashtra, reported in (2002)2 scc 552, the principle of res judicata is laid down. 13. 1. 3in the case of maharashtra vikrikar karamchari sangathan vs. State of maharashtra, reported in (2002)2 scc 552, the principle of res judicata is laid down. It is contended that in view of this decision, once the court has taken a decision, the respondent cannot modify or alter it. 13. 1. 4in the case of v. k. dubey vs. Union of india, reported in (1997) 5 s. c. c. p. 81, wherein it is held as under :13. 1. 5in the case of haribans misra and ors. , v. Railway board and ors. , reported in (1989) 2 s. c. c. p. 84, the question considered by the supreme court was regarding reversion and retrospective amendment of rules taking away vested rights without any reasonable justification. In that case the promotions granted and the entire length of service of about 9 years of the appellants were wiped out and the appellants were reverted to the posts initially held by them. In that case it was held that rule 328 (2) of the manual is arbitrary and invalid and further held that retrospective amendment of rules taking away vested rights without any justification is arbitrary and open to judicial review. 13. 1. 6in the case of k. v. s. r. rao and anr. , v. Oil and natural gas commission and ors. , reported in (2000) 10 s. c. c. p. 562, the petitioner promotees alleged that large scale direct recruitments were made exceeding the quota, while promotion of petitioners was not made to the next higher post following the quota, and that seniority in that post should be fixed accordingly. The petition was therefore quashing the seniority list. The supreme court held that even if the reliefs are granted as prayed for after passing of two decades that would be unsettling the rights of the parties which are already settled and attained finality. 13. 1. 7in the case of k. r. mudgal and ors. , v. R. p. singh and ors. , reported in (1986) 4 s. c. c. p. 531, wherein it is held as under :-13. 1. 8in the case of institute of chartered accountants of india. L. k. ratna and ors. 13. 1. 7in the case of k. r. mudgal and ors. , v. R. p. singh and ors. , reported in (1986) 4 s. c. c. p. 531, wherein it is held as under :-13. 1. 8in the case of institute of chartered accountants of india. L. k. ratna and ors. , reported in (1986) 4 s. c. c. p. 537, the supreme court held that the law declared by a court on interpretation of statute or statutory rules and mandamus/direction issued to implement or enforce the law so declared cannot be rendered ineffective by legislature. It is further held that legislature cannot merely declare a judicial decision to be ineffective as that would amount to usurpation of judicial power by legislature. 13. 1. 9in the case of k. n. patel vs. State of gujarat and another, reported in 1990 (2) glr 1311 wherein it is held that a person (who is not a direct recruit to class ii post) would not lose his chance for being promoted to a higher post for failure to pass the l. r. q. examination within the prescribed chances and within the prescribed period, but such employee cannot merely on account of his seniority in the lower cadre claim seniority over his juniors who have earlier passed the examination within the prescribed chances and prescribed period and who have been promoted earlier to the higher post. 13. 1. 10learned counsel for the petitioners also relied upon a decision of this court in the case of v. d. gadhvi and others vs. State of gujarat and others, passed in special civil application no. 2894/95, dated 18th june 1997 where the petitioners of that petition sought for a declaration that their seniority be governed by principle of continuous officiation and to declare that it is not obligatory for the said petitioners to pass land records qualifying examination as a condition precedent for further promotion to the post of senior clerk in class-iii services. This court rejected the said petition. 13. 1. 11by citing the aforesaid decisions learned counsel for the first group of petitioners submitted that their seniority may not be disturbed after a long lapse of time. This court rejected the said petition. 13. 1. 11by citing the aforesaid decisions learned counsel for the first group of petitioners submitted that their seniority may not be disturbed after a long lapse of time. ( 59 ) I may now deal with the contentions raised on behalf of the petitioners as under: ( 60 ) THE first contention of the petitioners is that as per lrq examination rules coupled with the direction of the tribunal dated 17. 1. 1983 and 20. 11. 1992, the case of those persons who were working in the department at the time of notification dated 29. 8. 1984 and who have passed the examination has to be considered over the case of such senior employees who have been promoted but who have not passed the lrq examination. In this connection the relevant rule is rule 6 of the rules of 1970 which states that where a person belonging to the subordinate land records service but not being a direct recruit has not passed the land record qualifying examinations within the prescribed chances and during the prescribed period, shall also, if he so desires, be allowed to appear at such examination held subsequently on payment of examination fee of rupees thirty and if he passes such examination, he shall be eligible for promotion to the higher post but he shall not be entitled to claim seniority over those persons who have been promoted before he become eligible for the promotion on account of their having passed the land records qualifying examination earlier than him notwithstanding that he was senior to the persons so promoted in the cadre from which promotion was given. 14. 1. 1thus, the person who has not passed the examination within the prescribed period and prescribed chances but has passed the examination later in point of time compared to his junior will retain the seniority in the same cadre. But in the event the junior who had passed the examination earlier in point of time and had been promoted in the higher post, then the person who has passed the examination later in point of time cannot claim seniority over his junior in the promoted post. 14. 1. 2the direction given by the gujarat civil services tribunal, gandhinagar in appeal no. 84/81 in the case of shri h. m. patel is as under:14. 1. 14. 1. 2the direction given by the gujarat civil services tribunal, gandhinagar in appeal no. 84/81 in the case of shri h. m. patel is as under:14. 1. 3 the aforesaid direction was issued by the tribunal on the basis of its findings stated in para 4 of the judgement:14. 1. 4thus, it is clear from the above finding that what is meant by the tribunal was that those who have passed the qualifying examination should be promoted to the post of senior clerk on their passing the examination by reverting, if necessary, the persons who have not passed the qualifying examination and must be given deemed date. There cannot be any reading from the order to the effect that all the persons who have passed the qualifying examination should be accommodated on the post of senior clerk. 14. 1. 5the order dated 20. 11. 1992 is based on the decision dated 17. 1. 1983 passed in four appeals filed with similar prayer. Therein also, the direction was to the effect that the cases of all the employees in land records department throughout the state of gujarat of the time prior to notification dated 29th august 1984 should also be similarly decided as per directions of the tribunal in the case of h. m. patel. 14. 1. 6pursuant to the aforesaid two judgements viz. 17. 1. 1983 and 20. 11. 1992, the settlement commissioner and director of land records issued instructions/guidelines dated 13. 8. 1993 for giving deemed promotion to only those candidates who had cleared lrq examination during the period 1975 to 29. 8. 1984 against the posts that have been occupied by the unqualified persons. In my opinion, those instructions/ guidelines were in conformity with the judgements of the tribunal. 14. 1. 7however, the settlement commissioner on 6. 3. 1995 issued further instructions inter alia providing in para 2 thereof that all eligible candidates who have passed lrq examination were directed to be given the deemed date. This would mean that all the employees who have passed lrq examination should be given higher post irrespective of the fact whether such promotional posts are available or not. This was never the intention of the tribunal. The contention before the tribunal was that unqualified persons were promoted to the higher posts whereas qualified persons who have passed the requisite examination were not promoted. This was never the intention of the tribunal. The contention before the tribunal was that unqualified persons were promoted to the higher posts whereas qualified persons who have passed the requisite examination were not promoted. It is in this context the tribunal directed that such qualified persons who have passed the lrq examination should be promoted as against those non-qualified persons. 14. 1. 8it is required to be noted that in a department there may be more posts of clerks than senior clerks inasmuch as the the post of senior clerk may be head of a department. Further promotion from the post of senior clerk may be less in number than the posts of senior clerk. Promotional posts are always limited in number. The higher you go in hierarchy the lesser are the posts. Therefore, in my opinion, the proposition that all the employees who have passed lrq examination should be promoted cannot stand in the eye of law. 14. 1. 9in view of the above i am clearly of the opinion that the respondent authority has rightly issued the guidelines/ instructions on 13. 8. 1993 in conformity with the judgements dated 17. 1. 1983 and 20. 11. 1992. Therefore it is clear that there was no necessity for issuance of further instructions on 6. 3. 1995. 14. 1. 10according to rule 6 of the rules of 1970, the person who has not passed the examination within the prescribed period and prescribed chances but has passed the examination later in point of time compared to his junior will retain the seniority in the same cadre. But in the event of junior who had passed the examination earlier in point of time and had been promoted to the higher post, then the person who has passed the examination later in point of time cannot claim seniority over his junior in the promoted post. Therefore a combined reading of the rules and the judgements of the tribunal, the only conclusion which can be arrived at is that the persons who had passed the lrq examination and qualified for the promotion to the post of senior clerk should be promoted against the posts that have been occupied by the unqualified persons. At the most it can be extended to the the higher posts which are available. At the most it can be extended to the the higher posts which are available. A blanket direction to promote all the persons by giving enmasse deemed dates would create imbalance and complications. 14. 1. 11it is of course true that as per the lrq examination rules coupled with the direction of the tribunal dated 17. 1. 1983 and 20. 11. 1992 the case of those persons who were working in the department at the time of notification dated 29. 8. 1984 and who have passed examination were promoted. However, i am of the opinion that no interpretation can be made from the orders of the tribunal to the effect that all the employees who have passed lrq examination should be promoted to the higher post. Therefore, the orders of the tribunal would not help the petitioners to assail the order dated 6. 3. 1995. ( 61 ) THE next contention of the petitioners is that the order dated 6th march 1995 had been passed in pursuance of the interim orders issued by this court dated 10th november 1993 and 26th april 1994 and therefore the respondent authorities could not have cancelled the said order without obtaining prior permission of this court. The direction given on 10th november 1993 is to the effect that the respondent shall consider the case of the petitioner in accordance with the judgement dated november 20, 1993 in appeal no. 234/87 decided by the gujarat civil service tribunal, gandhinagar. Similarly in the order dated 26th april 1994 also the court had issued directions to comply with the direction of the tribunal in respect of 5 circles. Both the said orders are interim orders. The court has not gone into the merits of the petition. The only direction was to strictly follow the order of the tribunal. As found earlier, issuing circular on 13. 8. 1993 was sufficient to comply with the order of the tribunal. The guidelines issued on 6. 3. 1995 was not in accordance with the directions of the tribunal. Therefore, in my opinion the respondents were justified in passing the order dated 8th july 2002. ( 62 ) THE next contention of the petitioners is that the seniority which has been settled for a long period of time cannot be allowed to be unsettled and the state government cannot reconsider the decision, which has attained finality, after a period of seven years. ( 62 ) THE next contention of the petitioners is that the seniority which has been settled for a long period of time cannot be allowed to be unsettled and the state government cannot reconsider the decision, which has attained finality, after a period of seven years. It is their further contention that the respondent authorities are estopped from withdrawing the benefits given to the employees. It may not be out of place to mention that seniority of these cadres are not finalized. 14. 3. 1as stated above, the instructions contained in the order dated 6. 3. 1995 cannot be said to be in conformity with the directions issued by the tribunal. In pursuance of the order dated 6. 3. 1995 large scale deemed dates were given to all the employees who had passed lrq examination. This was done irrespective of the number of vacancies in the respective cadre. In view of the said decision even junior-most employees were given deemed dates as they passed the qualifying examination leaving out their seniors who did not pass the examination at the relevant times. This has created anomalies and imbalance in the subordinate cadre creating resentment and heart-burning amongst the government employees. Therefore, i do not find any illegality in reviewing and cancelling misinterpretation and/or mistake committed in issuing the instructions dated 6. 3. 1995. 14. 3. 2to support the cancellation of instructions dated 6. 3. 1995 learned counsel for the respondents relied upon the following decisions: 14. 3. 3in the case of the state of punjab vs. Jagdip singh reported in air 1964 sc page 521, in para 6 the supreme court held as under:14. 3. 4in this view of the matter grant of deemed date against non-existing posts by settlement commissioner is void and therefore the government is justified in reviewing the situation and more particularly when some of the employees are adversely affected because of the decision dated 6th march 1995, which is issued contrary to the statutory rules. 14. 3. 3. 4in this view of the matter grant of deemed date against non-existing posts by settlement commissioner is void and therefore the government is justified in reviewing the situation and more particularly when some of the employees are adversely affected because of the decision dated 6th march 1995, which is issued contrary to the statutory rules. 14. 3. 5in the case of s. l. ahmed and others vs. Union of india and others reported in (1982) 2 scc page 458, the supreme court held that the revised pay actually paid to the petitioners therein initially was computed in error inasmuch as when fixing the pay in the revised scale the special pay was taken into account for the purpose of computing the accretion and therefore it became necessary to recompute the amount payable to the petitioners and to reduce it to the level paid to them. Therefore the supreme court has not interfered in the correctional step taken by the government. 14. 3. 5in the case of state of m. p. and ors. Vs. Mahesh kumar and ors. Etc. Reported in 1997 ii clr page 8, the court has held that:14. 3. 6in the case of comptroller and auditor general of india and others vs. Farid sattar reported in (2000) 4 scc page 13, the court held as under:14. 3. 7in the case of union of india and others vs. Sujatha vedachalam (smt) and another reported in (2000) 9 scc 187 on the transfer to a lower post, the employees pay was erroneously fixed. Subsequently when the mistake came to light, the pay was fixed at correct stage and order for recovery of excess pay was passed. This was challenged before the tribunal which allowed the application. However, the supreme court in the above case set aside the order of tribunal by confirming the order passed by the authority. 14. 3. 8in the case of dilip m. Patel vs. State of gujarat and anr. Reported in 2000 (2) g. l. h. 237, this court has held that:14. 3. 9similar view has been taken by this court in the decision dated 11. 2. 2004 passed in special civil application no. 2110 of 1999. 14. 3. 10in the case of p. s. prajapati vs. Oil and natural gas corporation ltd in special civil application no. 2110 of 1999, this court has held as under:14. 3. 3. 9similar view has been taken by this court in the decision dated 11. 2. 2004 passed in special civil application no. 2110 of 1999. 14. 3. 10in the case of p. s. prajapati vs. Oil and natural gas corporation ltd in special civil application no. 2110 of 1999, this court has held as under:14. 3. 11in the case of r. r. verma and others vs. The union of india and others reported in air 1980 sc page 1461, the court held as under:14. 3. 12in the case of s. i. paras kumar and ors. Vs. S. i. ram charan and others, reported in jt 2004 (suppl. 1) sc 510, the supreme court held that the promotion given on non-existing post contrary to rule is bad. In that case the high court had quashed the promotion order which was upheld by the supreme court. In the present case the grant of deemed date is contrary to the judgement of the tribunal as well as the statutory rules. 14. 3. 13thus, the sum and substance of the aforesaid decisions are to the effect that if there is a mistake in granting certain benefits, it is always open to the authority to cancel the same. Under article 162 of the constitution the state government is empowered to issue administrative instructions from time to time, and the same may be varied and/or withdrawn, without there being any express or implied powers of review. It is always permissible in law to the authority to issue instructions and also to review such instructions. Therefore, in my view the decision dated 8. 7. 2002 cannot be said to be illegal or bad in law. ( 63 ) IN view of the above discussion and findings the doctrine of "promissory estoppel" would not apply to the facts of the present case inasmuch as the alleged "promise" or a "declaration" is contrary to the judgement of the tribunal and the statutory rules. ( 64 ) IN the case of dr. Ashok kumar maheshwari vs. State of u. p. and anr. Reported in 1998 (2) slr page 291, it was held as under: ( 65 ) THEREFORE, i do not find any substance in the contention raised on behalf of the petitioners to the effect that the authorities are estopped from withdrawing the benefits. Ashok kumar maheshwari vs. State of u. p. and anr. Reported in 1998 (2) slr page 291, it was held as under: ( 65 ) THEREFORE, i do not find any substance in the contention raised on behalf of the petitioners to the effect that the authorities are estopped from withdrawing the benefits. ( 66 ) LEARNED counsel for the petitioners relied upon the decisions cited above to contend that seniority of the employees having once reached finality, should not be disturbed after a long lapse of time. In this connection learned counsel for the respondents relied upon the following decisions: 15. 3. 1in the case of malcom lawrence vs. Union of india, reported in (1975) 1 scc 599 the supreme court observed as under: "although security of service cannot be used as a shield against administrative action for lapses of a public servant, by and large one of the essential requirements of contentment and efficiency in public service is a feeling of security. It is difficult no doubt to guarantee such a security in all of its varied aspects. . 15. 3. 2in the case of d. d. upadhyaya and others vs. State of gujarat, reported in 39 (3) glr 2264, wherein this court took a view while dealing with the question relating to regularization of various legal assistants in service for last about 30 years and promoted to the post of section officer, that when the appointments and promotions were made dehors the rules, the same can be quashed even after the expiry of 30 years and no equity comes in picture. ( 67 ) ANOTHER important aspect is that out of 484 employes except few petitioners, majority have accepted the decision. ( 68 ) THUS, if a benefit is extended wrongly, there cannot be any impediment in the way of the state to set it right when it is found out. In such cases the correctional process is required to be adopted and it cannot be said to be illegal or arbitrary. ( 69 ) THE next contention of the original petitioners is that the deemed date has no concern with the existing posts and therefore the order issued by the state government dated 6th march 1995 is just and proper. If there are existing posts, there cannot be any objection in granting promotion subject to the rules and regulations. ( 69 ) THE next contention of the original petitioners is that the deemed date has no concern with the existing posts and therefore the order issued by the state government dated 6th march 1995 is just and proper. If there are existing posts, there cannot be any objection in granting promotion subject to the rules and regulations. In the present case, the instructions dated 6. 3. 1995 directed to promote all the employees who has passed the lrq examination which was not the intention of the orders of the tribunal. Therefore, extending the benefit to all the employees cannot be said to be in conformity with the order of the tribunal. ( 70 ) THE definition of deemed date is to the effect that "if any junior is promoted after superseding senior, then same deemed date has to be given to the senior as and when the senior is actually promoted". It is in this sense the tribunal has passed the orders. However, the directions contained in the order dated 6. 3. 95 are contrary to the aforesaid proposition. ( 71 ) FOR the purpose of "deemed date" it is relevant to note a decision of the supreme court in the case of ram prakash vs. S. a. f. abbas, reported in air 1972 sc 2350 . In the said decision the supreme court in paragraph 23 held as under:thus, it is very clear that for "deemed date", it presupposes the existence of post and therefore the order dated 6th march 1995 giving deemed date from the date of passing of the departmental examination is contrary to service jurisprudence and not in consonance with the judgement of the tribunal. ( 72 ) LEARNED counsel for the petitioners raised a contention that the impugned order could not have been cancelled without giving the petitioners a chance of hearing. In this context it is required to be noted that show-cause notices came to be issued to all the affected employees and therefore it cannot be said that there is violation of principles of natural justice. Even otherwise, as per the settled law, when such correctional measure is taken it is not compulsory to afford opportunity of hearing. In this context it is required to be noted that show-cause notices came to be issued to all the affected employees and therefore it cannot be said that there is violation of principles of natural justice. Even otherwise, as per the settled law, when such correctional measure is taken it is not compulsory to afford opportunity of hearing. ( 73 ) LEARNED counsel for the original petitioners relied upon a decision of the supreme court in the case of sahib ram vs. State of haryana and others, reported in 1995 supp (1) scc 18 wherein it is held that recovery of arrears in respect of upgraded pay scale given due to wrong construction of relevant order by the authority concerned without any misrepresentation by the employee cannot be made. ( 74 ) HE next relied upon a decision in the case of shyam babu verma and others vs. Union of india and others, reported in (1994)2 scc 521 wherein the supreme court held that since the petitioners received the higher scale due to no fault of theirs, it shall only be just and proper not to recover any excess amount already paid to them. ( 75 ) ANOTHER decision relied upon by the learned counsel for the original petitioners is in the case of esp rajaram vs. Union of india, reported in air 2001 sc 581 wherein also in similar circumstances direction was given not to recover the amount already paid. ( 76 ) IN the case of p. h. reddy and ors. Vs. N. t. r. d. and ors. Reported in 2002 (2) slr 694 the supreme court held that the employees-appellants who had been in receipt of a higher amount on account of erroneous fixation by the authority should be asked to repay the excess pay drawn. The said decision was followed by this court in special civil application no. 6006/2002 decided on 28th january 2003. ( 77 ) THIS court in letters patent appeal no. 578/2000 decided on 4. 4. 2001 held as under: ( 78 ) IN view of the aforesaid decisions mr. Tanna, learned senior counsel submitted that no recovery may be made even if the decision of the respondent authority is upheld. ( 79 ) MR. 6006/2002 decided on 28th january 2003. ( 77 ) THIS court in letters patent appeal no. 578/2000 decided on 4. 4. 2001 held as under: ( 78 ) IN view of the aforesaid decisions mr. Tanna, learned senior counsel submitted that no recovery may be made even if the decision of the respondent authority is upheld. ( 79 ) MR. Kamal trivedi, learned additional advocate general, fairly submitted that the payment which is already made cannot be recovered in view of the fact that the benefits which are wrongly granted cannot be recovered in view of the aforesaid settled legal position. He, however, submitted that at least from 8th july 2002 i. e. the date on which the state government has realized its mistake, the petitioners are not entitled for the benefits and from that date it will be open for the state government to reconsider the deemed date given pursuant to the wrong decision dated 6th march 1995. ( 80 ) I have carefully considered the question of recovery of arrears. In my opinion, the mistake was committed by the respondent authority and therefore the original petitioners should not be penalised. Recovery of excess payment made to them for no fault on their part appears to be wholly unjustified. Such recovery would lead to unnecessary hardships to the employees. Therefore, looking to the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case, i do not think it proper to allow recovery of any excess amount already paid to them. ( 81 ) FOR the foregoing reasons i pass the following orders: ( 82 ) IN special civil application no. 5089/90 the prayer is for direction to restrain the respondents from reverting the petitioner before the juniors to the petitioners are reverted. Since the circular dated 8th july 2002 is upheld, no directions are required to be issued in this petition and the petition stands disposed of accordingly. Rule is discharged with no order as to costs. ( 83 ) IN special civil application no. 3241/95 the petitioners have prayed for a direction to consider the case of the petitioners therein for promotion to the class ii post in the cadre of city survey superintendent on the basis of pre-29. 8. Rule is discharged with no order as to costs. ( 83 ) IN special civil application no. 3241/95 the petitioners have prayed for a direction to consider the case of the petitioners therein for promotion to the class ii post in the cadre of city survey superintendent on the basis of pre-29. 8. 1984 rules and to consider their case for promotion to the post of sheristedar/head clerk from the date on which unqualified persons were promoted and to give the benefit of deemed date of promotion, pay fixation, arrears of salary and further, promotion, etc. In this case it is directed that if the petitioners are eligible for promotion in pursuance of this decision, their case shall be considered and they shall be granted promotion accordingly. The petition is therefore partly allowed and rule is made absolute to the aforesaid extent with no order as to costs. ( 84 ) IN special civil application nos. 7000/99 and 7688/99 the prayer is to quash and set aside the order dated 6. 3. 1995 and 8. 10. 1997 and to set aside the promotion orders and seniority lists so far they were given deemed date to the respondents therein. However, since the government has issued order dated 8. 7. 2002 which is being upheld in this judgement, the grievance raised in this petition would not survive. The respondents shall consider the case of the employees for promotion as per order dated 8. 7. 2002 and the circular dated 17. 8. 1993. The aforesaid petitions are, therefore, partly allowed. Rule is made absolute accordingly with no order as to costs. ( 85 ) IN special civil applications no. 7817 and 9942/2002 the prayer is to quash and set aside the orders dated 17. 6. 2002 and to direct the respondents to give promotion to the petitioners to class ii posts. In these petitions the petitioners have already retired. In view of the aforesaid, the petitions are partly allowed qua recovery of arrears. The orders for recovery of arrears are quashed and set aside. It will be open for the state government to refix their pension and the revised pension shall be paid with effect from september 2004. Rule is made absolute to the aforesaid extent with no order as to costs. ( 86 ) THE prayers in the special civil application nos. The orders for recovery of arrears are quashed and set aside. It will be open for the state government to refix their pension and the revised pension shall be paid with effect from september 2004. Rule is made absolute to the aforesaid extent with no order as to costs. ( 86 ) THE prayers in the special civil application nos. 994/2003, 10881, 11210 of 2002 3147, 3152, 3159, 3162, 3164, 3166, 3167, 3168, 3169, 3170, 3171, 3172, 3173, 3174, 3175, 3176, 3177, 3178, 3179, 14058, 14060, 14061, 14062, 14370 and 14371 of 2003 are based on the premise that the promotions of the deemed date given on the basis of decision dated 6th march 1995 is valid and proper. However, for the reasons stated hereinabove, the said decision dated 6th march 1995 is not in consonance with the statutory rules and law declared by this court in the case of k. n. patel vs. State (supra ). Apart from that the deemed date can be given only against the existence of of a post. Therefore the circular dated 13th august 1993 was just and proper and would have met with the directions issued by the tribunal in the case of mr. H. m. patel and mr. P. c. shah. The respondents were, therefore, justified in issuing circular dated 8. 7. 2002. Therefore, the prayers made in all these petitions, except with regard to recovery of arrears, cannot be granted. The petitions are therefore partly allowed only qua the question of arrears. Rule is made absolute to the aforesaid extent with no order as to costs. ( 87 ) THE order passed by the assistant settlement commissioner is quashed and set aside. The appropriate higher authority in the state government will decide the deemed date of the petitioners keeping in mind the ratio laid down by this court, the tribunal and the statutory rules and also keeping in mind the guideliens issued by the settlement commissioner on 13th august 1993 and 8th july 2002 and fix the seniority of the petitioners accordingly. Such exercise shall be undertaken and completed within a period of six months from the date of receipt of writ of this order. Such exercise shall be undertaken and completed within a period of six months from the date of receipt of writ of this order. ( 88 ) LOOKING to the peculiar facts and circumstances and in view of the aforesaid decisions discussed hereinabove, in all these petitions the notice for recovery of arrears are quashed and set aside and it is directed that in pursuance of the implementation order dated 8. 7. 2002, no recovery shall be effected from the concerned employees. ( 89 ) IN view of the order passed in the main petitions civil application nos. 7821/01, 7116/02 and 11962/01 do not survive and are accordingly disposed of. .