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2006 DIGILAW 1081 (BOM)

STANDARD CHARTERED BANK LTD. v. B. N. RAMAN

2006-07-14

ARIJIT PASAYAT, S.H.KAPADIA

body2006
JUDGMENT S.H. KAPADIA, J.: - Leave granted. 2. This civil appeal, by grant of special leave, is filed by Standard Chartered Bank Ltd. against the order dated 14 -7 -2004 passed by the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (for short "the Nation Commission") dismissing the Banks appeal and confirming the decree passed b the State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, New Delhi (for short "the State Commission") under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (for short "the Act"). 3. The respondent herein was a non -resident Indian employed as professor of Medical Physiology in the University of Libya from 1975 to 1980. Thereafter, he stayed in Libya till 1992. On 17 -8 -1979 when the respondent was Libya he had placed with the Bank US $ 5000 in the FCNR (Foreign Currency -Resident) account for 63 months at 9% p.a. vide LF No. MR -24, DR No. 79/39. The deposit was made by the draft drawn on New York Bank. The sit was to mature on 17 -11 -1984. The appellant confirmed the deposit. The sit receipt is annexed to the paper -book. In 1984, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) allowed the banks to keep FCNR for six years. Interest on such deposits 5 increased from 9% to 13% p.a. According to the respondent, in June, 1984, intimation was given to the appellant to reinvest the entire amount in the FCNR account on maturity for a further period of six years at 13% p.a. In 1986, the respondent visited India. He attended the branch office of the bank. The respondent claims that he was assured by the Bank that everything was in order that US $ 7939.56 were lying in the FCNR account which amount stood reinvested at 13% p.a. for six years maturing on 17 -11 -1990. The respondent alleged that in September, 1990 he had requested the Bank to reinvest the entire amount in his FCNR account for a further period of three years. This was to be done on maturity of his deposit on 17 -11 -1990. In January, 1992, as stated above, respondent returned to India. He enquired about the status of his deposits. He did not get the response. He made a complaint in writing on 5 -1 -1992 and on 14 -1 -1992. This was to be done on maturity of his deposit on 17 -11 -1990. In January, 1992, as stated above, respondent returned to India. He enquired about the status of his deposits. He did not get the response. He made a complaint in writing on 5 -1 -1992 and on 14 -1 -1992. On 7 -9 -1992, he received a letter from the Bank stating that no outstanding amount was there in his name in the FCNR account. By letter dated 15 -10 -1992, the appellant stated that from their records it is seen that the said deposit was prematurely withdrawn on 22 -11 -1979. Thereafter, correspondence ensued. The respondent herein denied the fact of premature withdrawal of the deposit. He complained to RBI. On 19 -4 -1993 the Bank stated that the deposit encashed prematurely not on 22 -11 -1979 but on 23 -11 -1979. A copy of the sale/purchase register was also enclosed by the Bank to show that the deposits d withdrawn on 23 -11 -1979. Ultimately, on 28 -9 -1994 the respondent herein preferred a complaint under section 2(1)(g) and section 2(1)(o) of the Act before e State Commission. 4. In the said complaint, the respondent alleged that he could not have withdrawn the amount on 23 -11 -1979 as he was not in India. He relied upon his passport to show that he was not in India. He further alleged that a copy of the original FCNR was put in the safe deposit vault. In this connection, he relied on the said receipt which states that the deposit receipt memo is retained by the Bank in safe custody. The respondent stated, on the basis of the above facts, that the amount has been withdrawn by somebody in connivance with the Banks officers. In the circumstances, the respondent herein claimed that he was entitled to the decree in the following terms: “Sl.YearInterestTotal amount payable No.on maturity 1.From 17 -8 -1979 to 16 -11@ 9% to be added half -US$7939.56 1984 (63 months)yearly on $ 5000 2.From 17 -11 -1984 to 16 -@ 13% to be added half -US$16904/093 11 -1990 (6 years)yearly on $ 7939.56 3.From 17 -11 -1990 to 16 -@ 10.5% to be added half -US$22978/645 11 -1993(3 years)yearly on $ 16904/093 A total of Rs. 7,12,337.99 at present date is due from the opposite party till 17 -11 -1993. 7,12,337.99 at present date is due from the opposite party till 17 -11 -1993. Thereafter, interest @ 18% per annum on the aforesaid amount comes to approximate Rs. 1,28,220.83 (Rupees one lakh twenty -eight thousand two hundred twenty and paise eighty -three only)." 5. By written statement, the appellant conceded that the respond deposited on 17 -8 -1979 a sum of US $ 5000 in the FCNR account for 63 maturing on 17 -11 -1984 at 9% p.a. However, the appellant contended that prior to the date of maturity the deposit was prematurely withdrawn on 23 -11 -1979. In this connection, reliance was placed on sale/purchase register. The according to the Bank, there was no question of reinvesting of the aforestated amount from time to time, as alleged by the respondent. The appellant denied that the deposit receipt was kept in safe custody. In this connection appellant submitted that an inquiry into premature withdrawal and the demand for recovery of money after 12 years was beyond time. The Bank, however, agreed that in 1984, RBI allowed it to keep FCNR for six years at the rate p. a. However, the appellant contended that since the amount was pre withdrawn, there was no question of reinvesting it for six years at the rate p.a. The Bank denied all factual allegations made by the respondent with to reinvestment. By the objections, apart from the question of limitation appellant stated that the respondent was not a consumer as defined under 2(1)(d) of the said 1986 Act. The appellant also contended that under the RBI Rules, the Bank was not bound to retain the records after eight yea therefore, the matter cannot be decided on presumptions; that the burden the respondent to prove the alleged facts regarding reinvestment. By the statement, the appellant denied its liability to pay a sum of Rs. 7,12,3379.99 including interest till 17 -11 -1993 and further interest at 18% p.a. on the said amount amounting to Rs. 1,28,220.83. 6. By the statement, the appellant denied its liability to pay a sum of Rs. 7,12,3379.99 including interest till 17 -11 -1993 and further interest at 18% p.a. on the said amount amounting to Rs. 1,28,220.83. 6. By order dated 28 -4 -1997, the State Commission came to the conclusion that the respondent had deposited US $ 5000 on 17 -8 -1979 carrying 9% interest and maturing on 17 -11 -1984; that the receipt was retained in safe custody; that there was no record to show that the said amount was prematurely wit that there was no evidence regarding destruction of the records on completion eight years and since the initial deposit of US $ 5000 on 17 -8 -1979 established, the decree as prayed for was granted by the State Commission. The Commission further found that there was no evidence on record to show that the respondent had given written instructions to the Bank for premature with that there was no endorsement on the receipt showing payment in discharge and, therefore, the Bank was not entitled to place reliance only in the sale/purchase register dated 23 -11 -1979. The State Commission found that on 23 -11 -1979 the respondent was not in India. In this connection, reliance was placed on the endorsement in his passport. Accordingly, the State Commission came to the conclusion that the deposit was reinvested from time and, therefore, the complaint was within limitation. Accordingly, the decree in the aforestated terms was passed by the State Commission. 7. Aggrieved by the afore stated decision of the State Commission appellant herein went in appeal to the National Commission under the said Act. By the impugned order dated 14 -7 -2004, the findings of fact recorded by the State Commission were confirmed. The appeal was accordingly dismissed. Hence, this civil appeal comes before this Court at the instance of the Bank. 8. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 provides for formation of the National Commission, the State Commission and the District Forum. These are remedial agencies. Their functions are quasi -judicial. The purpose of these agencies is to decide consumer disputes. Activities relating to non -sovereign powers of statutory bodies are within the purview of the Act. The functions of such statutory bodies come under the term "service" under section 2(1)(o) of the Act. Banking is a commercial function. These are remedial agencies. Their functions are quasi -judicial. The purpose of these agencies is to decide consumer disputes. Activities relating to non -sovereign powers of statutory bodies are within the purview of the Act. The functions of such statutory bodies come under the term "service" under section 2(1)(o) of the Act. Banking is a commercial function. "Banking" means acceptance, for the purposes of lending or investment of deposit of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise [see section 5(b) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949]. The intention of the 1986 Act is to protect consumers of such services rendered by the banks. Banks provide or render service/facility to its customers or even non -customers. They render facilities/services such as remittances, accepting deposits, providing for lockers, facility for discounting of cheques, collection of cheques, issue of bank drafts, etc. In Virnal Chandra Grover vs. Bank of India, (2000) 5 SCC 122 this Court has held that banking is business transaction between the bank and the customers. Such customers are consumers within the meaning of section 2(1)(d)(ii) of the Act. 9. Only two points appear to have been argued by the Bank before the National Commission viz. the question of premature withdrawal and limitation. However, the claim of the respondent for money decree with interest at the rate of 18% p.a. till realisation appears to be on the higher side and inflative. The rate of exchange, which is indicative of price and which constantly varies from time to time, has not been examined. This is apart from awarding of the rate of interest at 18% p.a. which itself is on the higher side. In Forasol vs. ONCC, AIR 1984 SC 241 this Court observed that in an action to recover an amount payable in a foreign currency, five dates compete for selection by the Court as the proper date for fixing the rate of exchange at which the foreign currency amount has to be converted into the currency of the country in which the action has been commenced and decided. These dates are -the date on which the amount became due and payable; the date of the commencement of the action; the date of the decree; the date when the Court orders execution to issue; and the date when the decretal amount is paid or realised. These dates are -the date on which the amount became due and payable; the date of the commencement of the action; the date of the decree; the date when the Court orders execution to issue; and the date when the decretal amount is paid or realised. The Court has to select a date which puts the plaintiff in the same position in which he would have been, had the defendant discharged his obligation when he ought to have done, bearing in mind that the rate of exchange is a fluctuating factor. To select the date when the amount became due, the Court has to act in a just, fair and equitable manner because in a case where the rate of exchange has gone up, the opponent escapes by paying a lesser sum than what he was bound to and thus he gains by default while in the converse case where the rate of exchange has gone against the opponent, the opponent would be subjected to a greater burden than what it should be, Apart from the judgment of the Supreme Court in Forasol (supra) we may observe that in such cases, the agencies under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 should also keep in mind the economic situation of the country. Encashment of dollar denominated deposits have certain economic implications. In the present case, none of these factors have been considered by the State Commission. In cases of this type, the burden is on the complainant to show the rate of exchange prevalent on the aforestated dates in order to assist the Court to arrive at the indicative prices. This has not been done in the present case. Neither the State Commission nor the National Commission has examined this question regarding selection of the appropriate date, the appropriate rate of exchange on that particular date as also the rate of interest which the appellant was required to pay. 10. For this limited purpose alone, we partly allow the appeal and remit the matter to the State Commission to pass the decree in favour of the respondent herein in accordance with the law indicated above. On all other factual findings, we are in agreement with the impugned decision. This appeal is partly allowed with no order as to costs. Appeal partly allowed.