kekZ] lnL;-&;g f}rh; vihy /kkjk 224 jktLFkku dkrdkjh vf/kfu;e] 1955 ¼la{ksi esa vf/kfu;e½ ds vUrxZr jktLo vihy izkf/kdkjh] fpÙkkSM+x<+ ds fu.kZ; ,oa fMØh fnukad 4-7-1998 ds fo:) izLrqr dh xbZ gSa ftlds }kjk vihy la[;k 40@97 vkafkd :i ls Lohdkj dh xbZ gSA 2- izdj.k ds rf; la{ksi esa bl izdkj gS fd oknh izR;FkhZ la[;k 1 mnk us mi[k.M vf/kdkjh] fuEckgsM+k ds U;k;ky; esa ,d okn /kkjk 88 o 53 vf/kfu;e dk izLqr dj fuosnu fd;k fd oknh o izfroknh la[;k 1] 2 ds ltjk ds vuqlkj jkek ds rhu iq= xesjk] y{e.k ,oa /kUuk gq;sA xesjk dk oknh mnk nÙkd iq= gS ,oa xesjk dh ixM+h oknh ds cka/kh xbZ ,oa mldk fØ;kdeZ oknh us gh fd;k ftlls oknh xesjk dk okfjl gSa xesjk dh ,d iq=h izfroknh la[;k 2 nssÅ gSA /kUuk dh Hkh e`R;q gks pqdh gS ,oa oknh mnk /kUuk dk iq= gSA okn i= dh pj.k la[;k 3 ^d* esa of.kZr vkjkth;kr esa oknh dk 2@3 fgLlk ,oa izfroknh la[;k 1 dk 1@3 fgLlk gS ijUrq mlus oknh dh ukckfyxh dk Qk;nk mBkdj Lo;a ds uke 2@3 fgLlk ntZ djk fy;k tks xyr gSA blh izdkj okn la[;k 3^[k* esa of.kZr vkjkth;kr izfroknh la[;k 1 us lEiw.kZ Hkwfe Lo;a ds uke xyr :i ls ntZ djk yh tcfd bl Hkwfe esa oknh dk 2@3 fgLlk ,oa izfroknh la[;k 1 dk 1@3 fgLlk gSa blh izdkj okn la[;k 3^x* esa of.kZr vkjkth;kr esa oknh ,oa izfroknh la[;k 1 dk cjkcj dk gd fgLlk gSA izfroknh la[;k 2 nsÅ xesjk dh tk;Unk iq=h gS ,oa kknhlqnk gksdj viuh llqjky esa jg jgh gSA mldk xesjk dh tk;nkn esa dksbZ fgLlk ugha gS ,oa dCtk ugha gSA oknh xesjk dk xksniq= gS ftlls mldk 2@3 fgLlk okn pj.k la[;k 3^d* ^[k* esa of.kZr vkjkth;kr esa gSA ;fn xksn iq= izekf.kr gksuk ugha ekuk tkos rks oknh dk 1@2 fgLlk gSa izfroknh la[;k 1 fcuk oknh dh lgefr ds vkjkth [kljk uEcj 313 dk cspku dj pqdk gs tks voS/k ,oa kwU; gS ,oa vU; vkjkth;kr dk cspku djuk pkgrk gSA vr% nkok Lohdkj fd;k tkdj oknh dk fookfnr Hkwfe esas 2@3 fgLlk ,oa izfroknh la[;k 1 vihykFkhZ dk 1@3 fgLlk ?kksf"kr fd;k tkosA ijh{k.k U;k;ky; esa izfroknh la[;k 1 us tokc nkok izLrqr dj oknh mnk dks xesjk }kjk xksn ugha fy;k tkuk ,oa mnk /kUuk dk ,dek= iq= gksus ls xksn ugha tk ldrk Fkk] dFku djrs gq, izfroknh la[;k 1 y{e.k dks xesjk }kjk tkfr fjokt ds vuqlkj xksn fy;k tkuk ,oa Lo;a dk 2@3 fgLlk gksuk dFku fd;kA ijh{k.k U;k;ky; us nksuksa i{kksa dks lqudj ckn dk;Zokgh fu.kZ; fu.kZ; o fMØh fnukad 16-7-1997 ls oknh dk okn Lohdkj dj izkFkfed fMØh dj fn;kA blds fo:) izfroknh la[;k 1 y{e.k ds okfjl psuk vihykFkhZ }kjk jktLo vihy izkf/kdkjh] fpÙkkSM+x<+ ds U;k;ky; esa izFke vihy izLrqr dh xbZ tks muds fu.kZ; fnukad 4-7-1998 ls vkafkd :i ls Lohdkj dh tkdj y{e.k ds [krs dh Hkwfe vkjkth [kljk uEcj 193@1] 273] 276] 277] 209] 291 dks foHkktu esa kkfey ugha djus ,oa vkjkth [kljk uEcj 236 ,oa 238 esa oknh dk 1@2 fgLlk ,oa izfroknh y{e.k dk 1@2 fgLlk ?kksf"kr fd;kA blh izdkj vkjkth [kljk uecj 193@4] 282@2] 283] 313@1 xesjk ds LorU= [kkrs dh ,oa buesa y{e.k dk dksbZ gd ugha ekukA blh izdkj vkjkth [kljk uecj 274] 284] 292] 293] 295@2 oknh mnk ds [kkrsnkjh dh ?kksf"kr dh ,oa 311@2] 312] 313 feu] 285] 286] 199] 200 ls 203 esa oknh dk 2@3 ,oa izfroknh la[;k 1 dk 1@3 dk fgLlk ?kksf"kr fd;k ,oa foØ; i= ckcr~ vkjkth [kljk uEcj 311@2 ,oa 313 ehu dks kwU; ?kksf"kr fd;kA blls O;fFkr gksdj vihykFkhZ izfroknh la[;k 1 }kjk ;g f}rh; vihy jktLo e.My ds le{k izLrqr dh xbZ gSA 3- fo}ku vfHkHkk"kd vihykFkhZ us viuh cgl esa rdz fn;k fd oknh izR;FkhZ la[;k 1 mnk us nkok Lo;a dks xesjk dk xksn iq= gksuk dgrs gq, izLrqr fd;k gS ijUrq xksn fdlh Hkh lk{; ls lkfcr ugha djk;k x;k gsA fof/kor~ rjhds ls xksn fy;k tkuk ,oa fn;k tkuk lkfcr djk;k tkuk vko;d gSA oknh mnk vius tk;Unk firk /kUuk dk ,dek= iq= gS tks xksn ugha tk ldrkA mnk ds tk;Unk ekrk firk dk nsgkUr gks tkuk c;kuksa esa crk;k x;k gS ftlls ;g lkfcr gs fd mnk dks mlds ekrk firk }kjk xksn ugha fn;k x;k rks ,slh fLFkfr esa fgUnq ,Mksiku ,.M eSUVsusUl ,DV] 1956 dh /kkjk 9 ds vuqlkj U;k;ky; dh Loh—fr yh tkuk vko;d gSA mä ,DV dh /kkjk 5 ds vuqlkj mä vf/kfu;e] 1956 ykxw gksus ds ckn jhfr fjokt ykxw ugha gksaxsA oknh ds xokgksa ds c;kuksa esa xesjk dh ixM+h mnk ds cka/kh tkuk ,oa fØ;kdeZ fd;k tkuk dgdj mnk dks xesjk dk okfjl crk;k gSA fo}ku vfHkHkk"kd vihykFkhZ us 1984 vkj-vkj-Mh- ist 338] 1986 vkj-vkj-Mh- ist 432] 1985 Mh-,u-ts- ist 63] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1963 lqizhe dksVZ 302 vkfn izLrqr djrs gq, rdz fn;k fd ixM+h cka/kus ls xksn iq= lkfcr ugha gksrk gS ,oa ixM+h cka/kh tkus ls dksbZ vf/kdkj izkIr ugha gksrs gSa vr% vihy Lohdkj dh tkosA 4- fo}ku vfHkHkk"kd izR;FkhZ la[;k us viuh cgl esa rdZ fn;k fd oknh us Lo;a dh xesjk ds xksn tkuk ,oa xksniq= ekudj gh nkok fd;k gs u fd xksn ds vk/kkj ij nkok fd;k gSa xesjk dh iq=h nsÅ us vius c;kuksa esa ,oa xokgksa us vius c;kuksa esa xesjk }kjk mnk dks xksn fy;k tkuk o ixM+h cka/kh tkuk dgk gS ftlls fookfnr Hkwfe esa oknh mnk dk 2@3 fgLlk curk gSA nksuksa v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa us leorhZ fu"d"kZ fudkyk gS ftlesa gLr{ksi ugha fd;k tk ldrkA izfroknh us vius tokcnkos esa tkfr fjokt ds vuqlkj y{e.k dks xesjk }kjk xksn fy;k tkuk dgk gs ftlls tkfr jhfr fjokt ds vuqlkj xksn fy;k tk ldrk gSA izfroknh vihykFkhZ }kjk ,slk dksbZ lk{; izLrqr ugha fd;k x;k gS ftlls y{e.k dks xksn fy;k tkuk lkfcr gks ldsA blds foijhr oknh ds xokgksa ls ØkWl Hkh ugha fd;k x;k gS ftlls oknh mnk dks xesjk }kjk xksn fy;k tkuk lkfcr gksrk gS ,oa xesjk ds fgLls dh Hkwfe fy;k tkuk lkfcr gksrk gS ,oa xesjk ds fgLls dh Hkwfe izkIr djus dk og gdnkj gSA vr% vihy [kkfjt dh tkosA 5- geus nksuksa i{kksa ds vfHkHkk"kdksa dh cgl ij euu fd;k ,oa i=koyh dk voyksdu fd;kA 6- ijh{k.k U;k;ky; us nkos ,oa tokc nkos ds vk/kkj ij dqy 7 rudh;k;r dk;e dh gS ,oa rudh;kr dk fu.kz; djrs gq, oknh dk nkok fMØh fd;k gSA jktLo vihy izkf/kdkjh us vihy dks vkafkd :i ls Lohdkj djrs gq, dqN vkjkth;kr dks caVokjs ls vyx djus dk fu.kZ; fn;k gSA 7- ijh{k.k U;k;ky; }kjk rudh la[;k 1 ds fu.kZ; ds vk/kkj ij vU; rudh;k;r dk fu.kz; fd;k x;k gSA rudh la[;k1 ;g gs fd vk;k oknh xesjk dk xksn iq= gksdj mldk okfjl gSA v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa ;s ;g ekurs gq, fd oknh us Lo;a] nsÅ ,oa fdkuk ds c;ku djk;s gS] ftUgksaus xesjk }kjk oknh mnk dks xksn fy;k tkuk crk;k gS] blds vk/kkj ij rudh la[;k 1 dk fu.kZ; oknh mnk dks xksn fy;k tkuk crk;k gS] blds vk/kkj ij rudh la[;k 1 dk fu.kZ; oknh ds i{k esa fd;k gS ,oa oknh dks xesjk dk xksn iq= ekuk gSA ijUrq i=koyh ij miyC/k eq- nsÅ ds c;kuksa ds v/;;u ,oa voyksdu ls ;g Li"V gS fd eq- nsÅ us vius c;kuksa esa mnk dks xesjk }kjk xksn fy;k tkuk dgh Hkh ugha dgk gSA eq- nsÅ ds c;kuksa esa xesjk dks ejs 40 50 lky gksus ,oa xesjk dh e`R;q ds le; esjs ¼nsŽ ds vykok v; dksbZ vkSykn ugha gksuk dgk gSA mnk NksVk Fkk rc gh mlds ekrk firk ej x;s FksA xesjk us mnk dk Hkj.k iks"k.k fd;k] kknh djokbZA [ksrh Hkh mnk djrk FkkA mnk ds ixM+h ca/kkbZ] dFku fd;k ijUrq vius c;kuksa esa eq- nsÅ us mnk dks xesjk }kjk xksn fy;k tkuk dgha Hkh ugha dgk gSA blh izdkj xokg fdkuk us Hkh mnk dks xesjk }kjk iky iks"k dj cM+k djuk] kknh djokuk] xesjk mnk ds ikl jguk] xesjk ds ejus ds ckn mldh ixM+h mnk vFkok ekrk }kjk mnk dks xksn fn;k tkuk ugha dgk gSA bl izdkj i=koyh ij miyC/k fdlh Hkh lk{; ls mnk dks xesjk }kjk xksn fy;k tkuk vFkok mnk ds ekrk firk }kjk xksn fn;k tkuk lkfcr ugha djk;k x;k gSA ;gka ;g Hkh Li"V gs fd eq- nsÅ ,oa xokg fdkuk us vius c;kuksa esa mnk ds firk /kUuk dk nsgkUr mnk ds cpiu esa gh gks tkuk dFku fd;k gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa fgUnq ,Mksiku ,.M eSUVsusUl ,DV] 1956 dh /kkjk 9 ds vuqlkj tc xksn nsus okys ekrk firk ugha gks rks laj{kd }kjk U;k;ky; dh Loh—fr ls xksn fn;k tk ldrkA orZeku izdj.k esa U;k;ky; dh Loh—fr ls xksn fy;k tkuk vFkok fn;k tkuk lkfcr ugha gksrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa i=koyh ij miyC/k lk{; ls oknh mnk dks xesjk }kjk xksn fy;k tkuk lkfcr ugha gksrk gSA oknh us Lo;a dks xesjk dk xksniq= gksuk ,oa mlds fgLls dk okfjl gksuk dFku fd;k gS ijUrq mijksäkuqlkj oknh mnk us fdlh Hkh lk{; ls xesjk }kjk mls xksn fy;k tkuk lkfcr ugha djk;k x;k gSA fgUnw ,Mksiku ,.M eSUVsusUl ,DV] 1956 dh /kkjk 5 ds vuqlkj mä ,DV ds izHkko esa vkus ds ckn tkfr ds fjokt ykxw ugha gksaxsA oknh mnk us nkos ,oa vius c;kuksa esa xesjk ds ,dek= iq=h eq- nsÅ vkSykn gksuk dgk gSA blh rF; dh rkbZn xokg fdkuk us dh gS ,oa izfroknh la[;k 1 us Hkh tokc nkos esa eq- nsÅ dks xesjk dh iq=h gksuk Lohdkj fd;k gSA bl izdkj ;g Li"V gS fd xesjk dh okfjl mldh iq=h izfroknh la[;k 2 eq- nsÅ gSA izfroknh la[;k 1 y{e.k dk nsgkUr gks pqdk gS ,oa mldk okfjl psuk gS rFkk mnk oknh /kUuk dk okfjl gSA 8- 1984 vkj-vkj-Mh- ist 338 esa jktLo e.My dh [k.M ihB }kjk ;g fl)kUr izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gS fd % (c) Adoption—Requirement—Mullas Hindu Law, Article 488 & 491—Besides physical act of giving and receiving, free consent of the person giving and the person receiving adoption, also essential condition to make adoption effective in eyes of law—Held, adoption, not proved on facts of case—Pagri ceremony after death of adoptive father, quite different from adoption and could not be treated as an adoption. 9- blh izdkj 1986 vkj-vkj-Mh- ist 432 esa fuEu fl)kUr izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gS % (a) Rajasthan Tenancy Act, Section 224—Second Appeal—Appreciation of evidence—Hindu A & M Act, Section 11(vi)—Concurrent findings of lower Court that deft. resp. No.3 was adopted son of his uncle K—No evidence, produced by deft.-resp. that ceremony of actual taking and giving in adoption, performed—Physical act of giving and taking necessary for adoption act to Section 11(vi)—It turban of any person on his death, tied on head of his nephew, he cannot be regarded as his adopted son—No evidence, produced about custom of adopting a married man in family of K—Hence, findings of lower Courts, not based on any evidence regarding adoption— AIR 1980 SC 1754 & AIR 1963 SC 302 , referred. 10- 1991 vkj-vkj-Mh- ist 638 esa Hkh ;g izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gS fd % Hindu Maintenance & Adoption Act, Sections 6 & 11—Tying of the Pagri on the head of a male person in the family neither constitutes adoption nor transfer or rights in the property—It is a custom that in a section of Hindus after the death of a male person Pagri is tied on the head of his son or any other male person in the family—This does not have any legal consequences and is only a mere social formality. 11- mijksä U;k; n`"VkUrksa esa izfrikfnr fl)kUrksa ds vuqlj.k esa orZeku izdj.k esa ;g Li"V gS fd oknh mnk dks xesjk }kjk xksn fy;k tkuk lkfcr ugha gS ,oa ek= xesjk dh ixM+h mnk ds cka/ks tkus ds vk/kkj ij mnk dks xesjk dk xksniq= ugha ekuk tk ldrk ,oa bl vk/kkj ij mnk dks xesjk dh lEifÙk esa dksbZ vf/kdkj Hkh izkIr ugha gksrs gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa rudh la[;k 1 dk fu.kZ; oknh ds i{k esa ugha fd;k tk ldrkA nksuksa v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa us oknh mnk dks xesjk dk xksn iq= ekurs gq, rudh la[;k 1 dk fu.kZ; oknh ds i{k esa fd;k gS ,oa mlds vk/kkj ij vU; rudh;kr dk fu.kZ; fd;k gS tks vuqfpr ,oa fujk/kku gSA 12- ijh{k.k U;k;ky; dh rudh la[;k 1 ds fu.kZ; ds vk/kkj ij oknh dks xesjk dk xksniq= ekurs gq, vU; lHkh rudh;kr dk fu.kZ; fd;k gS tks mijksäkuqlkj =qfViw.kZ gS ,oa fujk/kkj gksdj fujLr fd;s tkus ;ksX; gSA ijUrq izdj.k esa pwafd nkok ?kks"k.kk ,oa caVokjs dk gS rFkk oknh us fookfnr Hkwfe dks iSf=d gksuk nkos esa dFku fd;k gSA vr% fookfnr Hkwfe iSf=d gS ;k D;ksadj ckcr~\ miyC/k lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij tkap dj xesjk] y{e.k ,oa /kUuk dh Hkwfe ds caVokjs ckcr~ izkFkfed fMØh ikfjr fd;k tkuk visf{kr jgrk gS ftlls ge izdj.k dks izfr izsf"kr fd;k tkuk U;k;ksfpr le>rs gSA 13- vr% mijksä foospu ds vuqlkj vihy vihykFkhZ Lohdkj dh tkrh gS ,oa jktLo vihy izkf/kdkjh] fpÙkkSM+x<+ dk fu.kZ; o fMØh fnukad 4-7-1998 ,oa mi[k.M vf/kdkjh] fuEckgsMk dk fu.kZ; o fMØh fnukad 16-7-1997 fujLr fd;s tkrs gS ,oa izdj.k mi[k.M vf/kdkjh] fuEckgsMk dks izfr izsf"kr dj vknsk fn;k tkrk gS fd mijksä vkWCtjosku~l dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, miyC/k lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij tkap dj xesjk] y{e.k ,oa /kUuk dh Hkwfe dk fof/k vuqlkj dk;Zokgh dj caVokjs ckcr~ iqu% izkFkfedh fMØh ikfjr djsaA 14- pw¡fd ;g izdj.k cgqr iqjkuk gS vr% ijh{k.k U;k;ky; dks funsZk fn;s tkrs gSa fd izdj.k esa fnu izfrfnu lquokbZ dj ;Fkk lEHko 6 ekg esa nkos dk fuLrkj.k djsaA nksuksa i{kksa dks ikcUn fd;k tkrk gS fd os ijh{k.k U;k;ky; ds le{k fnukad 28-9-2007 dks mifLFkr jgsaA 15- fu.kZ; fy[kk;k tkdj [kqys U;k;ky; esa lquk;k x;kA