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Rajasthan High Court · body
2007 DIGILAW 398 (RAJ)
Samunder Singh v. Mohanram
2007-02-22
R.N.ARVIND
body2007
vjfoUn] lnL;-&mijksä pkjksa jsQjsUl vUrxZr /kkjk 232 jktLFkku dkrdkjh vf/kfu;e] 1955 ds rgr ftyk dyDVj chdkusj }kjk ikfjr fd;s x;s fu.kZ; fnukad 30-12-2000 ds rgr bl U;k;ky; esa izLrqr fd;s x;s gSA mijksä lHkh ekeys ,d gh vknsk ls lEcfU/kr gksus ds dkj.k vkSj leku rF; ,oa leku dkuwuh fcUnw fufgr gksus ls buesa ,d lkFk cgl lquh xbZ vkSj jkT; ljdkj ds lkFk lkFk fo}ku vfHkHkk"kd vizkFkhZ ds vuqjks/k ij i=koyh la- 508@01 Hkh fookfnr vknsk ls lEcfU/kr gksus ds dkj.k bldh i=koyh kk[kk ls eaxokbZ tkdj cgl lquh xbZA pkjksa ekeyksa dk fuLrkj.k ,d gh fu.kZ; ls fd;k tk jgk gS fu.kZ; dh izfr lHkh i=koyh esa layXu dh tkosaA 2- la{ksi esa rF; bl izdkj gS fd ftyk dyDVj chdkusj us mijksä lHkh izdj.k jktLo e.My vtesj dks Hkstdj vuqjks/k fd;k gS fd fcuk fdlh vk/kkj ds fo}ku mi[k.M vf/kdkjh us vknsk fnukad 26-9-83 }kjk mijksä lHkh ekeyksa esa oSdfYid Hkwfe miyC/k djokus dk vknsk ;g dgdj ns fn;k fd mijksä ekeyksa esa iwoZ esa vkoafVr Hkwfe lsuk }kjk vokIr gks jgh gS blfy, bu dkrdkjksa dks xzke Hkaofj;k ds ctk; xzke cMsju esa vknsk esa vafdr Hkwfe cgky j[kh tkosaA fookfnr Hkwfe dk fooj.k nsus ,oa rqjUr lanHkZ ds fy, bl vknsk dks m)r fd;k tkrk gS tks fuEu izdkj gS%& ^^dk;kZy; mi[k.M vf/kdkjh ¼mÙkj½ chdkusj Øekad&Camp/Loonkaransar fnukad 26-9-83 vknsk xzke pd Hkaofj;k mifuosku {ks= ds ckgj fudyus ds dkj.k fuEu izkFkhZ;ku viuh Hkwfe tks 1971 ls vkoafVr Fkh dks cgky djokus pkgrs gSA xzke pd Hkaofj;k dh Hkwfe lsuk }kjk vokIr dh tk jgh gS blfy, bu dkrdkjksa dh Hkwfe pd Hkaofj;k dh ctk; xake cMsju ds fuEu [kljk uacjksa esa cgky dh tkrh gSA jktLo jde laor~ 2028 ls olwy dh tkosA 1- vejkjke iq= xks:jke tkfr tkVlkfdu c[kwlj cMsju [k-ua- 211 esa 75 ch?kk 2- es?kkjke iq= ekyw tkfr tkVlkfdu c[kwlj cMsju [k-ua- 211 esa 75 ch?kk 3- fyNekjke iq= dksMkjke tkfr tkVlkfdu c[kwlj cMsju [k-ua- 211 esa 75 ch?kk 4- eksgujke iq= jkorjke tkfr tkVlkfdu c[kwlj cMsju [k-ua- 109 esa 75 ch?kk 5- lktukjke iq= ?ks:jke tkfr tkVlkfdu jktklj cMsju [k-ua- 286 esa 75 ch?kk 6- deyknsoh ifRu ykypUn tkfr tkVlkfdu ckyklj cMsju [k-ua- 130 esa 75 ch?kk 7- HkSjkjke iq= cksQkjke tkfr tkVlkfdu c[kwlj cMsju [k-ua- 130 esa 75 ch?kk g-& mi[k.M vf/kdkjh ¼mÙkj½ chdkusj Øekad % fnukad & izfrfyfi lwpukFkZ ,oa ikyukFkZ & 1- rglhynkj ywudjulj 2- iVokjh gYdk cMsju
5- lktukjke iq= ?ks:jke tkfr tkVlkfdu jktklj cMsju [k-ua- 286 esa 75 ch?kk 6- deyknsoh ifRu ykypUn tkfr tkVlkfdu ckyklj cMsju [k-ua- 130 esa 75 ch?kk 7- HkSjkjke iq= cksQkjke tkfr tkVlkfdu c[kwlj cMsju [k-ua- 130 esa 75 ch?kk g-& mi[k.M vf/kdkjh ¼mÙkj½ chdkusj Øekad % fnukad & izfrfyfi lwpukFkZ ,oa ikyukFkZ & 1- rglhynkj ywudjulj 2- iVokjh gYdk cMsju g-& mi[k.M vf/kdkjh ¼mÙkj½ chdkusj** bl vknsk dks vikLr djokus gsrq leqnzflag iq= es?kflag us ,d izkFkZuk i= fo}ku ftyk dyDVj chdkusj ds le{k izLrqr fd;k ftl ij ftyk dyDVj chdkusj us bl izdj.k ds lEcU/k esa ,oa Hkwfe ds lEcU/k esa rglhynkj jktLo yw.kdj.klj ls fjiksVZ eaxokbZ ,oa rRipkr~ mUgksaus izdj.k dh cgl lqudj ;g ik;k fd m[k.M vf/kdkjh chdkusj ds vknsk fnukad 26-9-83 ,oa mldh ikyuk esa rLnhd fd;k x;k bUrdky dkfcy fujLruh; gSA rRdkyhu mi[k.M vf/kdkjh mÙkj chdkusj ds voS/kkfud vknsk fnukad 26-9-83 ld xzke Hkaofj;k esa fcuk iwoZ esa dksbZ vkoaVu gq, gh mlds cnys esa xyr rjhds ls pd iznku fd;s os fof/klEer ugha gksus rFkk {ks=kf/kdkj ls ckgj gksus ls dkfcy fujLruh; gSA 3- bl ekeysa esa fo}ku jktdh; vfHkHkk"kd ,oa fo}ku vfHkHkk"kd vizkFkhZ dks lquk x;kA 4- fo}ku jktdh; vfHkHkk"kd Jh ts-ih- ekFkqj dk dFku gS fd ;g ekeyk ÝkWM ,oa felfjizstsUVsku dk gS ftlesa rRdkyhu mi[k.M vf/kdkjh Jh o`f)pUn ;kno dks Hkh uke ls fkdk;rdrkZ us i{kdkj cuk;k gSA bl ekeysa esa fookfnr Hkwfe vizkFkhZx.k eksgujke iq= jkorjke] fyNekjke iq= eksMkjke] Hksjkjke iq= chatkjke ,oa es?kkjke iq= ekywjke dks fcuk okftc dkj.k rFkk fcuk fdlh dkuwuh vf/kdkfjrk ds lEHkyk nhA fkdk;rdrkZ us fo}ku ftyk dyDVj dks izkFkZuk dh Fkh fd fcuk fdlh oS/kkfud vknskds dwVjpuk djds vizkfFkZ;ku us Hkwfe izkIr dh gS ijUrq fo}ku ftyk dyDVj us vius jsQjsal esa fy[kk gs fd rRdkyhu mi[k.M vf/kdkjh Jh o`f)pUn us gLrk{kj Lo;a ds gksuk izrhr gksuk ekuk gSA fo}ku mi[k.M vf/kdkjh us vius vknsk fnukad 26-9-83 }kjk tks cnys dh Hkwfe cgku djuk vafdr fd;k gS og vknsk voS/kkfud gS D;ksafd fd txg fLFkr fdl Hkwfe ds cnys esa fookfnr Hkwfe cgky j[kh gS bldk dksbZ vadu ugha gSA ;g Li"V gS fd cnys esa Hkwfe rHkh cgky gks ldrh gS tcfd fdlh ds ikl igys ls dksbZ Hkwfe gksA bu ekeyksa esa vizkfFkZ;ku ds ikl igys ls dksbZ Hwkfe miyC/k gh ugha Fkh vkSj xyr rF; dFku djrs gq, mijksä fookfnr vknsk ikfjr fd;k x;k gSA iwoZ dh miyC/k Hkwfe dk [kljk
gS bldk dksbZ vadu ugha gSA ;g Li"V gS fd cnys esa Hkwfe rHkh cgky gks ldrh gS tcfd fdlh ds ikl igys ls dksbZ Hkwfe gksA bu ekeyksa esa vizkfFkZ;ku ds ikl igys ls dksbZ Hwkfe miyC/k gh ugha Fkh vkSj xyr rF; dFku djrs gq, mijksä fookfnr vknsk ikfjr fd;k x;k gSA iwoZ dh miyC/k Hkwfe dk [kljk uEcj jdck] xzke rFkk vkoaVu dh rkjh[k vkfn dk dksbZ fooj.k ugha gSA vizkFkhZx.k ds uke iwoZ esa ,slh dksbZ Hkwfe ugha Fkh ftuds cnys fookfnr Hkwfe nh xbZ gS;k nh tk ldrh gks rFkk u rks mudks iwoZ esa dksbZ vkoaVu gqvk vkSj u gh iwoZ esa mudh dksbZ [kkrsnkjh dh Hkwfe Fkh ftldks lsuk }kjk vokfIr dh dk;Zokgh crkrs gq, cnys dh Hkwfe miyC/k djk nhA bl rjg dk vknsk vius vkiesa ÝkWM ,oa felfjiztsUVsku dk ,d vthc mnkgj.k gS bl tSlk nwljk ns[kus esa vkuk eqfdy gSA vius dFku ds leFkZu esa ekuuh; jktLFkku mPp U;k;ky; }kjk ikfjr fu.kZ; dh uthj 2002 vkjvkjMh ist 1 }kjk izfrikfnr fl)kUr dh rjQ gekjk /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k vkSj dgk fd ftu ekeyksa esa vkoaVu ÝkWM ,oa felfjiztsUVsku ¼Fraud and Misrepresentation½ ls gqvk gks muesa ;fn vkoaVu Hkh gks x;k gks vkSj [kkrsnkjh vf/kdkj Hkh fey x;s gksa rks Hkh ,sls vkoaVu dks [kkfjt djus esa fe;kn ck/kk ugha gSA mudk ;g Hkh dFku gs fd mi[k.M vf/kdkjh mÙkj Jh o`f)pUn ;kno }kjk ikfjr vknsk vius {ks=kf/kdkj ls ckgj fd;k tkdj ikfjr fd;k x;k vknsk gS bl dkj.k Hkh muds }kjk ikfjr fd;k x;k vknsk dkfcy fujLruh; gSA fcuk {ks=kf/kdkj ds ikfrj fd;k x;k vknsk Ab-intio-void dh ifjHkk"kk esa vkrk gS vkSj ,sls ekeys ds leFkZu esa mUgksaus ekuuh; loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk izfrikfnr fl)kUr 1954 ,vkbZvkj lqizhe dksVZ ist 340 dh vksj gekjk /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;kA fo}ku jktdh; vfHkHkk"kd dk ;g Hkh dFku gS fd mi[k.M vf/kdkjh mÙkj Jh o`f)pUn ;kno us tks vknsk ikfjr fd;k gS og vknsk bl izdkj dk gS ftlds vk/kkj ij muds f[kykQ QkStnkjh dk;Zokgh Hkh fd;k tkuk mfpr gksxkA iwoZ dk dksbZ vizkFkhZx.k ds ikl vkoaVu ugha Fkk vkSj iwoZ dh dksbZ xSj [kkrsnkjh ugha Fkh vkSj fcuk fdlh vk/kkj ds ;g fy[k fn;k x;k fd pwafd budh Hkwfe lsuk ds fy, vokir dh tk jgh gS blfy, pd cMsju esa budh Hkwfe cgky j[kh tkrh gSA bl izdkj ds vknsk xSjftEesnkjkuk] vf/kdkj {ks= ls ckgj gS rFkk bl izdkj dh dk;Zokgh euekus rjhds ls
vkoaVu ugha Fkk vkSj iwoZ dh dksbZ xSj [kkrsnkjh ugha Fkh vkSj fcuk fdlh vk/kkj ds ;g fy[k fn;k x;k fd pwafd budh Hkwfe lsuk ds fy, vokir dh tk jgh gS blfy, pd cMsju esa budh Hkwfe cgky j[kh tkrh gSA bl izdkj ds vknsk xSjftEesnkjkuk] vf/kdkj {ks= ls ckgj gS rFkk bl izdkj dh dk;Zokgh euekus rjhds ls dh xbZ gSA bl izdkj ÝkWM ,oa felfjiztsUVsku }kjk fookfnr Hkwfe cgky j[kus ds vknsk fnukad 26-9-83 dks tkjh fd;s x;s gS os vknsk jí gksus yk;d gSA mudk ;g Hkh dFku gS fd jktLo fjdkWMZ esa ,d voS/kkfud vknsk ds vk/kkj ij ikfjr fd;s x;s ikyuk vknsk izHkkokwU; gS vkSj fookfnr vknsk dh vuqikyuk esa jktLo vfHkys[k esa fd;s x;s bUnzktkr jí fd;s tkus ;ksX; gSA 5- jsQjsUl dh cgl dk tokc nsrs gq, fo}ku vfHkHkk"kd vizkFkhZ la-1 dk dFku gS fd fookfnr ekeys 14 lky ls vf/kd iqjkus gks pqds gS rFkk bu ekeyksa esa jsQjsUl djhc 14 lky dh vof/k ds ckn fd;s x;s gS blfy, jsQjsUl fe;kn ckgj gS vkSj ;g jsQjsUl fe;kn ds fcUnq ij vLohdkj fd;s tkosaA fo}ku vfHkHkk"kd dk ;g Hkh dguk gS fd fookfnr ekeys dh Hkwfe dkrdkjksa ds dCts esa 20 lky dh vf/kd ls vof/k dh gS vkSj muls Hkwfe okfil Nhuuk muds lkFk vU;k; djuk gSA ¼d½ fo}ku vfHkHkk"kd vizkFkhZ dk ;g Hkh dFku gS fd mi[k.M vf/kdkjh }kjk ysaM fjdkMZ vkfQlj dh gSfl;r ls vknsk ikfjr fd;s gS vkSj ySaM fjdkMZ vkfQlj ftyk dyDVj dk Subordinate ugha gS vr% ;g jsQjsal Maintainable ugha gSA vius dFku ds leFkZu esa mUgksaus 1998 vkjvkjMh ist 333 ,oa 1974 vkjvkjMh ist 359 dh uthjksa dh vksj gekjk /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;kA mudk ;g Hkh dFku gS fd fookfnr Hkwfe dk fjdkMZ ck<+ esa cg x;k vr% vius i{k ds vkoaVu dk fjdkMZ miyC/k ugha djok ldrsA 6- tokcqy tokc esa fo}ku jktdh; vfHkHkk"kd dk ;g Hkh dFku gS fd pkykdh o feyh Hkxr ls Hkwfe izkIr djds vc vizkFkhZx.k xyr cgkuk cuk jgs gS fd fjdkWMZ ck<+ esa cg x;kiA budk dFku gkL;kLin gS D;ksafd ljdkjh fjdkMZ rhu LFkkuksa ij myC/k jgrk gS& ,d ftyk Lrj ij nwljk rglhy esa rhljk iVokjh ds ikl rFkk cgqr lk fjdkMZ [kkrsnkj ds ikl gksrk gS tSls ikl cqd] yxku dh jlhns vkfnA vizkfFkZ;ku ds ikl fjdkMZ ck<+ esa cgus dh dksbZ ,QvkbZvkj ntZ djkus dk lcwr Hkh ugha gSA vizkFkhZ;ku chdkusj ftys ds Hkh
gkL;kLin gS D;ksafd ljdkjh fjdkMZ rhu LFkkuksa ij myC/k jgrk gS& ,d ftyk Lrj ij nwljk rglhy esa rhljk iVokjh ds ikl rFkk cgqr lk fjdkMZ [kkrsnkj ds ikl gksrk gS tSls ikl cqd] yxku dh jlhns vkfnA vizkfFkZ;ku ds ikl fjdkMZ ck<+ esa cgus dh dksbZ ,QvkbZvkj ntZ djkus dk lcwr Hkh ugha gSA vizkFkhZ;ku chdkusj ftys ds Hkh fuoklh ugha gS vkSj dwVjpuk ls Hkwfe izkIr dh gSA 8- fo}ku vfHkHkk"kdx.k dh mijksä cgl ij euu fd;k x;k ,oa fjdkMZ dk voyksdu fd;k x;kA 9- lcls igys bl ekeysa esa ;g mYys[k djuk vko;d gS fd cgl ds nkSjku fo}ku vfHkHkk"kd vizkFkhZx.k dh rjQ ls fo}ku jktdh; vfHkHkk"kd ds bl loky dk dksbZ mÙkj ugha feyk fd mudks cnys esa Hkwfe feyus dk D;k vk/kkj gSA vizkFkhZx.k ds ikl vokIr gksus okyh Hkwfe ds ckcr~ u rks dksbZ iêk gS vkSj u dksbZ fxjnkojh gS rFkk u gh dksbZ tekcUnh gS u gh dksbZ vkoaVu vknsk gS u dksbZ vnkyr dh dksbZ fMØh gS vkSj u dksbZ cspku dh jftLVªh gS vkSj vkt Hkh muds ikl dksbZ fjdkMZ ugha gSA bl izdkj ftu yksxksa ds ikl fdlh rjg dk dksbZ Hkh fjdkMZ Hkwfe /kkj.k djus dk ugha Fkk mudks ;g dgrs gq, cnys dh Hkwfe mi[k.M vf/kdkjh uksFkZ chdkusj Jh o`f)pUn ;kno us ;g vafdr dj ns nh fd mudh Hkwfe dks lsuk ds fy, vokIr fd;k tk jgk gSA bl izdkj budh dgkuh eux<a+r gSA 10- mi[k.M vf/kdkjh mÙkj dk tks vknsk gS og fcYdqy xSjdkuwuh] vf/kdkj {ks= ls ckgj gS d;ksafd ftu O;fä;ksa ds ikl fdlh izdkj ls izkIr dksbZ Hkwfe ugha gS mudh Hkwfe dks lsuk }kjk vokIr fd;k tkuk crkdj cnys esa tks Hkwfe nh gS og vknsk izkjEHk ls gh izHkkokwU; gSA mi[k.M vf/kdkjh us tks vknsk ikfjr fd;k gS mlds fy, mudk dksbZ vf/kdkj {ks= ugha curk FkkA jktLo e.My dh ,dy ihB dh vFkksfjVh 1998 ist 333 ,oa 1974 vkjvkjMh ist 359 bl ekeys esa ykxw gh ugh gksrhA Land Revenue Act ds rgr mi[k.M vf/kdkjh Li"V rkSj ls dyDVj dk subordinate gS ftlds izko/kku /kkjk 24 ,y-vkj-,DV 1956 esa fn;s x;s gS vr% ;g rdZ ekU; ugha gS fd mi[k.M vf/kdkjh ySaM fjdkMZ vkfQlj ds :i esa dyDVj dk Subordinate ugha gSA oSls Hkh tks —R; mi[k.M vf/kdkjh us fd;k gS og ySaM fjdkMZ vf/kdkjh dh gSfl;r ls ugha fd;k gS vkSj vf/kdkj {ks= ls ckgj tkdj dk;Z fd;k gSA
subordinate gS ftlds izko/kku /kkjk 24 ,y-vkj-,DV 1956 esa fn;s x;s gS vr% ;g rdZ ekU; ugha gS fd mi[k.M vf/kdkjh ySaM fjdkMZ vkfQlj ds :i esa dyDVj dk Subordinate ugha gSA oSls Hkh tks —R; mi[k.M vf/kdkjh us fd;k gS og ySaM fjdkMZ vf/kdkjh dh gSfl;r ls ugha fd;k gS vkSj vf/kdkj {ks= ls ckgj tkdj dk;Z fd;k gSA Hkwfe vokfIr ds ekeysa esa cnys dh Hkwfe jkT; ljdkj dh btktr ls Hkwfe vokfIr vf/kdkjh ns ldrk gSA vr% bl izdkj Hkh fookfnr vknsk okbZV void gSA 11- fo}ku ftyk dyDVj us jktLo e.My dks jsQjsUl Hkstk gS mlls igys mUgksaus vius Lrj ij rglhynkj ls fjiksVZ ekaxh gS fd vk;k ftu yksxksa dks cnys dh Hkwfe nh xbZ gS muds ikl iwoZ esa ,slh dksbZ Hkwfe miyC/k Fkh ftlds dkj.k cnys dh Hkwfe nh xbz gSA fLFkfr ;g Li"V gS fd muds ikl dksbZ Hkwfe ugha Fkh tks vokIr gksus okyh FkhA vr% ;g lkfcr gS fd cnys dh Hkwfe vukf/kdkjiwoZd nh xbZ gSA 12- fo}ku jktdh; vfHkHkk"kd }kjk izLrqr vFkksfjVh ekuuh; jktLFkku mPp U;k;ky; }kjk izfrikfnr fl)kUr 2002 vkjvkjMh ist 1 bl ekeys esa iw.kZ:i ls pLik gksrh gS D;ksafd bl vnkyr ds lkeus Hkh vizkFkhZx.k }kjk ,slk dksbZ lcwr ugha fn;k x;k fd muds ikl ,slh Hkwfe Fkh ftlds cnys esa Hkwfe fey ldrh FkhA vr% bl izdkj ;g ekeyk Li"V rkSj ls Fraud and Misrepresentation dk gSA ,sls ekeyksa esa fe;kn dh vkM+ ysdj cgku ugha j[kk tk ldrk D;ksafd ,sls ekeys ;fn cgky j[ks tkosaxs rks xSjdkuwuh rkSj ls vkSj vukf/kdkj ps"Vk ls fdrus gh yksx jktdh; Hkwfe gM+i dj tkosaxs vkSj t:jrean yksx ljdkjh Hkwfe izkIr djus ls oafpr jg tkosaxsA bl izdkj dh voS/kkfud ,oa /kks[kk?kM+h dh dk;Zokgh dks izksRlkgu ugha fn;k tk ldrkA 13- tgka rd fo}ku vfHkHkk"kd vizkFkhZ us yEch vof/k gksus ds dkj.k rFkk jsQjsUl djhc 14 lky dh vof/k ds ckn djus dk loky gS ml ij ;g vnkyr fo}ku jktdh; vfHkHkk"kd }kjk nh xbZ nyhy ls lger gS fd ekuuh; loksZPp U;k;ky; us 1954 ,vkbZvkj lqizhe dksVZ 340 esa ;g Li"V fd;k gS fd tks ekeysa izkjEHk ls gh izHkkokwU; gS mu ij fe;kn dk fcUnq ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrk ,sls ekeysa tc Hkh l{ke U;k;ky; ds lkeus yk;s tkosaxs rks og U;k;ky; ,sls voS/kkfud vknsk dks vikLr djus esa iw.kZr;k l{ke gksxkA 14- fo}ku vfHkHkk"kd vizkFkhZ dh bl nyhy dks Hkh Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkldrk
340 esa ;g Li"V fd;k gS fd tks ekeysa izkjEHk ls gh izHkkokwU; gS mu ij fe;kn dk fcUnq ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrk ,sls ekeysa tc Hkh l{ke U;k;ky; ds lkeus yk;s tkosaxs rks og U;k;ky; ,sls voS/kkfud vknsk dks vikLr djus esa iw.kZr;k l{ke gksxkA 14- fo}ku vfHkHkk"kd vizkFkhZ dh bl nyhy dks Hkh Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkldrk fd jsQjsUl 14 lky ls vf/kd iqjkuk gS vkSj fookfnr Hkwfe ij dkfct esa py jgs fdlkuksa dks csn[ky ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA D;ksafd fcuk fdlh vf/kdkj ds rFkk rF;ksa dks Nqikdj ÝkWM ,oa felfjiztsUVsku ls izkIr dh xbZ Hkwfe dks cgky j[kus dk eryc gksxk fd vfu;fer ,oa voS/kkfud vknsk dks izksRlkgu feysxk rFkk gtkjksa yk[kksa dh la[;k esa xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou ;kiu djus okys ,sls ln~Hkkoh dkrdkj ,oa —f"k etnwj ftUgsa fd Hkwfe dh egrh vko;drk gS ,sls yksx dkr ds fy, Hkwfe izkIr djus ls oafpr gksrs jgsaxsA 15- rRdkyhu mi[k.M vf/kdkjh uksFkZ Jh o`f)pUn ;kno ds vkpj.k ds ckjs esa fo}ku ftyk dyDVj us dksbZ tkap djds Finding ;k fVIi.kh ugha dh gS vr% bl fcUnq ij dqN Hkh dguk mfpr ugha gksxkA 16- U;k;ky; }kjk ;g eglwl fd;k tkrk gS fd Need vkSj Greed nksuksa esa vUrj le>uk pkfg;sA ;g ekeyk Need dk ugha gksdj Greed and Fraud dk gS vkSj Greed and Fraud dks izksRlkgu nsuk mfpr ugha gksxkA 17- mijksä foospu ds vk/kkj ij mijksä pkjksa jsQjsUlst Lohdkj fd;s tkrs gS vkSj mijksä jsQjsUl esa of.kZr fookfnr Hkwfe ds ckcr~ mi[k.M vf/kdkjh mÙkj chdkusj Jh o`f)pUn ;kno dk vknsk fnukad 26-9-83 vikLr fd;k tkrk gs rFkk bl vknsk dh ikyuk esa jktLo fjdkMZ esa [kksys x;s bUrdky rFkk tks bUnzktkr gsk pqds gS os lkjs bUnzktkr fujLr fd;s tkrs gS rFkk fookfnr Hkqfe iqu% jktdh; Hkwfe flok;pd ntZ fd;s tkus ds vknsk fn;s tkrs gSA 18- rglhynkj jktLo ywudj.klj bl vknsk dh ikyuk djds ikyuk fjiksVZ vkt dh fnukad ls vf/kdre 30 fnu dh vof/k esa voxr djok;saxsA 19- bl ekeysa dh iz—fr dks ns[krs gq, ;g U;k;ky; ;g mfpr le>rk gS fd bl vknsk dh izfr ekuuh; v/;{k jktLo e.My rFkk fo}ku ftyk dyDVj chdkusj nksuksa dks vyx ls Hksth tkosA fu.kZ; lquk;k x;kA[ 2007 DIGILAW 398 (RAJ) · digilaw.ai ]