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2007 DIGILAW 604 (ALL)

RAMAKANT MISRA v. STATE OF U. P.

2007-03-14

V.K.SHUKLA

body2007
V. K. SHUKLA, J. ( 1 ) PETITIONER Ramakant Misra, has approached this Court for issuing a writ in the nature of mandamus commanding the respondents to approve the name of the petitioner has Headmaster of the School, Nisar Ahmad Sherwani Chisti Junior High School, Bhargain, Etah. ( 2 ) IN the district Etah there is recognized Junior High Schools known as Nisar Ahmad Sherwani Chisti Junior High School, Bhargain, Etah. Petitioner submits that one Dharamveer Singh had been performing and discharging duties as Headmaster. Said Dharamveer Singh attained the age of superannuation on 30. 06. 2000. Petitioner has contended that Aftab Alam, Assistant Teacher had been performing and discharging duties has officiating Headmaster. Petitioner has contended that thereafter proceedings were undertaken for making selection and appointment on the post of Headmaster and Assistant Teacher. Petitioner has contended that due permission was accorded to Managing Committee of the institution for filling up the vacant post. Petitioner submits that thereafter vacancy has been advertised in Zila Times, Etah, and Dainik Savera, Etawah on 26. 04. 2006. Petitioner has contended that Smt. Savita Devi Assistant Basic Education Officer, Jalesar was appointed as nominee of District Basic Education Officer. Petitioner has contended that selection proceedings took place on 2805. 2006. Petitioner has contended that thereafter appointment letter has been issued on 29. 05. 2006 to the petitioner. Petitioner has further contended that entire papers were transmitted to District Basic Education Officer. Petitioner has further contended that he has been performing and discharging his duty. Petitioner has further contended that one Naresh Chandra Tiwari also claimed himself to be appointed as Headmaster of the institution. Petitioner has contended that though he has been performing and discharging duties, some order dated 29. 01. 2007 has been passed as he has received caveat. Petitioner has further contended that large scale manipulation has been made as such he has approached this Court with a request to declare and approve the name of the petitioner as Headmaster of the institution. ( 3 ) BEFORE proceeding to advert the claim of the petitioner relevant provision under which Headmaster of Junior High School is to be appointed namely U. P. Recognized Basic (Junior High School) (Recruitment and Condition of the Service of Teachers) Rules 1978. ( 3 ) BEFORE proceeding to advert the claim of the petitioner relevant provision under which Headmaster of Junior High School is to be appointed namely U. P. Recognized Basic (Junior High School) (Recruitment and Condition of the Service of Teachers) Rules 1978. Rule 4 and 5 of U. P. Recognized Basic (Junior High School) (Recruitment and Condition of the Service of Teachers) Rules 1978 are being looked into. "u. P. Recognized Basic (Junior High School) (Recruitment and Condition of the Service of Teachers) Rules 1978- Rule 4:-Minimum Qualification- (1) The minimum qualifications for the post of Assistant Teacher of recognized school shall be intermediate examination of the Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh or equivalent examination (with Hindi and teachers training course recognized by the State Government or the Board such as (Hindustani Teaching Certificate, Junior Teaching Certificate, Basic Teaching Certificate or Certificate of Training ). (2) The minimum qualification for the appointment to the post of Headmaster of a recognized school shall be as follows: (a) A degree from a recognized University or an equivalent examination recognized as such: (b) A teachers training course recognized by the State Government or the Board, such as Hindustani Teaching Certificate, Junior Teaching Certificate, Certificate of Training or Basic Teaching Certificate and (c) Three years teaching experience in a recognized schools. Rule 5: Eligibility for appointment: No person shall be appointed as Headmaster or Assistant Teacher in substantive capacity in any recognized school unless- (a) he possesses the minimum qualification prescribed for such post. (b) he is recommended for such appointment by the Selection Committee. Perusal of the aforesaid Rules would go to show that minimum qualification for the post of Headmaster of recognised School has been provided to be possessing degree and teacher training course recognized by the State Government or the Board such as Hindustani Teaching Certificate, Junior Teaching Certificate, Basic Junior Certificate or Certificate of Training and three years teaching experience in recognized schools. Rule 5 is categorical that no person shall be appointed as Headmaster or Assistant Teacher in the substantive capacity in any recognised School unless he possesses minimum qualification prescribed for such post. Rule 5 is categorical that no person shall be appointed as Headmaster or Assistant Teacher in the substantive capacity in any recognised School unless he possesses minimum qualification prescribed for such post. ( 4 ) ON the touchstone of the provision quoted above it is apparent that as far as B. Ed is concerned same is not at all teacher training qualification recognised by the State Government or the Board for the purpose of officering appointment the institution in question as defined under U. P. Recognized Basic (Junior High School) (Recruitment and Condition of the Service of Teachers) Rules 1978. Certificate which are recognized have been described are such as H. T. C, J. T. C, BTC or Certificate of Training. Petitioner in the present case does not possess either of these teaching certificate nor does he has to his credit teaching training course recognized by the State Government for the purposes of being appointed in the institution recognized under 1978 Rules. Petitioners qualification is M. Sc. B. Ed. As petitioner does not possess requisite minimum training teacher course as such he is ineligible to be appointed as Headmaster in recognized Junior High School and as such appointment of the petitioner is clearly dehors the Rule. Honble Apex Court in the case of Yogesh Kumar and others Vs. Government of NCT; Delhi and others [ (2003) 3 SCC 548 in respect to the appointment of primary School teachers and entitlement of candidates having B. Ed qualification has held that candidates with B. Ed degree are ineligible for being appointed as Primary Schools Teachers. Further B. Ed. course equips them for teaching higher Classes. A specialized training given to teachers for teaching small children at the primary level cannot be compared with training given for awarding B. Ed degree. Merely because primary teachers can also earn promotion to the post of teachers to teach higher classes and for which B. Ed is the prescribed qualification, it cannot be held that B. Ed. is a higher qualification than TTC. Looking to the different nature of TTC qualification the High Court rightly held that it is not comparable with B. Ed. degree qualification and latter cannot be treated as high qualification to the former. is a higher qualification than TTC. Looking to the different nature of TTC qualification the High Court rightly held that it is not comparable with B. Ed. degree qualification and latter cannot be treated as high qualification to the former. Thus, on these principle it is well settled that B. Ed degree holders are not at all eligible for being appointed as assistant teachers in recognised Junior High School under 1978 Rules. Relevant paras 2 to 8 are being quoted below: "2]. The first contention advanced by the learned counsel appearing for the B. Ed. candidates is that under the terms of the advertisement for recruitment issued on 21. 9. 2000, B. Ed. qualification is included in the prescribed qualification and just at the nick of final selection the authorities were not right in issuing the impugned Circular to declare them ineligible for recruitment. The relevant part of the advertisement for recruitment containing the requirements of essential qualifications reads as under: "a (I) Higher Secondary pass of recognised board/university with an elective subject in the Matric level. (II) Two years teacher training certificate from the recognised institute OR B (I) Intermediate or equivalent from the recognised board/university with an elective subject in the required language at the Matric level. (II) One year Teacher Training Certificate from a recognised institution. Note: The candidate applying for the post of Assistant Teacher (Primary) - Hindi must have passed Hindi as an elective subject at the Matric level. " the submission made on behalf of B. Ed. candidates is that as prescribed in clause B (ii), one years Trained Teachers Certificate is not granted anywhere by any institution and therefore the aforesaid qualification should be treated to be meant to indicate B. Ed. degree which is a one year teachers training course after Graduation. 3]. The second contention advanced is B. Ed. qualification should be treated as higher qualification than TTC because primary teachers recruited on TTC qualification can get promotion as teachers to teach higher classes and B. Ed. is the prescribed qualification for higher classes. 4]. The division bench of the Delhi High Court in the impugned judgment has dealt with the above two arguments in great detail. In our considered opinion it has rightly come to the conclusion that B. Ed. is the prescribed qualification for higher classes. 4]. The division bench of the Delhi High Court in the impugned judgment has dealt with the above two arguments in great detail. In our considered opinion it has rightly come to the conclusion that B. Ed. qualification, although a well recognised qualification in the field of teaching and education - being not prescribed in the advertisement, only some of the B. Ed. candidates who took a chance to apply for the post cannot be given entry in the field of selection. We also find that the High Court rightly came to the conclusion that teacher training imparted to teachers for B. Ed. course equips them for teaching higher classes. A specialized training given to teachers for teaching small children at primary level cannot be compared with training given for awarding B. Ed. degree. Merely because primary teachers can also earn promotion to the post of teachers to teach higher classes and for which B. Ed. is the prescribed qualification, it cannot be held that B. Ed. is a higher qualification than TTC. Looking to the different nature of TTC qualification the High court rightly held that it is not comparable with B. Ed. degree qualification and latter cannot be treated as higher qualification to the former. 5]. Lastly, learned counsel for the appellants urged that undisputedly for the last several years for recruitment of primary teachers in Municipal Corporation Schools, with B. Ed. degree were considered and appointed. This long standing practice should be taken as aid to construe the terms of the advertisement and particularly clause B (ii) on which reliance is paced by B. Ed. candidates to consider them eligible. 6]. In support of the above contention - learned counsel placed reliance on the decision of this Court in N. Suresh Nathan vs. Union of India [1992 Suppl. (1) SCC 584]. : AIR 1992 SC 564 : 1992 AIR SCW 181: 1992 Lab IC 351 7]. This last argument advanced also does not impress us at all. Recruitment to Public Services should be held strictly in accordance with the terms of advertisement and the recruitment rules, if any. Deviation from the Rules allows entry to ineligible persons and deprives many others who could have competed for the post. Merely because in the past some deviation and departure was made in considering the B. Ed. Recruitment to Public Services should be held strictly in accordance with the terms of advertisement and the recruitment rules, if any. Deviation from the Rules allows entry to ineligible persons and deprives many others who could have competed for the post. Merely because in the past some deviation and departure was made in considering the B. Ed. candidates and we are told that was so done because of the paucity of TTC candidates, we cannot allow a patent illegality to continue. The recruitment authorities were well aware that candidates with qualification of TTC and B. Ed. are available yet they chose to restrict entry for appointment only to TTC pass candidates. It is open to the recruiting authorities to evolve a policy of recruitment and to decide the source from which the recruitment is to be made. So far as B. Ed. qualification is concerned, in the connected appeals [ca No. 1726-28 of 2001] arising from Kerala which are heard with this appeal, we have already taken the view that B. Ed. qualification cannot be treated as a qualification higher than TTC because the natures of training imparted for grant of certificate and degree are totally different and between them there is no parity whatsoever. It is projected before us that presently more candidates available for recruitment to primary school are from B. Ed. category and very few from TTC category. Whether for the aforesaid reasons, B. Ed. qualification can also be prescribed for primary teachers is a question to be considered by the authorities concerned but we cannot consider B. Ed. candidates for the present vacancies advertised as eligible. In our view, the division bench of the Delhi High Court was fully justified in coming to the conclusion that B. Ed. candidates were rightly excluded by the authorities from selection and appointment as primary teachers. We make it clear that we are not called upon to express any opinion on any B. Ed. candidates appointed as primary teachers pursuant to advertisements in the past and our decision is confined only to the advertisement which was under challenge before the High Court and in this appeal. 8]. The case of N. Sureshnathan (supra) on which reliance is placed is clearly distinguishable. candidates appointed as primary teachers pursuant to advertisements in the past and our decision is confined only to the advertisement which was under challenge before the High Court and in this appeal. 8]. The case of N. Sureshnathan (supra) on which reliance is placed is clearly distinguishable. There a different question of computing minimum prescribed period of service for promotion of Diploma Engineers had arisen and on the basis of long practice, the contention of the Department was accepted that minimum required period of service to make diploma engineers eligible for promotion would be reckoned from the date on which they acquire degree while in service and not from the initial date of their appointment. ( 5 ) DIVISION Bench of this Court in the case of Sanjay Kumar Tyagi v. State of U. P. and others, reported in 2005 (1) ESC 713, has taken the view that B. Ed. and L. T. cannot be considered as teachers training course for the purposes of possessing minimum qualification in the context of 1978 Rules. Relevant paragraphs 2, 4 to 21 of the said judgment are being quoted below: "2]. It is not in dispute that the Junior High School is recognised and aided though managed by a private Managing Committee and that the conditions of service of teachers are governed by the 1978 Rules. The recommendations of the Selection Committee in favour of the appellant for appointment to the post of Headmaster were accepted by the Managing Committee and subsequently the Basic Shiksha Adhikari also granted approval to his appointment on 26. 3. 1998. A letter was thereafter issued on 27. 3. 1998 appointing the appellant to the post of Headmaster in the Junior High School. This appointment was challenged by another teacher of the Junior High School, namely, Dharamveer Singh who is respondent No. 4 in this Special Appeal on the ground that the appellant did not possess the requisite minimum qualification since he did not possess the Teaching Training Course recognised by the State Government or the Board as provided for in Rule 4 (2) (b) of the 1978 Rules. The appellant had to his credit the B. Ed. certificate, which according to the petitioner-respondent did not satisfy the requirement. The learned Judge, after a careful analysis of the various provisions of the 1978 Rules came to the conclusion that the B. Ed. The appellant had to his credit the B. Ed. certificate, which according to the petitioner-respondent did not satisfy the requirement. The learned Judge, after a careful analysis of the various provisions of the 1978 Rules came to the conclusion that the B. Ed. certificate possessed by the appellant was not a Teachers Training Course recognised by the State Government or the Board and, therefore, he did not possess the minimum qualification for being considered for appointment to the post of Headmaster. The appointment order was accordingly quashed. 3]. We have heard Sri Ashok Khare, learned Senior counsel appearing for the appellant and Sri P. R. Ganguly and Sri Sudhakar Upadhyaya, learned counsel for the respondents and have perused the materials available on record. 4]. The State Government enacted the Uttar Pradesh basic Education Act, 1972 (hereinafter referred to as "the Act ). The statement of objects and reasons, inter alia, mentions that the responsibility for primary education had so far vested with the Zila Parishads in rural areas and with Municipal Boards and Mahapalikas in urban areas. The administration of education at this level by the local bodies was not satisfactory, and it was deteriorating day by day. Hence for recognizing, reforming and expanding elementary education it became necessary for the State Government to take over its control into its own hands. It was, therefore, decided by the Government to transfer the control of primary education from the local bodies to the Uttar Pradesh Board of Basic Education (hereinafter referred to as "the Board ). Basic education has been defined to mean education up to class VIII imparted in School other than the High Schools or Intermediate Colleges. While the constitution of the Board has been provided for in Section 3 of the Act, the functions of the Board have been enumerated in Section 4. Section 4 (1) provides that it shall be the function of the Board to recognise, co-ordinate and control the imparting of basic education and teachers training thereof in the State, to raise its standards and to co-relate it with the system of education as a whole in the State. Section 4 (1) provides that it shall be the function of the Board to recognise, co-ordinate and control the imparting of basic education and teachers training thereof in the State, to raise its standards and to co-relate it with the system of education as a whole in the State. Section 4 (2) (b) provides that the Board shall have, amongst others, the power to conduct the junior high school and basic training certificate examinations and such other examinations as the State Government may from time to time by general or special order assign to it and to grant diplomas or certificates to candidates successful at such examinations. Section 19 of the Act provides that the State Government may make Rules for carrying out the purposes of the Act. 5]. There are basically two sets of Junior High Schools in the State of U. P. One set is owned and managed by the Board and the other by privately managed recognised Junior High Schools. Separate Rules have been framed for these Junior High Schools in exercise of the powers under Section 19 of the Act. The recruitment and conditions of service of teachers in privately managed recognised Junior High Schools is governed by the 1978 Rules whereas the conditions of service of teachers in Junior High School owned and managed by the Board are governed by the Uttar Pradesh Basic Education (Teachers) Service Rules, 1981 (hereinafter referred to as "the 1981 Rules ). In the instant case we are concerned with the 1978 Rules because the Junior High School in question is privately managed and is not one, which is either owned or controlled by the Board. 6]. In order to appreciate the controversy involved in the Special Appeal it may be appropriate to refer to the relevant provisions of the 1978 Rules and the 1981 Rules. A "junior High School has been defined under the 1978 Rules to mean an Institution other than High School or Intermediate College imparting education to boys or girls or both from Classes VI to VIII (inclusive) and a "recognised School has been defined to mean any Junior High School not being an institution belonging to or wholly maintained by the Board or any local body recognised by the Board as such. The minimum qualifications are provided for in Rule 4 and are as follows:- "4. The minimum qualifications are provided for in Rule 4 and are as follows:- "4. Minimum Qualification.- (1) The minimum qualifications for the post of Assistant Teacher of a recognised school shall be Intermediate Examination of the Board of High School and Intermediate Education, Uttar Pradesh or equivalent examination with Hindi and a teachers training course recognised by the State Government or the Board such as Hindustani Teaching Certificate, Junior Teaching Certificate, Basic Teaching Certificate, or Certificate of Training. (2) The minimum qualifications for the appointment to the post of Headmaster of a recognised school shall be as follows: (a) A degree from a recognised University or an equivalent examination recognised as such; (b) A teachers training course recognised by the State Government or the Board, such as Hindustani Teaching Certificate, Junior Teaching Certificate, Certificate of Training or Basic Teaching Certificate; and (c) Three years teaching experience in a recognised school. " 8. Rule 5 specifically provides that no person shall be appointed as Headmaster or Assistant Teacher in substantive capacity in any recognised School unless he possesses the minimum qualifications prescribed for such post and he has been recommended for such appointment by the Selection Committee. Rule 10 lays down the procedure for selection while Rule 11 relates to appointment. 9. In so far as the 1981 Rules are concerned a "basic School has been defined to mean a School where instructions are imparted from classes I to VIII. A "junior Basic School has been defined to mean a Basic School where instructions are imparted from classes I to V while a "senior Basic School means a Basic School where instructions are imparted from classes VI to VIII. A "nursery School, on the other hand, means a School in which children ordinarily of the age up to 6 years are taught in classes lower than class I. Rule 3 provides that the Rules shall apply to all teachers of local bodies transferred to the Board under Section 9 of the Act and to all teachers employed for the Basic and Nursery Schools established by the Board. Rule 5 contained in part III deals with the sources of recruitment and is as follows:- "5. Rule 5 contained in part III deals with the sources of recruitment and is as follows:- "5. Sources of recruitment.- The mode of recruitment to the various categories of posts mentioned below shall be as follows:- (a) (i) Mistresses of Nursery By direct recruitment as provided in Schools Rules 14 and 15; (ii) Assistant Masters and By promotion as provided in Rule 18; Assistant Mistresses of Junior Basic Schools (b) (i) Headmistresses of Nursery By promotion as provided in Rule 18; Schools (ii)Head Masters and Head By promotion as provided in Rule 18; Mistresses of Junior Basic Schools (ii)Assistant Masters of Senior By promotion as provided in Rule 18; Basic Schools (iii)Assistant Mistresses of Senior By promotion as provided in Rule 18; Basic Schools (iv)Head Masters of Senior By promotion as provided in Rule 18; Basic Schools (v)Head Mistresses of Senior By promotion as provided in Rule 18; Basic Schools Provided that if suitable candidates are not available for promotion to the posts mentioned at (iii) and (iv) above, appointment may be made by direct recruitment in the manner laid down in Rule 15. " Part IV of these 1981 Rules deals with qualification and the relevant portions of Rules 6 and 8 are quoted below:- "6. Age.- A candidate for recruitment to any post referred to in clause (a) or proviso to clause (b) of Rule 5, must have attained the age of eighteen years and must not have attained the age of more than thirty-two years on the first day of July following the year in which the vacancy is notified: Provided also that where after successful completion of a course of training prescribed for teachers of Basic Schools, a candidate could not get appointment due to non-availability of vacancy in the district, the period he has remained unappointed shall not be counted for the calculation of his age if he has not attained the age of more than fifty years on the date of appointment: Provided also that no upper age limit shall apply in case of B. Ed. /l. T. /b. P. Ed. /c. P. Ed. or D. P. Ed. trained candidates who have completed special B. T. C. Training course in the year 1999. 8. /l. T. /b. P. Ed. /c. P. Ed. or D. P. Ed. trained candidates who have completed special B. T. C. Training course in the year 1999. 8. Academic qualifications.- (1) The essential qualifications of candidates for appointment to a post referred to in clause (a) of Rule 5 shall be as shown below against each: Post Academic qualifications (i)Mistress of Nursery Schools Certificate of Teaching (Nursery) from a recognised Training Institution in Uttar Pradesh or any other training qualification recognised by the Government as equivalent thereto. (ii)Assistant Master and Assistant A Bachelors Degree from a University Mistress of Junior Basic established by law in India or a Degree School recognised by the State Government as equivalent thereto together with the training qualification consisting of a Basic Teachers Certificate, Hindustani Teachers Certificate, Junior Teachers Certificate, Certificate of Teaching or any other training course recognised by the Government as equivalent thereto:provided that the essential qualification for a candidate who has passed the required training course shall be the same which was prescribed for admission to the said training course. 10. Rule 14 deals with the determination of vacancies and preparation of list in respect of appointment by direct recruitment to the post of Mistress of Nursery Schools and Assistant Masters of Junior Basic Schools under Rule 5 (a), while Rule 15 deals with the notification of vacancies and preparation of list for certain posts of Assistant Masters of Senior Basic School in respect of direct recruitment under the proviso to Rule 5 (b ). Rule 18 deals with the procedure for recruitment by promotion. 11. As stated above, in the instant Appeal we are primarily concerned with the 1978 Rules since the Junior High School in question is neither owned nor controlled by the Board of Basic Education. Rule 4 (1) deals with the minimum qualifications for the post of Assistant Teacher which is Intermediate Examination of the Board of High School and Intermediate Education, Uttar Pradesh or equivalent Examination with Hindi and a Teachers Training Course recognised by the State Government or the Board such as Hindustani Teaching Certificate, Junior Teaching Certificate, Basic Teaching Certificate, or Certificate of Training. On the other hand Rule 4 (2) deals with the minimum qualifications for the post of Headmaster and it provides that the person must have a Degree from a recognised University or any equivalent examination recognised as such together with a Teachers Training Course recognised by the State Government or the Board such as Hindustani Teaching Certificate, Junior Teaching Certificate, Basic Teaching Certificate, or Certificate of Training and three years teaching experience in a recognised School. Rule 5 specifically provides that no person shall be appointed as Headmaster or Assistant Teacher in substantive capacity unless he possesses the minimum qualifications prescribed for such post and has been recommended for such appointment by the Selection Committee. Thus for either of the post of Assistant Teacher or Headmaster the person, amongst other requirements, must also possess a Teachers Training Course recognised by the State Government or the Board such as Hindustani Teaching Certificate, Junior Teaching Certificate, Basic Teaching Certificate, or Certificate of Training. 12. Sri Ashok Khare, learned Senior counsel appearing for the appellant contended that the 1978 Rules and 1981 Rules are different even though both of them are applicable to the Junior High Schools and by comparing the two he submitted that though under the 1978 Rules appointment of Assistant Teachers and Headmaster can be made only by direct recruitment but under the 1981 Rules appointments to the posts of Assistant Teachers or Headmasters of a Senior Basis School can be made by way of promotion and only the post of Mistress of Nursery School and Assistant Master of Junior Basic School are filled in by direct recruitment. He further submitted that the minimum educational qualification required for appointment as Mistress of Nursery School and Assistant Master of Junior Basic Schools under the 1981 Rules is a training qualification consisting of a Basic Teachers Certificate, Hindustani Teachers Certificate, Junior Teachers Certificate, Certificate of Teaching or any other Training Course recognised by the State Government as equivalent thereto and there being no prescription of any educational qualification separately for the post of Assistant Teacher and Headmaster of a Senior Basic School, it should not be insisted upon that candidates directly recruited under the 1978 Rules should possess a Teachers Training qualification required for direct recruitment at the Primary and Nursery level under the 1981 Rules. He further contends that the language used in Rule 8 of the 1981 Rules and Rule 4 of the 1978 Rules is entirely different and from this he contends that the Teachers Training qualification under Rule 4 of 1978 Rules is not exhaustive but merely illustrative. 13. Learned counsel for the respondents, on the other hand, submitted that Rule 4 of the 1978 Rules is very specific and that the person must possess the Teachers Training Course recognised by the State Government or the Board such as Hindustani Teaching Certificate, Junior Teaching Certificate, Basic Teaching Certificate, or Certificate of Training. The appellant, however, did not possess any of these Teachers Training Course though he had the B. Ed. certificate and, therefore, he cannot be considered eligible for the post of Headmaster. According to him both under the 1978 Rules and the 1981 Rules, it is necessary for a person to possess the aforesaid Teachers Training Course. 14. We have carefully considered the submissions advanced by the learned counsel for the parties. 15. It cannot be disputed that the Teachers Training imparted to teachers for B. Ed. course equips them for teaching higher classes whereas the Basic Teaching Certificate (hereinafter referred to as "b. T. C. ) is given to teachers for teaching small children and the two cannot be compared with, as has been clearly observed by the Supreme Court in the case of Yogesh Kumar and others Vs. Government of NCT Delhi and others reported in (2003) 3 SCC 548 . The duration of courses of B. T. C. and LT/b. Ed. are entirely different and have been devised keeping in view the stages through which the students pass. In the case of B. T. C. the method of Training Course is devised so as to meet the requirement of teaching at a formative stage for a student who enters the School. Thus it is evident that the training qualification for teaching small children is B. T. C. while the training qualification for teaching children in High Schools and Intermediate Colleges is B. Ed. or L. T. 16. Thus it is evident that the training qualification for teaching small children is B. T. C. while the training qualification for teaching children in High Schools and Intermediate Colleges is B. Ed. or L. T. 16. We should, therefore, interpret Rule 4 (1) of the 1978 Rules keeping in mind the observations made by us above and if we do so then there can be no manner of doubt that the Teachers Training Course referred to in the said Rule should be confined to such Training Course which are imparted to teach small children only. This is the reason why the Legislature has specifically referred to four such Training Courses which are specifically confined to Specialised Training for imparting education to small children and if we interpret it in such a manner then the question whether the four Certificates referred to in Rule 4 (1) of the 1978 Rules are exhaustive or illustrative may not assume much significance since even if it is held that they are merely illustrative then too we are of the opinion that only such other certificates can be taken into consideration which relate to Specialised Training for imparting education to small children. The B. Ed. /l. T. /b. P. Ed. /c. P. Ed. or D. P. Ed. Certificates cannot, therefore, be taken into consideration. 17. The Legislature was conscious of the distinction between Training Course Certificates received by candidates to teach small children and the certificates received to teach higher classes as is apparent from the fact that those who had obtained the B. Ed. /l. T. /b. P. Ed. /c. P. Ed. or D. P. Ed. Certificates were required to complete a special B. T. C. Training Course under the Government Order dated 9. 1. 1998. If such trained candidates having B. Ed. /l. T. /b. P. Ed. /c. P. Ed. or D. P. Ed. Certificates were eligible to be considered for appointment as Assistant Teachers or Headmasters of a Junior High School, there would have been no necessity at all for them to have undergone the Special B. T. C. Training Course. This again emphasises what we had observed earlier that to teach small children a Specialised Training Course is necessary. Certificates were eligible to be considered for appointment as Assistant Teachers or Headmasters of a Junior High School, there would have been no necessity at all for them to have undergone the Special B. T. C. Training Course. This again emphasises what we had observed earlier that to teach small children a Specialised Training Course is necessary. In this respect reference may also be made to the provisions of Rule 6 of 1981 Rules referred to above wherein also while providing for the age limit of the candidates it has been clearly provided that there shall be no upper age limit in case of B. Ed. /l. T. /b. P. Ed. /c. P. Ed. or D. P. Ed. Certificates candidates who had completed the Special B. T. C. Training course in the year 1999. The Legislature was, therefore, clearly conscious of the fact that for such candidates a special B. T. C. course was required to be undertaken before they could be considered eligible for appointment. 18. The matter can also be examined from a different angle. Under Rule 4 (1) of the 1978 Rules, the Rule making authority has not merely restricted the minimum qualification to a Teachers Training Course recognised by the State Government or the Board. Had it done so there would have been no difficulty at all and all Teachers Training Course recognised by the State Government or the Board would have been treated to be sufficient. However, the clause proceeds further and goes on to illustrate the meaning of "teachers Training Course" by mentioning Hindustani Teaching Certificate, Junior Teaching Certificate, Certificate of Training or Basic Teaching Certificate. This could not have been done without a purpose. It could only be to indicate the type of Teachers Training Course, the Rule making authority had in mind and if we examine the four Certificates referred to in Rule 4 (1) we find that all of them relate to Certificates granted in respect of imparting education to small children. We, therefore, have no hesitation in holding that the B. Ed. /l. T. /b. P. Ed. /c. P. Ed. or D. P. Ed. Certificates cannot be considered as a Teachers Training Course for the purposes of possessing the minimum qualification under the 1978 Rules. We, therefore, have no hesitation in holding that the B. Ed. /l. T. /b. P. Ed. /c. P. Ed. or D. P. Ed. Certificates cannot be considered as a Teachers Training Course for the purposes of possessing the minimum qualification under the 1978 Rules. The view, which we have taken, finds support from the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Royal Hatcheries Pvt. Ltd. and others Vs. State of A. P. and others reported in 1994 Supp (1) SCC 429. 19. We also do not agree with the contention of the learned Senior counsel that because of the difference in the wordings of the 1978 Rules and the 1981 Rules, it must be held that a Teachers Training Course can also include the Training Certificates like B. Ed. /l. T. /b. P. Ed. /c. P. Ed. or D. P. Ed. Certificates so far as the 1978 Rules are concerned. We have carefully perused both the aforesaid Rules and find that in both of them for the appointment to the post of Assistant Teacher or Headmaster under the 1978 Rules or the appointment to the post of Assistant Master or Headmaster of Senior Basic Schools under the 1981 Rules there is hardly any difference with regard to the possession of the training qualification and under both of them the candidates must possess the Hindustani Teaching Certificate, Junior Teaching Certificate, Certificate of Training or Basic Teaching Certificates which are recognised by the State Government or the Board. 20. Learned Senior counsel for the appellant then submitted that the possession of B. T. C. Certificate should be restricted to the level of Junior Basic Schools i. e. Classes I to V and not in respect of Classes VI to VIII. According to us this is a requirement, which is to be considered by the Legislature. The 1978 Rules are applicable in respect of Junior High Schools for imparting education from Classes VI to VIII and, therefore, we see no reason to limit the requirement to Classes I to V only. The Supreme Court in the case of P. M. Latha and another Vs. The 1978 Rules are applicable in respect of Junior High Schools for imparting education from Classes VI to VIII and, therefore, we see no reason to limit the requirement to Classes I to V only. The Supreme Court in the case of P. M. Latha and another Vs. State of Kerala and others reported in (2003) 3 SCC 541 held as follows:- "we find absolutely no force in the argument advanced by the respondents that BEd qualification is a higher qualification that TTC and, therefore, the BEd candidates should be held to be eligible to complete for the post. On behalf of the appellants, it is pointed out before us that Trained Teachers Certificate is given to teachers specially trained to teach small children in primary classes whereas for BEd degree, the training imparted is to teach students of classes above primary. BEd degree-holders, therefore, cannot necessarily be held to be holding qualification suitable for appointment as teachers in primary schools. Whether for a particular post, the source of recruitment should be from the candidates with TTC qualification or BEd qualification, is a matter of recruitment policy. We find sufficient logic and justification in the State prescribing qualification for the post of primary teachers as only TTC and not BEd. Whether BEd qualification can also be prescribed for primary teachers is a question to be considered by the authorities concerned but we cannot consider BEd candidates, for the present vacancies advertised, as eligible. " 21. In the end, learned Senior counsel for the appellant submitted that practical difficulty should also to be taken into consideration since there is an extreme shortage of candidates possessing the Teachers Training Certificate of B. T. C. We can only say that these are the matters to be considered by the State Government and so far as the Courts are concerned, we have to interpret the Rules in the form they exist. We cannot alter the meaning assigned to the Teachers Training Course merely on account of the fact that there is a shortage of B. T. C. teachers in the State. " ( 6 ) HONble Apex Court in the case of Mohd. Sartaj v. State of U. P. and others (2006) 6 SCC 315 has taken the view that on account of lack of requisite qualification for the post in question, appointment being dohors Rules, cannot be permitted to continue. " ( 6 ) HONble Apex Court in the case of Mohd. Sartaj v. State of U. P. and others (2006) 6 SCC 315 has taken the view that on account of lack of requisite qualification for the post in question, appointment being dohors Rules, cannot be permitted to continue. Paragraphs 11 and 21 of the judgment being relevant are quoted below: "11. The requisite qualification is High School examination of the Board of High School and Intermediate Education, U. P. or equivalent qualification recognised by the State Government together with the training qualification which consisted of either one among the Basic Teachers Certificate (BTC) Hindustani Teachers Certificate, Junior Teachers Certificate, Certificate of Teaching or any other training course recognised by the State Government as equivalent thereto. Thus, under the Rules, the basic qualification for the post of Assistant Teacher, apart from the educational qualification, was the training qualification of the Basic Teachers Certificate or Hindustani Teachers Certificate or Junior Teachers Certificate or Certificate of Teaching or equivalent training course recognised by the State Government. It is an admitted position by both the parties that these qualifications are required for appointment of the post of Assistant Teacher. It is also not the case of the appellants that the academic qualifications were amended at the time of their appointment. Thus, admittedly on the date of appointment, the appellants did not hold the training qualification to be appointed to the post of Assistant Teachers as prescribed under Rule 8. 21. The contention of the learned counsel for the appellants is that the State by various orders had given equivalence to the degree of Moallim-e-Urdu granted by Jamia Urdu, Aligarh with that of Basic Teachers Certificate, is not correct. In the government order dated 28. 1. 1985 the Governor was pleased to approve the candidates in State services who qualified Moallim-e-Urdu granted by Jamia Urdu Aligarh and who had got experience of teaching Urdu at Higher Secondary schools. This order did not provide for equivalence of Moallim-e-Urdu granted by Jamia Urdu, Aligarh, to that of BTC. Another order dated 28. 10. 1. 1985 the Governor was pleased to approve the candidates in State services who qualified Moallim-e-Urdu granted by Jamia Urdu Aligarh and who had got experience of teaching Urdu at Higher Secondary schools. This order did not provide for equivalence of Moallim-e-Urdu granted by Jamia Urdu, Aligarh, to that of BTC. Another order dated 28. 10. 1988 issued by the Government, which was clarificatory in nature, to all Heads of Departments and the Chief of Officials of the U. P. Karmik Anubhag, directed that the candidates who have got degree of Moallim-e-Urdu granted by Jamia Urdu, Aligarh and who had experience of teaching Urdu at Higher Secondary level may be appointed in State services. This also does not indicate the equivalence of Mollim-e-Urdu granted by Jamia Urdu, Aligarh to that of BTC. The aforesaid two orders only indicate that the persons who are having degree of Moallim-e- Urdu granted by Jamia Urdu, Aligarh can be appointed in the State Services. The orders do not equate the degree of Moallim-e- Urdu granted by Jamia Urdu, Aligarh to that of Basic Teachers Certificate, Hindustani Teachers Certificate, Junior Teachers Certificate, Certificate of Teaching or any other training course, indicated in the Rule. As far as the training is concerned there is no equivalence of the Certificate of Moallim-e- Urdu. It is for the first time by order dated 13. 9. 1994 the Government issued an order whereby the Governor granted a sanction that Moallim-e- Urdu degree for teaching Urdu in junior/senior basic schools is equivalent to BTC. It is settled law that that qualification should have been seen which the candidate possessed on the date of recruitment and not at a later stage unless rules to that regard permit it. The minimum qualification prescribed under Rule 8 should be fulfilled on the date of recruitment. Equivalence of degree of Moallim-e- Urdu granted by Jamia Urdu, Aligarh with that of BTC in the year 1994 would not entail the benefit to the appellants on the date they were appointed. The appellants could not have been appointed to the post of Assistant Teachers without having training required under Rule 8. That being the case, the appointments of the appellants were dehors the Rules and could not be treated to be continued. For the aforesaid reasons we do not find any substance in the appeals and they are accordingly, dismissed. The appellants could not have been appointed to the post of Assistant Teachers without having training required under Rule 8. That being the case, the appointments of the appellants were dehors the Rules and could not be treated to be continued. For the aforesaid reasons we do not find any substance in the appeals and they are accordingly, dismissed. However in the circumstances of the case, there shall be no order as to costs. " ( 7 ) PETITIONER is undisputedly unqualified and ineligible, then his appointment is clearly dehors the rules, consequently no directives can be issued in favour of petitioner. Writ petition lacks substance and is dismissed. .