flag] v/;{k-&;g f}rh; vihy vUrxZr /kkjk 224 jktLFkku dkrdkjh vf/kfu;e] 1955 ¼ftls rRipkr~ la{ksi esa ^vf/kfu;e 1955* dgk tkosxk½ fo:) fu.kZ; ,oa fMØh jktLo vihy vf/kdkjh] guqekux<+ fnukad 30-3-98 ds izLrqr dh xbZ gSA 2- izdj.k ds rF; la{ksi esa bl izdkj gSa fd oknh xqxujke o ikapsyky us ,d okn fo:) izfroknh uFkey o vU; 11 ds fo:) vUrxZr /kkjk 53] 183 ^vf/kfu;e 1955* ckcr~ foHkktu ,oa dCts ;kch dk lgk;d dyDVj] uksgj ds U;k;ky; esa izLrqr dj fd;kA blds ipkr~ oknh xqxujke] oknh ikapsyky dks izfroknh ua- 5 ds :i esa i{kdkj cukrs gq, lakksf/kr okn fnukad 22-10-86 dks bl dFkuksa ds lkFk izLrqr fd;k fd fooknxzLr vkjkth [kljk ua- 1 jdck 21 ch?kk 16 fcLok] [kljk ua- 19 jdck 47 jdck 47 ch?kk 17 fcLok] [kljk ua 20 jdck 34 ch?kkk 19 fcLok] [kljk ua- 21 jdck 18 ch?kk 12 fcLok] [kljk uaaaa- 24 jdck 8 ch?kk 12 fcLok dqy fdrk 5 jdck 131 ch?kk 14 fcLok] ftlesa ls iwoZ dh rjQ dh 65 ch?kk 17 fcLok Hkwfe okdS ekStk nyiriqjk oknhx.k ,oa izfroknhx.k la- 1 ls 5 dh eqLrjdk [kkrs dh gSA ks"k ifpe dh rjQ dh 65 ch?kk 17 fcLok Hkwfe dk eqdnek ua- 186@78 muokuh cuspan o vU; cuke xqxu o vU; ds [kkrk rDlhe cuspan] cuokjh] yhyk/kj] nksykjke firk /kUukjke] jkesoj ds i{k esa mi[k.M vf/kdkjh ds U;k;ky; esa fnukad 11-6-86 dks izLrqr dj fn;k] ftldh izfr isk dh gSA okn i= esa oknh us ;g dFku fd;k gS fd iwoZ dh rjQ dh 65 ch?kk 17 fcLok Hkwfe esa oknh xqxujke ds 329 fgLls] izfroknh ikpsyky ds 329 fgLlk izfroknh ua- 1 o 2 uFkey o ikpsyky izR;sd 329 fgLlk izfroknh ua- 1 o 2 uFkey o ikpsyky izR;sd 150&150 fgLlk o izfroknh ua- 3 o 4 kknhjke o nkSykjke ds 439 fgLls gS rFkk mlh izdkj oknh ,oa izfroknhx.k dCtk vkjkth izkIr djus ds gdnkj gSA blfy, eqrkfcd fgLlk fooknxzLr vkjkth dks eqLrjdk [kkrs ls foHkktu djokdj vyx&vyx ntZ djk;k tkos ,oa mlds eqrkfcd yxku dk;e fd;k tkosa o HkkSfrd foHkktu fd;k tkdj dCtk fnyk;k tkosA okn i= esa oknh us ;g Hkh dFku fd;k fd i{kdkjku ds e/; vkil esa dkr o yxku dks ysdj fookn mRiUu gksrk gS rFkk oknh us izfroknhx.k dks dbZ ckj foHkktu gsrq dgk fdUrq izfroknhx.k VkyeVksy djrs gS vkSj vkjkth esa fnukad 15-9-78 dks foHkktu ls bUdkj gks x;s blfy, okn oknhx.k fMØh fd;s tkus dk fuosnu fd;k ,oa ;g dFku fd;k fd fooknxzLr vkjkft;kr 131 ch?kk 14 fcLok Hkwfe esa ls fuLQ iwoZ dh rjQ dh 65 ch?kk 17 fcLok Hkwfe ekStk nyiriqjk rglhy uksgj dk foHkktu fd;k tkdj fgLls vuqlkj [kkrk vyx dk;e fd;k tkosa ,oa yxku dk foHkktu fd;k tkosa rFk oknh dks mlds fgLls dh 16 ch?kk 9 fcLok vkjkth ij dCtk fnyk;k tkosa ,oabl vej dh fMØh ikfjr fd;s tkus dk fuosnu fd;kA oknh dk okn i= ntZ jftLVj fd;k tkdj izfroknhx.k dks uksfVl tkjh fd, x,A izfroknh nkSykjke us bdckyh izfrokn i= izLrqr fd;kA izfroknh kknhjke ckotwn lwpuk ds mifLFkr ugha gksus ds dkj.k mlds fo:) ,drjQk dk;Zokgh dh xbZA blh izdkj izfroknh ua- 5 ikapsyky Hkh ckotwn lwpuk mifLFkr ugha gksus ls mlds fo:) Hkh ,drjQk dk;Zokgh dh xbZ rFkk izfroknh la- 1 o 2 uFkey ,oa kksHkkjke us viuk izfrokn i= izLrqr fd;k] ftlesa dFku fd;k fd fooknxzLr Hkwfe esa oknh xqxu ,oa izfroknh ua- 1] 2 o 5 dk fgLlk cjkcj gS rFkk blh fgLls vuqlkj oknh ,oa izfroknh la- 1] 2 o 5 Hkwfe foHkktu djkus ds vf/kdkjh gSA izfroknhx.k us ;g Hkh dFku fd;k fd fookfnr Hkwfe iSr`d lEifr gS rFkk oknh ,oa izfroknh la- 1] 2 o 5 ds firk Lo- mnehjke us vius thoudky esa gh mDr Hkwfe esa ls 25 ch?kk Hkwfe uFkey iq= cLrhjke ,oa nkSykjke iq= uFkwjke ls 2]000@& :- ysdj bdjkjukek fnukad 28-4-62 ds }kjk foØ; djus dk bdjkj dj fy;k vkSj fnukad 7-5-66 dks mnehjke dk LoxZokl gks x;kA Lo- mnehjke ds LoxZokl ds ipkr~ nkSykjke vkSj uFkey us oknh ,oa izfroknh la- 1] 2 o 5 dk muds firk dk dCtk pqdkus dk vkxzg fd;k fQj bdjkj ds vuqlkj Hkwfe foØ; djus dks dgkA oknh vkSj izfroknh la- 1 o 2 us vkil esa ;g r; fd;k fd Lo- mnehjke ds }kjk fd, x, bdjkj ukesa ds vuqlkj izfroknh kknhjke o nkSykjke dks Hkwfe foØ; dj fn;k tkos] ftlls bdjkjukesa isVs Lo- mnehjke }kjk fy;s 2]000@& :- rFkk 500@& :- gkFk m/kkj fy, nkSykjke dks pqdk fn;s vkSj ks"k 2]000@& :- muds vfUre laLdkj ,oa czkg~e.k Hkkstu ij [kpZ dj fn;s x;sA vius izfrokn i= esa izfroknh la- 1] 2 us ;g dFku fd;k fd oknh ,oa izfroknh la- 1] 2 o 5 ds }kjk mijksDr fu.kZ; ds ipkr~ Øsrkx.k ds i{k esa foØ; i= jftLVMZ djok fn;k x;kA ml le; izfroknh la- 5 ikapsyky ukckfyx Fkk rFkk mDr Hkwfe la;qDr :i ls oknh ,oa izfroknh la- 1] 2 o 5 ds fgLls dks foØ; fd;k x;k FkkA izfroknh la- 1 o 2 dk fgLlk ugha cspk Fkk rFkk ;g Hkh dFku fd;k fd oknh ,oa izfroknh la- 1] 2 o 5 ds e/; fooknxzLr Hkwfe ds fookn r; djus ds fy, iap QSlyk Hkh gqvk] ftlls oknh ,oa izfroknhx.k ikcan gS blfy, izfrokn i= izLrqr dj nkok [kkfjt fd, tkus dh izkFkZuk dhA i{kdkjksa ds vfHkopuksa ds vk/kkj ij fopkj.k U;k;ky; us vuqrks"k lfgr 5 rufd;ksa dh fojpuk dhA oknh us vius okn ds leFkZu esa nLrkosth lk{; ds vfrfjDr xqxujke ds c;ku djok,A izfrokn esa izfroknhx.k us nLrkosth lk{; ds vfrfjDr tqxyky] uFkey] egkohj izlkn] gjhjke ds c;ku djok,aA i{kdkjksa dks lquus ds ipkr~ fopkj.k U;k;ky; us oknh ds okn esa muds fu.kZ; fnukad 21-11-88 }kjk izkFkfed fMØh tkjh dj nhA mDr fu.kZ; o fMØh ls O;fFkr gksdj izfroknh uFkey o kksHkkjke us vihy la- 230@94 jktLo vihy izkf/kdkjh] guqekux<+ ds le{k izLrqr dh] ftls mUgksaus fu.kZ; fnukad 30-3-98 }kjk Lohdkj dj fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk ikfjr fu.kZ; o fMØh fnukad 21-11-88 dks vikLr dj fn;kA mDr fu.kZ; o fMØh ls O;fFkr gksdj oknh@vihykFkhZ xqxujke us f}rh; vihy jktLo e.My jktLFkku] vtesj esa izLrqr dhA vihy ds yfEcr jgrs vihykFkhZ xqxujke dh e`R;q gks xbZ vkSj mlds fof/kd izfrfuf/k;ksa dks vfHkys[k ij fy;k x;kA 3- i{kdkjksa ds fo}ku vf/koDrkx.k dks lquk x;kA 4- fo}ku vf/koDrk vihykFkhZx.k dh nyhy gS fd v/khuLFk vihyh; U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ; rF;ksa ,oa dkuwu ds foijhr gSA v/khuLFk vihyh; U;k;ky; us vknsk 41 fu;e 31 lh-ih-lh- ds izko/kkuksa dh ikyuk ugha dhA bl dkj.k v/khuLFk U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ; vikLr ;ksX; gS vkSj vius mijksDr dFku ds leFkZu esa mUgksaus 2000 vkj-ch-ts- ist 300] 1999 vkj-ch-ts- ist 200] 2002 vkj-vkj-Mh- ist 387] 2005 vkj-vkj-Vh- ist 125 U;kf;d n`"VkUr izLrqr fd,A izR;FkhZ la- 1 ls 7 dks ;g fl) djuk Fkk fd mUgksaus o vihykFkhZ us fooknxzLr vkjkth izR;FkhZ la- 8 o 9 kknhjke o nkSykjke dks muds firk mnehjke dk dtZ mrkjus ds fy, foØ; dh] ftls fl) djus esa os iw.kZr% vlQy jgs ijUrq fQj Hkh v/khuLFk vihyh; U;k;ky; us bl laca/k esa cuh rudh ua- 2 dk fu.kZ; izR;FkhZ la- 1 ls 7 ds i{k esa djds fu.kZ; o fMØh ikfjr djus esa =qfV dhA iapkV dh dk;Zokgh jktLo U;k;ky;ksa esa ekU; ugha gSA vius mijksDr dFku ds leFkZu esa mUgksaus 1985 vkj-vkj-Mh- 53 ,u-vks-lh- 1989 vkj-vkj-Mh- ist 382] 1990 vkj-vkj-Mh- ist 93] 1993 vkj-vkj-Mh- ist 204 U;kf;d n`"VkUr izLrqr fd,A ijUrq v/khuLFk vihyh; U;k;ky; us rudh ua 3 dk QSlyk izR;FkhZ la- 1 ls 7 ds i{k esa dj fof/kd =qfV dhA izR;FkhZx.k us ftl vuqrks"k dks ugha pkgk] mls Hkh v/khuLFk vihyh; U;k;ky; us izR;FkhZx.k dks ns fn;k] tks =qfViw.kZ gSA vius mijksDr dFku ds leFkZu esa mUgksaus 2006 vkj-vkj-Vh- ist 4 ij Hkjkslk fd;kA vr% vihy vLohdkj dj v/khuLFk vihyh; U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ; vikLr fd;k tkosa o fopkj.k U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; dh iqf"V dh tkosaA 5- fo}ku vf/koDrk izR;FkhZx.k dk dFku gS fd v/khuLFk vihyh; U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ; fof/kiw.kZ gSA izR;sd rudh dh] mlds laca/k esa nh xbZ kgknr] dh foospuk djrs gq, v/khuLFk vihyh; U;k;ky; us fu.kZ; ikfjr fd;k gSA fgUnw ykW ds vuqPNsn 290 ds vuqlkj iq=] ikS= o iziks= ij ;g Pious nkf;Ro gS fd os vius iSr`d _.k dks pqdk,A ;fn fgUnw ifjokj ds drkZ us fgUnw la;qDr ifjokj dh lEifr dk foØ; fcuk fof/kd vko;drk ds dj fn;k gS rks ,slk foØ; kwU; ugha gksdj kwU;dj.kh; gSA vus mijksDr dFku ds leFkZu esa mUgksaus ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1971 ist 776] vkj-vkj-Mh- 1991 ist 321 U;kf;d n`"Vkr izLrqr fd,A mnehjke us iwjs ifjokj ds fgr ds fy, dtkZ fy;k Fkk] ftls izR;FkhZ la- 1 ls 7 us Hkwfe dk foØ; dj] mls pqdkus esa dksbZ =qfV ugha dhA v/khuLFk vihyh; U;k;ky; us vknsk 41 fu;e 31 lh-ih-lh- dh ikyuk dh gS vkSj vius dFkuksa ds leFkZu esa mUgksaus vkj-vkj-Mh- 1984 ist 338] vkj-vkj-Mh- 1984 ist 529 U;kf;d n`"VkUr izLrqr fd,A ;fn lEiw.kZ fu.kZ; dks i<+k tk, rks ;g Li"V gS fd v/khuLFk vihyh; U;k;ky; us lHkh fcUnqvksa dh lk{; lfgr foospuk djrs gq, viuk fu.kZ; ikfjr fd;k gSA vihykFkhZx.k dh vihy esa dksbZ lkj ugha gS vkSj mls fujLr fd;k tk,A 6- geus i{kdkjksa ds fo}ku vf/koDrkx.k ds rdksZ ij euu fd;k o izLrqr U;kf;d n`"VkUrksa dks /;kuiwoZd i<+k ,oa v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa dh i=kofy;ksa dk voyksdu fd;kA 7- vfHkys[k ds voyksdu ls Li"V gS fd fooknxzLr vkjkth mnehjke dh Fkh rFkk la;qDr ifjokj dh FkhA mnehjke dh e`R;q gksus rd mldk foHkktu ugha gqvk rFkk xqxujke vius firk ds thoudky esa gh ifjokj ls vyx jgrk FkkA mnehjke us 2000@& :- uFkey o nkSykjke ls m/kkj ysdj 25 ch?kk Hkwfe pkj o"kZ ds fy, jgu j[kh] ftldh fy[kkoV iznkZ Mh 2 , gSA mnehjke dh e`R;q ds ipkr~ fooknxzLr Hkwfe dk foØ; dj fn;k x;k] ftlds laca/k esa i{kdkjksa ds e/; fookn gqvk] ftldk fuLrkj.k iap QSlys }kjk i{kdkjksa dh vkilh lgefr ls fd;k x;k] tks iznkZu Mh-1 gSA 8- izuxr izdj.k esa lcls fopkj.kh; fcUnq ;g gS fd mnehjke }kjk jgu j[kh tehu dks NqM+kus o mlds ,ot esa 18 ch?kk Hkwfe mnehjke dk dtkZ pqdkus ds fy, izR;FkhZ la- 1 ls 7 o vihykFkhZ 7 ck/; gS vFkok ughaA lHkh O;fDr jktLFkku ds jgus okys gS] bl dkj.k mUgsa ferk{kjk fof/k ds rgr mRrjkf/kdkj izkIr gksrk gSA yM+dksa ds fy, ;g ck/;rk gS fd og vius firk dk dtkZ pqdk,A bl fl)kUr dks `The doctrine of pious obligation ekuk tkrk gSA ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; us Anthonyswamy vs. M.R. Chinnaswamy Koundan, (1969) 3 SCC 15 esa fuEufyf[kr vfHkO;fDr dh gS%& "The son of a member of such community gets by birth an interest in ancestral property owned by the father. The doctrine of pious obligation applies and the son is bound to discharge his fathers debts not tainted by illegality or immorality." blh fu.kZ; ds iSjk la- 7 esa ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g Hkh vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd%& "7. It is evident therefore that the doctrine of pious obligation is not merely a religious doctrine but has passed into the realm of law. The doctrine is a necessary and logical corollary to the doctrine of theright of the son by birth to a share of the ancestral property and both these conceptions are co-related. The liability imposed on the son to pay the debt of his father is not a gratuitous obligation thrust on him by Hindu law but is a salutary counterbalance to the principle that the son from the moment of his birth acquires along with his father an interest in joint family property. It is, therefore, not possible to accept the argument addressed on behalf of the appellant that through the community is governed as a matter of custom by the Mitakshara School of Hindu Law the doctrine of pious obligation was not applicable." ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; us Venkatesh Dhonddev Deshpande vs. Sou. Kusum Dattatraya Kulkarni, (1979) 1 SCC 98 esa vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd%& "A Karta of a joint Hindu family therefore can be a borrower in his representative capacity. If the Karta of a joint Hindu family is considered eligible for becoming a borrower,would it run counter to the position of other communities in which there is no concept of a joint family and joint family properties? In the absence of any such concept a borrower other than a Hindu can offer all the property at his disposal even if he has got sons, as security for the loan to be borrowed because in other communities governed by their personal laws the sons does not acquire interest in the ancestral properties in the hand of the father from the time of his birth. But in Hindu law there are two seemingly contrary but really complementary principles, one the principle of independent coparcenary rights in the sons which is an incident of birth, giving to the sons vested right in the coparcenary property, and the other the pious duty of the sons to discharge their fathers debts not tainted with immorality or illegality, which lays open the whole estate to be seized for the payment of such debts (see Jakati case)." ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; us Manibhai vs. Hemraj, (1990) 3 SCC 68 esa ;g vfHkfu/kkZjfr fd;k gS fd%& 21. Mulla in "Principles of Hindu Law" (15th edn.) in paragraph 295 has dealt with the question of sale or mortgage of coparcenary property for payment of antecedent debt as under: "The father of a Joint Hindu Family may sell or mortgage the joint family property including the sons interest therein to discharge a debt contracted by him for his own personal benefit, and such alienation binds the sons, provided - (a) the debt was antecedent to the alienation, and (b) it was not incurred for an immoral purpose. The validity of an alienation made to discharge an antecedent debt rests upon the pious duty of the sons to discharge his fathers debt not tainted with immorality. The more circumstance, however, of a pious obligation does not validate the alienation. To validate an alienation so as to bind the son, there must also be an antecedent debt. Generally, there is no question of legal necessity in such a case. `Antecednet Debt means antecedent in fact as well as in time, that is to say, that the debt must be truly independent of and not part of the transaction impeached. A borrowing made on the occasion of the grant of a mortgage is not an antecedent debt. 22. It is thus clear that where the sons are joint with their father, and debts have been contracted by the father even for his own personal benefit, the sons are liable to pay the debts provided they were not incurred for an immoral or illegal purpose and such debts were antecedent to the alienations impugned. 23. 22. It is thus clear that where the sons are joint with their father, and debts have been contracted by the father even for his own personal benefit, the sons are liable to pay the debts provided they were not incurred for an immoral or illegal purpose and such debts were antecedent to the alienations impugned. 23. The liability to pay the debts contracted by the father, for his own benefit, arises from an obligation or religion and piety which is placed upon the sons under the Mitakshara law to discharge the fathers debt, where the debts are not tainted with immorality. In any event an alienation by the manager of the Joint Hindu Family evenwithout legal necessity and not tainted with immorality but for his personal benefit would be voidable and not void. ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; us blh fu.kZ; ds iSjk 38 esa ;g Hkh vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd%& 38. Thus we also hold that even if any loan is taken by the father for his personal benefit which is found as vyavaharik debt and not avyavaharik, the sons are liable to discharge their fathers debts under the doctrine of pious obligation and in this view of the matter if any alienation of the joint family property is subsequently made to discharge such antecedent debt or loan of the father, such alienation would be binding on the sons. vihykFkhZx.k dk ;g vk{ksi ugha gS fd mnehjke }kjk tks _.k fy;k x;k og vO;ogkfjd vFkok vuSfrd _.k FkkA mnehjke us dkSVqfEcd vko;drkvksa ds fy, _.k fy;k] ftlds Hkqxrku dk nkf;Ro mlds ejus ds ipkr~ mlds iq=ksa ij Fkk o gSA izR;FkhZx.k us xokg tqxyky] uFkey] egkohj izlkn] gjhjke] uokcnhu o nLrkosth lk{; ls foks"k :i ls iznkZ Mh 2&, bdjkjukek o iap QSlyk Mh&1 ls fl) fd;kA lHkh xokgksa ds c;kuksa vkSj nLrkosth lk{; dk v/;;u fd;k vkSj ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igqaprs gS fd ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; us iquhr drZO; ds laca/k esa tks fl)kUr mijksDr of.kZr U;kf;d n`"VkUrksa esa izfrikfnr fd, gS] mlds vuqlkj izR;FkhZ la- 1 ls 7 us vius firk dk dtkZ pqdkus ds fy, tks tehu csph mlls vihykFkhZ o izR;FkhZ la- 1 ls 7 ckf/kr gSA dsoy ek= vihykFkhZ ds firk ds thoudky esa muls vyx jgus ek= ls vihykFkhZx.k dks muds nknk }kjk fy, x, _.k ls eqfDr ugha fey ldrh foks"k :i ls ml le; tcfd vihykFkhZx.k dk ;g dksbZ vk{ksi ugha gS fd muds nknk }kjk fy;k gqvk _.k vO;ogkfjd vFkok vuSfrd _.k FkkA v/khuLFk vihyh; U;k;ky; us 18 ch?kk Hkwfe fudkydj ckdh Hkwfe ij lHkh HkkbZ;ksa dk cjkcj fgLlk djus dk tks vknsk fn;k gS] og mfpr gS vkSj mlesa ge dksbZ =qfV ugha ikrsA 9- vihykFkhZ ds fo}ku vf/koDrk us rdZ izLrqr fd;k fd izFke vihyh; U;k;ky; }kjk vihy dk fuLrkj.k vknsk 41 fu;e 31 lh-ih-lh- ds vuqlkj ugha fd;k x;k gS vkSj vihy laf{kIr fu.kZ; ds }kjk fuLrkfjr dj nh xbZ gS ,oa vihyh; U;k;ky; }kjk fuLrkfjr dj nh xbZ gS ,oa vihyh; U;k;ky; }kjk fuLrkj.k gsrq fooknkLin fcUnq fufeZr ugha fd, x, gS vkSj u gh ,sls fcUnq ij dksbZ fu.kZ; vafdr fd;k x;k] dsoy ,d iSjk ds vk/kkj ij vihy fuLrkfjr dj nh xbZ vkSj ijh{k.k U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; dks vikLr dj fn;k x;k ysfdu vknsk 41 fu;e 31 lh-ih-lh- ds vuqlkj vihyh; U;k;ky; dk nkf;Ro gS fd fdlh vihy dk fuLrkj.k djrs le; fooknkLin fcUnqvksa dks fufeZr djsa ,oa mDr fcUnqvksa ij viuk vyx vyx fu.kZ; Lora= :i ls vafdr djsaA geusa bl lEcU/k esa vihyh; U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; fnukad 30-3-98 dk voyksdu fd;k] blds vfrfjDr vknsk 41 fu;e 31 dk Hkh voyksdu fd;kA fu.kZ; ds voyksdu ls nfkZr gksrk gS fd vihyh; U;k;ky; }kjk mu okn fcUnqvksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS vkSj rRipkr~ ekSf[kd o nLrkosth lk{; dh foospuk djrs gq, lHkh fcUnqvksa ij viuk er O;Dr djrs gq, fu.kZ; ikfjr fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj ge vihykFkhZ ds fo}ku vf/koDrk ds rdZ ls lger ugha gSa ,oa gekjs fopkj ls vihyh; U;k;ky; }kjk vknsk 41 fu;e 31 lh-ih-lh- dh fof/kd :i ls ikyuk dh xbZ gS rFkk izuxr fu.kZ; ds voyksdu ls ;g Hkh nfkZr gksrk gS fd lacaf/kr ihBklhu vf/kdkjh us fu.kZ; Hkh lgh rjhds ls ikfjr fd;k gSA bl dkj.k vf/koDrk vihykFkhZx.k }kjk vknsk 41 fu;e 31 lh-ih-lh- dh ikyuk ds laca/k esa izLrqr U;kf;d n`"Vkar fgEerjke cuke rksykjke 2000¼7½ vkj-ch-ts- 300] Chankri vs. Gulqlal 1999 vkj-ch-ts- 200] Hkksj;k cuke dUgS;kyky 2002 vkj-ch-ts- 408] jk/kk eksgu ,.M vnlZ cuke jkesoj ,.M vnlZ vkj-vkj-Mh- 2004 i`"B 387] Urban Improvement Trust, Udaipur vs. Bhagga & Ors. 2005 vkj-vkj-Vh- 125 izLrqr izdj.k esa mUgsa dksbZ enn ugha djrsA 10- vihykFkhZx.k ds fo}ku vf/koDrk us ;g Hkh rdZ izLrqr fd;k fd iapkV dh dk;Zokgh jktLo U;k;ky; esa ekU; ugha gSA bl lEcU/k esa geusa iznkZ Mh 1 dk voyksdu fd;k o xokg gfjjke o egkohj izlkn ds c;kuksa dks i<+kA buls Kkr gksrk gS fd izR;FkhZx.k us iznkZ Mh 1 dks lk{; ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k gS u fd iznkZ Mh 1 ij viuk dyse dj fMØh djus dk fuosnu fd;kA vihykFkhZ okn ysdj vk;k] vr% mls fl) djus dk Hkkj ml ij Fkk ftls djus esa og iw.kZr% vlQy jgk gSA vihykFkhZ }kjk izLrqr U;kf;d n`"Vkar Bhiraj vs. Rameshwar 1985 vkj-vkj-Mh- 53 ¼,u-vks-lh-½] Shobha Ram vs. Gram Panchayat, Toliyasar 1989 vkj-vkj-Mh- 382] Shiv Narain vs. Bhanwariya (Bhanwerlal) 1990 vkj-vkj-Mh- 93] Radhe Shyam vs. laxmi Narain & Anr. 1993 vkj-vkj-Mh- 204 rF;ksa ls fHkUu gksus ds dkj.k dksbZ enn ugha djrsA 11- mijksDr rF; ,oa foospuk ds ifjizs{; esa ge jktLo vihy izkf/kdkjh }kjk ikfjr fu.kZ; o fMØh fnukad 30-3-98 ls lger gS vkSj mDr fu.kZ; esa gesa fdlhizdkj ds gLr{ksi dh vko;drk izrhr ugha gksrhA vr% vihykFkhZ ds vf/koDrk ds rdksZ ls vlger gksrs gq, ;g f}rh; vihy fujLr dh tkdj jktLo vihy izkf/kdkjh] guqekux<+ }kjk vihy la- 230@94 esa ikfjr fu.kZ; o fMØh fnukad 30-3-98 dks ;Fkkor j[kk tkrk gSA 12- fu.kZ; [kqys U;k;ky; esa lquk;k x;kA