Judgment Hon'ble BHAGWATI, J.—Challenge in this appeal is to the judgment dated June 24, 1986 whereby, the Special Judge, C.B.I. Jaipur, convicted the accused-appellant G.V. Aswani in the offences under Section 161 of IPC and Section 5(1)(d) read with Section 5(2) of Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 (hereinafter referred to as 'Act 1947') and sentenced as under:- U/s. 161 IPC: Rigorous imprisonment for two years and a fine of Rs. 100/-; in default of payment of fine to further suffer rigorous imprisonment for one month. U/s. 5(1)(d)(2) of Act 1947: Rigorous imprisonment for two years and a fine of Rs. 100/-; in default of payment of fine to further suffer rigorous imprisonment for one month. Substantive sentences were ordered to run concurrently. 2. The prosecution version as unfolded during trial is as follows:- That on 25th July, 1983 PW-1 Kanchan Pal Chouhan Proprietor of M/s. Jai Radio Television Center, Shop No. 2, Dayanand Market, Kesarganj, Ajmer, presented an application Ex.P/6 to Shri K.C. Joshi Inspector of Police, SPE/CBI, Jaipur stating therein that Shri G.V. Aswani Wireless License Inspector was soliciting for a bribe of Rs. 100/- for not taking legal action against him and expunging remarks recorded in his shop register. Shri Aswani met him many a times between 22nd April, 1983 till date and always solicited for a bribe amount which he did not want to give. Finally, Shri Aswani agreed to accept Rs. 50/-only. Since, the complainant did not want to grease the palms of the accused, he lodged the written report Ex.P/6, whereupon PW-8 Shri K.C. Joshi Inspector, CBI formulated a scheme for entrapping the accused-appellant and co-opted two independent witnesses PW-6 N.K. Bhargava and PW-7 R.P. Kalwal. 3. The complainant Shri Chouhan produced currency notes of Rs. 50/- of different denominations to Shri Joshi, who in the presence of the independent witnesses treated them with phenolphthalein powder and having initialed them returned to the complainant with the direction that he will pay these currency notes to the accused on demand and give the agreed signal. Having made all necessary preparations for laying a trap, the complainant is alleged to have given the tainted currency notes of Rs. 50/- to the accused-appellant in his own shop, where he was nabbed red handed by the trap party. It is alleged that tainted currency notes of Rs. Having made all necessary preparations for laying a trap, the complainant is alleged to have given the tainted currency notes of Rs. 50/- to the accused-appellant in his own shop, where he was nabbed red handed by the trap party. It is alleged that tainted currency notes of Rs. 50/- were taken out of PW-6 Shri Nirmal Kumar Bhargav from the right pocket of trouser, the accused was wearing. Both the independent witnesses were asked to compare the numbers of tainted currency notes with the numbers of currency notes already recorded in the memorandum prepared by Shri Joshi. Thus, recovered tainted currency notes were found the same which were given by the complainant to the accused as illegal gratification. Shri Joshi prepared the memorandum Ex.P/7, specimen of seal Ex.P/8, site plan Ex.P/9, seized the documents as enumerated in Ex.P/7 and lodged the FIR Ex.P/26, whereupon investigation commenced. 4. The Investigating Officer recorded the statements of the witnesses acquainted with the facts and circumstances of the case, seized the relevant documents and record, obtained the sanction Ex.P/21 from Senior Superintendent of Post Office, Ajmer Division, Ajmer to prosecute the accused and after usual investigation sent the accused for trial. 5. The accused-appellant was indicted for the offences under Section 161 of IPC and Section 5(1)(d)(2) of Act 1947, who pleaded not guilty and claimed trial. In order to further its version, the prosecution examined in all 9 witnesses. In his explanation under Section 313 of Cr.P.C. the accused claimed innocence and pleaded that neither he solicited for bribe nor he obtained the same. He has been implicated in this case on account of the animosity with the complainant. 6. None appeared for the CBI, hence, heard the submissions advanced by learned counsel for the appellant and scanned the relevant material available on record. 7. Learned counsel for the appellant made the following submissions:- (i) That, there is no evidence worth the name that any demand of bribe was made by the appellant from complainant Kanchan Pal Chouhan. There is a solitary statement of the decoy so far as the demand of bribe is concerned and his statement is contradictory to his earlier statement and the contents of FIR and thus the prosecution has failed to establish that the accused-appellant demanded bribe. There is a solitary statement of the decoy so far as the demand of bribe is concerned and his statement is contradictory to his earlier statement and the contents of FIR and thus the prosecution has failed to establish that the accused-appellant demanded bribe. (ii) That, since the demand of bribe goes to the very root of the case and it is not proved from the statements of the prosecution witnesses, the entire prosecution case becomes doubtful. (iii) That, the motbirs in their statement given on oath, deposed that the accused-appellant had accepted Rs. 50/-from the complainant against the repayment of loan. (iv) That the appellant furnished an instantaneous explanation at the time of recovery of amount to the C.B.I. Inspector Mr. K.C. Joshi with regard to the marked currency notes that the said amount was towards the repayment of loan and it was not the bribe money. (v) That there is no ground to disbelieve the spontaneous explanation furnished by the appellant which contains no grain of falsehood and as such the appellant has established his defence by preponderance of probability. (vi) That the learned trial court has not properly appreciated the evidence of the prosecution witnesses which has resulted into erroneous finding of conviction and the same deserves to be set aside. 8. Two charges, one under Section 5(1)(d) read with Section 5(2) of Act 1947 and the other under Section 161 of IPC were framed against the appellant wherein, it was stated that he obtained gratification of Rs. 50/- other than the legal remuneration from the complainant Kanchan Pal Chouhan for not taking legal action against him and expunging remarks recorded in his shop register. The learned Special Judge convicted the appellant in the offence under Section 161 of IPC and Section 5(1)(d)(2) mainly on this ground that the accused admitted to accept Rs. 50/- from Kanchan Pal Chouhan and that the accused failed to prove the amount of Rs. 50/- as repayment of loan from Kanchan Pal Chouhan. “9. Sec. 4 (1) of the Prevention of Corruption Act reads :- “Where in any trial of an offence punishable under sec.161 or sec. 165 of the Indian Penal Code (or of an offence referred to in clause (a) or clause (b) of sub-sec. (1) of sec. 5 of this Act punishable under sub-sec. “9. Sec. 4 (1) of the Prevention of Corruption Act reads :- “Where in any trial of an offence punishable under sec.161 or sec. 165 of the Indian Penal Code (or of an offence referred to in clause (a) or clause (b) of sub-sec. (1) of sec. 5 of this Act punishable under sub-sec. (2) thereof, it is proved that an accused-person has accepted or obtained, or has agreed to accept or attempt to obtain, for himself or for any other person, any gratification (other than legal remuneration) or any valuable thing from any person, it shall be presumed unless the contrary is proved that he accepted or obtained, or agreed to accept or attempted to obtain, that gratification or that valuable thing, as the case may be, as a motive or reward such as is mentioned in the said sec. 161, or, as the case may be, without consideration or for a consideration which he knows to be inadequate.” 9. From a reading of the above provision, it is clear that its operation, in terms, is confined to a trial of an offence punishable under sec. 161 or sec. 165, Penal Code or under clause (a) or (b) of sec. 5(1) read with subsec. (2) of that sec. of the Act. If at such a trial the prosecution proved that the accused has accepted or obtained gratification other than legal remuneration, the court has to presume the existence of the further fact in support of the prosecution case, viz., that the gratification was accepted or obtained by the accused as a motive or reward such as mentioned in sec. 161, Penal Code. The presumption however, is not absolute. It is rebuttable. The accused can prove the contrary. The quantum and the nature of proof required to displace this presumption may vary according to the circumstances of each case. Such proof may partake the shape of defence evidence led by the accused, or it may consist of circumstances appearing in the prosecution evidence itself, as a result of cross-examination or otherwise. But the degree and the character of the burden of proof which sec. 4(1) casts on an accused person to rebut the presumption raised thereunder, cannot be equated with the degree and character of proof which under sec.101, Evidence Act rests on the prosecution. But the degree and the character of the burden of proof which sec. 4(1) casts on an accused person to rebut the presumption raised thereunder, cannot be equated with the degree and character of proof which under sec.101, Evidence Act rests on the prosecution. While the mere plausibility of an explanation given by the accused in his examination under sec.313 of Cr.P.C. may not be enough, the burden on him to negate the presumption may stand discharged, if the effect of the material brought on the records, in its totality, renders the existence of the fact presumed, improbable. In other words, the accused may rebut the presumption by showing a mere preponderance of probability in his favour;it is not necessary for him to establish his case beyond a reasonable doubt) See Mahesh Prasad Gupta vs. State of Rajasthan (1). 10. Another aspect of the matter which has to be borne in mind is that the sole purpose of the presumption under sec. 4(1) is to relieve the prosecution of the burden of proving a fact which is an essential ingredient of the offences under sec. 5(1) (d) (2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act and sec. 161, Penal Code. The presumption therefore can be used in furtherance of the prosecution case and not in derogation of it. If the story set up by the prosecution inherently militates against or is inconsistent with the fact presumed, the presumption will be rendered sterile from its very inception, if out of judicial courtesy it cannot be rejected out of hand as still born. 11. Let us now consider the facts of the present case in the light of the principles enunciated above. The testimony of its star witness PW-1 Kanchan Pal Chouhan is that he was running a repair shop of radio, transistors and television in Dayanand Market, Ajmer. On 28th March, 1983 the accused who identified himself to be Wireless Inspector entered in his shop and asked him to show the papers. He produced the register Ex.Article/1 wherein, he made an adverse entry Ex.P/1 and put his signatures. Thereafter, on 22nd April, 1983, the accused sent a notice Ex.P/2 to him with regard to unlicensed radio and transistors lying in his shop. He replied the notice accordingly. Again on 11th May, 1983, the accused appeared in his shop and gave remark Ex.P/5 in his register Ex.Article/1. Thereafter, on 22nd April, 1983, the accused sent a notice Ex.P/2 to him with regard to unlicensed radio and transistors lying in his shop. He replied the notice accordingly. Again on 11th May, 1983, the accused appeared in his shop and gave remark Ex.P/5 in his register Ex.Article/1. Thereafter, the complainant met accused and requested not to humiliate him as he was a poor man. Thereupon, the accused solicited for a bribe of Rs. 100/-. It has been deposed by the decoy that thereafter, as and when the accused used to meet him, he always demanded the bribe from him. On 25th July, 1983 Shri Kalyan Singh, CBI Inspector came to his shop and apprised him with the entire incident. The complainant while supporting the contents of written report Ex.P/6 deposed that the accused had solicited a bribe of Rs. 50/- and he paid the tainted currency notes to him on demand. The fact of demand and acceptance of bribe amount of Rs. 50/- by the accused has been supported by Pw-2 Puran Mal Verma, PW-3 Shanker lal, PW-6 Nirmal Kumar Bhargav, PW-7 Ram Prakash Kalwal and PW-8 K.C. Joshi, all these witnesses have deposed that the accused had accepted tainted currency notes of Rs. 50/- from the complainant which was recovered from the right pocket of the trouser he was wearing. The fact of recovery of currency notes, their seizure and further interrogation has also been supported by the prosecution witnesses. 12. Now most crucial question springing for consideration in the instant appeal is as to whether the demand and acceptance of bribe amount of Rs. 50/- by the accused from the complainant is proved beyond reasonable doubt? 13. Learned counsel for the accused appellant has canvassed that the statements of PW-1 Kanchan Pal Chouhan, PW-7 Rampal and PW-8 K.C. Joshi are laden with contradictions in material particulars. He has also canvassed that the prosecution has failed to establish the date, day and time of the demand of bribe money made by the accused. He has drawn my attention to the relevant portion of the statements given by all these three witnesses in examination-inchief and their cross-examination. Adverting to the statements of PW-1 Kanchan Pal Chouhan, it is noticed that the complainant had given vague statements with regard to the day, date and time of demand of bribe. He has drawn my attention to the relevant portion of the statements given by all these three witnesses in examination-inchief and their cross-examination. Adverting to the statements of PW-1 Kanchan Pal Chouhan, it is noticed that the complainant had given vague statements with regard to the day, date and time of demand of bribe. The relevant statement of the decoy reads as under:- ^^uksfVl nsus ds ckn eqyfte us fj'or dh ekax dh Fkh rkjh[k /;ku ugha FkhA ;g Hkh eSa ugha crk ldrk fd lcls igys tc fj'or ekaxh rc le; lqcg] nksigj ;k 'kke dk FkkA LFkku dk eq>s /;ku ugha gS fd ekax dgka dh xbZ] esjh nqdku ij dh xbZ ;k vkSj dghA** He has further stated that:- ^^fd fjiksVZ is'k djus ls igys eqfYte us fdruh ckj fj'or ekaxh rks igys rks xokg us tokc fn;k fd ;g rks ugha crk ldrk] fQj dgk fd eqfYte us 6-7 ckj fj'or ekaxh Fkh] tc tc eqfYte feyrk Fkk rc rc mlus esjs ls fj'or ekaxh FkhA eSa ;g ugha crk ldrk fd 28-3-83 ls 11-5-83 ds chp eqfYte us dkSu dkSu lh rkjh[k dks fj'or ekaxhA eqfYte fnukad 11-5-83 ds ckn esjh nqdku ij ugha vk;k] jkLrs esa fey tkrk FkkA ebZ] twu o tqykbZ ds eghus dkSu dkSu lh rkjh[k dks fj'or ekaxh ;g eSa ugha crk ldrkA** 14. It is relevant to note that the prosecution case solely rests on the evidence of PW-1 Kanchan Pal Chouhan with regard to the demand of bribe money of Rs. 50/-. There is no ocular or circumstantial evidence to corroborate his testimony. Learned counsel for the accused-appellant has not questioned nor assailed the fact of recovery of Rs. 50/- from the possession of the accused. His defence is that the accused never solicited for a bribe of Rs. 50/-. On the contrary when he was nabbed by PW-8 Shri K.C. Joshi Inspector CBI, he furnished an instantaneous explanation that it was the repayment of loan which he had given to the complainant and it was not a bribe money. 15. Thus, the complainant has not been able to give the date, day and time on which the bribe amount of Rs. 50/- was demanded by the appellant and the prosecution has miserably failed to prove that the appellant had demanded illegal gratification of Rs. 50/- as has been alleged by PW-1 Kanchan Pal Chouhan. 15. Thus, the complainant has not been able to give the date, day and time on which the bribe amount of Rs. 50/- was demanded by the appellant and the prosecution has miserably failed to prove that the appellant had demanded illegal gratification of Rs. 50/- as has been alleged by PW-1 Kanchan Pal Chouhan. 16. The second question springing for consideration is that whether the appellant accepted this sum of Rs. 50/- by way of illegal gratification from the complainant? 17. Question with regard to repayment of loan by the complainant to the accused was suggested by the learned counsel for the accused to all the prosecution witnesses and it is found that all the independent witnesses including the complainant himself have accepted in their evidence that when asked about the currency notes, the accused instantaneously replied that it was the repayment of loan from the complainant which he had accepted and it was not the bribe amount. PW-1 deposed thus:- ^^tks'kh }kjk nqckjk iwNus ij fQj vfHk;qä us dgk fd xokg dks tks m/kkj :i;s fn;s Fks os okil fy;s gSA** Both the independent witnesses PW-6 Nirmal Kumar Bhargava and PW-7 Ramprakash Kalwal have also supported in the following terms:- ^^vklokuh us dgk fd eSaus m/kkj dk :i;k ns j[kk gS tks mlus ykSVk;s gSA** PW-8 Shri K.C. Joshi himself has admitted that when the accused was asked about the accepting bribe amount of Rs. 50/- from the complainant, he replied in the following words:- ^^eqfYte ls iwNk fd mlus :- 50@& dh fj'or dapu iky ls D;ksa yh gS rks eqfYte us dgk fd dapu iky us mlls :i;s m/kkj fy;s Fks os ykSVk, gSA** 18. Thus instantaneous explanation furnished by the accused has been recorded by PW-8 Shri K.C. Joshi in recovery memo Ex.P/10 which reads thus:- “He was again asked, on this Shri Aswani explained that he has received back the amount which he loaned Shri Kanchan Pal Chouhan ealier. On this Shri K.C. Joshi stated that this is not correct.” 19. It is a settled proposition of law that mere receipt of bribe amount by the accused-appellant from the complainant will not be sufficient to fasten guilt under Section 5(1) (a) or Section 5(1)(d) of the Act, in the absence of any evidence of demand and acceptance of the amount as illegal gratification. It is a settled proposition of law that mere receipt of bribe amount by the accused-appellant from the complainant will not be sufficient to fasten guilt under Section 5(1) (a) or Section 5(1)(d) of the Act, in the absence of any evidence of demand and acceptance of the amount as illegal gratification. If the amount had been paid as payment of loan or even if it was not so paid, but the accused was made to believe that the payment was towards loan amount, he cannot be said to have committed any offence. If the reason for receiving the amount is explained and the explanation is probable and reasonable, then the appellant had to be acquitted 20. In the case of Punjabrao vs. State of Maharastra ( 2002(10) SCC 371 ) the Hon'ble Apex Court has held thus: “it is too well settled that in a case where the accused offers an explanation for receipt of the alleged amount, the question that arises for consideration is whether that explanation can be said to have been established. It is further clear that the accused is not required to establish his defence by proving beyond reasonable doubt as the prosecution, but can establish the same by preponderance of probability. 21. In Chaturdas Bhagwandas Patel vs. The State of Gujart ( AIR 1976 SC 1497 ), this Court held that: “the burden that rests on an accused to displace the statutory presumption that is raised under Section 4(1) of the Act, is not onerous as that cast on the prosecution to prove its case. But such burden has to be discharged, by brining on record evidence, either direct or circumstantial, to establish with reasonable probability, that the money was accepted by him, other than as a motive or reward as is referred to in Section 161, IPC.” 22. In State vs. K. Narasimhachary (2006) 1 SCC (Cri) 41, the court reiterated the well recognised principles that if two views are possible, the appellate court should not interfere with the acquittal by the lower court; and that only where the material on record leads to a sole and inescapable conclusion of guilt of the accused, the judgment of acquittal will call for interference by the appellate court. 23. In the case of Punjabrao, a patwari was on a campaign to collect loan amounts due to Government. 23. In the case of Punjabrao, a patwari was on a campaign to collect loan amounts due to Government. The complainant therein was admittedly a debtor to the Government. The accused explained that the amount in question was received towards loan. The Hon'ble Apex Court accepted this explanation and held that the appellant had established the defence by preponderance of probability and thus acquitted him. In the instant appeal also, the appellant has also instantly denied to obtain the bribe money and immediately offered this explanation that the complainant had given money as payment of land revenue. The accused has not only claimed ignorance in his statement under Section 313 Cr.P.C but has submitted the written explanation also in defence. The accused has adduced one witnesses in defence DW-1 Nihal Chand. The learned Special Judge has not believed the explanation of the accused offered immediately after trap and the corroborative statements of the prosecution witnesses in this regard. The learned Special Judge has cursorily observed in a slipshod manner that the evidence of DW-1 Nihal Chand is not sufficient to rebut presumption raised under Section 4(1) of Act, 1947. The learned Special Judge has also not assigned any reason for not believing the explanation offered by the appellant as also the testimony of defence witnesses. 24. The Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of M.S. Narayana Menon @ Mani vs. State of Kerala and Anr. ( 2006(6) SCC 39 = RLW 2006(4) SC 2945) has held that: “Moreover, the onus on an accused is not as heavy as that of the prosecution. It may be compared with a defendant in a civil proceeding.” 25. Thus, it is well settled that the accused is not required to establish his defence by proving beyond reasonable doubt like that of prosecution, but can establish the same by preponderance of probability. According to the appellant the amount of Rs. 50/- passed on to him was the repayment of loan, as such it cannot be inferred that the appellant obtained Rs. 50/-from the complainant for any motive or reward. Thus, there being no occasion for the accused to demand the bribe from the complainant, I am constrained to hold the evidence of the complainant Kanchan Pal Chouhan untrustworthy and unworthy of credence. The explanation offered immediately after the trap by the accused appellant seems to be reliable and worthy of credence. 26. Thus, there being no occasion for the accused to demand the bribe from the complainant, I am constrained to hold the evidence of the complainant Kanchan Pal Chouhan untrustworthy and unworthy of credence. The explanation offered immediately after the trap by the accused appellant seems to be reliable and worthy of credence. 26. In the case of T.Subramanian vs. State of Tamil Nadu (2006) 1 SCC 401 = RLW 2006(2) SC 1152, the Hon'ble Apex Court has observed that if the amount had been paid as lease rent arrears due to the temple or even if it was not so paid, but the accused was made to believe that the payment was towards lease rent due to the temple, he cannot be said to have committed any offence. If the reason for receiving the amount is explained and the explanation is probable and reasonable, then the appellant had to be acquitted. In the instant appeal the recovery of currency notes of Rs. 50/- from the possession of the accused has not been assailed by the learned counsel for the appellant. The main thrust of his argument has been only on solely one ground that it was the repayment of loan by the complainant which the appellant accepted. The accused was made to believe that the currency notes of Rs. 50/- were towards the repayment of loan. This is the instantaneous explanation furnished by the appellant which not only finds place in the recovery memo Ex.P/10 but has been duly supported not only by the independent witnesses of this case but by the Recovery Officer PW-8 Shri K.C. Joshi also who headed the trap party. The explanation given by the appellant immediately after the incident clearly explained all the circumstances and raised not only a resonable but a very serious doubt about the amount having been received by him as an illegal gratification. The Hon'ble Supreme Court has held:- “If two views were possible from the very same evidence, it cannot be said that the prosecution had proved beyond reasonable doubt that the apellant had received the sum of Rs. 200/- as illegal gratification. The Hon'ble Supreme Court has held:- “If two views were possible from the very same evidence, it cannot be said that the prosecution had proved beyond reasonable doubt that the apellant had received the sum of Rs. 200/- as illegal gratification. Thus the trial court was right in holding that the charge against the appellant was not proved and the High Court was not justified in interfering with the same.” In another case of Kali Ram vs. State of H.P. ( AIR 1973 SC 2773 ), the Hon'ble Apex Court similarly observed that:- “Another golden threat which runs through web of administration of justice in criminal cases is that if two views are possible on the evidence adduced in the case, one pointing to the guilt of the accused and the other to his innocence, then the view which is favourable to the accused should be adopted.” The learned trial court has not considered the explanation offered by the appellant in right perspective and has ignored the judgments delivered from time to time by the Hon'ble Apex Court in this regard. 27. In the ultimate analysis, it is held that the demand of bribe is very material in trap cases. Once the story of demand falls through, the authenticity of trap becomes highly doubtful because acceptance of bribe germinates through demand. In the case of G.V. Nanjundish vs. State (Delhi Administration) AIR 1987 Supreme Court 2402, it has been held that in the trap cases if there is no evidence that the accused either demanded bribe or orally accepted it at the time of trap then mere recovery of money from the accused is not sufficient to raise any presumption against him. Thus the absence of motive on part of accused either to demand or accept bribe renders the whole prosecution story doubtful. The prosecution has failed to prove against the appellant both the demand and acceptance of bribe of Rs. 50/- from the complainant beyond reasonable doubt. The impugned judgment of the trial Court is not found to be cogent, just and proper. The learned trial Judge has erred in ignoring the probable explanation offered by the appellant which in the facts and circumstances of the case stands fully established by preponderance of probability. I respectfully disagree with the finding of conviction arrived at by the learned trial Court and the same deserves to be set aside. 28. The learned trial Judge has erred in ignoring the probable explanation offered by the appellant which in the facts and circumstances of the case stands fully established by preponderance of probability. I respectfully disagree with the finding of conviction arrived at by the learned trial Court and the same deserves to be set aside. 28. For these reasons, the criminal appeal filed by the appellant G.V. Aswani is allowed. His conviction and sentence awarded to him in the offences under Sections 161 of IPC and Section 5(1)(d) read with Section 5(2) of Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 vide impugned judgment dated June 24, 1986 are set aside and he is acquitted in the said offences. The appellant is on bail. His bail bonds stand discharged.

G. v. Aswani VS State of Rajasthan