( 1 ) SINCE these appeals arise out of some judgment, they are being taken up together and disposed of by way of this common judgment. ( 2 ) CRIMINAL Appeal No. 524 of 2003 by the appellant-A-2, Criminal Appeal No. 534 of 2003 by the appellant-A-3 and Criminal appeal No. 546 of 2003 by the appellant-A-1 under Section 374 (2) Cr. P. C. are directed against the judgment, dated 21-5-2003, in c. C. No. 1 of 1998, on the file of the Special judge for CBI Cases, Visakhapatnam, whereunder and whereby A-1 was convicted of the charge under Section 13 (l) (d) read with 13 (2) of the Prevention of Corruption act, 1988 (for brevity 'the Act') and sentenced to undergo Simple Imprisonment for a period of three years and also to pay a fine of rs. 5,000/-, in default to undergo Simple imprisonment for a period of one month, further convicted of the charges under sections 120-B, 420, 467, 468, 465 and 471 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (for short 'ipc')and sentenced to undergo Simple imprisonment for two years under each count, A-2 was convicted of the charges under sections 120-B, 420, 467, 468, 465 and 471 IPC and sentenced undergo Simple Imprisonment for two years under each count and also pay a fine of Rs. 5,000/-, in default to undergo simple Imprisonment for one month for the offence punishable under Section 420 IPC and A-3 was convicted of the charges under sections 120-B, 420, 467, 468, 465 and 471 IPC and sentenced to undergo Simple imprisonment for one year under each count and also to pay a fine of Rs. 1,000/-, in default to undergo Simple Imprisonment for one month for the offence punishable under section 420 IPC and all the sentences were directed to run concurrently. ( 3 ) BRIEF facts, that are necessary for disposal of the present Criminal Appeals, may be stated as follows: on 20-09-1995, A-1 handed over one blank cheque books (Ex. P-10) bearing No. 774421 to 774430 to P. W. 3 representative of P. W. 2 account holder of S. B. A/c No. 1751 by removing one cheques leaf No. 774430 (Ex. P-6) without the knowledge of P. W. 3. A-2 filed the cheques for drawal of rs. 47,000/- in the name of one B. V. Rambabu and A-3 forged the signature of P. W. 2 the actual account holder. P-6) without the knowledge of P. W. 3. A-2 filed the cheques for drawal of rs. 47,000/- in the name of one B. V. Rambabu and A-3 forged the signature of P. W. 2 the actual account holder. A-2 presented the said cheques at Andhra Bank, Medical College branch, Guntur on 28-9-1995 along with p. W. 12 who is taken as an approver. A-1 who worked as cashier on that day dishonestly and fraudulently handed over a sum of Rs. 47,000/- to A-2 knowing fully well that A-2 is his cousin and is not B. V. Rambabu. On 29-9-1995, A-1 handed over one blank cheque book bearing No. 438401 to 438450 to p. W. 6 representative of P. W. 18, Vice principal, Guntur Medical College and account holder of S. B. A/c No. 173 by removing one blank cheque leaf bearing no. 438449 (Ex. P-7) without the knowledge of P. W. 14 who is taken as an approver to fill up the blank cheque for withdrawal of rs. 1,47,000/- and A-1 forged the signature of p. W. 18, the actual account holder. A-1 prepared one counterfeit rubber stamp of principal, Guntur Medical College and put its impression on the said cheque and the said forged cheque was fraudulently withdrawn by A-1 by signing as one p. V. Chowdari from A/c No. 173. It is alleged that originally the local police of nagarampalem in Guntur registered a case against the accused and after conducting part of the investigation, obtained permission from the Magistrate to handover the investigation to C. B. I. As per the directions of the Superintendent of Police, P. W. 19-Inspector of Police, C. B. I. registered a case and issued Ex. P-32 FIR. P. W. 19 collected documents from Andhra Bank, Guntur medical College Branch under Ex. P-20, seized xerox copies of two cheques. He examined p. Ws. 1 to 12, 14 and 18 and other witnesses and recorded their statements. He collected specimen signatures of A-2, P. Ws. 14 and 18and obtained expert opinion on the same. On the requisition of P. W. 19, III Metropolitan magistrate, Visakhapatnam recorded the statements of A-2, P. Ws. 12 and 14. P. W. 19 obtained Ex. P-23 sanction order for prosecuting A -. 1 During the investigation, p. W. 19 filed petition before the concerned magistrate for grant of pardon to P. Ws. On the requisition of P. W. 19, III Metropolitan magistrate, Visakhapatnam recorded the statements of A-2, P. Ws. 12 and 14. P. W. 19 obtained Ex. P-23 sanction order for prosecuting A -. 1 During the investigation, p. W. 19 filed petition before the concerned magistrate for grant of pardon to P. Ws. 12 and 14 as they wanted them to be cited as witnesses. As per the orders of the Magistrate, the statements of P. Ws. 12 and 14 under section 164 Cr. P. C. were again recorded by the Magistrate and tendered pardon to p. Ws. 12 and 14. After completion of investigation, P. W. 19 filed the charge sheet. ( 4 ) THE learned Special Judge framed the following charges against the accused. Charge No. 1: That you A-1 to A-3 during the month of September, 1995 at Andhra bank, Medical College Branch, Guntur, while a-1 to you functioning as Clerk-cum-Cashier of Andhra Bank, medical College Branch, guntur, you A-2 cousin of A-1 and you A-3 sister of A-1 agreed to do an act viz. , to cheat the Andhra Bank, Medical College Branch, guntur by illegal means and to withdraw the amounts of the account holders without their knowledge and to achieve your object; (i) that youa-1 on 20-09-1995 have handed over one blank cheque book bearing no. 774421 to 774430 to K. V. Rambabu, representative of Ch. Nagalakshmi Kumari, account holder of S. B. A/c No. 1751, by removing one blank cheque leaf No. 774430 without the knowledge of K. V. Rambabu, that you A-2 filled the cheque for withdrawal of Rs. 47,000/- in the name of one b. V. Ramababu, that you A-3 forged the signature of Ch. Nagalakshmi Kumari, the actual account holder of S. B. A/c No. 1751, that you A-2 presented the said cheque at andhra Bank, Medical College Branch, guntur on 28-9-1995 along with one y. Venkateswar Reddy, that you A-1 worked as Cashier on that day by dishonestly and fraudulently handed over a sum of rs. 47,000/- to A-2 of you, knowing fully well that A-2 of you is your cousin and is not b. V. Ramababu and thus you A-1 to A-3 misappropriated an amount of Rs. 47,000/ -. (ii) That you A-1 on 29-09-1995 have handed over one blank cheque book bearing no. 438401 to 438450to Ch. 47,000/- to A-2 of you, knowing fully well that A-2 of you is your cousin and is not b. V. Ramababu and thus you A-1 to A-3 misappropriated an amount of Rs. 47,000/ -. (ii) That you A-1 on 29-09-1995 have handed over one blank cheque book bearing no. 438401 to 438450to Ch. Nageswara Rao, representative of Siva Ram Prasad, Vice principal, Guntur Medical College and account holder of S. B. A/c No. 173, by removing one blank cheque leaf bearing no. 438449 without the knowledge of ch. Nageswara Rao that you A-1 directed ch. Venkateswara Rao to fill up the blank cheque for withdrawal of Rs. 1,47,000/- and that you A-1 forged the signature of N. Siva rama Prasad, the actual account holder, that you A-1 prepared one counterfeit rubber stamp of Principal, Cuntur Medical College and put its impression on the said cheque and the said forged cheque was fraudulently withdrawn by you A-1 by signing as one p. V. Chowdari from the A/c No. 173. Thus a-1 to A-3 of you thereby committed an offence punishable under Section 120-B IPC. Charge No. 2: That you A-1 to A-3 during the same period and place as mentioned in charge No. 1 supra, cheated Andhra Bank, medical College Branch, Guntur that you a-1 dishonestly and fraudulently removed the blank cheque leave Nos. 774430 in respect of S. B. Account holder Ch. Nagalakshmi kumari and No. 438449 in respect of N. Siva ram Prasad, S. B. Account Holder No. 173, without their knowledge and you A-2 wrote the particulars in the cheque leaf No. 774430 for withdrawal of Rs. 47,000/- that you A-3 forged the signature of the said ch. Nagalakshmi Kumari and that you A-1 forged the signatures of the account holder by name N. Siva Ramprasad, the particulars of which are mentioned in charge No. 1 above and thus A-1 to A-3 of you thereby committed an offence punishable under Section 420 IPC. Charge No. 3: That you A-1 during the same period and the same place as mentioned in Charge No. 1 supra, forged the signature of N. Siva Ramprasad who is the account holder of S. B. A/c No. 173, in the cheque bearing No. 438449, which was removed from the cheque book bearing Nos. 438401 to 438450 with intent to use the same for withdrawing the amount of Rs. 438401 to 438450 with intent to use the same for withdrawing the amount of Rs. 1,47,000/-and that you thereby committed an offence punishable under Section 467 IPC. Charge No. 4: That you A-3 during the same period and the same place as mentioned in Charge No. 1 supra, forged the signature of Ch. Nagalakshmi Kumari, who is the account holder of S. B. A/c No. 1751 in the cheque bearing No. 774430, which was removed from the cheque book bearing nos. 774421 to 774430 with intent to use the same for withdrawing the amount of rs. 47,000/- and that you thereby committed an offence punishable under Section 467 IPC. Charge No. 5: That you A-1 to A-3 during the same period and the sample place as mentioned in Charge No. 1 supra, forged the signature of N. Siva Ramprasad who is the account holder of S. B. A/c No. 173 and A-3 forged the signature of Ch. Nagalakshmi kumari, who is the account holder of s. B. A/c No. 1751 and that you A-2 filled the particulars in the cheque bearing No. 774430 in respect of S. B. A/cno. 1751 for the withdraw of Rs. 47,000/- intending that the forged two cheques shall be used for the purpose of cheating the Andhra Bank, Medical College branch, Guntur, the particulars of which are mentioned in charge No. 1 above and thus a-1 to A-3 of you thereby committed an offence punishable under Section 468 IPC. Charge No. 6: That you A-1 to A-3 during the same period and the same place as mentioned in Charge No. 1 supra, fraudulently used the forged two cheques bearing Nos. 774430 in respect of ch. Nagalakshmi Kumari, who is the account holder of S. B. A/c No. 1751 and the cheque no. 438449 in respect of N. Siva Ramprasad who is the account holder of S. B. A/c No. 173, as genuine and withdrawn the amount of rs. 47,000/- from S. B. A/c No. 1751 and rs. 1,47,000/- from S. B. A/c No. 173, the particulars of which are mentioned in charge no. 1 supra, which all of you knew at the time of all of you used the said two cheques to be the forged cheques, and thus you A-1 to A-3 committed the offences punishable under sections 465 and 471 IPC. 1,47,000/- from S. B. A/c No. 173, the particulars of which are mentioned in charge no. 1 supra, which all of you knew at the time of all of you used the said two cheques to be the forged cheques, and thus you A-1 to A-3 committed the offences punishable under sections 465 and 471 IPC. Charge No. 7: That you A-1 being a public servant employed as Clerk-cum-Cashier of andhra Bank, Medical College branch, guntur, during the month of September, 1998 by corrupt or illegal means or by otherwise abusing your position as such public servant obtained for yourself pecuniary advantage to the extent of rs. 1,94,000/- by cheating the Andhra Bank, medical College Branch, Guntur, the particulars of which are mentioned in charge no. 1 supra, and you thereby committed an offence punishable under Section 13 (1) (d)read with 3 (2) of the P. C. Act, 1988. When the above charges were read over and explained to the account in Telugu, they pleaded not guilty and claimed to be tried. ( 5 ) TO substantiate the charges, the prosecution examined P. Ws. 1 to 20 and got marked Exs. P-1 to P-40. ( 6 ) AFTER closure of the prosecution evidence, the accused were examined under section 313 Cr. P. C. with reference to the incriminating material found against them in the evidence of prosecution witnesses. They denied the same. No oral evidence was adduced on behalf of the accused except marking Exs. D-1 to D-31. ( 7 ) THE trial Court upon consideration of entire oral and documentary evidence available on record, convicted and sentenced the accused as above. Challenging the same, a-1 to A-3 preferred these appeals. ( 8 ) NOW the point that arises for consideration is whether the prosecution proved its case against the accused of the offences with which they were charged beyond all reasonable doubt and whether the judgment of the trial Court is legal, correct and proper? ( 9 ) MR. T. Bali Reddy, learned senior counsel appearing for A-1 contended that absolutely, there is no evidence to show that the cheque books in question of the two account holders were given by A-1, that it is the duty of P. W. 5 who has to handover the cheque books to Savings Bank account holders, that mere writing of entries in exs. P-2 (A) and P-4 (A) does not amount to actual delivery of cheques to P. Ws. 3 and 6, that even assuming for a moment that those two cheque books were handed over to the account holders, there is no evidence to show that one leaf from each book has been taken away by A-1 and made use of the same for withdrawing certain amounts from accounts of two account holders, that there is no evidence to show that A-1 committed forgery for the purpose of cheating, that as an employee of the bank, he gave cash covered under Exs. P-6 and P-7 as the two cheques were ordered to be paid by P. W. 5 after through verification, that the alleged handwritings in Exs. P-2 (A) and P-4 (A) have not been sent to the expert for comparison with the admitted handwritings of A-1, that a-1 is denying about the handwritings in the original of Exs. P-2 (A) and P-4 (A), that even in case of Ex. P-6, he has not given the cash to the account holder and P. W. 3 gave the cash covered under Ex. P-6, that except the solitary testimony of accomplice p. Ws. 12 and 14, there is no other evidence to connect him with the offences for which he was charges, that the evidence of P. Ws. 12 and 14 is required to corroborated on material particulars as they are accomplice witnesses and there is no such evidence available on record and hence, he prays to set aside the convictions and sentences recorded against A-1. ( 10 ) MR. C. Padmanabha Reddy, learned senior counsel appearing for A-2 and A-3 contended that there is no evidence to show that A-2 and A-3 committed forgery on the cheques or encashed Exs. P-6 and P-7 cheques by presenting in the bank, that the evidence of P. Ws. 12 and 14 who are accomplice has not been corroborated with any other evidence and hence, he prays to set aside the convictions and sentences recorded against a-2 and A-3. ( 11 ) ON the other hand Mr. T. Niranjan reddy, learned standing counsel appearing for CBI cases contended that the evidence of p. Ws. 12 and 14 who are accomplice has not been corroborated with any other evidence and hence, he prays to set aside the convictions and sentences recorded against a-2 and A-3. ( 11 ) ON the other hand Mr. T. Niranjan reddy, learned standing counsel appearing for CBI cases contended that the evidence of p. Ws. 3 and 6 would clearly go to show that the cheque books have been handed over to them, that there is no scope or possibility for anybody except A-1 to remove one cheque leaf each from the two cheque books, that one of the cheques have been passed by A-1, that the evidence of P. Ws. 12 and 14 is corroborated with material particulars with reference to the other evidence, that after elaborate consideration of evidence on record, the trial Court rightly convicted and sentenced A-1 to A-3 and absolutely, there are no grounds to interfere with the same. ( 12 ) ESSENTIAL ingredients of section 13 (1) (d) of the Act are thus: (i) that he should have been a public servant; (ii) that he should have used corrupt or illegal means or otherwise abused his position as such public servant, and (iii) that he should have obtained a valuable thing or pecuniary advantage for himself or for any other person. ( 13 ) SECTION 120-B IPC prescribes punishment for criminal conspiracy. Necessary ingredients to constitute the offence of Criminal Conspiracy are as follows: " (a) Two or more persons agree to do or cause to be done an act. ( 13 ) SECTION 120-B IPC prescribes punishment for criminal conspiracy. Necessary ingredients to constitute the offence of Criminal Conspiracy are as follows: " (a) Two or more persons agree to do or cause to be done an act. (b) The act agreed must be- (i) an illegal act or, (ii) an act which is not illegal but is done by illegal means (c) If the agreement is not to commit an offence then some act besides the agreement is- (i) by one or more parties to such agreement (ii) in pursuance of the agreement" ( 14 ) NECESSARY ingredients to constitute the offence of cheating which is defined under section 415 IPC are: (i) There should be fraudulent or dishonest inducement of a person by deceiving him, (2) (a) the person so deceived should be induced to deliver any property to any person or to consent that any person shall retain any property; or (b)the person so deceived should be intentionally induced to do or omit to do anything which he would not do or omit if he were not so deceived, and (3) in cases covered by (2) (b) the act or omission should be one which causes or is likely to cause damage or harm to the person induced in body, mind, reputation or property. ( 15 ) SECTION 465 prescribes punishment for forgery. What is forgery is defined under section 463 IPC which reads as follows: (a) A person makes any false document or part of a document. (b) His intention is- (i) to cause damage or injury to the public or to any person, or (ii) to support any claim or title, or (iii) to cause any person to part with property, or (iv) to enter into any express or implied contract, or (v) to commit any fraud or that fraud may be committed. (b) His intention is- (i) to cause damage or injury to the public or to any person, or (ii) to support any claim or title, or (iii) to cause any person to part with property, or (iv) to enter into any express or implied contract, or (v) to commit any fraud or that fraud may be committed. ( 16 ) UNDER Section 467ipc, whoever forges a document which purports to be a valuable security or a will, or an authority to adopt a son, or which purports to give authority to any person to make or transfer any valuable security, or to receive the principal, interest or dividends thereon, or to receive or to deliver any money, movable property, or valuable security or any document purporting to be an acquittance or receipt acknowledging the payment of money, or an acquittance or receipt for the delivery of any movable property or valuable security, shall be punished with imprisonment for life or which imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years and shall also be liable to fine. ( 17 ) UNDER Section 471 IPC, whoever fraudulently or dishonestly uses as genuine any document which he knows or has reason to believe to be a forged document, he shall be punishable. ( 18 ) IT is not in dispute that A-1 was working as Cashier-cum-Clerk at the relevant point of time of the incident at andhra Pradesh Branch, Medical College, guntur. At that time P. W. 5 was officiating branch Manager of that Branch. It is also not in dispute that Principal, Guntur Medical college is the S. B. A. /c holder bearing No. 173. It is also not in dispute that P. W. 2 is the s. B. A/c holder bearing No. 1751. By virtue of ex. P-6, an amount of Rs. 47,000/- was withdrawn on 28-9-1995. Similarly, by virtue of Ex. P-7, an amount of Rs. 1,47,000/-was withdrawn from the bank on 4-10-1995. The allegation is that both the cheques have been forged by the accused by making a conspiracy to cheat the bank and to gain unlawfully. It is also not in dispute that p. W. 5 who was the officiating Manager passed these two cheques in question after due verification with reference to the admitted signatures available with the bank. The allegation is that both the cheques have been forged by the accused by making a conspiracy to cheat the bank and to gain unlawfully. It is also not in dispute that p. W. 5 who was the officiating Manager passed these two cheques in question after due verification with reference to the admitted signatures available with the bank. It is also not in dispute that P. W. 5 verified the presentation of Exs. P-6 and P-7 with specimen signatures or handwritings. She did not entertain any suspicion and passed two cheques for payment believing them to be true. It is also not in dispute that A-1 has paid the cash for token No. 19 on 28-9-1995. With regard to Ex. P-7, he did not commit any procedural irregularity. As a Cashier, he has to pay the cash on production of token of its bearer. P. W. 5 admitted that on 4-10-1995 a-1 did not violate any procedural aspects with regard to receipt of the cheques and issuing token to the bearer of the cheques. She followed the manual of instructions in passing the cheques by verification of the signatures on the instructions with the specimens and in issuance of cheque books even without minor deviation. ( 19 ) THOUGH P. Ws. 3 and 6 stated that they received respective cheque books from the accused, the same was denied by A-1. A specific suggestion was put to these witnesses that A-1 did not issue the cheque books after receipt of requisition from them. Though P. Ws. 4 and 5 stated that some of the writing in Exs. P-2 (A) and P-4 (A) which are the Xerox copies of the cheque issuance register contain the signatures of A-1, a perusal of those exhibits do not indicate that cheque books were physically handed over to P. Ws. 3 and 6 by A-1. The evidence of p. W. 1 whose is the Branch Manager after this incident would clearly go to show that whenever a customer comes to the bank personally or his nominee for issuance of the cheque book, they used to issue the cheque books to the nominee or customer as the case may be. Therefore, his evidence would go to show that the cheque books would be in the custody of the Branch Manager. Therefore, his evidence would go to show that the cheque books would be in the custody of the Branch Manager. In case there is no Branch Manager, the cheque books must be in the custody of Officiating Branch manager and the concerned Branch Manager would issue personally the cheque books to the customer. It is not in dispute that during the relevant point of time of the incident, p. W. 5 was the officiating Branch Manager of the branch. Though P. Ws. 3 and 6 stated that A-1 issued the cheque books, their evidence do not indicate that at the time of receiving of cheque books, some of the leaves were taken away by A-1. As seen from the evidence, the branch is very small one and all the staff members sit in the room consisting of 10 x 20 feet except small partition encircled to accommodate the Cashier-cum-clerk. ( 20 ) THE allegation is that A-1 removed one cheque each from the two cheque books of he account holders and forged the signatures with the assistance of other accused and caused loss to the bank. Even assuming for a moment that A-1 issued cheque books to p. Ws. 3 and 6, he would have gone to the officiating Manager, took the books and handed over the same to P. Ws. 3 and 6 respectively from his seat. If anything done in the room, it would be visible to P. Ws. 3 and 6 with regard to tampering of any cheque leaves in the two books. It is not the case of p. Ws. 3 and 6 that after taking the books from p. W. 5, he went to the room which is not visible to them and thereby inferring that one cheque each from the each book was taken away by A-1 alone. Similarly, there is no evidence to show that A-1 forged the signatures or the contents of Exs. P-6 and p-7. The disputed signatures on Exs. P-6 and p-7 and the disputed handwritings on these two cheques were not shown to be that of any one of the accused. Similarly, there is no evidence to show that A-1 forged the signatures or the contents of Exs. P-6 and p-7. The disputed signatures on Exs. P-6 and p-7 and the disputed handwritings on these two cheques were not shown to be that of any one of the accused. As a matter of fact when the specimen signatures of the accused were taken and sent to P. W. 20 Expert for comparison along with the admitted signatures of the accused, P. W. 20 categorically stated that it was not possible to fix the authorship of the signatures in exs. P-6 and P-7 for comparison with the standard writings of S. 1 to S. 58 and the admitted signatures marked as Q1 and Q2. There is no evidence to show that these cheques were presented any one of the accused in the bank and the cash was received by any one of them without paying to the token holder. ( 21 ) THE only evidence available on record against all the accused is the evidence of p. Ws. 12 and 14. They can be termed as particeps Criminis because in their presence alleged forgery has been committed and as a matter of fact, they received certain amounts after encashing those two disputed cheques allegedly by the accused. Their evidence also would go to show that in September, 1995 on one day when P. W. 12 went to the house of a-1, he saw A-1 and A-3 writing and tallying signatures on white papers with reference to a slip and when he asked them, A-1 relied that he would disclose later. Similarly they were referring to the slip of model written by a-3 on a white paper. He heard from their conversation that the name written on the cheque was Vijayalakshmi Kumari. He identified Ex. P-6 as that of forged by A-1 and a-3. Similarly, on the next day morning, he was called and asked to come to Guntur and he accompanied to Guntur and after going to the Bank, A-2 encashed the cheque and brought the amount. Then A-1 paid rs. 3,000/- to A-2 and also paid Rs. 3,000/- to him. Four or five days later, A-1 asked him to follow him to Guntur. Accordingly, he followed and at that time, they paid rs. 5,000/ -. Then A-1 paid rs. 3,000/- to A-2 and also paid Rs. 3,000/- to him. Four or five days later, A-1 asked him to follow him to Guntur. Accordingly, he followed and at that time, they paid rs. 5,000/ -. Similarly, the evidence of P. W. 14 would go to show that A-1 called him to his house and asked P. W. 12 to write the contents on the cheque. He stated that he cannot write. Then A-1 asked him to write the contents of the cheque and that when he was hesitating to sign, A-3 successfully signed on the disputed cheque and A-1 had taken the rubber stamp and put on the cheque and ex. P-7 is the cheque identified by him. Then all of them went to the Bank and withdrawn the amount. A-1 paid Rs. 5,000/- to him and rs. 5,000/- to P. W. 12. In the first instance, the evidence of these two witnesses is full of omissions and contradictions. As seen from the evidence of P. W. 19 Investigating Officer so many omissions were elicited. It is unnecessary to repeat the same except mentioning the omissions as can be seen from page Nos. 128 to 133 of paper book. These omissions cannot be said to be minor omissions. For the first time, these two witnesses made several improvements which have not been stated to the investigating Officer or to the Magistrate when their statements were recorded under section 164 Cr. P. C. If the omissions are trivial in nature or insignificant, much weight cannot be given. When the omissions or improvements made by the witnesses go to the root of the prosecution case, they merit consideration. The contradictions with reference to the previous statements were marked as Exs. D-5 to D-9 and D-12 in respect of P. W. 12 and Ex. D-24to D-26 in respect of p. W. 14. Similarly, the contradictions were marked as Exs. D-10 to D-17 in the statements recorded by the Magistrate from the evidence of P. W. 12. These contradictions would go to show that these two witnesses are not wholly truthful witnesses. Furthermore, they are the accomplice. D-24to D-26 in respect of p. W. 14. Similarly, the contradictions were marked as Exs. D-10 to D-17 in the statements recorded by the Magistrate from the evidence of P. W. 12. These contradictions would go to show that these two witnesses are not wholly truthful witnesses. Furthermore, they are the accomplice. ( 22 ) LEARNED senior counsel appearing for a-2 and A-3 relied on a decision of constitutional Bench of apex Court reported in State of Bihar v. Basawan Singh (1) AIR 1958 sc 500 , wherein it was held thus: "having dealt with the findings of fact, we proceed now to consider the principal questions which arise in this appeal. We take first the decision in 1954 SCR 1098 : AIR 1954 SC 322 (A ). It is not necessary to recapitulate all the facts of that case; it is sufficient to sate that in the trap that was laid in that case, the most important witness was one Nagindas who offered the sum of rs. 25,000/- and the two important witnesses of the raiding party were pandi Dhanraj Superintendent, special Police Establishment, Delhi and shanti Lal Ahuja, Additional District magistrate, Delhi. Nagindas, who was acting on behalf of his mater sir Chinubhai did not have the money to offer as a bribe, and the money was provided by the police authorities which money was offered by Nagindas in that case. The first point for consideration in the case was whether nagindas and one Pannalal, who was also a servant of Sir Chinubhai and who accompanied Nagindas, were accomplices and, therefore their evidence should be treated on that basis. This was answered in the negative, on the ground that neither of them was a willing party to the giving of the bribe and therefore, they did not have the necessary criminal intent to be treated as abettors or accomplices. This brings out the first distinction which has to be made; the distinction between a witness who is an accomplice and one who is not. This brings out the first distinction which has to be made; the distinction between a witness who is an accomplice and one who is not. How the evidence of an accomplice is to be treated is no longer open to any doubt; the matter has been dealt with in a large number of decisions, and as was observed by this Court in Hamaeswar v. The State of rajasthan 1952 SC 377 at p. 385; ( AIR 1952 SC 54 at p 57) (B) the rule laid down in Kine v. Baskerville : 1916. 2 K. B. 658 (C)with regard to the admissibility of the uncorroborated evidence of an accomplice is also the law in India. The rule is that such evidence is admissible in law; but it has long been a rule of practice, which has virtually become equivalent to a rule of law, that the judge must warn the jury of the danger of convicting a prisoner on the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice. " From the above decision, it is clear that rule of practice which has virtually become equivalent to a rule of law to convict the prisoner on uncorroborated testimony of accomplice. ( 23 ) HE also relied on a decision reported in sarwan Singh Rattan Singh v. State of Punjab (2) AIR 1957 SC 637 , wherein it was held thus: "in other words, the appreciation of an approver's evidence has to satisfy a double test. His evidence must show that he is a reliable witness and that is the test which is common to all witnesses. If this test is satisfied, the second test which still remains to be applied is that the approver's evidence must receive sufficient corroboration. This test is special to the cases of weak or tainted evidence like that of the approver. " There cannot be any dispute that corroboration required may be direct or circumstantial evidence. The corroboration need not be with reference to all the minor aspects of the prosecution case. Corroboration must be with reference to the material particulars of the prosecution case for the offences with which the accused were charged. As rightly pointed out by the learned senior counsel for A-2 and A-3 that there is no evidence available on record to corroborate the evidence of accomplice p. Ws. Corroboration must be with reference to the material particulars of the prosecution case for the offences with which the accused were charged. As rightly pointed out by the learned senior counsel for A-2 and A-3 that there is no evidence available on record to corroborate the evidence of accomplice p. Ws. 12 and 14 on material particulars in this case to show that two cheques were removed from the respective cheque books of the S. B. A/c holder by A-1 or that A-1 and a-3 wrote the contents and forged the signatures on Exs. P-6 and P-7 or that they were presented in the bank or that the amounts covered under Exs. P-6and P-7 were paid to A-2 and A-3 or that A-2 and A-3 were present in the bank on the date when exs. P-6 and P-7 were presented for encashment or that they left the bank after receipt of cash or thata-1 paid those amounts to A-2 and A-3. Similarly, there is no circumstantial evidence to infer that A-1 is the only person who has taken out one cheque leaf each from two cheque books on different account holders or that he presented those cheques or that there was no scope or possibility for any other person to tamper with the cheque books or taking out the leaves from the cheque books or that A-1 paid any amount to A-2 and A-3 or that a-1 tampered bank records or cheques or any other register. No doubt, the prosecution has adduced evidence to that effect that exs. P-13 and P-14 are the corner piece of the cheques and there is evidence on record which would go to show that all the records were in the custody of the Branch Manager. Though p. W. 5 stated that there was a possibility for any other member to tamper with the records, there were no circumstances to infer that A-1 tampered the bank record. Therefore, absolutely, there is no direct or circumstantial evidence to infer that the accused entered into criminal conspiracy or that they presented the cheque, encashed the same so as to convict them for the offences with which they were charged. ( 24 ) THE learned Special Judge relied upon the evidence of P. Ws. 12 and 14 and came to the conclusion that their evidence was corroborated on material particulars. ( 24 ) THE learned Special Judge relied upon the evidence of P. Ws. 12 and 14 and came to the conclusion that their evidence was corroborated on material particulars. The learned Special Judge has not indicated in the judgment the admissible evidence with regard to material particulars available so as to use the same for corroborating with the evidence of P. Ws. 12 and 14 and thereby came to a wrong conclusion in convicting the accused. In view of the evidence of P. Ws. 12 and 14, there would be a suspicion that the offences might have been committed by the accused. But, the suspicion, however, strong cannot take the place of legal proof. On this aspect, it is pertinent to refer to the decision reported in Sarawan's case (2 supra), wherein it was held thus: "however the purchase of a pistol from rakha may merely rise a suspicion against Harbans Singh but suspicious, however, strong, cannot taken the place of proof. Harbasn Singh had injuries on his person and the conduct of Harbans singh soon after the commission of the offence was very suspicious. That again may raise a suspicion against Harbans singh but without the basis of the approver's evidence these suspicious circumstances can ply no effective part in a criminal trial. " Therefore, the accused cannot be convicted on surmises and conjectures. Surmises and conjectures however, strong they may be, cannot be a ground to convict the accused. In the absence of any legal evidence, this Court has no option except to find the accused not guilty of the offences with which they were charged. ( 25 ) ACCORDINGLY, the Criminal Appeals are allowed setting aside the judgment, dated 21-5-2003, in C. C. No. 1 of 1998, on the file of the Special Judge for CBI Cases, visakhapatnam. The appellants-A-1 to A-3 are found not guilty of the offences with which they were charged and accordingly, they are acquitted. Bail bonds of the appellants a-1 to A-3 shall stand cancelled. Fine amount, if any, paid by the appellants A-1 to A-3 shall be returned to them. Criminal Appeals are allowed