Judgment : In this appeal filed under Section 378(3) Cr.P.C, the complainant in C.C.No.384 of 1995 on the file of the J.F.C.M.-I, Kozhikode challenges the judgment dated 29.9.2001 passed by that court acquitting the 7 accused persons of offences punishable under Sections 143,147,148,341,323,324 and 326 read with 149 IPC. 2. In the private complaint filed by the appellant before the court below, he had prosecuted 8 accused persons all of whom are Police officers for the aforementioned offences. 3. The case of the complainant can be summarised as follows:- The complainant is a member of a students' organisation by name Students Federation of India (S.F.I. for short). During the year 1994, the SFI had taken a decision to protest against the wrong Education Policy adopted by the then Government in power by organising protest meetings and demonstrations throughout the State. As part of their resolution, the complainant along with his friends had decided to stage a demonstration in protest against the Education Minister and show black flags on 18-11-1994 when Sri. E.T. Mohammed Basheer, the Education Minister would come to inaugurate a seminar against narcotics in the Medical College auditorium at Kozhikode. Accordingly, the complainant and his friends took position in front of the main gate of the Medical College much before the arrival of the Minister. A full contingent of about 150 policemen armed with lathis under the leadership of the Ist accused (Bhaskara Kurup), Assistant Commissioner of Police, Kozhikode were already stationed near the main gate. At about 5.15 p.m. when the car carrying the Education Minister came in front of the gate, the complainant and his friends shouted slogans against the Minister and flaunted the black flags in their hands in a peaceful and disciplined manner. At that time, A1 (Bhaskara Kurup) who was the Assistant Commissioner of Police, Kozhikode in charge of the area gave a command to his subordinate Police Officers (who are accused Nos. 2 to 8) to thrash the complainant and others by exhorting them to flog every one of them and set them right. (" "). The accused persons had formed an unlawful assembly in furtherance of their common object of causing grievous hurt to the complainant and others. Obeying the orders of A1, the rest of the accused officers mercilessly beat the complainant and other SFI students with lathis and kicked them. (" "). The accused persons had formed an unlawful assembly in furtherance of their common object of causing grievous hurt to the complainant and others. Obeying the orders of A1, the rest of the accused officers mercilessly beat the complainant and other SFI students with lathis and kicked them. Even though the injured students as well as the on lookers had implored to the accused police officers to stop beating the protestors, the unrelenting policemen continued their beatings resulting in the complainant, his friends K.P. Prakashan, Ikkmath, Suresh, Azad, Haneefa etc. sustaining grave injuries. After beating the S.F.I. students black and blue, they were thrown into the police van. All the accused officers also got into the van. While inside the van A3 assaulted Suresh with a stick and A1 tortured Azad and Musafar Ahmed by beating and poking with a stick. They were then taken in the van to the police station. After reaching the Police Station, they were detained in the Police Station for about 45 minutes. The injured SFI workers were then taken to the Medical College Hospital for treatment. They were admitted there. The complainant has sustained a grievous hurt to his right eye. The complainant and his companions were beaten up and subjected to corporal torture without any provocation whatsoever. The accused have thereby committed offences punishable under Sections 143,148,323,324 and 326 read with 149 IPC. It is understood that in order to escape from their vandalism, a false case has been registered by the police against the complainant and his comrades. 4. After recording the sworn statement of the complainant and his witnesses, the learned Magistrate (J.F.C.M-I, Kozhikode) took cognizance of the offences against all the 8 accused persons. Upon receipt of summons all the 8 accused persons appeared before the Magistrate. The 1st accused namely Bhaskara Kurup, who was the Assistant Commissioner of Police, Kozhikode filed C.M.P No.5331 of 1997 seeking to discharge him on the ground that sanction for prosecuting him under Section 197 Cr.P.C had not been obtained. The said application was dismissed by the learned Magistrate. Thereupon A1 took up the matter in revision before the Sessions Court, Kozhikode by filing Crl.R.P.No.27 of 1998. The said revision was allowed by the learned Sessions Judge and the case against A1 was quashed and A1 was discharged. The said application was dismissed by the learned Magistrate. Thereupon A1 took up the matter in revision before the Sessions Court, Kozhikode by filing Crl.R.P.No.27 of 1998. The said revision was allowed by the learned Sessions Judge and the case against A1 was quashed and A1 was discharged. The persons who stood trial before the Magistrate thereafter was only the remaining 7 Police Officers who were A2 to A8. 5. A Charge was framed against A2 to A8 for the aforementioned offences on 26.5.2000. On A2 to A8 pleading not guilty to the charge framed against them for the aforementioned offences, the appellant was permitted to adduce evidence in support of his case. The prosecution altogether examined 8 witnesses as P.Ws 1 to 8 and got marked 9 documents as Exts. P1 and P2 (a) to P2(g). 6. After the close of the prosecution evidence, the accused were questioned under Sec. 313 (1)(b) Cr.P.C. with regard to the incriminating circumstances appearing against them in the evidence for the prosecution. They denied those circumstances and maintained their innocence. 7. The 2nd accused, Ramadas, who was the S.I.of Police, Mavoor made the following statement before the court:- On 18.11.1994 at about 5.15 p.m. the then Education Minister, Sri.E.T.Mohammed Basheer came to the Medical College for attending a function at Mavoor side. When the Minister's vehicle came, the SFI and DYFI workers suddenly jumped in front of the vehicle of the Minister and tried to attack the Minister. A1, Assistant Commissioner of Police asked the agitators to disperse peaceably forthwith. But the protestors did not pay any heed to his request. So, in order to protect the Minister, the Assistant Commissioner directed the policemen to scare away the SFI workers. Accordingly, the policemen attempted to scare the agitators away. But several of them remained there and attempted to assault the Minister. Thereupon, as per the directions of the Assistant Commissioner, the agitators were removed to the Police Van and taken to the Medical College Police Station. He filed a report at the Police Station to the effect that those persons had wrongfully restrained the Minister and had attempted to assault the Minister. On the basis of that report the Medical College Police had registered Crime No.245 of 1994 against 15 persons. After completing investigation, the Medical College Police had laid charge against the aforesaid 15 persons. He filed a report at the Police Station to the effect that those persons had wrongfully restrained the Minister and had attempted to assault the Minister. On the basis of that report the Medical College Police had registered Crime No.245 of 1994 against 15 persons. After completing investigation, the Medical College Police had laid charge against the aforesaid 15 persons. However, the accused in thatcase using their political influence got the said case withdrawn and the court had removed the case from its files. 8. The 4th accused namely Kunhan who was the Additional S.I.of Police Medical College Police Station, had the following to state before the court:- During the period of occurrence, in protest against the Education Policy of the then Government, the DYFI and SFI workers called for a demonstration and to cause blockades against the Minister on the road. On 18.11.1994, Sri.E.T.Mohammed Basheer, the then Education Minister was to attend the Medical College Hospital for an Anti- narcotic seminar. There were wall posters showing that the Minister will be blocked on his way. In the light of the tense situation, the Assistant Commissioner of Police had given directions to the police to give adequate protection to the Minister. Pursuant to the said direction, under the leadership of Shri.Bhaskara Kurup, the Assistant Commissioner of Police about 150 police men were posted near the Medical College Hospital. At about 5.15 p.m the Minister's car reached near the Medical College Hospital. The 4th accused was on duty in front of Sri.Krishna Hospital near the Medical College Hospital. When the Minister's car came he saw people running. He then went in front of the Medical College Police Station. On reaching there he found about 10 to 15 persons in front of the Minister's car which was blocked. The Assistant Commissioner ordered the removal of those persons. They were directed to get into the Police van. The 4th accused along with their policemen took the agitators into the van and they were taken to the Police Station. He had not seen anybody beating the agitators. 9. The rest of the accused persons adopted the versions given by A2. When called upon to enter on their defence, the accused examined the Head Constable of Medical College Police Station as DW1 to prove that the medical college Police had registered a case as Crime No.45/1994 against 15 persons including the complainant herein. 9. The rest of the accused persons adopted the versions given by A2. When called upon to enter on their defence, the accused examined the Head Constable of Medical College Police Station as DW1 to prove that the medical college Police had registered a case as Crime No.45/1994 against 15 persons including the complainant herein. According to DW1, that case was charge sheeted and taken on file as C.C.No.712 of 1995. DW2 was the Minister whose car was blocked and who was allegedly assaulted by the protestors. 10. The learned Magistrate, after trial as per judgment dated 29.9.2001 found the accused Nos.2 to 8 not guilty of the offences and acquitted them of the same. It is the said order of acquittal which is assailed in this appeal. 11. I heard Advocate Sri.P.V.Kunhikrishnan, the learned counsel appearing for the appellant/complainant, Advocate Sri.T.G.Rajendran, the learned counsel appearing for accused Nos.2,3 and 5 and Advocate Sri.P.S.Sreedharan Pillai the learned counsel appearing for Accused Nos.4 and 6 to 8. 12. Advocate Shri.P.V.Kunhikrishnan, the learned counsel appearing for the appellant made the following submissions before me in support of the appeal:- The complainant and his companions are all students who were protesting against the policy of the then Government in power to privatise the professional education in the State. They had only launched a peaceful agitation by waiving black flags as a mark of protest. PWs.1, 3,4 and 6 are the injured witnesses including the complainant and Pws.2 and 7 are the independent eye witnesses to the occurrence. The court below has failed to note that the occurrence had more than one venue. The 1st part of the occurrence took place at the gate of the Medical College Hospital, Kozhikode. The 2nd part of the occurrence was inside the Police Van and the 3rd part of the occurrence was near the Medical College Police Station, where the complainant and the other injured persons were detained. PWs.1, 3,4 and 6 have given evidence regarding the overt acts committed by the accused both in the 1st,2nd and 3rd part of the incident. The exhortation or command which proceeded from the 1st accused, Bhasara Kurup who was the Assistant Commissioner of Police was not to start a lathi charge but to beat up every one of the agitators. PWs.1, 3,4 and 6 have given evidence regarding the overt acts committed by the accused both in the 1st,2nd and 3rd part of the incident. The exhortation or command which proceeded from the 1st accused, Bhasara Kurup who was the Assistant Commissioner of Police was not to start a lathi charge but to beat up every one of the agitators. That was not a lawful direction to disperse an unlawful assembly, even if such an assembly had been formed by the agitators. Thereafter, the Policemen were on the rampage by indiscriminately beating up the agitators who had launched a peaceful demonstration to register their protest against the educational policy of the Government. Since the exhortation or command given by A1, Bhaskara Kurup was not a lawful command, accused Nos.2 to 8 do not enjoy the protection under Section 76 IPC as has been wrongly held by the trial court. The 1st accused did not even volunteer to give evidence to show that he had given a lawful command in the safety of the Minister. Under the Martial Law even when a soldier obeys the orders of a superior officer, if the order is obviously improbable or illegal, the soldier is not excused even though he may be put in the awkward predicament of choosing whether he will risk being shot by order of a Court Martial for not obeying the orders or being hanged by the criminal court for murder for obeying such orders. Obedience of an illegal order can only be used in mitigation of punishment (vide Chamanlal v. Emperor (AIR 1940 Lahore 210). It is true that even though the occurrence was on 18.11.1994, the private complaint was lodged before the Magistrate only on 20.2.1995. But then, the complainant had sustained grievous hurt and when he was taken to the hospital he was made to understand that it was recorded as a medico-legal case in the hospital records. If so, he had every reason to believe that the hospital authorities would give an intimation to the police. It was subsequently when he learned that there was no case registered by the Police that he finally lodged the complaint before the J.F.C.M-1, Kozhikode on 20.2.1995. Moreover, delay by itself cannot be taken as a ground to throw away the complaint, if, as a matter of fact, the allegations in the complaint are true. It was subsequently when he learned that there was no case registered by the Police that he finally lodged the complaint before the J.F.C.M-1, Kozhikode on 20.2.1995. Moreover, delay by itself cannot be taken as a ground to throw away the complaint, if, as a matter of fact, the allegations in the complaint are true. The defence has been trying to shift the place of occurrence. The court below has not given valid grounds as to why the complainant who is an advocate and injured as well, and the other eye witnesses could not be believed. The complainant and his friends were not having any weapons in their hands. But all the accused persons were having lathis as weapons in their hands. Their presence at the scene of occurrence is also not disputed. The medical evidence proved through PW5 and PW8 also tallies with the oral testimony of PWs.1 to 4, 6 and 7. The court below was, therefore, not justified in acquitting the accused. 13. I am afraid that I cannot agree with the above submissions made on behalf of the appellant. The appellant examined as P.W.1 (Pratapkumar) is the complainant. His testimony in chief-examination is as follows:- The occurrence took place in front of Venad hotel which is on the side of the main gate of the Medical College. He was then a member of the State Committee Secretariat of the S.F.I. They had decided to register their protest against the educational policy of the then Government. They proceeded to the place of occurrence for the said purpose. The occurrence took place at about 5.15 p.m. on 18-11-1994. They had reached the place for showing their protest by waiving flags and shouting slogans against the Education Minister who was expected to come there for inaugurating an anti narcotic campaign. There were 15 persons including the complainant. Under the leadership of the Assistant Commissioner Bhaskara Kurup there were about 150 policemen including the accused persons posted near the Medical College. The Minister reached there at about 5.15 p,.m. piloted by police jeeps. Seeing the Minister's Car P.W.1 waived the black flag in his hand and shouted slogans. Besides him, Mussaffar Ahammed, Suresh, Haneefa, Ikmath, Prakasan, Azad and others were also in his company. The Minister reached there at about 5.15 p,.m. piloted by police jeeps. Seeing the Minister's Car P.W.1 waived the black flag in his hand and shouted slogans. Besides him, Mussaffar Ahammed, Suresh, Haneefa, Ikmath, Prakasan, Azad and others were also in his company. When they shouted slogans the Assistant commissioner Bhaskara Kurup who was standing on the northern side of the road commanded the policemen to set right everybody by beating them up. The accused persons then assaulted P.W.1 and others with lathis etc. 14. During the cross-examination, P.W.1 stated inter alia follows:- The Ministry which was ruling the State was the U.D.F. consisting of Congress party and the Muslim League. E.T. Muhammed Bhasheer was a Minister of the U.D.F. At the time of occurrence the complainant had ceased to be a student and had enrolled as an Advocate. S.F.I. is the students ' union of the Students Federation of India. He does not remember whether he was an accused in C.C. No. 712 of 1995. That case is not pending now. He does not know at whose instance that case was closed by the police. There were 15 accused persons including him in that case. He does not know what is the police charge in that case. He also does not know the offences which are alleged against him and his co-accused. That case was withdrawn. The Assistant Public Prosecutor in-charge of the case might have filed a report before the Court presumably in the belief that the allegations against him and others were not true. S.F.I. is not the Students' wing of the Marxist Party. It is an independent organization which has only philosophical connection with the Marxist party. The application for withdrawal of C.C. No. 712 of 1995 was filed at a time when the State was ruled by the L.D.F. of which Marxist party was the main coalition party. His organization was against the commercialisation of education. He did not lodge any complaint before the police since he believed that the police under the then Government would not take any case against the accused policemen. He did not petition the superior police officers as well. It was about two years after the occurrence that he lodged the complaint before the Court. He did not lodge any complaint before the police since he believed that the police under the then Government would not take any case against the accused policemen. He did not petition the superior police officers as well. It was about two years after the occurrence that he lodged the complaint before the Court. Even though he told the Magistrate who had come to the hospital to remand him that he knows the names of the police officers who had beaten him he did not mention their names to the Magistrate. He had mentioned the name of Bhaskara Kurup alone. All that he told the Magistrate was that the policemen had beaten him. He did not reveal the names of the police officers or anybody else. He is a Marxist party worker who became a member of that party after 1994. He had participated in the protest march at Pathiyappaa when Minister M.V. Raghavan had visited that place. Besides himself, others were injured in that occurrence. Police had registered a case against him. There were three or four other cases against him and they were all false cases. Their agitation was against the setting up of self financing colleges in the private sector. Untoward occurrences had taken place in the past due to the strikes by S.F.I. The firing at Koothuparamba was on account of the agitation by S.F.I. which was demanding that the Pariyaram Medical College should be taken over by the Government. That incident was after the present occurrence. A committee had been formed including the district leaders of the Marxist Party and the DYFI to help the S.F.I. in moving ahead with its agitations. There were more than 100 men in that committee. There was a document reduced into writing detailing the mode of agitation. He denies the suggestion that the said document contained statements to the effect that U.D.F. Ministers will be wrongfully restrained. The present agitation against the Minister was under the leadership of P.W.1. Their protest was throughout the length and breadth of the State. Decisions had been taken as to the mode of registering their protest. Posters had been exhibited in the neighbourhood of the Medical College regarding the agitation that was proposed to be conducted on that day. They reached the spot about one hour prior to the arrival of the Minister. Their protest was throughout the length and breadth of the State. Decisions had been taken as to the mode of registering their protest. Posters had been exhibited in the neighbourhood of the Medical College regarding the agitation that was proposed to be conducted on that day. They reached the spot about one hour prior to the arrival of the Minister. He does not know whether the police contingent posted there was to ensure that there was no obstruction to the Minister's programme. All the other accused are subordinates of the first accused Assistant Commissioner. Even though he knew every one of those officers who had beaten him, what he had told the police and the doctor was merely that he was beaten by the police. He does not know whether on the date, time and place of occurrence, himself and his friends had formed themselves into an unlawful assembly and had restrained the Minister and had deterred the police in discharging their duties. The stand taken by P.W.1 that the SFI is not the students' wing of the C.P.I. (Marxist) can be taken only with a pinch of salt in the light of the decision in Kerala Students Union v. Sojan Francis - 2004 (2) KLT 378. 15. As mentioned earlier, the other injured witnesses were PWs 1, 3, 4 and 6. P.W.2 who belongs to Mattannur in Kannur District claims to have seen the occurrence. He was working as a watchman of the Samrakshan Kendra in the Medical College Hospital, on the date of occurrence. He has deposed about the command by A1 to beat up everyone of the agitators and thereafter the policemen assaulting P.W.1 and others. PW1 has stated that 5 - 10 students were taken inside the van and Bhaskara Kurup and another police officer also got inside the van. What the witness says is that thereafter he heard the cries from the van. But he did not see any of the police officers beating any of the detenues from inside the van. This witness did not inspire the confidence of the trial Judge. Same is the position with P.W.7 who claims to have been working as an Assistant in the Visrama Mandiram attached to the Medical College Hospital. This witness also admitted that he has no previous acquaintance with P.W.1 or any of the injured witnesses. This witness did not inspire the confidence of the trial Judge. Same is the position with P.W.7 who claims to have been working as an Assistant in the Visrama Mandiram attached to the Medical College Hospital. This witness also admitted that he has no previous acquaintance with P.W.1 or any of the injured witnesses. But he named each and every one of them while narrating the occurrence. The learned Magistrate who had the unique advantage of seeing the witnesses and assessing their credibility was not inclined to accept the testimony of the prosecution witnesses as true and credible to hold that the case of the prosecution as narrated in the private complaint lodged by the appellant was true. Witnesses are the eyes and ears of the Court. The Court which sees the witnesses and hears the evidence is in a better position to assess the credibility of the evidence . Due weight must be given to the appreciation of evidence by the trial Court. (See State of Kerala v. Cheriyan - 1997 (2) KLT 196). The Court which has seen the witnesses depose has a great advantage over the appellate Judge who reads only the recorded evidence in cold print. (Vide Shivaji v. State of Maharashtra - AIR 1973 SC 2622). 16. The court below has acquitted the accused persons mainly for the reason that many of the prosecution witnesses were not trustworthy and also for the reason that even assuming that A2 to A8 had beaten P.W.1 and others, they were acting in obedience to the command given by the Assistant Commissioner of Police who was arrayed as the Ist accused and that the complaint was lodged belatedly and that the prosecution had not explained the inordinate delay in lodging the complaint. 17. From the evidence of P.W.1 as adverted to above it is clear that the organization to which he is a member had already taken a decision to register their protest against the educational policies of the then U.D.F. Government and had decided to set up a road block against the Education Minister who was scheduled to arrive in the Medical College Campus in the evening of 18-11-1994. As found by the trial court P.W.1 and his friends had formed an unlawful assembly whose common object was to wrongfully restrain the Minister under the guise of voicing their protest against the ruling Government. As found by the trial court P.W.1 and his friends had formed an unlawful assembly whose common object was to wrongfully restrain the Minister under the guise of voicing their protest against the ruling Government. It is also admitted that the proposed protest was given due publicity by erecting posters in the neighbourhood of the Medical College. Therefore, there was every reason for the police to panic. A full contingent of policemen was posted by the Assistant Commissioner of Police to take stock of the situation and to see that there is no breach of public peace on account of the conduct of the agitators. The police, in such situations, will have to do some tight rope walking so as to ensure that the constitutional and other rights of the agitators as also the elected representative of the people are not breached. Our police force is a disciplined lot with a remarkable power of endurance. They strike only when the situation goes out of control. The balancing of the competing interests in a tense situation is not easy exercise for the police. Both in paragraph 5 as well as 17 of the private complaint, the appellant has admitted that A2 to A8 acted on the directions of A1. At page 4 of his deposition the appellant examined as P.W.1 again admitted that it was after the command given by A1 that the other policemen came running towards him and others. A2 to A8 were duty bound to obey the orders of their superior and, the command from the superior was not an unlawful command. Therefore, their actions are protected by Section 76 I.P.C. which reads as follows:- "Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law-Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who is, or who by reason of a mistake of fact and not by reason of a mistake of law in good faith believes himself to be, bound by law to do it." Illustration (a) to the said section reads as follows:- (a) A, a soldier, fires on a mob by the order of the superior officer, in conformity with the commands of the law. A has committed no offence" When the appellant himself admitted that A2 to A8 were acting in obedience to the command of their superior the court below cannot be faulted in accepting the defence founded on Section 76 IPC as per which the action of A2 to A8 cannot amount to an offence. Sec. 129 Cr.P.C. gives power to the police among other officials to disperse an unlawful assembly by use of civil force. The said Section reads as follows:- "129. Dispersal of assembly by use of civil force:-(1) Any Executive Magistrate or officer in charge of a police station or, in the absence of such officer in charge, any police officer, not below the rank of a sub-inspector, may command any unlawful assembly, or any assembly of five or more persons likely to cause a disturbance of the public peace, to disperse; and it shall thereupon be the duty of the members of such assembly to disperse accordingly. (2) If, upon being so commanded, any such assembly does not disperse, or if, without being so commanded , it conducts itself in such a manner as to show a determination not to disperse, any Executive Magistrate or police officer referred to in sub-section (1), may proceed to disperse such assembly by force, and may require the assistance of any male person, not being an officer or member of the armed forces and acting as such, for the purpose of dispersing such assembly, and , if necessary, arresting and confining the persons who form part of it, in order to disperse such assembly or that they may be punished according to law". The line of action proposed by the appellant and his companions was sufficient for the police to anticipate a probable breach of peace. To the specific suggestion put to PW1 (the appellant) during cross-examination that on the date, time and place of occurrence, himself and his friends had formed themselves into an unlawful assembly and had restrained the Minister and had deterred the Police in discharging their duties, his answer was that he does not know. Strangely enough, he did not deny the above suggestion. This justifies the registration of a case against the appellant and 14 others alleging the commission of offences punishable under Sections 143,341 and 353 read with 149IPC(See DW1). 18. Strangely enough, he did not deny the above suggestion. This justifies the registration of a case against the appellant and 14 others alleging the commission of offences punishable under Sections 143,341 and 353 read with 149IPC(See DW1). 18. There is no dispute that consequent on the present occurrence the police had registered a case against P.W.1 and 14 others as Crime No. 45 of 1994 of the Medical College Police Station and that case after investigation was charge -sheeted by the police and was taken on file by the Magistrate as C.C. 712 of 1995. The present case initiated in the form of a private complaint is a counter case to the aforesaid main case namely C.C. 712 of 1995. The present private complaint which was filed on 20-2-1995 was taken on file as C.C. No. 384 of 1995. When the main case registered as C.C. No. 712 of 1995 and the counter case registered as C.C. No. 384/1995 were pending consideration before the Court, C.C. 712 of 1995 was admittedly got withdrawn by the Government under Sec. 321 Cr.P.C. on 26.9.1998. It is the admitted case that C.C. No. 712 of 1995 was withdrawn after the change of ministry and at a time when the L.D.F. Ministry was in power (See page 16 of PW1). The complainant and his friends who were the accused in C.C. No. 712 of 1995 were evidently using their political clout to see that the said case is withdrawn. It is well known that the case and a counter case are two rival versions of the same occurrence. When the case and counter case are pending consideration before the court, it is for the court to decide as to which of the two rival versions of the occurrence is true. When both the cases were pending consideration before the court, the complainant and others managed to get C.C. No. 712/1995 withdrawn by the Government. Of course, Government have the undoubted power under Sec. 321 Cr.P.C. to withdraw from prosecution any case pending before a criminal court. But then, courts have interpreted the said provision to hold that withdrawal from prosecution also should be to further public interest and restoration of peace and harmony between the warring groups is a relevant consideration for the Government to withdraw from prosecution a pending criminal case. But then, courts have interpreted the said provision to hold that withdrawal from prosecution also should be to further public interest and restoration of peace and harmony between the warring groups is a relevant consideration for the Government to withdraw from prosecution a pending criminal case. It is not known as to what public interest was sought to be served by the Government by withdrawing from prosecution the main case alone and keeping the counter case pending before the Court. It is not revealed as to what sort of peace and tranquility was restored as a result of the Government withdrawing the main case alone and retaining the counter case. When the main case is withdrawn and the counter-case is left as it is, then the chances are that the rancor and the consequent vengeance will only get aggravated. Either the Government should have withdrawn both the cases or and should have refused to withdraw both the cases. Going by the rules of procedure in the Government Secretariat, every proposal for withdrawal from prosecution has to be piloted by the Home Department and it should also receive the well considered advice of the Law Department before it reaches the final stage. When the proposal to withdraw from prosecution the main case was mooted, the attention of the Government should have been invited to the pendency of the counter-case before the Court. There cannot be a piecemeal withdrawal from prosecution in a situation as the present case. This Court is not in a position to assess the circumstances under which and the reasons which prompted the Government to withdraw only the main case leaving the counter case to take its own course for trial before the criminal court. By withdrawing the main case and leaving the counter case alone, for trial, the court was deprived of its opportunity to examine as to which of the two rival versions of the case was true. The Government could not have arrogated to itself the above power of the criminal court. Much strain is not necessary to conclude that the withdrawal of one case alone was part of a sinister design to gain an unfair advantage over the miserable accused officers who were left with no alternative except to engage private lawyers and defend their case. The Government could not have arrogated to itself the above power of the criminal court. Much strain is not necessary to conclude that the withdrawal of one case alone was part of a sinister design to gain an unfair advantage over the miserable accused officers who were left with no alternative except to engage private lawyers and defend their case. It was uncharitable on the part of the complainant and his comrades to pursue the present case in all its vigour after managing to withdraw the main case in which they were the accused persons. They not only pursued the counter case before the trial Court tenaciously but also pursued with more vehemence, the present appeal before this Court uninhibited by the order of acquittal passed by the Magistrate. 19. I am not at all persuaded to agree with the appellant that there are convincing reasons for the delay in filing the present private complaint. The occurrence took place on 18-11-1994. There is nothing on record to show that the hospital authorities had failed to give intimation to the police. Even according to P.W.1 he was sure that no case would be registered against the police officers if he were to lodge a complaint before the Police. If so, he should have been all the more vigilant in seeing that the present private complaint was lodged at the earliest opportunity if P.W.1 and others were really interested in vindicating their rights. The excuse put forward in support of the delay was a lame excuse which cannot stand the scrutiny of the court. The private complaint was lodged before court only on 22-09-1995 and it was evidently by way of an after thought, presumably with a view to justify their actions. I have no hesitation to conclude that the private complaint filed by the appellant is the product of cool consultation and confabulation calculated to make it appear that the appellant and others while in the process of a peaceful agitation were unprovokedly attacked by the Police with a view to display their gratitude and loyalty towards the ruling party. This was an orchestrated attempt by the complainant and others to make it appear that peace-loving students became innocent victims of police brutalities at the instance of the ruling party. This was an orchestrated attempt by the complainant and others to make it appear that peace-loving students became innocent victims of police brutalities at the instance of the ruling party. In situations like what happened in this case, there is bound to be a melee as a direct consequence of such boisterous agitations. In the helter-skelter and stampede, it is quite natural that even non-participants will get injured. The role of the police in such situations can only be imagined. From the banners put up at the site and through other sources, the Police got information. They got sufficient notice about the proposed protest and blockade by a group of persons claiming themselves to be students and owing allegiance to a particular political party. A sitting Minister was to address a gathering in an anti-narcotic campaign and the agitators had already published their proposed action directed against the Minister. The police, in such circumstances had every reason to anticipate a breach of law and order. If even beyond the control of P.W.1 and others some untoward incident were to take place in which the Minister were to get injured or killed, the first accusing finger that would be pointed would be at the police for the security lapse on their part. Hence, the Assistant Commissioner of Police was fully justified in keeping a contingent of police ready for action. The witness examined as DW2 by the defence was none other than the Minister. He has deposed as follows:- During the period 1994 he was the Education Minister and L.D.F. was the opposition and C.P.M. was the main component of L.D.F. There were widespread protests by the S.F.I. against the educational policy of the UDF Government. Restraining the Education Minister on the streets was one of their proclaimed strategy. He has had several unpleasant experiences on the road. While he was proceeding to Thiruvananthapuram for attending a function his car was blocked and the wind screen was shattered. Similarly, while he was proceeding to the Collectorate at Palakkad for attending a department meeting he was restrained at the gate of the Collectorate. The persons who restrained him had turned violent. This was the style of agitation by the S.F.I. On the date of the present occurrence also there were advance announcements that his car would be blocked. DW2 was accompanied by his gunman and driver. The persons who restrained him had turned violent. This was the style of agitation by the S.F.I. On the date of the present occurrence also there were advance announcements that his car would be blocked. DW2 was accompanied by his gunman and driver. When they reached near the Medical College, a few persons pounced at his car shouting slogans. They surrounded his vehicle. Three of them fisted on the glasses. One man came and thumped on the side glass near him. His gunman had taken out his pistol by way of protection. It was after the escort vehicle which was in front of his car had gone past the spot that the aforesaid persons pounced on his car. Some of them lay on the road preventing the forward movement of the car. By that time the police came and lifted the persons who were lying on the road and removed them. This was the situation prevailing on the date of occurrence. 20. The question whether an unlawful assembly has been formed and the common object of such assembly is to commit crimes will have to be decided by the guardians of law and order on the spur of the moment in a given case. It must be remembered that in C.C. 712 of 1995 i.e. the case against P.W.1 and others included an offence punishable under Sec. 353 I.P.C. that is, deterring the police officers from discharging their official duties. If in such a charged atmosphere the Asst. Commissioner of Police had given orders to his subordinates to lathi charge the agitators, the court cannot weigh the situation in golden scales and come to a conclusion that the decision taken by the Assistant Commissioner was illegal and unwarranted. The tense situation prevailing in that area, the surcharged atmosphere at the given point of time and the anxiety of the police officers in charge of law and order at the site etc. and the anxiety of the police officers in charge of law and order at the site etc. are all matters which will have to be taken stock of by the sentinels of law and order. The position has been very succinctly put by the Calcutta High Court in Shiv Mongal Singh v. State - 1981 Crl.L.J. 84. and the anxiety of the police officers in charge of law and order at the site etc. are all matters which will have to be taken stock of by the sentinels of law and order. The position has been very succinctly put by the Calcutta High Court in Shiv Mongal Singh v. State - 1981 Crl.L.J. 84. "The defence of acting under superior orders has an important bearing on the morale and discipline of the police force, which undoubtedly plays a vital role in the maintenance of law and order in any State. Like the armed forces the police force is a disciplined force; if the discipline goes, the force disintegrates. Acting in strict accordance with the order of a superior is a part of discipline. If an order to fire is given and there are causalities, can the policeman who opened fire be prosecuted for a criminal offence? If the order is not necessarily and on the face of it illegal, such as, an order to shoot an innocent passerby or to torture a person, the policemen carrying out the order is certainly entitled to protection under the law. Political considerations should have no bearing whatsoever. 16. There is however a paucity of decisions on this point and it will be useful to refer to some foreign authors. In the 8th Edition of Cross and Jones " Introduction to Criminal Law" the learned authors at page 371 make the following comments:- There is no clear English decision on the extent to which it is a defence for a person to show that he did the act with which he is charged under orders from his official superior. It is impossible to say much more on this matter than Willes, J did in the course of the argument in Keighley v. Bell. "The better opinion is that an officer or soldier acting under the orders of his superior not being necessarily or manifestly illegal would be justified by his orders". This view has been adopted in South Africa, although a stricter opinion appears to prevail in the United States of America. According to that opinion, it is not enough that the soldier should believe the order to be lawful, it must be lawful in fact". 17. In Glanville William's "Textbook of Criminal Law", 1978 Edition at p. 408, the following passage appears:- "The authorities are sparse and in conflict. According to that opinion, it is not enough that the soldier should believe the order to be lawful, it must be lawful in fact". 17. In Glanville William's "Textbook of Criminal Law", 1978 Edition at p. 408, the following passage appears:- "The authorities are sparse and in conflict. In the old case of Thomas a naval sentinel who, being ordered to keep off all boats, fired at a boat and killed a man in it, was convicted of murder, notwithstanding that the jury found that he fired under a mistaken impression that it was his duty. A contrary view was taken by the Supreme Court of the Cape of Good Hope in Smith, which is widely approved by commentators. The facts were that, during the South African War, a soldier was ordered by his officer to shoot a Boer civilian if he did not fetch a bridle, and obeyed the command by killing the Boer. He was acquitted of murder although the command was unlawful. Soleman J, said: If a soldier honestly believes he is doing his duty in obeying the commands of his superior, and if the orders are not manifestly illegal that he must or ought to have known that they are unlawful, the private soldier would be protected by the orders of his superior officer" 18. As regards defence of superior orders, at page 209 of Smith & Hogan's Criminal Law, 1978 Edition, these are the observations:- "Though there is little authority on this question, it is safe to assert that it is not a defence for D merely to show that the act was done by him in obedience to the orders of a superior, whether military or civil. Where a security officer caused an obstruction of the highway by checking all the vehicles entering his employer's premises,s it was no defence that he was obeying his employer's instructions. The fact that D was acting under orders may; nevertheless, be very relevant. It may negative mens rea by, for example, showing that D was acting under orders may, nevertheless be very relevant. It may negative mens rea by, for example, showing that D was acting under a mistake of fact or that he had a claim of right to do as he did, where that is a defence; or where the charge is one of negligence, it may show that he was acting reasonably. 19. It may negative mens rea by, for example, showing that D was acting under a mistake of fact or that he had a claim of right to do as he did, where that is a defence; or where the charge is one of negligence, it may show that he was acting reasonably. 19. The only question (which has been discussed mainly in connection with military orders) is whether are a defence where they do not negative mens rea or negligence, but give rise to a reasonable mistake of law. The Manual of Military Law now asserts as "the better view" that they do not Dicta in some of the cases suggest that they might. In a South African case which has been much cited, Solomon J.said. "I think it is a safe rule to lay down that if a soldier honestly believes he is doing his duty in obeying the commands of his superior and if the orders are not so manifestly illegal that he must or ought to have known they are unlawful, the private soldier would be protected by the orders of his superior officer....." “The only English authority directly on the point holds that it is not a defence to a charge of murder for D to show that he fired under the mistaken impression that it was his duty to do so. D was no doubt making a mistake of law; but there is no finding as to its reasonableness. If mistake of law does not afford a defence where it is reasonable as arising from the orders of a superior. If the result is hard, it is because the rule (if it be the rule) that reasonable mistake of law is not a defence is a harsh general rule." 20. If mistake of law does not afford a defence where it is reasonable as arising from the orders of a superior. If the result is hard, it is because the rule (if it be the rule) that reasonable mistake of law is not a defence is a harsh general rule." 20. As regards the Australian law on this aspect there is a text book by Colin Howard on Criminal Law and in p.424 of the third Edition under the caption" Superior Order" the following comments appear:- "The rule is stated in the Queensland and Western Australian Codes, S 31(2) that a person is not criminally responsible for an act or omission, if he does or omits to do the act...(in) obedience to the order of a competent authority which he is bound by law to obey, unless the order is manifestly unlawful." It is added that whether an order is manifestly unlawful is a question of law. To this the gloss must also no doubt be added that the section does not exculpate D if he obeys an order which he knows to be unlawful merely because it is not manifestly so. The assumption must be made that D either does not know of the unlawfulness of the order or does know but obeys nevertheless. If this is correct the effect is that S.31(2) lays down a rule that D is excused for obeying an order which he reasonably believes to be lawful, the test of reasonableness being the comparatively lenient criterion that the order must not be manifestly unlawful; and this may be the law in Australia generally. The problem of superior orders usually presents itself in a military context in time of war. In common with treason, although traditionally regarded as part of the general body of the criminal law it has affiliations with politics and international law which have little to do with domestic criminal law as an everyday instrument of social regulation. Its importance in domestic criminal law as an everyday instrument of social regulation. Its importance in domestic criminal law is therefore not great. Theoretically it has significance for the police but in practice policemen are almost never prosecuted." 21. Its importance in domestic criminal law as an everyday instrument of social regulation. Its importance in domestic criminal law is therefore not great. Theoretically it has significance for the police but in practice policemen are almost never prosecuted." 21. In State of West Bengal v. Shew Mangal Singh and others -AIR 1981 SC 1917, the Apex Court presided over by the Chief Justice Chandrachud, and Justice V.Balakrishna Eradi dismissed the Special Leave Petition arising out of the aforesaid verdict of the Calucutta High Court in Shew Mangal Singh's case. The Apex Court observed as follows:- " If order of the superior is justified and is therefore lawful, no further question can arise as to whether the subordinate servants who acted in obedience to that order, believed or did not believe that order to be lawful. Such an enquiry becomes necessary only when the order of the superior officer which is pleaded as a defence, is found not to be in conformity with the commands of the law. Indeed, in the aforesaid eventuality no occasion arises for applying provisions of Section 76 IPC". 22. On the facts of the case, I fully agree with the trial court that the Assistant Commissioner of Police was fully justified in ordering his subordinates to tackle the situation by removing the agitators who were obstructing the way of the Minister. The Assistant Commissioner could not take the risk of waiting to see that the Minister was actually assaulted or attacked by the unruly mob. Hence, if the superior police officer had even ordered a lathi-charge, he would be well within his authority. I am also convinced that the command by A1 was a lawful command to his subordinates, having regard to the precarious situation which the appellant and others had brought about. 23. After a careful scan of the oral and documentary evidence in the case, I have no hesitation to conclude that the trial court has come to the right conclusion. But for the highly provocative demonstration at the instance of the complainant and others, such an unfortunate occurrence would not have taken place. The complainant and his friends have to blame themselves for the unpleasant episode rather than taking cudgels against the policemen who were only acting in discharge of their official duties. This appeal which is devoid of merit is accordingly, dismissed, confirming the order of acquittal passed by the court below. The complainant and his friends have to blame themselves for the unpleasant episode rather than taking cudgels against the policemen who were only acting in discharge of their official duties. This appeal which is devoid of merit is accordingly, dismissed, confirming the order of acquittal passed by the court below. 24. A very pernicious tendency has come to stay in our public life that if any policy of the Government or a department of the Government is not palatable to a group of persons believing a particular ideology or is distasteful to a particular political party (especially in the opposition) agitations, protests, processions (which very often turn violent) and even destruction of public property etc. are freely resorted to. No person can indulge in or justify such activities by a microscopic cross-section of the society to the extreme annoyance, discomfort and disadvantage of the majority. Very often, the normal life is crippled by the so called protestors and agitators unmindful of the hardships caused by them either to traveling public or to the society at large. A situation has reached that even when court verdicts which are unpalatable to a particular group are pronounced, the frontiers of fair comment are very often breached to make scathing attacks against such verdicts and even against the authors of such verdicts. Instead of resorting to the legal remedies against the offending policy decision, or court verdicts such sort of paralysing or vindictive reactions cannot be justified in any orderly society and they tend to shake the very foundation of the rule of law and the democratic processes. 25. It is sad to realize that the members of a students' organization owing allegiance to a political party had taken upon themselves the role of a supreme body to criticize the policies of the Government. It is for the policy makers to decide the fate of the millions of subjects. If there is any wrong decision taken, the remedy lies elsewhere. The decision can be challenged before the appropriate forum. The primary role of the students is to study and not to go to the streets and launch agitations against the Government or the Ministers. It is academic brilliance and not offensive militancy which counts in the assessment of a student. The decision can be challenged before the appropriate forum. The primary role of the students is to study and not to go to the streets and launch agitations against the Government or the Ministers. It is academic brilliance and not offensive militancy which counts in the assessment of a student. The Apex Court had occasion to observe as follows:- "It is a malady in our country that political parties allure young students through their student wings. They do so because it is an easy method for enlisting support and participation of student population to their political programmes. Students, particularly in adolescent age, are easily swayable by political parties without much effort or cost as young and tender minds are susceptible to easy persuasiveness by party leaders. But the disturbing aspect is that most of the political leaders do not mind their student supporters developing hostility towards their fellow students belonging to rival political wings. ................" While at the top layer leaders belonging to different political parties dine together and socialise with each other without any personal acrimony as between themselves, it is a pity that they do not encourage that healthy attitude to percolate down to the grass root level. Tender minds gets galvanized on minor issues, frenzy flares up even on trivialities, young children and adolescents unaware of the disastrous consequences befalling their own future indulge in vandalism, mayhem and killing spree against their own fellow students. (See Harpal Singh v. Devinder Singh and Another ( AIR 1997 SC 2914) " 26. This Court had deprecated and prohibited political activities among students within the Collage campus and has even gone to the extent of holding that there is no fundamental or other right for Students Unions to set up their units owing allegiance to political parties in the college campuses (See Kerala Students Union v. Sojan Francis 2004 (2) KLT 378. SNM College V. S.I.of Police -2007(1) KLT 282 and Sojan Francis v. M.G.University - 2003(2) KLT 582. What the facts of this case have revealed is another species of student politics outside the college campus and it eventually turned out to be an unpleasant experience not only to the participating students but also to a few members of the Police force. What the facts of this case have revealed is another species of student politics outside the college campus and it eventually turned out to be an unpleasant experience not only to the participating students but also to a few members of the Police force. Everyone should realise that besides the State and a good member of philanthropies who run our educational institutions, there are also parents and students who honestly want the serenity and scholastic atmosphere to be maintained and preserved and who wish to witness the emergence of bright students from their alma maters. The future of the nation lies in them. Let us note pollute and spoil them. The Registry shall furnish a copy of this judgment to the Home Secretary (Principal Secretary, Home) and the Law Secretary for future guidance while recommending withdrawal from prosecution under Section 321 Cr.P.C. Dated this the 24th day of September, 2009.