JUDGMENT I.A.Ansari, J. 1. Aggrieved by the order, dated 31.12.2009, passed by the learned Special Judge, NIA, Assam, in Misc. (NIA) Bail Application No. 05/2009, arising out of Special (NIA) Case No. 01/2009 under Sections 120B/121Section 14(3) of TADA. Both the provisions 121A IPC read with Sections 16, 17, 18 and 20 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, refusing to grant bail to three accused persons, namely, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, Debasish Bhattacharjee and Sandip Kumar Ghosh, each of the said accused persons has preferred appeal under Section 21(4) of the National Investigation Agency Act, 2008, the three appeals having given rise to Criminal Appeal Nos. 12/2010, 13/2010 and 14/2010 respectively. 2. Aggrieved by the orders, dated 25.01.2010 and 08.01.2010, passed by the learned Special Judge, NIA, Assam, in Misc.(NIA) Bail Application No. 08/2009 and 09/2009 respectively, both having arisen out of Special (NIA) Case No. 01/2009 under Sections 120B/121/121A IPC read with Sections 16, 17, 18 and 20 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, refusing to grant bail, the two accused persons, namely, Samir Ahmed and Arshingdao Waris, have preferred appeals under Section 21(4)) of the National Investigation Agency Act, 2008, their appeals having given rise to Criminal Appeal No. 24/2010 and 35/2010. 3. As the prosecution's case against all the accused aforementioned are inter-woven and closely linked with each other, all these five appeals have been heard together and are being disposed of by this common judgment and order. 4. We have heard Mr. PK Goswami, learned Senior counsel, appearing on behalf of the accused Jayanta Kumar Ghosh (i.e., Appellant in Criminal Appeal No. 12/2010), Mr. JM Choudhury, learned Senior counsel, appearing on behalf of the accused Debasish Bhattacharjee (i.e., Appellant in Criminal Appeal No. 13/2010) and Mr. M. Mukherjee, learned Counsel, appearing for the accused Sandip Kumar Ghosh (i.e., Appellant in Criminal Appeal No. 14/2010). We have also heard Mr. A. Talukdar, learned Counsel, appearing on behalf of the accused Samir Ahmed (i.e., Appellant in Criminal Appeal No. 24/2010), Mr. G.N. Sahewalla, learned Senior counsel, appearing on behalf of the accused Ashringdaw Warisa (i.e., Appellant in Criminal Appeal No. 35/2010) and Mr. D.K. Das, learned Senior counsel, appearing on behalf of the Respondents. BACKGROUND: 5. We have also heard Mr. A. Talukdar, learned Counsel, appearing on behalf of the accused Samir Ahmed (i.e., Appellant in Criminal Appeal No. 24/2010), Mr. G.N. Sahewalla, learned Senior counsel, appearing on behalf of the accused Ashringdaw Warisa (i.e., Appellant in Criminal Appeal No. 35/2010) and Mr. D.K. Das, learned Senior counsel, appearing on behalf of the Respondents. BACKGROUND: 5. The materials facts, giving rise to these appeals, may, in brief, be set out as under: (i) Some significant amendments have been made in the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, by the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2008, the amendment having come into force on 31.12.2008. The amendments, amongst Ors., introduced certain conditions, whereby the powers of the court, under Section 437 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, have come to be restricted by placing some fetters on the court's discretion to allow an accused person to go on bail. (ii) Basistha P.S. Case No. 170/2009, under Section 120B/121/121A IPC read with Section 25(1B)(a), Arms Act, was, initially, registered against two accused persons, namely, Phojendra Hojai and Babulal Kemprai, on the ground that, on 01.04.2009, at about 4-00 p.m., when vehicle Nos. AS-01-AH-1422 and AS-01-1-0609 were intercepted at 14th Mile G.S. Road, Guwahati, and searched, both the accused, suspected to be cadres and linkmen of a banned organization, namely, DHD (J), were found in the vehicles, wherefrom a sum of rupees one crore, in cash, and two pistols were recovered, the money being meant for purchase of arms and ammunitions for the said banned organization. The accused were accordingly taken into custody and investigation was started by the Assam Police. On being produced before the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Kamrup, Guwahati, the two accused aforementioned were remanded to police custody. (iii) On 18.05.2009, both the accused, namely, Phojendra Hojai and Babulal Kemprai, were granted bail by the High Court, in exercise of its powers under Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure, in Bail Application No. 1637/2009. (iv) On 31.05.2009, Mohit Hojai, thethen Chief Executive Member, N.C. Hills Autonomous Council, and R.H. Khan, who was not only the Deputy Director, Social Welfare Department, but also the Liaison Officer, N.C. Hills Autonomous Council, were arrested by Assam Police and, on their production before the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Kamrup, they were remanded to police custody for two days. (iv) On 31.05.2009, Mohit Hojai, thethen Chief Executive Member, N.C. Hills Autonomous Council, and R.H. Khan, who was not only the Deputy Director, Social Welfare Department, but also the Liaison Officer, N.C. Hills Autonomous Council, were arrested by Assam Police and, on their production before the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Kamrup, they were remanded to police custody for two days. The Court, on the prayer for extension of police custody made by the Investigating Officer of the Assam Police, allowed further extension of the police custody for a period of two more days by its order, dated 02.06.2009. However, further prayer for custodial interrogation was rejected by the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Kamrup, who, however, granted permission to the Investigating Officer to interrogate accused Redaul Hussain Khan, in Central Jail, Kamrup, Guwahati. On the same day, the learned Court also rejected accused Redaul Khan's prayer for granting him bail. (v) While investigation of Basistha Police Station Case No. 170/2009 aforementioned was pending with the State police, the Central Government, in exercise of its power under Section 6(5), read with Section 8 of the National Investigation Agency Act, 2008 (in short, 'the NIA Act'), directed, on 01.06.2009, investigation of the said case by the National Investigation Agency (in short, 'the Agency'). In terms of the directions, so issued by the Central Government, the Agency registered a case under the NIA Act, the Case being NIA Case No. 1/2009. (vi) Before, however, registration of the case aforementioned by the Agency, three more persons, namely, 1. Mihir Barman @Jewel Garlossa @ Debojit Sinha, 2. Ahsringdaw Warrisha @ Partha Warisha, and 3. Sameer Ahmed, were arrested by the Assam Police, at Bangalore, in connection with Basistha Police Station case aforementioned, on 30.05.2009 and 03.06.2009, respectively. The Agency moved, 05.06.2009, the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Kamrup, and filed FIR in the NIA Case No. 1/2009 aforementioned. On 06.06.2009, the accused persons were, on being produced before the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Kamrup, remanded to police custody. In terms of the order, passed by the Chief Judicial Magistrate, on 06.06.2009, Basistha P.S. Case No. 170/2009 aforementioned was tagged with the NIA Case No. 1/2009 and, on the basis of the application made by the Agency, the Court allowed accused Mohit Hojai and R.H. Khan to be taken into custody by the Agency for a period of 10 days and the three accused, namely, 1. Mihir Barman @ Jewel Garlossa @ Debojit Sinha, 2. Ahsringdaw Warrisha @ Partha Warisha, and 3. Sameer Ahmed, were remanded, for a period of 14 days, to the custody of the Agency. (vii) On 11.06.2009, on the prayer of the Agency, the Court of the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Kamrup, added Sections 17/18/19 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, to the NIA Case No. 1/2009 aforementioned and, on the prayer of the Agency, the Court of the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Kamrup, remanded the accused to judicial custody, in purported exercise of its power under Section 167 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, on the ground that no court has so far been constituted under the NIA Act. (viii) By a Gazette notification, dated 09.07.2009, issued by the Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, in exercise of its powers under Section 3 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, DHD(J)along with its factions, wings and front organizations came to be declared as 'unlawful organization'. (ix) Three of the accused persons, namely, R.H. Khan, Ahsringdaw Warrisha @ Partha Warisha and Sameer Ahmed, then, approached this Court seeking to invoke its jurisdiction under Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure. None of the accused aforementioned applied for bail to the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Kamrup, or to the Sessions Judge, Kamrup; rather, they applied for bail, directly, to this Court under Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure. (x) One of the important questions, which arose before the High Court, in the matter of application for bail, which the five accused aforementioned had so made under Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure to this Court, was as to whether the bail applications were maintainable in law. (x) One of the important questions, which arose before the High Court, in the matter of application for bail, which the five accused aforementioned had so made under Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure to this Court, was as to whether the bail applications were maintainable in law. (xi) Upon a threadbare discussion, the said three bail applications, made under Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure, seeking to invoke High Court's jurisdiction to grant bail in favour of the accused aforementioned, were rejected, on 29.07.2009, by one of us (Ansari, J.) on the ground of lack of jurisdiction, laying down, inter alia, that under the scheme of the provisions contained in the NIA Act read with the provisions of remand and bail as stand incorporated in the Code of Criminal Procedure, a person, arrested in connection with an offence, under the NIA Act, can be remanded to custody, police or judicial, by the Special Court, where the Special Court has been constituted, or by the Court of Session, where the Special Court has not been constituted. The Court also held that the source of power of the Special Court or the Court of Session, as the case may be, to consider an application for bail is traceable to, and governed by, the provisions of Section 437 Code of Criminal Procedure and while considering such an application for bail, the Special Court or the Court of Session, as the case may be, will not exercise the power of bail as if it is considering an application for bail under Section 439 and, consequently, the Special Court or the Court of Session, as the case may be, would have all the limitations, which a Magistrate has, while deciding an application for bail, under Section 437 Code of Criminal Procedure and the provisions, contained in Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure, cannot be resorted to for the purpose of granting bail and it was also held by the High Court, in its order, dated 29.07.2009, aforementioned, that against an order, passed by a competent court, rejecting bail, or granting bail, the remedy of an aggrieved party lies in preferring an appeal to the High Court, in terms of Section 21(4) of the NIA Act, and in not making any application under Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure. This Court, therefore, held in its order, dated 29.07.2009, that such an appeal would require hearing by a Division Bench of the High Court and that in such an appeal, even the merit of the order, granting or refusing bail, can be questioned. The decision came to be reported in (2009) 3 GLT 855: Redaul Hussain Khan and Ors. v. State of Assam and Ors. While laying down the law, as indicated hereinbefore, the Court observed and held as under: 77. What emerges from the above discussion is that it is the Special Court under the NIA Act, or the Court of Session, when the Special Court has not been constituted, where an accused is required to be produced if he is arrested in connection with an offence punishable under the NIA Act and, upon his production, it is the Special Court or the Court of Session, as the case may be, which shall have the power to grant bail. The source of power of the Special Court or the Court of Session, as the case may be, to consider an application for bail is traceable to, and governed by, the provisions of Section 437 of the Code and while considering such an application for bail, the Special Court or the Court of Session, as the case may be, will not exercise the power of bail as if it is considering an application for bail under Section 439 and, consequently, the Special Court or the Court of Session, as the case may be, would have all the limitations, which a Magistrate has, while deciding an application for bail, under Section 437 of the Code. X X X 106. What surfaces from the above discussion, held, as a whole, is that except as provided in Section 167(2A) of the Code, a person, arrested in connection with an offence, under the NIA Act, can be remanded to custody, police or judicial, by the Special Court, where the Special Court has been constituted, or by the Court of Session, where the Special Court has not been constituted. In view of the fact that the NIA Act envisages a situation, wherein an investigation, as in the present case, may be entrusted to the National Investigation Agency after the State police had made some investigation, it further follows that once the investigation, under the scheme of the NIA Act, is taken over by the Agency, it is the Special Court or the Court of Session, as the case may be, which can authorize further detention of an arrested accused. When such an arrested accused applies for bail to the Special Court or the Court of Session, as the case may be, the source of power to consider such an application for bail lies in Section 437 and not Section 439 of the Code. Even a High Court cannot invoke its powers under Section 439, to grant bail if it has been refused by the Special Court or the Court of Session, as the case may be, nor can the High Court, in exercise of its power, under Section 439, cancel bail if bail has been granted to such an accused by the Special Court or the Court of Session, as the case may be. If the bail has been refused or granted by the Special Court or the Court of Session, as the case may be, the aggrieved party may, however, prefer an appeal, in terms of Section 21, to the High Court. Such an appeal has to be heard by a Division Bench of the High Court and in such an appeal, the merit of the order, granting or refusing bail, can be questioned. 107. In the backdrop of the position of law, as indicated above, it becomes clear that the present three applications for bail, which have been made under Section 439 of the Code, are not entertainable in law and must, therefore, fail. 108. In the result and for the reasons discussed above, all these three bail applications are hereby dismissed as not maintainable. (xii) Complying with the position of law, as had been laid down, in Redaul Hussain Khan and Ors. (supra), one of the accused, namely, Redaul Hussain Khan, filed an application before the Sessions Judge (Special Court), Kamrup, Guwahati, seeking bail, but his bail application came to be rejected on 14.08.2009. (xii) Complying with the position of law, as had been laid down, in Redaul Hussain Khan and Ors. (supra), one of the accused, namely, Redaul Hussain Khan, filed an application before the Sessions Judge (Special Court), Kamrup, Guwahati, seeking bail, but his bail application came to be rejected on 14.08.2009. Thereafter, on an application, made by the NIA, on 27.08.2009, the learned Sessions Judge (Special Court), Kamrup, Guwahati, by its order, dated 28.08.2009, extended the period for completion of investigation into the case by a further period of 60 days in terms of Section 43D(5) of the 1967 Act read with Section 167 Code of Criminal Procedure. The order, dated 14.08.2009, of the learned Sessions Judge (Special Court), Kamrup, Guwahati, rejecting the bail applications came to be unsuccessfully challenged by Redaul Hussain Khan and some Ors., before a Division Bench of this Court, by way of appeal under Section 21(4) of the NIA Act. The said appeal came to be dismissed by a Division Bench of this Court on 19.09.2009. In the meanwhile, however, the Special Court, Central Bureau of Investigation, Assam, Guwahati, was notified by the Central Government, in exercise of its power under Section 11(1) of the NIA Act, vide Gazette notification, dated 01.09.2009, issued by the Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, as the 'Special Court' for the purpose of the NIA Act. (xiii) As against the dismissal of his appeal and rejection of bail by the order, dated 19.09.2009, passed by a Division Bench as mentioned above, one of the accused, namely, Redaul Hussain Khan, carried the matter, by way of a Special Leave Petition, to the Supreme Court. By its decision, pronounced on 09.11.2009 reported in (2010) 1 SCC 521 : Redaul Hussian Khan v. State of Assam and Ors., the Supreme Court observed, inter alia, that there was little doubt that even on the date, when accused Redaul Hussain Khan was apprehended, DHD(J) had been indulging in terrorist act, although it came to be declared as a 'unlawful association' some time latter, i.e., on 09.07.2009. The Supreme Court made it clear, in its order, dated 09.11.2009, that having considered the submissions, made before it, it was unable to agree with the submissions, made on behalf of the accused-Petitioner, Redaul Hussain Khan, that to the facts of the case, the provisions of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, were not attracted. The Supreme Court made it clear, in its order, dated 09.11.2009, that having considered the submissions, made before it, it was unable to agree with the submissions, made on behalf of the accused-Petitioner, Redaul Hussain Khan, that to the facts of the case, the provisions of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, were not attracted. The Supreme Court further held that it was unable to accept the submissions, made on behalf of the Petitioner, Redaul Hussain Khan that merely because of the fact that DHD(J) had not been declared as an 'unlawful organization', when Redaul Hussain Khan was arrested, the said organization could not have been taken to have been indulging in terrorist act, or that the Petitioner could not have been alleged to have the knowledge of such activities of the DHD (J). With the conclusions, so reached, the Supreme Court rejected Redaul Hussain Khan's application for bail by laying down that the learned Sessions Judge (Special Court), Kamrup, Guwahati, had the jurisdiction to extend the time for completion of investigation in terms of the amended provisions, introduced by way of Section 43D(5) of the 1967 Act, read with Section 167 Code of Criminal Procedure. The relevant observations, made by the Apex Court, in Redaul Hussain Khan (supra), read as under: 15. Mr. Rawal submitted that although Mr. Ghosh had referred to some newspaper reports indicating that there was a possibility of amnesty being granted to the members of DHD(J), the same was yet to materialize, and, on the other hand, it also indicated that the said organization was indulging in terrorist activities. Accordingly, in view of the definition of "terrorist act" in Section 15 of the 1967 Act and the provisions of Sections13 and 17 thereof, there was little doubt that even on the date when the Petitioner was apprehended, DHD(J) was indulging in terrorist acts, although, it came to be declared as an "unlawful association" sometime later. Mr. Rawal urged that having regard to the above, the Special Leave Petitions filed against the order of the High court refusing to grant bail were liable to be dismissed. 16. We have carefully considered the submissions made on behalf of the respective parties and we are unable to agree with Mr. Ghosh that the provisions of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, would not be attracted to the facts of the case. We are also unable to accept Mr. 16. We have carefully considered the submissions made on behalf of the respective parties and we are unable to agree with Mr. Ghosh that the provisions of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, would not be attracted to the facts of the case. We are also unable to accept Mr. Ghosh's submissions that merely because DHD(J) had not been declared as an "unlawful association" when the Petitioner was arrested, the said organization could not have indulged in terrorist acts or that the Petitioner could not have had knowledge of such activities. 17. Accordingly, Mr. Ghosh's submissions regarding the grant of statutory bail have to be rejected since, in our view, the learned Sessions Judge (Special Court) had the jurisdiction to extend the time for completion of the investigation. (xiv) Thereafter, three more persons, namely, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, Debasish Bhattacharjee @ Bappi and Sandeep Kumar Ghosh @ Sambhu, came to be arrested on 30.10.2009. On their production before the Special Court, they were remanded to custody. (xv) A charge-sheet has come to be laid, on 17.11.2009, before the learned Special Court, by the NIA against as many as 14 accused persons including those persons, whose names have been mentioned above. The three accused persons, namely, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, Debasish Bhattacharjee @ Bappi, and Sandeep Kumar Ghosh @ Sambhu, had jointly applied for bail, but their applications for bail were rejected by the learned Special Court on 31.12.2009. As against the order, rejecting their prayer for bail, as indicated above, they have preferred appeals, under Section 21 of the NIA Act, to this Court. Similarly, accused Ashringdaw Waris and accused Samir Ahmed, too, on failing to obtain bail from the learned Special Court, have, after filing of the charge-sheet against them, preferred appeals and all these appeals, as mentioned above, have been heard together and are being disposed of by this common judgment and order. (xvi) As far as accused Redaul Hussain Khan is concerned, he filed, after the charge-sheet already stood laid by the NIA, an application for bail in the Special Court, at Guwahati, on the ground of his sickness. By order, dated 25.01.2010, the learned Special Judge granted interim bail to accused Redaul Hussain Khan and this direction for interim bail was, eventually, made absolute on 29.01.2010. By order, dated 25.01.2010, the learned Special Judge granted interim bail to accused Redaul Hussain Khan and this direction for interim bail was, eventually, made absolute on 29.01.2010. Aggrieved by the order, dated 29.01.2010, whereby accused Redaul Hussain Khan was granted bail, the NIA preferred an appeal, which gave rise to Criminal Appeal No. 25/2010. The appeal has been allowed and the order, granting bail in favour of accused Redaul Hussain Khan, has been set aside by a separate judgment and order delivered by us. SUBMISSIONS 6. Appearing on behalf of the accused-Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, Mr. P.K. Goswami, learned Senior counsel, has pointed out that the Appellant, on being informed by the NIA, that his presence was needed by the NIA, had appeared before the investigating agency, both in Delhi and also in Guwahati, he was arrested on 31.10.2009 and remanded to judicial custody and the charge-sheet of the case has been submitted on 17.11.2009. 7. It is contended by Mr. Goswami that the Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, is a businessman, he is a catering contractor under the Railways, there are about 400 employees working under him, he has vast business, he has his roots in the society and there is no chance of his absconding. The Appellant, submits Mr. Goswami, has been cooperating with the investigating agency, his father died after his arrest and he was allowed to go on conditional bail on 16.12.2009 and remained on bail till 21.12.2009. According to Mr. Goswami, the conduct of Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, during investigation and even during the period, when he had enjoyed conditional bail, was not such, which could raise reasonable apprehension of his either absconding or tampering with witnesses. 8. Taking this Court traverse through various materials, which the NIA claims to have collected during investigation, Mr. Goswami submits that there is no truth in any of the allegations made against the Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh. Mr. Goswami also submits that the Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, was simply a businessman and knew persons like Mohit Hojai merely as a politician and an elected functionary of North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council (in short, 'NCHAC'). The Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, according to Mr. Mr. Goswami also submits that the Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, was simply a businessman and knew persons like Mohit Hojai merely as a politician and an elected functionary of North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council (in short, 'NCHAC'). The Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, according to Mr. Goswami, had no idea as to what the actual game plan of accused Mohit Hojai was, the Appellant never carried any money for, or on behalf of, Mohit Hojai or Niranjan Hojai and/or handed over the same for being taken out of the country, as alleged by the NIA, by hawala operation, for purchase of arms and ammunitions. The Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, was, submits Mr. Goswami, never involved in any acts of forcing any Government servant or anyone else to place supply orders or to make payment for materials, which were never supplied. The Appellant, in fact, contends Mr. Goswami, never owned any of the business concerns, namely, Maa Traders, Jeet Enterprise, Loknath Trading, etc., which had allegedly collected orders by intimidating officers concerned and siphoned money out of the country to purchase arms and ammunitions for carrying on activities of DHD(J). There is not even a particle of evidence on record, contends Mr. Goswami, to show that the Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, has had been a member of DHD(J). Mr. Goswami submits that this Appellant was not also involved in any manner, in the act of collection and/or raising of funds for any 'terrorist gang' or 'terrorist organization' within the meaning of these terms used in the UA(P) Act, 1967. In such circumstances, further contends Mr. Goswami, the Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, cannot be said to have committed any offence of waging war against the State or of being involved in terrorist acts. Mr. Goswami submits that the penal provisions of Section 43D(5) of the UA(P) Act, 1967, and/or the proviso to Section 43D(5) and/or the penal provisions of Sections 120B, 121 and/or121A IPC are not attracted to the facts of the present case so far as, at least, the Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, is concerned. Even as regards supply of materials, submits Mr. Goswami, though supplies might not have been made at the time, when the payments were allegedly made, yet the supplies have been substantially made in terms of the supply orders. Even if it is assumed, contends Mr. Even as regards supply of materials, submits Mr. Goswami, though supplies might not have been made at the time, when the payments were allegedly made, yet the supplies have been substantially made in terms of the supply orders. Even if it is assumed, contends Mr. Goswami, that the Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, had carried money, on behalf of accused Mohit Hojai, the same will not become an offence inasmuch as he, at best, carried the money, belonging to Mohit Hojai, without knowing the real object with which the money was being sent or utilized. In fact, according to Mr. Goswami, nothing has been uncovered from the investigation to show that the money, which the Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, had allegedly carried, or got handed over, to different people, at the instructions of Mohit Hojai, were used for carrying out any terrorist act. There could be many reasons, contends Mr. Goswami, for carrying somebody's money and it cannot be said, in the absence of anything positive on record, that the Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, had carried money knowing that the money was to be utilized for terrorist acts. There is nothing on record, submits Mr. Goswami, to show that the money, which was allegedly carried by the Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, had been used for purchase of arms and ammunitions. 9. At best, the materials, as collected by the investigating agency, show, according to Mr. Goswami, nothing more than the fact that the Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, was involved in obtaining cheques and realizing the money therefrom without supplies having been made and/or that subsequent to obtaining of cheques and realization of money therefrom, the Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, had supplied materials, in part, to the concerned Government departments. There are, submits Mr. Goswami, several such contractual agreements, where payments are made in advance. Merely because of the fact, therefore, contends Mr. Goswami, that the Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, had obtained cheques without making supplies of materials cannot be stretched to mean that the Appellant had raised funds for terrorist acts and/or for carrying out the alleged subversive activities of DHD(J) and, hence, the alleged acts of this Appellant does not make out any case, which could attract the proviso to Section 43D(5), nor is there any material, reiterates Mr. Goswami, to show that this Appellant was, in any way, involved in waging war against the State. Goswami, to show that this Appellant was, in any way, involved in waging war against the State. In such circumstances, the Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, has not committed any offence, submits Mr. Goswami, which enables the learned Special Court reject the Appellant's application for bail. 10. There is, points out Mr. Goswami, a large number of witnesses to be examined and a lot of documents to be proved. Consequently, the trial would take a long time to be concluded and a free man is better placed to conduct his defence and, hence, in such circumstances, particularly, when there is no possibility, in the facts and attending circumstances of the present case, of the Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, running away and/or tampering with witnesses and/or influencing trial in any manner, it would be punitive to detain the Appellant, in custody, any longer and, hence, he may be released on bail. 11. To strengthen his argument and to support his plea for bail of the accused-Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, Mr. Goswami has pointed out that two of the co-accused, who were caught with the money, namely, Babul Kemprai and Phojendra Hojai, have been released on bail. It was, therefore, according to Mr. Goswami, highly unjust and illegal not to have released the present Appellant on bail, particularly, when there could be no genuine apprehension that the Appellant would not be available to face trial and/or he would interfere with the conduct of trial. In support of his submissions, Mr. Goswami has placed reliance on the case of Sh. Gurbaksh Singh Sibbia and Ors. v. State of Punjab reported in (1980) 2 SCC 565 , S.N. Thapa v. State of Maharashtra, reported in (1994) 4 SCC 38 , Union of India v. Thamisharasi and Ors. reported in (1995) 4 SCC 190 , and Usmanbhai Dawoodbhai Memon v. State of Gujarat reported in (1998) 2 SCC 271. 12. As far as Mr. J.M. Choudhury, learned Senior counsel, appearing for the Appellant, Sandip Ghosh, and Mr. Milon Mukherjee, learned Counsel, appearing on behalf of accused Debasish Bhattacharjee, is concerned, they have substantially adopted the arguments of Mr. Goswami, particularly, with regard to Mr. 12. As far as Mr. J.M. Choudhury, learned Senior counsel, appearing for the Appellant, Sandip Ghosh, and Mr. Milon Mukherjee, learned Counsel, appearing on behalf of accused Debasish Bhattacharjee, is concerned, they have substantially adopted the arguments of Mr. Goswami, particularly, with regard to Mr. Goswami's submission that in the facts and attending circumstances of the present case, neither the proviso to Section 43D(5) of the UA(P) Act nor the penal provisions of Sections 120B, 121 and/or 121A IPC are attracted to the facts of the present case. Mr. Choudhury's argument is that there is no credible evidence of the accused-Appellant, Sandip Ghosh, being a member of DHD(J) as alleged by the NIA or of funds being raised by him for DHD(J) or of his having knowledge of the fact that the funds were being used or would be used, in any manner, in any terrorist act. In these circumstances, when the Appellant, Sandip Ghosh, according to Mr. Choudhury, has his family business, would be available for trial, charge-sheet has already been submitted in the case and there is no possibility of his tampering with the witnesses, he ought to have been directed to be released on bail and the learned Special Court has fallen into error in rejecting his application for bail. 13. As far as Mr. M. Mukherjee, learned Counsel for the Appellant, Debasish Bhattacharjee, is concerned, he, apart from adopting the submissions made by Mr. P.K. Goswami and Mr. J.M. Choudhury, points out that two persons, namely, Babul Kemprai and Phojendra Hojai, have already been released on bail and merely because of the fact that the case was, later on, taken over by the NIA, it was highly unjust to treat the accused-Appellants and the persons, similarly situated, as different from the ones, who had been arrested with money and yet, later on, allowed to be enlarged on bail by the High Court in exercise of its powers under Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure. 14. In tune with the submissions of Mr. P.K. Goswami and Mr. J.M. Choudhury, Mr. Mukherjee too submits that the evidence on record are grossly inadequate to hold that the Appellant, Debasish Bhattacharjee, was a member of DHD(J) and/or that he was involved, in any manner, in any terrorist acts or raised funds for any terrorist gang or terrorist organization nor is there any material on record, according to Mr. J.M. Choudhury, Mr. Mukherjee too submits that the evidence on record are grossly inadequate to hold that the Appellant, Debasish Bhattacharjee, was a member of DHD(J) and/or that he was involved, in any manner, in any terrorist acts or raised funds for any terrorist gang or terrorist organization nor is there any material on record, according to Mr. Mukherjee, to show that the Appellant, Debasish Bhattacharjee, was, at any stage, interrogated, while in judicial custody, or his presence, in custody, is required for fair trial. There is also nothing on record, submits Mr. Mukherjee, to show that if the Appellant, Debasish Bhattacharjee, is given the liberty of bail, it will adversely affect trial. In fact, submits Mr. Mukherjee, the Appellant, Debasish Bhattacharjee, is a person firmly rooted to the society, he has his family and there is no question of his absconding nor is he in such a position as to influence conduct of the trial by intimidating witnesses or tampering with the witnesses. 15. Resisting the appeals, Mr. D.K. Das, learned Senior counsel, who appears on behalf of the NIA, has submitted that enough materials have been collected by the NIA showing that Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, in conspiracy with Mohit Hojai, intimidated Govt. officers and forced them not only to place orders for supply of materials, but forced them also to hand over cheques without making supply of materials and he, with the help, assistance and support of accused Sandip Ghosh and Debasish Bhattacharjee, encashed cheques without even making supply of materials. Supply orders were obtained, submits Mr. Das, in the name of the three firms aforementioned, which are projected to be owned by accused Sandip Ghosh, but were actually owned by Jayanta Kumar Ghosh. 16. The present one, according to Mr. Das, is not a case of some businessman merely obtaining money by not making supply of materials. In fact, points out Mr. Das, some materials have been supplied, but that was done after the arrests were made in order to paint the transactions as genuine and bonafide. The materials, collected during investigation, loudly and clearly speak, submits Mr. Das, that there was deep-seated conspiracy among Niranjan Hojai, Mohit Hojai, Redaul Hussain Khan, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, Sandip Ghosh and Debasish Bhattacharjee and the other co-accused. The materials, collected during investigation, loudly and clearly speak, submits Mr. Das, that there was deep-seated conspiracy among Niranjan Hojai, Mohit Hojai, Redaul Hussain Khan, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, Sandip Ghosh and Debasish Bhattacharjee and the other co-accused. These accused persons were not merely indulging in obtaining money from the Government departments by illegal means, such as, fraud and misappropriation; rather, the materials collected, against them, clearly show that by threatening and putting in fear the Government officials, the Appellants, such as. Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, Sandip Ghosh and Debasish Bhattacharjee, and their co-accused, Mohit Hojai and Redaul Hussain Khan, forced the Government servants to place supply orders and also make payments without even receiving the supplies therefor. 17. Mr. Das further submits that in order to siphon away money, accounts were opened, at Guwahati, showing fictitious business addresses and, then, money were carried by various means to different places of India. In fact, points out Mr. Das, on quite a few occasions, money was carried over by Jayanta Kumar Ghosh or through his associates to Phojendra Hojai, who has been constantly in touch with Mohit Hojai and Niranjan Hojai. Mr. Das further points out that the money was taken out of the country for purchase of arms and ammunitions in order to enable them to carry out the terrorist acts and activities of DHD (J). 18. Close association of the present Appellants with Mohit Hojai and Niranjan Hojai clearly show, contends Mr. Das, that there was deep-seated conspiracy and in this conspiracy, they all acted as members of the said terrorist organization. The investigation establishes, points out Mr. Das. a clear case against them of having indulged in waging war against the State and in carrying out the terrorist acts by helping the concerned activists in the act of collection and raising of funds. In such circumstances, the bar, imposed by the proviso to Section 43D(5) of the UA(P) Act, 1967, is, according to Mr. Das, squarely attracted and the Appellants' applications for bail has been rightly rejected by the learned Special Court. 19. In the face of the serious nature of accusations, which exist on record against the Appellants, such persons, according to Mr. Das, squarely attracted and the Appellants' applications for bail has been rightly rejected by the learned Special Court. 19. In the face of the serious nature of accusations, which exist on record against the Appellants, such persons, according to Mr. Das, can prove extremely dangerous and they would cause serious impediments to the trial if they were allowed to go on bail inasmuch as they would not only abscond, but would also intimidate the witnesses dissuading them from disclosing the truth before the Court. In this regard, Mr. Das also points out to the fact that Niranjan Hojai, Commander-in-Chief of DHD(J), who had surrendered and had been kept, in a designated camp, by the State Government, has already absconded. 20. To strengthen his argument, Mr. Das has also pointed out that investigation reveals the role, which accused Redaul Hussain Khan has played in collection of money, inasmuch as he was, according to what the investigation reveals, virtually running, in collusion with Mohit Hojai, a parallel Government by not only allocating funds, placing supply orders, but also by forcing other Government officers and also his subordinates to clear falsely raised bills and issue cheques without obtaining supplies. 21. Appearing on behalf of the Appellant, Ashringdaw Warisa, Mr. Sahewalla, learned Senior counsel, submits that the case of the prosecution against the Appellant is not only false, but vague and incoherent and that the Appellant's application for bail has been rejected without application of mind. Mr. Sahewalla submits that as far as the case of the Appellant, Ashringdaw Warisa, is concerned, the materials, collected by the investigating agency, cannot be relied upon and in consequence thereof, the proviso to Section 43D(5) of the UA(P) Act, 1967, does not apply and this Appellant ought to have been allowed to go on bail by the learned Special Court. There is nothing credible in the materials, collected during investigation, to show, according to Mr. Sahewalla, that the Appellant, Ashringdaw Warisa, was a part of any criminal conspiracy or was involved in any activities of waging war against the State or was a member of a terrorist association or was involved in terrorist acts. Mr. Sahewalla too submits that it is highly unjust to allow the two accused, Babul Kemprai and Phojendra Hojai, who were allegedly caught red handed with huge sums of money, to go on bail and refuse bail to the Appellant, Ashringdaw Warisa. 22. Mr. Sahewalla too submits that it is highly unjust to allow the two accused, Babul Kemprai and Phojendra Hojai, who were allegedly caught red handed with huge sums of money, to go on bail and refuse bail to the Appellant, Ashringdaw Warisa. 22. As far as Appellant, Samir Ahmed, is concerned, the submission, made on his behalf, by Mr. Talukdar, learned Counsel, is that this Appellant is completely innocent, he knew Ashringdaw Warisa from his childhood and it is for this reason that he had helped him in the latter's stay in Bangalore and that this Appellant is, in no way, involved in any of the activities of the DHD (J). Mr. Talukdar, learned Counsel, too submits that two accused, Babul Kemprai and Phojendra Hojai, who allegedly had direct nexus with DHD(J) and were arrested with money and weapons, have been allowed to go on bail, but the present Appellant's prayer for bail has been rejected by a misconceived application of the proviso to Section 43D(5) on the ground that this Appellant is involved in criminal conspiracy and waging war against the State. The Appellant, Samir Ahmed, therefore, needs to be allowed, according to Mr. Talukdar, to go on bail inasmuch as he has his own family and there is no scope of his absconding or tampering with witnesses. 23. Resisting the bail applications of Appellants, Ashringdaw Warisa and Samir Ahmed, Mr. D.K. Das, learned Senior counsel, has submitted that in the early part of June, 2009, a team of Assam Police personnel went to Bangalore on receiving information as regards presence of Jewel Garlosa, Chairman of DHD(J), and it is there that they arrested three persons, namely. Jewel Garlosa, Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6) and Samir Ahmed (A-7). Investigation has revealed, submits Mr. Das, that Samir Ahmed, an employee of HSBC Bank, Bangalore, is a childhood friend of Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6) and had settled down in Bangalore. Knowing fully that accused Warisa is a member of dreaded DHD(J) and had been earlier caught with a consignment of weapons, Samir Ahmed invited Ashringdaw Warisa to Banglore for conducting his unlawful activities and it is on this basis that accused Warisa came to Bangalore and established his safe hideout there. Investigation also reveals, submits Mr. Knowing fully that accused Warisa is a member of dreaded DHD(J) and had been earlier caught with a consignment of weapons, Samir Ahmed invited Ashringdaw Warisa to Banglore for conducting his unlawful activities and it is on this basis that accused Warisa came to Bangalore and established his safe hideout there. Investigation also reveals, submits Mr. Das, that after setting up his hideout at Bangalore, accused Warisa went to accompany accused Jewel Garlosa (A-5) from Nepal and that accused Warisa, having received Jewel Garlosa at Gorakhpur, brought him to Bangalore by air via Delhi. Mr. Das further submits that both accused Warisa and Jewel Garlosa procured SIM cards, driving licenses, etc, on providing fake identities in the name of Anandra Singh and Debojit Singha and, in making all these fake documents of identity, accused Samir Ahmed helped them inasmuch as it is accused Samir Ahmed, who forged the class-x marksheet of his wife, Jilly Basumatary, and also a lease deed to show them as regular residents of Bangalore. 24. As a matter of fact, points out Mr. Das, accused Warisa and accused Garlosa had actually asked Samir Ahmed to make a fake passport, but the passport could not be managed and, hence, the driving licence in a fake name was prepared and a number of SIM cards were obtained. Mr. Das also points out that accused Samir Ahmed helped accused Warisa and Garlosa in creating e-mail accounts and taught them how to use internet, whereupon accused Warisa and Garlosa sent e-mails to Niranjan Hojai. They also sent e-mails to Ranjan Daimari of dreaded NDFB regarding providing of shelter and logistics to the cadres of DHD(J). In return of the help, which Samir Ahmed rendered, he (accused Samir Ahmed) received, according to Mr. Das, money and free trip to Goa. 25. Investigation has further revealed, submits Mr. Das, that accused Jewel Garlosa and Ashringdaw Warisa used to visit Bodyline, a gymnasium, under the assumed names of Debojit Singha and Anandra Singha and the house, where they used to stay, was taken, on rent, by accused Samir Ahmed on the plea that the said accused were members of his family. 26. According to Mr. Das, that accused Jewel Garlosa and Ashringdaw Warisa used to visit Bodyline, a gymnasium, under the assumed names of Debojit Singha and Anandra Singha and the house, where they used to stay, was taken, on rent, by accused Samir Ahmed on the plea that the said accused were members of his family. 26. According to Mr. Das, while accused Jewel, Chairman, DHD(J), chose to shift his base to Bangalore, Niranjan Hojai, Commander-in-Chief, DHD(J), continued to live abroad controlling the activities of DHD(J) over phone and e-mail, accused Warisa met Niranjan Hojai and Jewel Garlosa in Kathmandu, where the two accused were staying in a hotel and after meeting Ahringdaw Warisa, both Niranjan Hojai and Jewel Garlosa, by using Nepali passports, went, on 25.12.2007, in the same flight to Bangkok, they stayed in Radisson hotel in Bangkok and returned to Kathmandu and that the main purpose of Niranjan Hojai visiting Nepal, Thailand and Malyasia was to procure arms and ammunitions for waging war against the State and for terrorist activities. RELEVANT LEGISLATIONS 27. In the light of the facts, as have been set out above, leading to the present appeals, materials on record and the submissions made by the learned Counsel for the parties concerned, we, now, proceed to decide these appeals. Before, however, we proceed further, it is worth recalling that when the Terrorists and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987, was repealed, the Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act, 2002, came to be enacted to combat, amongst Ors., the menace of terrorism. However, even Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act, 2002, came to be repealed in 2004 and when the terror attack took place in Mumbai on 26.11.2008, there was no specific legislation, in force, to help India's fight against terrorism against the national level inasmuch as investigations into the acts of terrorism were to be, ordinarily, carried by the various agencies at the State level. In the aftermath of Mumbai terror attacks, National Investigation Agency Act, 2008, (in short, the 'NIA Act'), therefore, came into force on 31.12.2008. The NIA created Special Courts for trial of scheduled offences. In order to make law more stringent than what it was, the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (in short, the 'UA(P) Act'), too, witnessed significant amendments introduced on 31.12.2008. 28. The NIA created Special Courts for trial of scheduled offences. In order to make law more stringent than what it was, the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (in short, the 'UA(P) Act'), too, witnessed significant amendments introduced on 31.12.2008. 28. In the light of the scheme of investigation as perceived by the NIA Act, the trial of scheduled offences, the relevant penal provisions and also the provisions with regard to bail, as have now been incorporated, in the UA(P) Act, 1967, the present appeal needs consideration. 29. As terrorism has become a threat to the very existence of human society and terrorist activities have not remained a localized crime, a national investigation agency, which can co-ordinate and oversee investigation into the offences having national and cross-border repercussion, was deemed necessary. It is to meet this requirement that the NIA has been given birth. Whether, under the scheme of our Constitution, the NIA is or is not a valid legislation has not been debated in the present set of cases. 30. Bearing in mind the threat of terrorism and its national and international ramifications, which India has to fight vis-a-vis the limitations on the powers of the Special Court to grant bail and the High Court's jurisdiction and powers in such matters, the present appeals, seeking to get set aside the order refusing to grant bail to the present Appellants needs to be examined. 31. We have already set out above the material facts, which have given rise to these appeals. We are in complete agreement with the propositions of law, laid down in Redaul Hussain Khan and Ors. v. State of Assam and Ors. reported in 2009 (3) GLT 855, and we see no reason to discuss, once again, the limitations, which the NIA Act has imposed on the powers of the Special Court in matters of granting of bail to a person, who is accused to have committed scheduled offence(s) as stand embodied in the NIA Act, except pointing out that from a careful reading of the provisions contained in Section 437, what becomes transparent is that Section 437(1) gives power to grant bail to a court 'other than the High Court or Court of Session'. Admittedly, a Special Court, under the NIA Act, is not a Court of Session and even the Court of Session, while acting as the Special Court under the NIA Act, does not, as already discussed above, act as a Court of Session. The Special Court is also not a High Court, for, a Special Court, as defined in Section 2(h), is a Court, which is constituted, under Section 11, by the Central Government or, under Section 22, by a State Government. The expression, 'a Court other than the High Court, or the Court of Session', has very wide meaning and includes, within its ambit, not only the Magisterial Courts, but all such Courts, including a Special Court, which do not fall within the expressions, 'the High Court' or 'the Court of Session'. A Special Court, under the NIA Act, not being a High Court, or a Court of Session, would obviously fall within the expression 'a Court other than the High Court or the Court of Session'. 32. We, therefore, hold, in agreement with this Court's decision, in Redaul Hussain Khan and Ors. (supra), that the Special Court constituted, under the NIA Act, is a Court other than the High Court or the Court of Session as envisaged in Section 437 Code of Criminal Procedure. Consequently, the Special Court would have all the limitations, which a Magistrate has, while deciding an application for bail under Section 437 Code of Criminal Procedure. 33. We also agree, as laid down in Redaul Hussain Khan and Ors. v. State of Assam and Ors. reported in 2009 (3) GLT 855, that even the High Court, by invoking its powers under Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure, cannot allow a person to go on bail if he is accused to have committed a scheduled offence under the NIA Act. The High Court's power to grant or refuse bail is traceable to Section 21(4) of the NIA Act inasmuch as Section 21(4) clearly lays down that an appeal shall lie to the High Court against an order of the Special Court granting or refusing bail. As already indicated in Redaul Hussain Khan and Ors. The High Court's power to grant or refuse bail is traceable to Section 21(4) of the NIA Act inasmuch as Section 21(4) clearly lays down that an appeal shall lie to the High Court against an order of the Special Court granting or refusing bail. As already indicated in Redaul Hussain Khan and Ors. (supra) and we too take the same view that in an appeal under Section 21(4), the High Court will have the power to consider if, in the facts and attending circumstances of a given case and the law relevant thereto, bail could or could not have been granted by the Special Court. PRINCIPLES GOVERNING, ORDINARILY, GRANTING OF BAIL 34. Generally, while considering an application for bail in anon-bailable case, the factors, to be considered, are: (i) whether there is any prima facie or reasonable ground, as the case may be, to believe that the accused had committed the offence, (ii) the nature and gravity of the offence, (iii) severity of the punishment if the accused happens to be convicted, (iv) chances of the accused absconding or fleeing away, if given the opportunity of bail, (v) the character, behaviour, antecedents, means, position and standing of the accused in the society, (vi) likelihood of the offence being repeated, (vii) reasonable apprehension of the witnesses being tampered with or the investigation being interfered with. While a vague allegation that the accused may tamper with the evidence or witnesses would not be a ground to refuse bail, the fact remains that when the accused is of such a character that his mere presence, at large, would intimidate the witnesses or if there is material to show that there is likelihood of the accused using his liberty to subvert justice or tamper with the evidence, then, bail would be refused. 35. Points out the Supreme Court, in State of Maharashtra v. Anand Chintaman Dighe reported in (1990) 1 SCC 397 , that there are no hard and fast rules regarding grant or refusal of bail, each case has to be considered on its own merits. The matter always calls for judicious exercise of discretion by the court. 35. Points out the Supreme Court, in State of Maharashtra v. Anand Chintaman Dighe reported in (1990) 1 SCC 397 , that there are no hard and fast rules regarding grant or refusal of bail, each case has to be considered on its own merits. The matter always calls for judicious exercise of discretion by the court. Where the offence is of serious nature, the court has to decide the question of grant of bail in the light of such considerations as the nature and seriousness of offence, character of the evidence, circumstances, which are peculiar to the accused, a reasonable possibility of presence of the accused not being secure at the trial and the reasonable apprehension of witness being tampered with, the larger interest of the public or such similar other considerations. (See also State v. Capt. Jagjit Singh reported in (1962) 3 SCR 622 36. In the State of UP (through CBI) v. Amarmani, Tripathi reported in (2005) 8 SCC 21 , the Court has summed up the factors, which are, generally, required to be taken into account, while considering an application seeking bail. The relevant observations, made in this regard, read as under: Fof18. It is well settled that the matters to be considered in an application for bail are (i) whether there is any prima facie or reasonable ground to believe that the accused had committed the offence; (ii) nature and gravity of the charge; (iii) severity of the punishment in the event of conviction; (iv) danger of the accused absconding or fleeing, if released on bail; (v) character, behaviour, means, position and standing of the accused; (vi) likelihood of the offence being repeated; (vii) reasonable apprehension of the witnesses being tampered with; and (viii) danger, of course, of justice being thwarted by grant of bail (see Prahlad Singh Bhati v. NCT. Delhi (2001) 4 SCC 280 : 2001 SCC (Cri) 674 and Gurcharan Singh v. State (Delhi Admn.): (1978) 1 SCC 118 : 1978 SCC (Cri) 41 : AIR 1978 SC 179 . Delhi (2001) 4 SCC 280 : 2001 SCC (Cri) 674 and Gurcharan Singh v. State (Delhi Admn.): (1978) 1 SCC 118 : 1978 SCC (Cri) 41 : AIR 1978 SC 179 . While a vague allegation that the accused may tamper with the evidence or witnesses may not be a ground to refuse bail, if the accused is of such character that his mere presence at large would intimidate the witnesses or if there is material to show that he will use his liberty to subvert justice or tamper with the evidence, then bail will be refused. We may also refer to the following principles relating to grant or refusal of bail stated in Kalyan Chandra Sarkar v. Rajesh Ranjan : (2004) 7 SCC 528 : 2004 SCC (Cri) 1977 (SCC pp. 535-36, para 11) 11. The law in regard to grant or refusal of bail is very well settled. The court granting bail should exercise its discretion in a judicious manner and not as a matter of course. Though at the stage of granting bail a detailed examination of evidence and elaborate documentation of the merit of the case need not be undertaken, there is a need to indicate in such orders reasons for prima facie concluding why bail was being granted particularly where the accused is charged of having committed a serious offence. Any order devoid of such reasons would suffer from no-application of mind. It is also necessary for the court granting bail to consider among other circumstances, the following factors also before granting bail; they are: (a) The nature of accusation and the severity of punishment in case of conviction and the nature of supporting evidence. (b) Reasonable apprehension of tampering with the witness or apprehension of threat to the complainant. (c) Prima facie satisfaction of the court in support of the charge.(See Ram Govind Upadhvav v. Sudarshan Singh: (2002) 3 SCC 598 : 2002 SCC (Cri) 688 and Puran v. Rambilas (2001) 6 SCC 338 : 2001 SCC (Cri) 1124. (Emphasis is supplied) REASONS FOR GRANTING BAIL-IMPERATIVES AND LIMITATIONS 37. It needs to be borne mind that while granting bail, though a detailed examination of the evidence and elaborate documentation of the merits of a given case is not to be undertaken, the Court owes a duty to assign reasons for prima facie concluding as to why bail was being granted. It needs to be borne mind that while granting bail, though a detailed examination of the evidence and elaborate documentation of the merits of a given case is not to be undertaken, the Court owes a duty to assign reasons for prima facie concluding as to why bail was being granted. So lays down the Supreme Court, in Puran v. Rambilas reported in (2001) 6 SCC 338 , in the following words: 8. He submitted that in view of these observations the learned Additional Sessions Judge did not give reasons whilst granting bail. He submitted that in these circumstances the Additional Sessions Judge cannot be faulted. He submitted that the High Court could not cancel bail on this ground. We see no substance in this contention. Giving reasons is different from discussing merits or demerits. At the stage of granting bail a detailed examination of evidence and elaborate documentation of the merits of the case has not to be undertaken. What the Additional Sessions Judge had done in the order, dated 11.9.2000, was to discuss the merits and demerits of the evidence. That was what was deprecated. That did not mean that whilst granting bail, some reasons for prima facie concluding why bail was being granted did not have to be indicated. 38. The requirement of the law to assign prima facie reasons for granting bail has been insisted upon in Kalyan Chandra Sarkar v. Rajesh Ranjan @ Pappu Yadav and Anr. reported in (2004) 7 SCC 528 , too, wherein the Court observed, referring to Puran's case (supra), thus: 18. We agree that a conclusive finding in regard to the points urged by both the sides is not expected of the court considering a bail application. Still one should not forget, as observed by this Court in the case Puran v. Rambilas: (SCC p. 344, para 8) Giving reasons is different from discussing merits or demerits. At the stage of granting bail a detailed examination of evidence and elaborate documentation of the merits of the case has not to be undertaken. ... That did not mean that whilst granting bail some reasons for prima facie concluding why bail was being granted did not have to be indicated. We respectfully agree with the above dictum of this Court. ... That did not mean that whilst granting bail some reasons for prima facie concluding why bail was being granted did not have to be indicated. We respectfully agree with the above dictum of this Court. We also feel that such expression of prima facie reasons for granting bail is a requirement of law in cases where such orders on bail application are appealable, more so because of the fact that the appellate court has every right to know the basis for granting the bail. 39. Coupled with the above, the Supreme Court, in Kalyan Chandra Sarkar (supra), has held that the Court shall exercise its discretion to grant bail in a judicious manner and not as a matter of course and though, on the subject of granting of bail, examination of evidence and elaborate documentation of the merit of the case need not be undertaken, there is a need to indicate, in such orders, the reasons for prima facie concluding as to why bail was being granted, particularly, when the accused is charged with having committed a serious offence, because the appellate Court has every right to know the reasons as to why bail has been granted. Any order, devoid of such reasons, would suffer from non-application of mind. This apart, reiterated the Supreme Court, in Kalyan Chandra Sarkar (supra), that the Court shall consider, among other circumstances, the following factors too before granting bail, namely, (a) the nature of accusation and the severity of punishment in case of conviction and the nature of supporting evidence, (b) reasonable apprehension of tampering with the witness or apprehension of threat to the complainant and (c) prima facie satisfaction of the court in support of the charge. 40. Cautioning the courts not to discuss, while considering the question of bail, too minutely, the merit of the materials available so as to avoid causing of prejudice to the parties concerned, the Supreme Court, in Vaman Narain Ghiya v. State of Rajasthan, (2009) 2 SCC 281 , held as under: 11. While considering an application for bail, detailed discussion of the evidence and elaborate documentation of the merits is to be avoided. This requirement stems from the desirability that no party should have the impression that his case has been pre-judged. Existence of a prima facie case is only to be considered. Elaborate analysis or exhaustive exploration of the merits is not required. This requirement stems from the desirability that no party should have the impression that his case has been pre-judged. Existence of a prima facie case is only to be considered. Elaborate analysis or exhaustive exploration of the merits is not required. (See Niranjan Singh v. Prabhakar Rajaram Kharote.) Where the offence is of serious nature, the question of grant of bail has to be decided keeping in view the nature and seriousness of the offence, character of the evidence and amongst Ors. the larger interest of the public. (Emphasis is supplied) 41. From the discussions, held above, what surfaces is that a court, while granting or refusing bail, must assign the reasons for its decision. The reasons assigned, however, must not be an elaborate discussion of the materials collected so that the accused is not prejudiced and his case must not appear to have been prejudged. There is, therefore, a need, on the part of the court, to maintain a balance between the need to assign reasons for refusing or granting bail, on the one hand, and the caution to be applied, on the other, to ensure that the assignment of reasons should not be so elaborate that the case of the accused appears to have been prejudged. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE HIGH COURT'S APPELLATE JURISDICTION UNDER SECTION 24(1) OF THE NIA ACT VIS-A-VIS HIGH COURT'S POWER UNDER SECTION 439 Code of Criminal Procedure. 42. The question, which is, now, necessary to consider is as to how the provisions, embodied in Sub-section (1) of Section 24 of the NIA Act conferring appellate jurisdiction on the High Court, against orders granting or refusing bail by a Special Court, needs to be understood. In other words, the question is: How this appellate power, contained in Section 24(1), differs from the power, which the High Court, ordinarily, enjoys to grant or cancel bail under Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure? 43. In order to clearly bring out the difference between Section 24(1) of the NIA Act vis-a-vis the provisions of Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure, it is necessary to bear in mind the power of the High Court to grant or cancel bail under Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure vis-a-vis a Magistrate's power to grant bail under Section 437 Code of Criminal Procedure. For better understanding of the matter, we may point out that Sub-section (1) of Section 437 Code of Criminal Procedure reads as under: 437. When bail may be taken in case of non-bailable offence. - (1). When any person accused of, or suspected of, the commission of any non-bailable offence is arrested or detained without warrant by an officer in charge of a police station or appears or is brought before a Court other than the High Court or Court of Sessions, he may be released on bail, but - (i) such person shall not be so released if there appear reasonable grounds for believing that he has been guilty of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life; (ii) such person shall not be so released if such offence is a cognizable offence and he had been previously convicted of an offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment for seven years or more, of he had been previously convicted on two or more occasions of a cognizable offence punishable with imprisonment for three years or more but not less than seven years: Provided that the Court may direct that a person referred to in Clause (i) or Clause (ii) be released on bail if such person is under the age of sixteen years or is a woman or is sick or infirm: Provided further that the Court may also direct that a person referred to in Clause (ii) be released on bail if it is satisfied that it is just and proper so to do for any other special reason. Provided also that the mere fact that an accused person may be required for being identified by witnesses during investigation shall not be sufficient ground for refusing to grant bail if he is otherwise entitled to be released on bail and gives an undertaking that he shall comply with such directions as may be given by the Court: Provided also that no person shall, if the offence alleged to have been committed by him is punishable with death, imprisonment for life, or imprisonment for seven years or more, be released on bail by the Court under this Sub-section without giving an opportunity of hearing to the Public Prosecutor. 44. 44. A careful reading of Section 437(1) Code of Criminal Procedure shows that though a Magistrate may allow an accused, who is in custody, to go on bail even in a non-bailable case, such a person shall not be released if there appear reasonable grounds for believing that he has been guilty of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life. Thus, Section 437(1) imposes limitation on the Magistrate's power to grant bail to a person accused of, or suspected of the commission of, an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life if there appear reasonable grounds for believing that he has been so guilty. 45. What is, however, extremely important to note is that the legislature, while imposing limitation by Section 437(1) on the powers of the Magistrate, has expressly excluded from the purview of this limitation the Court of Session and the High Court. Having excluded from the embargo of the limitation, which Section 437(1) imposes on a Magistrate's power to grant bail. Section 439(1) Code of Criminal Procedure confers special powers on the High Court and the Court of Session to grant bail even when there are reasonable grounds for believing that he has been guilty of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life. In other words, unlike the limitations, which Section 437(1) imposes on the Magistrate's power to grant bail, there is no limitation imposed under Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure against granting of bail by the High Court or the Court of Session to a person accused of having committed an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life. Though, ordinarily, it would be legitimately expected that the accused would apply for bail to the Court of Session or the High Court if bail has been rejected by a Magistrate, there is no limitation imposed by Section 439(1) on the power of the Court of Session or the High Court to entertain an bail application by an accused, when he is arrested, without such application for bail having been moved before, and rejected by, the jurisdictional Magistrate. Unfettered though the power to grant bail under Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure may be, the fact remains that even the High Court, while exercising power to grant bail under Section 439(1) Code of Criminal Procedure, cannot overlook the overriding considerations, which govern grant of bail, in a non-bailable case, such as, the position and the status of the accused with reference to the victim and the witnesses; the likelihood of the accused fleeing from justice; of repeating the offence; of jeopardizing his own life being faced with a grim prospect of possible conviction in the case; of tampering with witnesses; the history of the case as well as of its investigation and other relevant grounds, which cannot be exhaustively set out. This aspect of law clearly surfaces on a careful reading of the following observations made in Gurcharan Singh (supra): 18. ... With regard to the first category, Section 437(1) Code of Criminal Procedure imposes a bar to grant of bail by the Court or the officer-in-charge of a police station to a person accused of or suspected of the commission of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, if there appear reasonable grounds for believing that he has been so guilty .... On the other hand, if to either the officer-in-charge of the police station or to the Court, there appear to be reasonable grounds to believe that the accused has been guilty of such an offence, there will be no question of the Court or the officer granting bail to him. X X X 21. Section 437 Code of Criminal Procedure is concerned only with the Court of Magistrate. It expressly excludes the High Command the Court of Session. 22. ... Unless exceptional circumstances are brought to the notice of the Court, which may defeat proper investigation and a fair trial, the Court will not decline to grant bail to a person, who is not accused of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life. It expressly excludes the High Command the Court of Session. 22. ... Unless exceptional circumstances are brought to the notice of the Court, which may defeat proper investigation and a fair trial, the Court will not decline to grant bail to a person, who is not accused of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life. It is also clear that when an accused is brought before the Court of a Magistrate with the allegation against him of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, he has, ordinarily, no option in the matter, but to refuse bail subject, however, to the first proviso to Section 437(1) Code of Criminal Procedure and in a case, where the Magistrate entertains a reasonable belief on the materials that the accused has not been guilty of such an offence. This will, however, be an extraordinary occasion since there will be some materials at the stage of initial arrest, for the accusation or for strong suspicion of commission by the person of such an offence. X X X 24. Section 439(1) Code of Criminal Procedure of the new Code, on the other hand, confers special powers on the High Court or the Court of Session in respect of bail. Unlike under Section 437(1), there is no ban imposed under Section 439(1) Code of Criminal Procedure against granting of bail by the High Court or the Court of Session to persons accused of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life. It is, however, legitimate to suppose that the High Court or the Court of Session will be approached by an accused only after he has failed before the Magistrate and after the investigation has progressed throwing light on the evidence and circumstances implicating the accused. Even so, the High Court or the Court of Session will have to exercise its judicial discretion in considering the question of granting of bail under Section 439(1) Code of Criminal Procedure of the new Code. Even so, the High Court or the Court of Session will have to exercise its judicial discretion in considering the question of granting of bail under Section 439(1) Code of Criminal Procedure of the new Code. The overriding considerations in granting bail to which we adverted to earlier and which are common both in the case of Section 437(1) and Section 439(1) Code of Criminal Procedure of the new Code are the nature and gravity of the circumstances in which the offence is committed; the position and the status of the accused with reference to the victim and the witnesses; the likelihood, of the accused fleeing from justice; of repeating the offence; of jeopardising his own life being faced with a grim prospect of possible conviction in the case; of tampering with witnesses; the history of the case as well as of its investigation and other relevant grounds which, in view of so many valuable factors, cannot be exhaustively set out. (Emphasis is added) 46. From the observations, made, particularly, at para 24 in Gurcharan Singh (supra), it becomes clear that unlike the ban, which Section 437(1) imposes on the Magistrate's power to grant bail in a case, where there appear reasonable grounds for believing that the accused has been guilty of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, there is no such limitation imposed on the powers of the High Court under Section 439(1) against granting of bail even in a case, where a person is accused of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, though such an application for bail would be, ordinarily, made after the accused has failed to obtain bail from the Magistrate. This shows that, ordinarily, there is no bar for an accused to apply for bail directly to the High Court by invoking the High Court's jurisdiction under Section 439(1) Code of Criminal Procedure without moving for bail to the Magistrate. Similarly, an aggrieved person may apply for cancellation of bail by invoking the High Court's jurisdiction under Section 439(2) Code of Criminal Procedure. Once, however, the provisions for appeal is made against an order granting or refusing bail, the recourse to Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure cannot be had for the purpose of either obtaining bail or to get the bail, already granted, cancelled. 47. As indicated by this Court, in Redaul Hussain Khan and Ors. Once, however, the provisions for appeal is made against an order granting or refusing bail, the recourse to Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure cannot be had for the purpose of either obtaining bail or to get the bail, already granted, cancelled. 47. As indicated by this Court, in Redaul Hussain Khan and Ors. v. State of Assam and Ors. reported in 2009 (3) GLT 855, the Supreme Court, referring to its earlier decisions in State v. Capt. Jagjit Singh: AIR 1962 SC 252 and Gurcharan Singh v. State (Delhi Admn.) reported in (1978) 1 SCC 118 , in State of Gujarat v. Salimbhai Abdulgaffar Shaikh reported in (2003) 8 SCC 50 , observed: 9. The considerations which normally weigh with the court in granting bail in non-bailable offences have been explained by this Court in State v. Capt. Jagjit Singh and Gurcharan Singh v. State (Delhi Admn.) and basically they are - the nature and seriousness of the offence; the character of the evidence; circumstances which are peculiar to the accused; a reasonable possibility of the presence of the accused not being secured at the trial; reasonable apprehension of witnesses being tampered with; the larger interest of the public or the State and other similar factors which may be relevant in the facts and circumstances of the case. While hearing an application for cancellation of bail under Sub-section (2) of Section 439 of the Code, the courts generally do not examine the merits of the order granting bail. What is normally relevant to be examined in such a proceeding is whether the accused is trying to tamper with the evidence subsequent to his release on bail or has threatened the witnesses or has committed any other offence while on bail or is trying to adopt dilatory tactics resulting in delay of trial or has absconded or that the offence committed by him has created serious law and order problem. The court has to see as to whether the accused has misused the privilege of bail granted to him. Only in exceptional cases where the order granting bail is vitiated by any serious infirmity and in the interest of justice it becomes necessary to interfere with the discretion exercised in granting bail that the order would be interfered with on merits. 48. Only in exceptional cases where the order granting bail is vitiated by any serious infirmity and in the interest of justice it becomes necessary to interfere with the discretion exercised in granting bail that the order would be interfered with on merits. 48. The scheme of the NIA Act, if analysed carefully, shows that accused has to apply for bail, if he so chooses, to the Special Court and if bail is refused by the Special Court, then and then only, the accused may prefer an appeal to the High Court in terms of Section 24(1) against an order refusing to grant bail. In other words, without having applied for bail and the prayer for bail having been disallowed by the Special Court, a person, who is accused of having committed a scheduled offence covered by the scheme of the NIA Act, cannot directly apply for bail to the High Court under Section 439(1) or Section 24(1) of the NIA Act. Similarly, if the Special Court grants bail, the State may prefer an appeal to the High Court, in terms of Section 24(1), seeking cancellation of such bail. Hence, without applying for bail to the Special Court, an accused, who is arrested, cannot apply for bail to the High Court by taking recourse to Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure. 49. An order refusing or granting bail, in a case under the Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act, 1987 too, was an appealable order under Section 34 thereof. Explaining the power of the High Court, while considering an appeal from an order granting bail and how it differs from an application for bail under Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure, the Apex Court, in State of Gujarat v. Salimbhai Abdulgaffar Shaikh and Ors. reported in (2003) 8 SCC 50 , observed as under: 10. Sub-section (4) of Section 34 of POTA provides for an appeal to the High Court against an order of the Special Court granting or refusing bail. Though the word "appeal" is used both in the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Code of Civil Procedure and in many other statutes but it has not been defined anywhere. Sub-section (4) of Section 34 of POTA provides for an appeal to the High Court against an order of the Special Court granting or refusing bail. Though the word "appeal" is used both in the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Code of Civil Procedure and in many other statutes but it has not been defined anywhere. Over a period of time, it has acquired a definite connotation and meaning which is as under: A proceeding undertaken to have a decision reconsidered by bringing it to a higher authority, especially the submission of a lower court's decision to a higher court for review and possible reversal. An appeal, strictly so-called, is one in which the question is, whether the order of the court from which the appeal is brought was right on the material which the court had before it. An appeal is removal of the cause from an inferior to one of superior jurisdiction for the purposes of obtaining a review or retrial. An appeal, generally speaking, is a rehearing by a superior court on both law and fact. 11. Broadly speaking, therefore, an appeal is a proceeding taken to rectify an erroneous decision of a court by submitting the question to a higher court, and in view of the express language used in Sub-section (1) of Section 34 of POTA the appeal would lie both on facts and on law. Therefore even an order granting bail can be examined on merits by the High Court without any kind of fetters on its powers and it can come to an independent conclusion whether the accused deserves to be released on bail on the merits of the case. The considerations which are generally relevant in the matter of cancellation of bail under Sub-section (2) of Section 439 of the Code will not come in the way of the High Court in setting aside an order of the Special Court granting bail. It is, therefore, evident that the provisions of POTA are in clear contradistinction with that of the Code of Criminal Procedure where no appeal is provided against an order granting bail. The appeal can lie only against an order of the Special Court and unless there is an order of the Special Court refusing bail, the accused will have no right to file an appeal before the High Court praying for grant of bail to them. The appeal can lie only against an order of the Special Court and unless there is an order of the Special Court refusing bail, the accused will have no right to file an appeal before the High Court praying for grant of bail to them. Existence of an order of the Special Court is, therefore, a sine qua non for approaching the High Court. 50. Referring to the above observations, made in Salimbhai Abdulgaffar Shaikh (supra), this Court, in Redaul Hussain Khan (supra), held as under: 98. In the light of the observations made above, it becomes clear that an appeal is a proceeding to rectify an erroneous decision of a Court both on facts as well as on law. An order, granting or refusing bail, could have been, in the light of the provisions of Section 34(4), examined on merit by the High Court without any other fetters and while considering a question of cancellation of bail the general principles, governing Section 439(2) of the Code, would not come in the way. The Apex Court, in Salimbhai Abdulgaffar Shaikh (supra), while laying down that the scheme for appeal, under the POTA, is in contradistinction to that of the Code, pointed out that an appeal can lie only against an order of the Special Court and unless there is an order of the Special Court refusing or granting bail, the accused cannot prefer appeal to the High Court seeking bail. What, further, follows from the above discussion is that even a High court could not have invoked its power, under the Section 439, to grant bail to a person, accused of an offence under the POTA. Consequently, in order to obtain release on bail, an accused person, arrested under the POTA, was required to, first, apply for bail to the Special court, where the Special Court was constituted, or to die Court of Session, where the Special Court was not constituted, and, if his application for bail was rejected, then and then only he could have preferred an appeal against the order refusing bail. Similarly, even the State could have preferred an appeal if the Special Court or the Court of Session, as the case may be, happened to grant bail to such an accused person in exercise of powers under Section 437 of the Code. 99. Similarly, even the State could have preferred an appeal if the Special Court or the Court of Session, as the case may be, happened to grant bail to such an accused person in exercise of powers under Section 437 of the Code. 99. Though it was contended, in Salimbhai Abdulgaffar Shaikh (supra), that TADA had not taken away the High Court's power under Section 439, the Supreme Court, referring to Usmanbhai Dawoodbhai Memon (supra), held that there was complete exclusion of the jurisdiction of the High Court, under the TADA, to entertain a bail application made under Section 439and that this view was reiterated in State of Punjab v. Kewal Singh, reported in 1990 Supp SCC 147. The Apex Court concluded, at para 14, in Salimbhai Abdulgaffar Shaikh (supra), thus: 14. That apart, if the argument of the learned Counsel for the Respondents is accepted, it would mean that a person whose bail under POTA has been rejected by the Special Court will have two remedies and he can avail any one of them at his sweet will. He may move a bail application before the High Court under Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure in the original or concurrent jurisdiction, which may be heard by a Single Judge or may prefer an appeal under Sub-section (4) of Section 34 of POTA which would be heard by a Bench of two Judges. To interpret a statutory provision in such a manner that a court can exercise both appellate and original jurisdiction in respect of the same matter will lead to an incongruous situation. The contention is therefore fallacious. 51. We, therefore, in the light of the discussions held by this Court, in Redaul Hussain Khan and Ors. v. State of Assam and Ors. reported in 2009 (3) GLT 855, agree with the views expressed therein that once the investigation, under the scheme of the NIA Act, is taken over by the Agency, it is the Special Court, which can authorize further detention of an arrested accused. When such an arrested accused applies for bail to the Special Court, the source of power to consider such an application for bail lies in Section 437 and not Section 439 of the Code. When such an arrested accused applies for bail to the Special Court, the source of power to consider such an application for bail lies in Section 437 and not Section 439 of the Code. Even a High Court cannot invoke its powers, under Section 439, to grant bail if it has been refused by the Special Court nor can the High Court, by resorting to its power under Section 439, cancel bail if bail has been granted to such an accused by the Special Court. If the bail has been refused or granted by the Special Court, the aggrieved party may, however, prefer an appeal, in terms of Section 21(4), to the High Court. Such an appeal has to be heard by a Division Bench of the High Court and in such an appeal, the merit of the order, granting or refusing bail, can be questioned. 52. In the case of Redaul Hussain (supra), this Court has pointed out, on analyzing the scheme of the NIA Act, at Para 42, concluded as follows: 42. On a close reading of Section 16 of the NIA Act, what becomes clear is that notwithstanding the fact that, according to Section 16(3) of the NIA Act, a Special Court, for the purpose of trial of a scheduled offence, has all the powers of a Court of Session and shall try such offence 'as if it were a Court of Session', the Special Court does not become a Court of Session inasmuch as it is only the power of trial of a Court of Session that the Special Court, by virtue of Section 16(3), entitled to exercise. In other words, the expression, 'as if it were a Court of Session', which occur in Section 16(3), really reflects that it is only the procedure for trial of a Sessions case, which a Special Court can follow; but it is, otherwise, not a Court of Session. In other words, the expression, 'as if it were a Court of Session', which occur in Section 16(3), really reflects that it is only the procedure for trial of a Sessions case, which a Special Court can follow; but it is, otherwise, not a Court of Session. 43.1 may pause here to point out that Section 16(3) of the NIA Act states, "Subject to the other provisions of this Act, a Special Court shall, for the purpose of trial of any offence, have all the powers of a Court of Session and shall try such offence as if it were a Court of Session so far as may be in accordance with the procedure prescribed in the Code for the trial before a Court of Session." Similar provisions existed in Section 14(3) of TADA. Both the provisions were, thus, pari materia. The Supreme Court had the occasion to interpret Section 14(3) in Usmanbhai Dawoodbhai Memon (supra). Referring to the expression 'as if it were', appearing in Section 3 of the TADA, the Supreme Court pointed out, in Usmanbhai Dawoodbhai Memon (supra), that though the Parliament has vested, by using the words 'as if it were', in the Designated Court, the status of a Court of Session, yet this legal fiction, contained in Section 14(3), must be restricted to the procedure to be followed for trial of an offence under the TADA, i.e., trial must be in accordance with the procedure prescribed, by the Code, in respect of a trial before a Court of Session in so far as it is applicable. The relevant observations, made in this regard, which appear at para 18, read as under: 18. No doubt, the legislature by the use of the words "as if it were" in Section 14(3) of the Act vested a Designated Court with the status of a Court of Session. But, as contended for by Learned Counsel for the State Government, the legal fiction contained therein must be restricted to the procedure to be followed for the trial of an offence under the Act i.e. such trial must be in accordance with the procedure prescribed under the Code of the trial before a Court of Session, insofar as applicable. 44. But, as contended for by Learned Counsel for the State Government, the legal fiction contained therein must be restricted to the procedure to be followed for the trial of an offence under the Act i.e. such trial must be in accordance with the procedure prescribed under the Code of the trial before a Court of Session, insofar as applicable. 44. The above impression gets strengthened from the fact that Section 16(1) provides that a Special Court may take cognizance of offence, without the accused being committed to it for trial, which, in turn, implies that a Special Court takes cognizance of an offence as a Court of original jurisdiction and does not have the trappings of a Court of Session, which cannot, ordinarily, take, in the light of Section 193 of the Code, cognizance of an offence, unless the case, in terms of Section 209 of the Code, is committed to it, for, Section 193 states that a Court of Session cannot take cognizance of an offence as a Court of original jurisdiction except when the Code or the special law provides otherwise. Thus, a Court of Session could not have taken cognizance of an offence, under the NIA Act, without the case having been committed to it; but, as the NIA Act provides for taking cognizance of an offence by a Court of Session, without the case being committed to it, the Court of Session can take cognizance of offence, under the NIA Act, as the Court of original jurisdiction. Such a deviation is possible even in respect of a specified offence under the Indian Penal Code. For instance, Sub-section (2) of Section 199 of the Code provides that when an offence, falling under Chapter XXI of the IPC, is alleged to have committed against a person, who, at the time of such commission, is the President of India, Vice-President of India, Governor of a State, the Administrator of a Union territory or a minister of the Union or of a State or of a Union territory, or any other public servant employed in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State in respect of his conduct in the discharge of his functions, a Court of Session may take cognizance of such an offence, without the case being committed to it, upon a complaint, in writing, made by the Public Prosecutor. 53. 53. This Court, in Redaul Hussain Khan (supra), also pointed out, at para 65, 66 and 74, as under: 65. It is also well to remember that merely because of the fact that a Court of Session can function as a Special Court if Special Court is not constituted under a special law, it does not follow that the Court of Session, which exercises the powers of the Special Court, would become a Court of Session. In the given scheme of a 'special law', a Court of Session, as already pointed out in AR Antulay (supra), may become a Court of original jurisdiction with no trappings of the Court of Session. In such circumstances, merely because of the fact that a Sessions Judge exercises the jurisdiction of a Special Court, the Special Court would not be treated, or would not be deemed, to have become, a Court of Session. When the Special Court, in the case at hand, falls within the expression, 'a Court other than the High Court or the Court of Session', which appears in Section 437(1), it logically follows that a Special Court would run all the limitations, which are imposed by Section 437 on the powers of a Court, covered by Section 437, in respect of granting of bail. Logically extended, this will mean that, amongst other limitations, as specified by Sub-section (1) of Section 437, a Special Court would not be able to release a person on bail if there appears a reasonable ground for believing that he has been guilty of offences punishable with death or imprisonment for life except when a case is covered by the proviso to Section 437(1), which says that even such an accused person may be released, if the accused person is a woman or is sick or is infirm or if, for any other special reason, the Special Court considers it just and proper to release such a person. 66. Unlike, therefore, the powers, which a Court of Session enjoys, while considering a bail application, under Section 439, the Special Court runs the limitations, which are imposed by Section 437. Resultantly, therefore, a Special Court cannot enlarge a person on bail except to the extent as provided in Section 437. 66. Unlike, therefore, the powers, which a Court of Session enjoys, while considering a bail application, under Section 439, the Special Court runs the limitations, which are imposed by Section 437. Resultantly, therefore, a Special Court cannot enlarge a person on bail except to the extent as provided in Section 437. Apart from the limitations imposed on the powers of a Special Court as are prescribed by Section 437, even the special statute, which creates the Special Court, can impose additional limitations. No wonder, therefore, that the power to grant bail, in the case of NDPS, is much more restricted than what Section 437 provides inasmuch as Section37 of the NDPS imposes further limitations, on the Special Court, in matters of granting bail and such limitations would apply to a Sessions Judge even if he acts as a Special Court under the NDPS Act, for, while exercising the powers of a Special Court, the Session Judge does not act or function as a Court of Session, but as a Court of ordinary criminal jurisdiction. * * * * * * * * * 74. Having held that the source of power of a Designated Court, under the TADA, to grant bail is traceable to Section 437 inasmuch as the Designated Court falls within the expression 'a Court other than the High Court or Court of Session', the Apex Court further clarified that the Designated Court's power to grant bail is not contained in Section 20(8); rather, Section 20(8) places only limitations on such power in addition to the limitations, which the Code has already imposed, on a Designated Court, by making it a Court within the ambit of Section 437. This was made explicit by Section 20(9), which provided that the limitations on the granting of bail, specified in Sub-section (8), are in addition to the limitations under the Code or any other law for the time being in force. 54. This was made explicit by Section 20(9), which provided that the limitations on the granting of bail, specified in Sub-section (8), are in addition to the limitations under the Code or any other law for the time being in force. 54. Apart from the fact that the conclusions on the questions of law indicated above, reached in the case of Redaul Hussain (supra), are not disagreed in this appeal, we are, on a reconsideration of the whole scheme of the NIA Act read with the provisions for bail in the Code of Criminal Procedure, agree with the view that the above proposition of law, governing the powers of the Special Court, as regards the granting of bail, or refusal to grant bail, is wholly correct. 55. Agreeing, thus, with the position of law as mentioned above, let us, now, determine as to what limitations the Special Court ran, in the present case, in the matter of granting of bail to the accused-Respondent. While considering this aspect of the bail, it needs to be noted that the Respondent herein is an accused of having committed offences under Sections 120B/121/121A IPC read with Sections 25(1B)(a) of the Arms Act and Sections 17/18/19 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967. As already pointed out above, the UA(P) Act, 1967, has undergone several amendments by the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2008. By these amendments Sections 43A, 43B, 43C, 43D, 43E and 43F have been added under Chapter VII. Sub-section (1) of Section 43D, makes every offence, punishable under the UA(P) Act, 1967, a 'cognizable offence'. Sub-section (2) of Section 43D clarifies that the references to "fifteen days", "ninety days" and "sixty days", whenever they occur, shall be construed as references to "thirty days", "ninety days" and "ninety days" respectively. Sub-section (1) of Section 43D, makes every offence, punishable under the UA(P) Act, 1967, a 'cognizable offence'. Sub-section (2) of Section 43D clarifies that the references to "fifteen days", "ninety days" and "sixty days", whenever they occur, shall be construed as references to "thirty days", "ninety days" and "ninety days" respectively. Sub-section (5) of Section 43D, which is of utmost importance, reads as under: (5) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code, no person accused of an offence punishable under Chapter IV and VI of this Act shall, if in custody, be released on bail or on his own bond unless the Public Prosecutor has been given an opportunity of being heard on the application for such release: Provided that such accused person shall not be released on bail or on his own bond if the Court, on a perusal of the case diary or the report made under Section 173 of the Code is of the opinion that there are reasonable grounds for believing that the accusation against such person is prima facie true. (Emphasis is added). 56. A bare reading of Sub-section (5) of Section 43D shows that apart from the fact that Sub-section (5) bars a Special Court from releasing an accused on bail without affording the Public Prosecutor an opportunity of being heard on the application seeking release of an accused on bail, the proviso to Sub-section (5) of Section 43D puts a complete embargo on the powers of the Special Court to release an accused on bail by laying down mat if the Court, on perusal of the case diary or the report made under Section 173 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, is of the opinion that there are reasonable grounds for believing that the accusation, against such person, as regards commission of offence or offences under Chapter IV and/or Chapter VI of the UA(P) Act is prima facie true, such accused person shall not be released on bail or on his own bond. 57. Thus, if the Special Court, on perusal of the case diary, forms an opinion that there are reasonable grounds for believing that the accusation, against an accused person, of the commission of offences or offences under Chapter IV and/or Chapter VI is prima facie true, it will not remain within the powers of the Court to grant bail in such a case. This position is further made clear by Sub-section (6) of Section 43D, which lays down that the restrictions, on granting of bail specified in Sub-section (5), are in addition to the restrictions under the Code of Criminal Procedure or any other law for the time being in force on grating of bail. The logical conclusion would, therefore, be that in a case, investigated by the agency, if the Special Court forms an opinion that there are reasonable grounds for believing that the accused has committed an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, the Special Court would have no jurisdiction to grant bail to such an accused except as may be provided by law. 58. In the backdrop of Clause (i) and (ii) of Section 437(1) Code of Criminal Procedure, when one reverts to Section 43D(5), what surfaces is that the proviso to Sub-section (5) of Section 43D, (which lays down that notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, no person accused of an offence, punishable under Chapter IV and VI of the NIA Act shall, if in custody, be released on bail or on his own bond if the Court, on a perusal of the case diary or the report made under Section 173 Code of Criminal Procedure is of the opinion that there are reasonable grounds for believing that the accusation against such person is prima facie true), can be treated to be, and can be read, by legal fiction, as Clause (iii) of Section 437(1). 59. Analyzing the scheme of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (in short, 'NDPS Act'), which imposes limitations on the Court's power to release an accused on bail, J.S. Verma, J (as his Lordship then was), pointed out, in the case of Union of India v. Thamisharasi and Ors. reported in (1995) 4 SCC 190 , at Para 12 and 13, as under: The limitation on the power to release on bail in Section 437 Code of Criminal Procedure is in/the nature of a restriction on the power, if reasonable grounds exist for the belief that the accused is guilty. reported in (1995) 4 SCC 190 , at Para 12 and 13, as under: The limitation on the power to release on bail in Section 437 Code of Criminal Procedure is in/the nature of a restriction on the power, if reasonable grounds exist for the belief that the accused is guilty. On the other hand, the limitation on, this power in Section 37 of the NDPS Act is in the nature of a condition precedent for the exercise of that power, so that, the accused shall not be released on bail unless the Court is satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to believe that he is not guilty. Under Section437 Code of Criminal Procedure it is for the prosecution to show the existence of reasonable grounds to support the belief in the guilt of the accused to attract the restriction on the power to grant bail; but under Section 37 NDPS Act it is the accused who must show the existence of grounds for the belief that he is not guilty, to satisfy the condition precedent and lift the embargo on the power to grant bail. This appears to be the distinction between the two provisions, which makes Section 37 of the NDPS Act more stringent. 13. Accordingly, provision in Section 37 to the extent it is inconsistent with Section 437 of the Code of Criminal Procedure supersedes the corresponding provision in the Code and imposes limitations on granting of bail in addition to the limitations under the Code of Criminal Procedure as expressly provided in Sub-section (2) of Section 37. These limitations on granting of bail specified in Sub-section (1) of Section 37 are in addition to the limitations under Section 437 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and were enacted only for this purpose; and they do not have the effect of excluding the applicability of the proviso to Sub-section (2) of Section 167 Code of Criminal Procedure which operates in a different field relating to the total period of custody of the accused permissible during investigation. 60. 60. From what has been concluded, in Para 13, in Thamisharasi's case (supra), it becomes clear that the limitation, imposed by Section 37 of the NDPS Act, would, to the extent that it is inconsistent with the provisions of Section 437 Code of Criminal Procedure, prevail upon the corresponding provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure and the limitation, so imposed on granting bail, would be in addition to the limitation, which the Code of Criminal Procedure already places. Thus, the limitation, imposed by the proviso to Section 43D(5), shall, to the extent that it is inconsistent with Section 437, would supersede Section 437 and if it is not inconsistent, then, it would be in addition to the limitations imposed by Section 437. 61. The proviso to Section 43D(5) imposes a limitation in addition to the limitations, which Clauses (i) and (ii) of Section 437(1) impose on the Court's power to release an accused on bail. Thus, the proviso to Section 43D(5) is an additional restriction on the Court's power to grant bail. 62. We have, thus, settled that when a case is registered and investigated, under the NIA Act, for commission of scheduled offences, the Special Court would be competent to deal with not only the scheduled offences, but also other offences under any law for the time being in force. Such a law would obviously include offences under the Indian Penal Code. We have also settled that the powers of the Special Court, constituted under the NIA Act, to grant bail is covered by, and shall remain confined, within the ambits of Section 437 Code of Criminal Procedure and, as an appellate Court, the High Court's power, under Section 24(1) of the NIA Act, would be coextensive with the powers of the Special Court. We have further settled that the ban, imposed on the power of the Court to release an accused, if a case falls within the proviso to Section 43D(5), is in addition to the limitations imposed on the powers of Special Court (same as magisterial courts) by Clauses (i) and (ii) of Section 437(1). CONCEPT OF PROVISO TO SECTION 43D(5) 63. Before proceeding further, it is also, to our mind, necessary to ascertain as to what the scope of the proviso to Section 43D(5) is and when would this proviso be attracted. CONCEPT OF PROVISO TO SECTION 43D(5) 63. Before proceeding further, it is also, to our mind, necessary to ascertain as to what the scope of the proviso to Section 43D(5) is and when would this proviso be attracted. While dealing with this aspect of the appeal, it is necessary to bear in mind that the proviso to Section 43D(5) states that such accused person shall not be released on bail or on his own bond if the Court, on a perusal of the case diary or the report made under Section 173 of the Code, is of the opinion that there are reasonable grounds for believing that the accusation against such person is prima facie true. The expression, 'prima facie true' is an expression, which does not, ordinarily, appear in penal statutes. 64. Let us, therefore, ascertain as to what the word 'prima facie' means. The word, prima facie, has been described in the Black's Law Dictionary as: "sufficient to establish fact or raise a presumption unless disproved or rebutted". Rebuttable presumption means an inference drawn from certain facts that establish a prima facie case, which may be overcome by the introduction of contrary evidence. Rebuttable resumption also means prima facie presumption or disputable presumption or conditional presumption. 65. The Concise Dictionary of Collins has defined, prima facie, as an adjective thus: "At first sight; as it seems at first." And prima facie evidence as an evidence that is sufficient to establish a fact or to raise a presumption of the truth unless controverted. 66. Wharton s Law Lexicon defines that a prima facie case does not mean a case proved to the hilt, but a case, which can be said to be established if the evidence, which is led in support of the same, are believed. 67. The Supreme Court, in Martin Burn Ltd v. R.N. Banerjee 1958 SCR 514 at p. 530 ( AIR 1958 SC 79 at p. 85), observed thus: ...A prima facie case does not mean a case proved to the hilt but a case, which can be said to be established if the evidence, which is led in support of the same, were believed. While determining whether a prima facie case had been made out, the relevant consideration is whether on the evidence led it was possible to arrive at the conclusion, in question, and not whether that was the only conclusion, which could be arrived at on that evidence. 68. The meaning of the word, 'prima facie', given in Marlin Burn Ltd. (supra), has been followed by the Supreme Court, in its later decision, in The Management of the Bangalore Woollen Cotton and Silk Mills Co. Ltd. v. B. Dasappa, M. T. represented by the Binny Mills Labour Association reported in AIR 1960 SC 1352 . 69. From the meaning, attributed to the word, 'prima facie', by various dictionaries, as indicated above, and the observations, made by the Supreme Court, in its decisions, in The Management of the Bangalore Woollen Cotton and Silk Mills (supra), what clearly follows is that prima facie is a Latin word, which means, 'At first sight or glance or on its face' and, in common law, it is referred to as 'the first piece of evidence of fact', i.e., considered true unless revoked or contradicted. 70. In the face of the above observations made by the Supreme Court, it may be construed that prima facie case would mean whether the inference drawn is a possible inference or not. 71. The word, 'true', according to Collins Dictionary, means something, which is not false, fictional or illusory, but factual and confirming with reality or exactly. In tune. Webster s Third New International Dictionary defines True as: "Something, which is in accordance with fact or reality". 72. The word, 'true' has been defined, in World Book Dictionary, as "Agreeing with fact, not false". 73. Thus, the expression, 'prima facie true', would mean that the court shall undertake an exercise to determine as to whether the accusations, made against the accused, are inherently improbable and/or wholly unbelievable. Ordinarily, while considering a complaint, made against an accused, the court assumes the contents of the complaint to be true and correct and, then, proceed to decide as to whether the allegations, made in the complaint, make out a case of commission of offence by the accused or not. No exercise is required to be undertaken by the court to determine the truthfulness or veracity of the accusations. No exercise is required to be undertaken by the court to determine the truthfulness or veracity of the accusations. However, when the word, 'prima facie', is coupled with the word, 'true', it implies that the court has to undertake an exercise of cross-checking the truthfulness of the allegations, made in the complaint, on the basis of the materials on record. If the court finds, on such analysis, that the accusations made are inherently improbable, or wholly unbelievable, it may be difficult to say that a case, which is prima facie true, has been made out. 74. The term 'true' would mean a proposition that the accusation brought against the accused person, on the face of the materials collected during investigation, is not false. The term false again would mean a proposition, the existence of which cannot be a reality. While arriving at a finding whether there are reasonable grounds for believing that the accusation against the accused is prima facie true or false, the Court can only look into the materials collected during investigation, and on its bare perusal should come to a finding that the accusation is inherently improbable, however, while so arriving at a finding the Court does not have the liberty to come to a conclusion which may virtually amount to an acquittal of the accused. 75. In the case of State of Gujarat v. Gadhvi Rambhai Nathabai reported in (1994) 5 SCC 111 , the Supreme Court while dealing with the principles governing the granting of bail under the TADA, observed: 8. It is true that for the purpose of grant of bail, the framers of the Act require the Designated Court to be satisfied that there were reasonable grounds for believing that the accused concerned was not guilty of such offence but this power cannot be exercised for grant of bail in a manner which amounts virtually to an order of acquittal, giving benefit of doubt to the accused person after weighing the evidence collected during the investigation or produced before the court. At that stage the Designated Court is expected to apply its mind as to whether accepting the allegations made on behalf of the prosecution on their face, there are reasonable grounds for believing that the accused concerned was not guilty of the offence. At that stage the Designated Court is not required to weigh the material collected during the investigation. 76. At that stage the Designated Court is not required to weigh the material collected during the investigation. 76. In short, thus, on a bare reading of the materials, as may have been collected during investigation, if the Special Court finds that the materials, so collected, are sufficient to form, when assumed to be true, an opinion that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the accusations, made against the accused, are prima facie true, the Special Court will be disempowered from releasing the accused on bail. At the stage of bail, no minute scrutiny or microscopic dissection of the materials, collected during investigation, shall be undertaken by the Special Court. Credibility or otherwise of the materials collected would not be the subject-matter of scrutiny. What, at best, the Special Court can do, and shall do, is to examine if the accusations made, on the basis of the materials collected, are wholly improbable. When the materials are, on examination by the Special Court, are found to be not wholly improbable and the Special Court finds, on assuming such materials to be true, that the accusations, made against an accused, as regards commission of an offence under Chapter IV and/or Chapter VI of the UA(P) Act, are prima facie true, such materials would be enough to attract the bar imposed by the proviso to Section 43D(5). 77. To put it a little differently, the Special Court is required to examine the materials, collected during investigation, assuming the same to be true and if, such materials, on such examination and consideration, are found to make out a case against the accused, the Special Court has to determine if there is any such thing in the materials, so collected, which would make the case, which has been made out against the accused, as a wholly improbable case. If the Special Court, on undertaking such an exercise, finds reasonable grounds to infer that the case, which has been made out against the accused, is not wholly improbable, the case would be treated as a case, which is sufficient for the Special Court to form an opinion that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the accusations, made against the accused, are prima facie true. 78. The expression, 'reasonable ground', means something more than prima facie ground, which contemplates a substantially probable case for believing that the accused is guilty of the offence (s) alleged. 78. The expression, 'reasonable ground', means something more than prima facie ground, which contemplates a substantially probable case for believing that the accused is guilty of the offence (s) alleged. Under Section 437 Code of Criminal Procedure, an accused is not to be released on bail if there appear reasonable grounds for believing that he has been guilty of an offence, which is punishable with death or imprisonment for life. Under Section 437 Code of Criminal Procedure, the burden is on the prosecution to show existence of reasonable ground for believing that the accused is guilty. Hence, the presumption of innocence, which always runs in favour of the accused, is displaced only on the prosecution showing existence of reasonable ground to believe that the accused is guilty. (See Union of India v. Thamissharasi reported in (1995) 4 SCC 190 , and Union of India v. Shiv Shankar Kesari reported in (2007) 7 SCC 798 ). 79. Coupled with the above, the proviso to Section 43D(5) does not require a positive satisfaction by the court that the case against the accused is true. What is required is a mere formation of opinion by the court on the basis of the materials placed before it. The formation of opinion cannot be irrational or arbitrary. Such formation of opinion cannot be based on surmises and conjectures; but must rest on the materials collected against the accused. Since the presumption of innocence runs in favour of the accused, it logically follows that if there are, in given circumstances, grounds for believing that the case, against the accused, is true, a case of commission of offence under Chapter IV or Chapter VI of the UA(P) Act, 1967, can be said to have been made out and when such a case is made out, it would be tantamount to saying that reasonable grounds exist for opining that me accusations are prima facie true. In such a case, the bar, imposed by the proviso to Section 43D(5) on the court's power to grant bail, gets attracted. 80. We may point out that Section 20(8) of the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987 (hereinafter referred to as 'the TADA Act') (since repealed), laid down that no person, accused of an offence punishable under the said Act, or any rule made thereunder, shall, if in custody, be released on bail, or on his own bond, unless, amongst Ors. We may point out that Section 20(8) of the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987 (hereinafter referred to as 'the TADA Act') (since repealed), laid down that no person, accused of an offence punishable under the said Act, or any rule made thereunder, shall, if in custody, be released on bail, or on his own bond, unless, amongst Ors. , the court is satisfied, where the Public Prosecutor opposes the application, that there are reasonable grounds for believing that he is not guilty of such offence and that he is not likely to commit any offence, while on bail. Section 20(9) of the Act made it clear that the limitation on granting of bail, specified in Sub-section (8) of Section 20, is in addition to the restrictions, which the Code of Criminal Procedure, or any other law, in force, imposes. 81. There are no corresponding provisions, in the NIA Act, as were present in Section 20(8) and Section 20(9) of the TADA Act. Notwithstanding, however, the fact that the provisions (as contained in Sub-section (8)and/or Sub-section (9) of Section 20 of the TADA Act) no longer find place in the NIA Act, the fact remains that even under the scheme of the NIA Act, the Special Court, as already discussed above, is a 'Court' other than the High Court and Court of Session. In such circumstances, the limitations, imposed by Clauses (i) and (ii) of Sub-section (1) of Section 437 Code of Criminal Procedure, are applicable to the Special Court too. In addition thereto, when a case falls within the ambit of the proviso to Section 43D(5), there would be an additional bar, on the part of the Special Court, to release an accused on bail, the bar being that the Special Court shall not release the accused on bail or on his own bond if the Court, on perusal of the case diary or the report made under Section 173 of the Code, is of the opinion that there are 'reasonable grounds' for believing that the accusation against such person is prima facie true. 82. 82. In short, thus, while the Special Court, constituted under the NIA Act, does not suffer from the limitations, which the TADA Courts had by virtue of the provisions of Section 20(8), read with Section 20(9) thereof, the fact remains that the Special Court, not being a Court of Session or of the High Court, cannot exercise the powers of the Court of Session or High Court under Section 439 Code of Criminal Procedure. Hence, while dealing with the scheduled offences, covered by the proviso to Sub-section (5) of Section 43D, Special Court, constituted under the NIA Act, would suffer not only from the limitations imposed by Clauses (i) and (ii) of Sub-section (1) of Section 437, but also by the proviso to Sub-section (5) of Section 43D of the UA(P) Act, 1967, wherever the provisions, contained in the proviso to Section 43D(5), would be applicable. MERIT OF THE APPEALS 83. In the backdrop of the above position of law, let us, now, consider the merit of the present appeals. Before, however, dealing with the present appeals, let us understand as to what the case of the prosecution, in general, is. 84. Broadly speaking, the prosecution's case, in brief, is this: (i) DHD(J) is an unlawful association within the meaning of Section 2(p) of the U A(P) Act, 1967, inasmuch as DHD(J) indulges in unlawful activities as defined in Section 2(o) of the UA(P) Act, 1967, and has been declared as an unlawful association after accused Phojendra Hojai and Babul Kemprai were arrested on 1st of April, 2009, with an amount of Rs. 1 (one) crore, in cash, and some weapons, which gave rise to the present case. Accused Niranjan Hojai (since absconder) is the Commander-in-Chief of DHD(J), who operates from outside India; whereas accused Jewel Garlosa is the Chairman of DHD(J), who, earlier, operated from Nepal, but established, later on, a hideout, at Bangalore, in conspiracy with accused-Appellant, Ashringdaw Warisa @ Partho Warisa, who has, in turn, taken help of, and support from, accused-Appellant, Samir Ahmed. (ii) The ASDC, which is a political organization, came, with the support of DHD(J), to power in NCHAC in alliance with Anr. national party. On coming to power, Dipolal Hojai was elected as the Chief Executive Member (in short, 'CEM') of the NCHAC. (ii) The ASDC, which is a political organization, came, with the support of DHD(J), to power in NCHAC in alliance with Anr. national party. On coming to power, Dipolal Hojai was elected as the Chief Executive Member (in short, 'CEM') of the NCHAC. When, however, Niranjan Hojai found that Dipolal Hojai was not proving to be as useful as was needed and promised, a tele-conference was, in the presence of Dipolal Hojai, held between Niranjan Hojai and those executive members of the NCHAC, who belong to ASDC and their said alliance partners. In this tele-conference, Niranjan Hojai asked Dipolal Hojai to resign from the office of the CEM and elect Mohit Hojai as the CEM of NCHAC. Dipolal Hojai accordingly resigned on the pretext of ill-health and accused Mohit Hojai became the CEM. (iii) Thereafter, Mohit Hojai, an active member of the DHD(J), made full use of his office in helping the activities of DHD(J) in close contact with Niranjan Hojai and their other associates. For the purpose of running the affairs of DHD(J) as an unlawful association and also for carrying out its terrorist acts, fund was needed and this fund was obtained not only by kidnapping, abduction, extortion, murder, etc, but also by dishonest misappropriation of Government funds made available by the State Government to run the administrative affairs of the NCHAC. (iv) For the purpose of facilitating collection of funds for advancing the unlawful activities of the DHD(J) as an unlawful association and for committing terrorist acts, Mohit Hojai got supplies for materials invited and payments made at highly inflated rates to the contractors, such as, the three Appellants, namely, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh alias Dhrubo Ghosh, Debasish Bhattacharjee and Sandip Ghosh, and for the purposes aforesaid, Mohit Hojai also got accused Redaul Hussain Khan (whose bail we have just cancelled), the Deputy Director, Social Welfare Department, appointed as the Liaison Officer of the NCHAC. Instead of using the funds for administration of the said Council, accused Redaul Hussain Khan, in league with Mohit Hojai and some contractors and suppliers, such as, the three Appellants aforementioned, indulged in criminal misappropriation of huge sums of money by raising false bills by either not supplying at all the materials ordered for or by supplying materials less than what had been ordered to be supplied, and, then, under intimidation and threat, such bills were forced to be passed by the concerned officers, money was realized and a substantial amount thereof was siphoned off, through hawala operators, outside India, for the purpose of purchase of arms and ammunitions so as to carry out subversive activities of the DHD(J). In fact, false and fictitious bills were prepared by manipulation of records and such manipulations were done by intimidating and threatening people to sign almost on dotted lines. (v) Three of the present five Appellants, namely, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, Debasish Bhattacharjee and Sandip Ghosh, had been working, in a group, with Mohit Hojai and Redaul Hussain Khan and they, with the help of Mohit Hojai, frightened and forced public servants to issue cheques without supplying materials ordered to be supplied, got cheques issued, encashed the same and helped the money, so received, in being taken out of India by carrying such money to different places for the purpose of helping, inter alia, commission of unlawful activities and terrorist acts of the DHD(J). In carrying the money from one place to Anr., apart from the CEM, Mohit Hojai, and the contractor, Jayanta Ghosh alias Dhruba Ghosh, one of the prominent activist of the DHD(J) is accused Phojendra Hojai, who, along with accused Babul Kemprai, was caught red-handed with the said sum of Rs. 1(one) crore and some weapons, which, eventually, led to the registration of the present case. 85. Thus, the prosecution's case rests substantially on the theory of criminal conspiracy. It deserves to be pointed out that there may not be direct evidence of criminal conspiracy inasmuch as existence of criminal conspiracy can be inferred from circumstantial evidence too if such evidence, direct or indirect, is based on acts or omissions indicating existence of such criminal conspiracy. 85. Thus, the prosecution's case rests substantially on the theory of criminal conspiracy. It deserves to be pointed out that there may not be direct evidence of criminal conspiracy inasmuch as existence of criminal conspiracy can be inferred from circumstantial evidence too if such evidence, direct or indirect, is based on acts or omissions indicating existence of such criminal conspiracy. When the prosecution's case is, to a large extent, based on the theory of criminal conspiracy, these five appeals cannot be considered independent of each other and must, therefore, be considered in the light of the entire materials, which have been collected by the investigating agency. Such materials would, obviously, include not only the acts or omissions of the present five Appellants, but also of their other co-accused persons including Redaul Hussain Khan, Niranjan Hojai (since absconder), Mohit Hojai and other activists of DHD(J). 86. We must, therefore, first, take into account, not only those incriminating materials, which allegedly exist against DHD(J) as an unlawful association, and its terrorist acts, but also those materials, which allegedly exist against accused Niranjan Hojai (since absconder), Jewel Garsola, Chairman, DHD(J), and Mohit Hojai. It may, now, be noted that the prosecution's case, in this regard, as set out in the charge-sheet, reads as under: 17.1 Dima Halim Daogah (DHD) is a splinter group of the former armed insurgent group of Assam called Dimasa National Security Force (DNSF), which had surrendered enmasse in 1995, except for its self-styled Commander-in-Chief Jewel Garlosa. Subsequently said Jewel Garlosa launched the DHD. Its declared objective is to create a separate State of 'Dimaraj' for the Dimasas ('Sons of the Great River') tribe, comprising Dimasa-dominated areas of the North Cachar Hills and Karbi Anglong districts of Assam and parts of Dimapur district of Nagaland. 17.2 Prnab Nunisa, who rose to become the Commander-in-Chief of DHD, and the head of the outfit's armed wing, the Dima National Army, took over the command of DHD by ousting its President accused Jewel Garlosa on charges of anti-DHD activity. DHD, headed by Nunisa, forged a cease-fire with the Government in the year 2003 and surrendered. Jewel Garlosa, however, had gone ahead and formed a separate outfit on 31 March, 2003, which, according to him, was the official DHD. DHD, headed by Nunisa, forged a cease-fire with the Government in the year 2003 and surrendered. Jewel Garlosa, however, had gone ahead and formed a separate outfit on 31 March, 2003, which, according to him, was the official DHD. Militants belonging to Hmar People's Convention - Democrats (HPC-D) abducted 23 Dimasa tribal men from two villages within Sonai Police Station limits in Cachar district after torching about 450 dwellings on 31 March 2003 and later killed all of them. Among those killed, 17 men had families and these 17 widows called themselves Black Widows and vouched to take revenge on the Hmars. DHD (Jewel Garlosa) faction also adopted the name Black Widows and stepped up their acts of violence and terror mainly in Cachar, N.C. Hills and Nagaon districts of Assam. It has also a strong presence in the Dimasa dominated Dhansiri area of Karbi Anglong district. 17.3 DHD(J) is also reported to have linkages with the National Socialist Council of Nagaland - Isac- Muivah (NSCM - IM) and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB), two of the most dreaded militant groups currently active in the North-East. 17.4 The main activity of the DHD (J) after 2006 was to siphon off Government funds through extortion and with the help of elected members of the Council, Contractors and Government servants in order to finance their subversive activities mainly targeted at major infrastructure projects in that area. Two Government projects badly affected by the acts of terror and violence by DHD (J) are the 'East West Corridor Project' and the Broad Gauge Conversion Project between Lumding and Silchar, DHD (J) has also indulged in several attacks on the security forces - notable ones are the ambush on the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) personnel in which seven men were killed and the ambush on the Assam police party in which six men lost their lives. In the past two years, DHD (J) have laid three major ambushes on the security forces besides other killings. The violence levels by the group have increased significantly after 2006. It was revealed in investigation that some of the weapons were obtained from DHD (J). Thus it is evident that the DHD (J) has been indulging in terrorist acts within the meaning of Section 15 of the UA (P) Act, 1967. The violence levels by the group have increased significantly after 2006. It was revealed in investigation that some of the weapons were obtained from DHD (J). Thus it is evident that the DHD (J) has been indulging in terrorist acts within the meaning of Section 15 of the UA (P) Act, 1967. 17.7 It is further revealed that the elections to NCHAC was last held in 2007 and Autonomous State Demand Committee (ASDC) party was elected to power in alliance with the BJP, ASDC and BJP alliance won 21 seats and Independents won 4 seats. ASDC had the tacit support of DHD (J). Shri Dipolal Hojai became the CEM. Dipolal Hojai was not able to fulfill the demands of the DHD(J) regarding supply of funds for procurement of Arms and for carrying out the terror activities which was not liked by the DHD(J) leadership. 17.8 Investigation further disclosed that on 26 November 2008 Niranjan Hojai, A-11 [Commander-in-Chief of DHD(J) called PW Shri Bijoy Sengyung on phone when the latter was at the residence of Shri Dipolal Hojai (the then CEM). Niranjan Hojai A-11 had earlier directed Shri Dipolal Hojai to convene a meeting of all the Executive Members of the Council. Accordingly Shri Dipolal Hojai convened the meeting of the members of the Council at his residence in the evening on 26 November 2008. It was at the meeting that the accused Niranjan Hojai called Executive Member Shri Bijoy Sengyung. Since the speaker phone of Bijoyendra Senguing was not good, he called on the phone of PW Kulendra Daulagupu and went on the address the Executive Members on the speakerphone (of the mobile-phone of Shri Kulendra Daulagupu). He directed Shri Dipolal Hojai to resign from the position as CEM by the very next day. He nominated Mohit Hojai A-3 to be elected as the new CEM and also threatened Dipolal Hojai "if you don't listen, you will have the same fate as Purnendu Langthasa,". [Suspected DHD(J) militants killed former Chief Executive Member of the North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council, Purnendu Langthasa and former executive member of the Council, Nindu Langthasa at Langlai Hasnu village in the NC Hills district in June 2007. Both were candidates of the ruling Congress party for the ensuing Council election. The militant group has been warning and demanding an amount of Rs one crore from the victims for their safety for the elections. Both were candidates of the ruling Congress party for the ensuing Council election. The militant group has been warning and demanding an amount of Rs one crore from the victims for their safety for the elections. A few members of DHD(J) are facing trial in the said case of double - murder.] These directions were complied with without any protest. Shri Dipolal Hojai resigned his position as CEM citing health reasons on 27 November 2008. His resignation was accepted by the Government in the last week of December 2008. Mohit Hojai A-3 was elected unopposed to be the CEM. He took over charge as the new CEM on 2 January 2009. He retained with him as CEM the portfolio of Finance, General Administration. Land Revenue, Information and Public Relations, Sports and Youth Welfare and Cultural Affairs. 17.9 It is evident that that there was a tacit understanding between Niranjan Hojai A-11, and Mohit Hojai A-3 regarding governance of NCHAC, especially regarding illegally channelizing funds of NCHAC to DHD(J). 17.10 It was revealed during investigation that on 30 March 2009 Mohit Hojai A-3 and Phojendra Hojai A-1 met at the residence of Mohit Hojai A-3 for giving money to DHD(J). In pursuance thereof, money was to be delivered on 31st March 2009. The Call data Report of the mobile phones of Mohit Hojai and Phojendra Hojai reveals frequent telephonic contact between Mohit Hojai A-3 and Phojendra Hojai A-1 in this regard. On the next day (31st March 2009) Phojendra Hojai A-1 received a call on his mobile from Niranjan Hojai A-11 of DHD(J), who, after introducing himself, asked him to follow the orders of Mohit Hojai A-3 told him that Rs. One crore was to be delivered to someone from DHD(J). The DHD(J) cadre would establish telephonic contact with Phojendra Hojai A-1 and he should get the money delivered as per the instructions of DHD(J) cadres. He further told him to get in touch with Babul Kemprai A-2 and that he should be ready to leave by 12 noon, the next day. 17.11 Investigation disclosed that on 1st April, 2009, Phojendra Hojai A-1 and Babul Kemprai A-2 carried Rs. One crore given by Mohit Hojai A-3 to Babul Kemprai A-2 and traveled in two different vehicles i.e. one Scorpio and one TATA SUMO and proceeded towards Shillong. During their journey, Niranjan Hojai A-11 and Mohit Hojai A-3 made end their movement. 17.11 Investigation disclosed that on 1st April, 2009, Phojendra Hojai A-1 and Babul Kemprai A-2 carried Rs. One crore given by Mohit Hojai A-3 to Babul Kemprai A-2 and traveled in two different vehicles i.e. one Scorpio and one TATA SUMO and proceeded towards Shillong. During their journey, Niranjan Hojai A-11 and Mohit Hojai A-3 made end their movement. 17.12 It is also disclosed that while Phojendra Hojai A-1 was being brought to the police station, he also received many phone calls. One such call was that of Mohit Hojai A-3 who enquired about whether he was caught by the Police or whether he has delivered the money. Immediately after that Niranjan Hojai A-11 called him up and asked whether he had delivered the money. He also asked as to whom he had delivered the money and how many vehicles had come. He asked as to whether he was safe and whether the police had arrested him. There two calls were found recorded in the phone of Phojendra Hojai A-1. At the time of being taken for production at the Court, Phojendra Hojai A-1 and Babul Kemprai A-2 were surrounded by media personnel who questioned them on their involvement in the case. Both the accused replied that the money was being sent by Mohit Hojai A-3 and they were carrying it to be delivered as per his instructions. The statements made to the pressmen by accused Phojendra Hojai A-1 and Babul Kemprai A-2 were aired in the local TV news channels the next day. 17.13 During investigation by Basistha Police it is revealed that after the arrest of Phojendra Hojai A-1 and Babul Kemprai A-2, Assam Police recorded the statements of the accused and the police personnel who were involved in the seizure of Rs. One crore. The two drivers of the vehicles were not arraigned as accused as they were not found involved and were therefore not arrested. The two pistols seized by the police were sent to the Armourer of Assam police for firearm examination and identification. Phojendra Hojai A-1 and Babul Kemprai A-2 were taken on police remand for interrogation. Later they were transferred to judicial custody and both of them were enlarged on bail by the Hon'ble Gauhati High Court. Assam Police also arrested Mohit Hojai A-3 and RH Khan A-4 on 31st May 2009 and searched their houses. Phojendra Hojai A-1 and Babul Kemprai A-2 were taken on police remand for interrogation. Later they were transferred to judicial custody and both of them were enlarged on bail by the Hon'ble Gauhati High Court. Assam Police also arrested Mohit Hojai A-3 and RH Khan A-4 on 31st May 2009 and searched their houses. From the House of RH Khan A-4, cash amounting to Rs. 4 lakhs was recovered. This amount was a part of the huge amount of money siphoned by RH Khan as a part of the criminal conspiracy to supply funds for the DHD(J). Investigation revealed that Mohit Hojai A-3 was sending money to Niranjan Hojai A-11 of the DHD(J) and that the Rs 70 lakhs had been sent by Jayanta Kumar Ghosh A-12 and the rest Rs. 30 Lakhs by RH Khan A-4 who was the Deputy Director in the Social Welfare Department in NCHAC. RH Khan A-4 was made the Liaison Officer of NCHAC in addition to his responsibility as Deputy Director, Social Welfare Department on the recommendations of Shri AK Barua, Principal Secretary (in additional charge) of NCHAC. As Liaison Officer, he used to get the funds budgeted for NCHAC released by the State Government and in pursuance to said criminal conspiracy, provided the funds to the DHD(J) by fraudulently channelizing the funds of NCHAC. 87. In the light of the prosecution's case, as broadly set out above, in their charge-sheet, it needs to be, now, noted that in Redaul Hussain Khan (supra), it was submitted before the Supreme Court that DHD(J) cannot be held to have been indulging in terrorist acts inasmuch as it has been notified as an unlawful association after the occurrence, leading to the registration of the present case, had already taken place. Turning down this argument, the Supreme Court held that there was little doubt that even on the day, when R.H. Khan (i.e., the Respondent in Crl. Appeal No. 25/2010, whose bail we have just cancelled) was apprehended, DHD(J) was indulging in terrorist acts, although it came to be declared as an unlawful association sometime later and, hence, the provisions of the UA(P) Act, 1967, would be attracted to the facts of the present case. The relevant observations, made, in this regard, in Redaul Hussain Khan (supra), read as under: 15. Mr. Rawal submitted that although Mr. The relevant observations, made, in this regard, in Redaul Hussain Khan (supra), read as under: 15. Mr. Rawal submitted that although Mr. Ghosh had referred to some newspaper reports indicating that there was a possibility of amnesty being granted to the members of DHD(J), the same was yet to materialize, and, on the other hand, it also indicated that the said organization was indulging in terrorist activities. Accordingly, in view of the definition of "terrorist act" in Section 15 of the 1967 Act and the provisions of Sections13 and 17 thereof, there was little doubt that even on the date when the Petitioner was apprehended. DHD(J) was indulging in terrorist acts, although, it came to be declared as an "unlawful association" sometime later. Mr. Rawal urged that having regard to the above, the Special Leave Petitions filed against the order of the High court refusing to grant bail were liable to be dismissed. 16. We have carefully considered the submissions made on behalf of the respective parties and we are unable to agree with Mr. Ghosh that the provisions of the Unlawful activities (Prevention) Act. 1967, would not be attracted to the facts of the case. We are also unable to accept Mr. Ghosh's submissions that merely because DHD(J) had not been declared as an "unlawful association" when the Petitioner was arrested, the said organization could not have indulged in terrorist acts or that the Petitioner could not have had knowledge of such activities. (Emphasis is supplied) 88. Coupled with what have been indicated above, it also needs to be noted that the charge-sheet has already been laid, in the present case, and the accused-Appellants have already been furnished with the copies of the materials, on which the prosecution relies. Hence, the materials, which have already been furnished to the accused-Appellants, can be taken note of, and discussed, in order to ascertain whether the accused-Appellants deserve to be granted bail or not. 89. It is, indeed, necessary to pause here and note that Section 437(1) Code of Criminal Procedure imposes (as already discussed above) restrictions on the power of the Special Court and, consequently, on the powers of the High Court too, to release an accused on bail if there are reasonable grounds for believing that he has committed an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life. This apart, as already discussed above, the proviso to Section 43D(5) of the UA(P) Act, 1967, imposes yet Anr. limitation on the Special Court's power as well as on the power of the High Court, while considering an application for bail under Section 21(4) of the NIA Act, the limitation being that if there are reasonable grounds for believing that the accusations, made against an accused involving him in the commission of an offence under Chapter IV and/or Chapter VI of the UA(P) Act, 1967, are prima facie true, the accused cannot be allowed to go on bail. 90. However, determination of the question as to whether there are reasonable grounds for believing or not would obviously invite the Court to assign reasons so as to make it clear as to why this Court has taken the view that no reasonable grounds to believe exist or as to why reasonable grounds to believe exist. In either way, therefore, the reasons are necessary to be assigned and that is what invites and compels us to discuss, albeit as briefly as possible, the materials on record, which, to our mind, are relevant for the purpose of deciding these appeals and some of these materials even the learned Counsel for the Appellants have freely referred to. 91. Let us, now, take into account as to what materials exist against DHD(J) as an unlawful association, and against the terrorist acts of its activities. While considering this aspect of the case, it needs to be pointed out that PW 161, a former DHD(J) activists, states that he had joined DHD (J), in the year 1996, when Jewel Garlosa (A-5) was the Chairman of DHD(J) with Dilip Nunisa as its Vice-Chairman and Pranab Nunisa as its Commander-in-Chief. This witness's statement is, in effect, thus: The administrative power of DHD(J) was in the hands of Jewel Garlosa, who used to organize procurement of weapons and training of members of DHD and, for weapons, he used to extort money from businessmen, contractors and Council Members. In 2003, DHD declared ceasefire and though Jewel Garlosa was a signatory to the ceasefire, he did not attend the first meeting of the Joint Monitoring Group, which was held in March, 2003. In 2003, DHD declared ceasefire and though Jewel Garlosa was a signatory to the ceasefire, he did not attend the first meeting of the Joint Monitoring Group, which was held in March, 2003. Jewel Garlosa was a dominating character and did not listen to any one, he started staying with his own cadre with 10/12 men and full arms, he did not join the Designated Camp, where the surrenderees were staying. Jewel Garlosa started recruitment of his own men; but when the DHD ceasefire group came to know that Jewel had started a new group, the worker of DHD ceasefire group went to Jewel Garlosa's camp, they found Jewel's group armed, Jewel's group had Rs. 26 lakhs in cash and other items. On coming to know that his secret had been revealed, Jewel ran away; but his cadre had taken training in Manipur with Kuki organization. Returning to Karbi Anglong, Jewel started operating from the area, where his cadre stayed and that is how DHD(J) was born. Money collection was started and armed action took place. They, first, attacked three Dimasa Auto Drivers of Manipur. In 2005, Jewel did not have much strength; but in the last Council Election, in 2007, they killed two persons, who had gone for canvassing. In fact, on the same day, Jewel's group killed one Ajit Boro, at Kalachand, after taking out his eyes, when he was still alive. By the election time, Jewel had a cadre of 60 persons armed with weapons. After the election, Jewel announced, in the constituency, to vote for ASDC and BJP, and threatened voters not to vote for the Congress. Jewel Garlosa entered into an agreement with Mohit Hojai regarding providing of money after the latter wins election. Mohit Hojai was on ASDC ticket and the Deputy Commandant-in-Chief of Black Widow (Jewel's Group) is the cousin of Mohit Hojai. After election, Dipulal Hojai was made CEM and Mohit Hojai was EM along with other E Ms. When Jewel's Group asked for money from Dipolal Hojai, Dipolal could not give the desired amount of money. That is why, Dipolal Hojai was removed and Mohit Hojai was made CEM in the year 2009. 92. After election, Dipulal Hojai was made CEM and Mohit Hojai was EM along with other E Ms. When Jewel's Group asked for money from Dipolal Hojai, Dipolal could not give the desired amount of money. That is why, Dipolal Hojai was removed and Mohit Hojai was made CEM in the year 2009. 92. PW Kulendra Daulagupu (whose statement appears at Document No. 168 and who was an Executive Member of the NCHAC from February, 2008, to November, 2009), has stated that in the month of November, 2008, the Executive Members of the NCHAC, who belong to ASDC and their alliance partner, held a tele-conference with Niranjan Hojai, Commander-in-Chief, DHD(J), at the official residence of the then CEM, Dipulal Hojai, which was attended by this witness too. In this conference, according to this witness, he kept the speaker of his mobile phone on speaker mode so that the other Members could hear what was being spoken in the conference; and that in this teleconference, Niranjan Hojai asked Dipulal Hojai to resign from the post of the CEM, as he had failed to resolve many of the issues, and he (Niranjan Hojai) also asked those, who were attending the conference, to elect Mohit Hojai as the CEM and, on the following day, Dipulal Hojai resigned showing health problem and Mohit Hojai was elected as the CEM without any opposition. This witness has also given statement to the effect that he had gone, with accused Mohit Hojai, to Kualalampur, where they met Niranjan Hojai and that after Niranjan Hojai had talked to this witness, Mohit Hojai took Niranjan Hojai to his room for talking to Niranjan Hojai separately. This witness's statement shows, apart from everything else, not only a close connection, but also a deep association between Mohit Hojai and Niranjan Hojai (since absconder). 93. PW 162 too supports, in substance, the statements made by P W 161. Apart from giving history of various armed actions of DHD(J), this witness too has stated that it was Niranjan Hojai, who threatened and made Dipulal Hojai resign and he (Niranjan Hojai) made Mohit Hojai the CEM. Mohit Hojai and R.H. Khan (Laision Officer of Autonomous Council) helped the DHD(J) by siphoning off the development fund of the Council and they gave the fund to the DHD(J), headed by Jewel Garlosa. Many contractors like Babulal Kemprai, Phojendra Hojai and Ors. Mohit Hojai and R.H. Khan (Laision Officer of Autonomous Council) helped the DHD(J) by siphoning off the development fund of the Council and they gave the fund to the DHD(J), headed by Jewel Garlosa. Many contractors like Babulal Kemprai, Phojendra Hojai and Ors. of Haflong were in collaboration with them. PW 162 further states that the DHD(J) group used to procure weapons from international market. With the help of this money, since Niranjan Hojai stays abroad quite frequently, Phojendra Hojai, a contractor, (i.e., the accused, who was on bail, when the NIA had not taken over the case), does the works for Niranjan Hojai. Phojendra Hojai earlier was a labourer; but after dinging with Niranjan Hojai, he became a wealthy man. One Executive Member, Bijoy, is in direct touch with Niranjan Hojai and during Council's sessions, he puts his mobile number on spoken mode and talks to Niranjan Hojai and he gives directions to the Council Members and gets money transaction through Phojendra Hojai and Babulal Kemprai, the other accused (who was already on bail, when the NIA took over the case). Partha Warisa (i.e. accused Ahsringdao Waris, Appellant in Criminal Appeal No. 35/2010), is the middle man for all money transactions from companies and contractors and he did all these for Jewel Garlosa. In April, 2009, Rs. 1 Crore was seized by the police (i.e., the seizure, which gave rise to the present case). Before that also, some members were caught, while taking money for Niranjan Hojai for his DHD group. This one crore was also going to Niranjan Hojai with the help of R.H. Khan, who was the Chief Liaison Officer with Mohit Hojai. This witness has clarified that he knows Jewel Garlosa by face and also other persons, namely, Mohit Hojai, R.H. Khan, Phojendra Hojai, Babulal Kemprai, Partho (Ahshringdao) Warisa. This witness has also clarified that when Jewel Garlosa was underground, the Ors., namely, Mohit Hojai, R.H. Khan, Babulal Kemprai and Phojendra Hojai were often seen together in various functions. 94. Apart from what have been indicated above, we find, on perusal of the relevant case diary and the report, submitted under Section 173 Code of Criminal Procedure, that there are enough materials implicating among Ors., (i) Niranjan Hojai, Commander-in-Chief, DHD(J), presently an absconder, (ii) Jewel Garlosa, Chairman, DHD(J) and (iii) Mohit Hojai, who headed NCHAC as the CEM. 94. Apart from what have been indicated above, we find, on perusal of the relevant case diary and the report, submitted under Section 173 Code of Criminal Procedure, that there are enough materials implicating among Ors., (i) Niranjan Hojai, Commander-in-Chief, DHD(J), presently an absconder, (ii) Jewel Garlosa, Chairman, DHD(J) and (iii) Mohit Hojai, who headed NCHAC as the CEM. The materials, so collected, and until shown otherwise, reveal, in tune with what the NIA alleges, thus: Dipolal Hojai, the then elected Chief Executive Member (CEM), North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council (NCHAC), resigned from the post of CEM, N.C. Hills, to make way for Mohit Hojai. Dipulal Hojai's statement, recorded, under Section 164 Code of Criminal Procedure, in this regard, is of great importance, which clearly reveals that the DHD(J) was indulging in terrorist acts. In fact, the statement of Kulendra Daulagupu, recorded under Section 164 Code of Criminal Procedure, shows that the members of the NCHAC had a telephonic conference with Niranjan Hojai, Commander-in-Chief, DHD(J) and in the said conference, Niranjan Hojai asked Dipulal Hojai, the then CEM, NCHAC, to elect Mohit Hojai, as the CEM, because Dipulal Hojai had failed, as CEM, to resolve many issues. Following the direction, so received in the said telephone conference, Dipulal Hojai resigned pretending his resignation to be on health ground and Mohit Hojai got elected as the CEM without any opposition. 95. Coupled with the above, from the confessional statement of the co-accused, Subrata Thaosen alias Paiprang Demasa, recorded under Section 164 Code of Criminal Procedure, what transpires is that he joined DHD(J) in June, 2005 and since then, he has been working as the said outfit's Publicity Secretary having acquired requisite training from the said organisation. According to this accused, he knew that Rs. 1,50,35,000/- had come to the hands of the said organisation by way of tax and, out of this fund, he sent Rs. 75,00,000/- to some of his associates and, further, as much as Rs. 4.5 crores was obtained by their organisation from a merchant by kidnapping him and keeping him in jungle for about 15 days. The confession of this accused also shows that an amount of Rs. 10,00,000/- was paid to Anr. banned outfit, namely, NSCN(IM), and that a part of the sum has also been spent for providing medicine to the members of their own cadre. The confession of this accused also shows that an amount of Rs. 10,00,000/- was paid to Anr. banned outfit, namely, NSCN(IM), and that a part of the sum has also been spent for providing medicine to the members of their own cadre. According to this accused person's confessional statement, other outfits, who are involved in the acts of terrorism, have given shelter to the members of the DHD (J) and also worked with them. This accused has confessed that Ex-CEM (former Chief Executive Member) in NCHAC, Purnendu Langthasa, and Ex-Executive Member, Ajit Bodo, Dy. Chairman, NCHAC, were among the members, who have been killed by the members of the DHD(J), on the instructions of, amongst Ors., Niranjan Hojai, Commander-in-Chief of DHD(J). The reason for killing is that in terms of the assurance given, agreed number of seats, in the said Council, had not been given to the over ground associates of the DHD(J). This accused confesses that arms and ammunitions, which are used by this outfit, are supplied by Lallian Mizo, a smuggler of arms. This accused also described various other incidents of killings, and arson and getting news publisized through television. 96. It has also surfaced from the said confession that the leaders of the NCHAC gave, in terms of their assurance, which they had given before the election of the said Council, rupees two crores. According to his confession, the DHD(J) campaigned, in the election, for its alliance partner, which is a national party, but not for Anr. national political party and restrained voters, by threatening them not to cast votes, in favour of a particular political party, by telling them that they would face dire consequences if they voted for the said political party. The confession of this accused further shows that an understanding was reached before the last election with this outfit and a national political party that if their alliance came to power, Dipulal Hojai must be made the Chief Executive Member (CEM) of the NCHAC. His confession also reveals that the DHD(J) urged the labourers to stop work in a particular cement factory; but the labourers did not listen to them and that is why, there was mass killing of the labourers. His confession also reveals that the DHD(J) urged the labourers to stop work in a particular cement factory; but the labourers did not listen to them and that is why, there was mass killing of the labourers. The confession shows that DHD(J) indulges in collection of illegal tax and one of the senior citizens of Haflong was kidnapped by the 'tax commander', because of the former's refusal to pay tax and was released on payment of ransom. From the confession of this accused, it also transpires that DHD(J) collects huge amount of money by unlawful means and the money, so procured, is utilized for, amongst Ors. , purchase of arms and ammunitions and that the said group had also killed some of those labourers, who were involved in the project of conversion of extension of broad gauge line from Lumding to Badarpur. 97. Thus, on the basis of the materials on ground, and unless shown, otherwise, at the trial, there are reasonable grounds to believe that the DHD(J) runs, or attempts to run, almost a parallel Government, kills with impugnity those, who do not abide by what is directed to be done, they indulge in extortions, kidnappings, siphoning off the Government fund for purchase of arms and ammunitions. 98. We may pause here to point out that we are alive to the position of law that the confession of one accused cannot be treated as substantive evidence against his co-accused. We are also conscious of the fact that keeping excluded the confession of a co-accused, when the evidence, adduced on record, otherwise, satisfy the Court of the guilt of the accused, the confession of the co-accused can be used as an aid for strengthening the conclusion, which the Court may have, independent of the confession of the co-accused, already reached. Whether the confessions, recorded in the present case, are voluntary or involuntary, is a question, which would be determined at the trial. What is. however, relevant and material is that the confessions, recorded in the present case, support the statements of the witnesses given to the effect that DHD(J) collects tax without being authorized by law; it is involved in running a racket of kidnapping, extortion and murder of those, who may not agree with the philosophy of, or carry on the directions of, DHD(J). The DHD(J) is also involved in ethnic killing. The DHD(J) is also involved in ethnic killing. The DHD(J) interferes with free and fair elections and force people, by threat and intimidation, to cast vote in favour of such a party, who may agree to support the cause of the DHD(J). 99. Thus, until shown, otherwise, at the trial, the acts of the DHD(J) and its members must be inferred to amount to 'terrorist acts' within the meaning of Section 15 of the UA(P) Act, particularly, because their acts are calculated, as the materials in the case diary reflect, to threaten the unity, integrity, security and sovereignty of India and they strike terror in the people, in general, and, at times, even in a given section of the people, such as, the labourers, by use of criminal force. Obviously, those, who help and aid the terrorist acts of the DHD(J) and its members, would be abettors of such offence(s). As the DHD(J) runs, or attempts to run, almost a parallel Government, thereby shaking the very foundation of the constitutional scheme of governance, in India, its actions and the actions of its activists, such as, Niranjan Hojai, Mohit Hojai and Jewel Garlosa do amount to, unless can be shown otherwise, at the trial, the offence of waging war against the State within the meaning of Section 121 IPC and is punishable by death or imprisonment for life in terms of the penal provisions of Sections 121 of IPC and, those, who help the DHD(J) and/ or its activists in carrying out the activities of the DHD(J), would be, if not members of the DHD(J), be responsible as abettors of the offence of waging war against the State and their acts of abetment too would be punishable to the same extent as do the acts of the chief perpetrators of such offences. This apart, whoever commit a terrorist act is punishable by Section 16 of the UA(P) Act, which falls under Chapter IV thereof. A person, who commits a terrorist act, cannot be allowed to go on bail, because of the proviso to Section 43D(5). 100. Keeping in view the activities of DHD(J) and the close association of Niranjan Hojai (since absconder), Jewel Garlosa and Mohit Hojai, we, first, deal with the cases of accused, Ashringdaw Warisa and accused Samir Ahmed, who are Appellants in Criminal Appeal Nos. 24/2010 and 35/2010 respectively. CRIMINAL APPEAL Nos. 100. Keeping in view the activities of DHD(J) and the close association of Niranjan Hojai (since absconder), Jewel Garlosa and Mohit Hojai, we, first, deal with the cases of accused, Ashringdaw Warisa and accused Samir Ahmed, who are Appellants in Criminal Appeal Nos. 24/2010 and 35/2010 respectively. CRIMINAL APPEAL Nos. 24 OF 2010 AND 35 OF 2010 101. While considering the appeals of the above-named two persons, it needs to be, perhaps, once again, indicated that the prosecution's case, as already mentioned above, is that Jewel Garlosa, Chairman of DHD, had set up a base at Bangalore, with his co-associates, i.e., Ashringdaw Warisa and Samir Ahmed. This apart, the materials, which have been collected by the NIA, show, until shown, otherwise, at the trial, that accused Jewel Garlosa, Chairman, DHD(J), is the person, who was involved in procurement of weapons and in providing training to the members of the DHD(J) and, for the purpose of obtaining weapons, he extorted money from businessmen, contractors, suppliers and members of the said Council. Accused Garlosa is one of those persons, who did not agree to the cease-fire agreement with the Government and continued his struggle by forming his own group, which we see in the form of DHD(J). Bearing in mind these facts, when we turn to the cases of the Appellants, Ashringdaw Warisaa and Samir Ahmed, we notice that the NIA's case, against them, as reflected from the charge-sheet, is as under: 17.14 In early June 2009, a team of Assam Police personnel proceeded to Bangalore on some specific information about the presence of Jewel Garlosa A-5, the Chairman of DHD(J) there. In Bangalore, They arrested three persons including Jewel Garlosa A-5, Ahshringdao Warisa A-6 and Samir Ahmed A-7. Some incriminating documents were also seized from the search of their residential premises at Bangalore. Jewel Garlosa A-5 was staying at Bangalore on a fake name and identity to conceal his true identity and to evade arrest by police. They were brought to Guwahati on transit remand from Bangalore. The police custody of accused Jewel Garlosa and Ors. arrested in Bangalore was given to the NIA, which had taken over the investigation of this case on 5 June 2009. 17.15 Investigation further revealed that Samir Ahmed A-7, an employee at HSBC Bank at Bangalore, is the childhood friend of Ahshringdao Warisa A-6 (alias Partho Waris) and had settled down in Bangalore. arrested in Bangalore was given to the NIA, which had taken over the investigation of this case on 5 June 2009. 17.15 Investigation further revealed that Samir Ahmed A-7, an employee at HSBC Bank at Bangalore, is the childhood friend of Ahshringdao Warisa A-6 (alias Partho Waris) and had settled down in Bangalore. Despite the knowledge Samir Ahmed A-7 had about Ashhringdao Warisa A-6 that he is a member of the dreaded DHD(J) and has been earlier caught with a consignment of weapons, he approached and invited Ahshringdao Warisa A-6 to Bangalore and for conducting his unlawful activities from there. As a result, Ahshringdao Warisa A-6 came to Bangalore and established his safe stay there. After setting up the hide-out at Bangalore, Ahshringdao Warisa A-6 went to accompany the accused Jewel Garlosa from Nepal. All this was in the knowledge of Samir Ahmed A-7. Ahshringdao Warisa A-6 received Jewel Garlosa A-5 at Gorakhpur and brougth his to Bangalore by air via Delhi. 17.16 Investigation made at Bangalore revealed that they procured SIM cards, driving licenses etc on providing fake identities of one Anandra Singh and Debojit Singha. In making all these fake documents of identity. Samir Ahmed A-7 actively helped them all the way. He forged the X class mark sheet of his wife Jilly Basumatary and also a lease deed to show them as regular residents of Bangalore. He changed the name of his wife on her mark-sheet to Debojit Singha. He had also changed the date and inserted the date of birth since date of birth is not mentioned in the mark-sheets in the North East. In fact Ahshringdao Warisa A-6 and Jewel Garlosa A-5 had actually asked A-7 Samir to make a fake passport but that could not be managed and instead, a driving license on a fake name was prepared. The fact that a number of SIM cards were given to said Ahshringdao Warisa A-6 and Jewel Garlosa A-5 then sent emails to Niranjan Hojai A-11 (C-in-C) of DHD(J). This, they did at the email address hasorajee@vahoo.com of Niranjan Hojai A-11. They also sent mails to one Ranjan Daimari of the NDFB regarding providing shelter and logistics to the cadres of DHD(J). This, they did at the email address hasorajee@vahoo.com of Niranjan Hojai A-11. They also sent mails to one Ranjan Daimari of the NDFB regarding providing shelter and logistics to the cadres of DHD(J). Sameer Ahmed A-7 made financial gain from them and in token, he was also taken for a leisure trip to Goa by Ahshringdao Warisa A-6 in return for the services provided by him for the DHD(J). 17.18 While Jewel Garlosa A-5 chose to shift his base to Bangalore, Niranjan Hojai A-11 continued to live abroad controlling the activities of DHD(J) over phone and email, Ahshringdao Warisa A-6 met Niranjan Hojai A-11 and Jewel Garlosa (A-5) in Kathmandu, where the two accused were found staying in the hotel in front of the palace of the Raja of Nepal. After meeting Ahshringdao Warisa A-6, both Niranjan Hojai A-11 and Jewel Garlosa A-5 then went in the same flight to Bangkok on 25 December 2007 on Nepali passports. Both the accused stayed at Radisson Hotel in Bangkok and returned to Kathmandu. The utilization of funds generated from NCHAC and procurement of weapons from aboard utilizing the funds so appropriated were the main activity indulged in by Niranjan Hojai A-11 who visited Nepal. Thailand and Malaysia for procurement of Arms and Ammunition for waging war against the State and for terrorist activities. 17.19 Investigation revealed that on the basis of information regarding the presence of Arms smugglers at Mizoram, a team of NIA went to Mizoram. Investigation in Mioram disclosed that one Vanlalchhana of Mizoram A-8 was one of the Arms dealers involved in Arms smuggling from abroad and was likely to receive the money sent by Mohit hojai A-3 on the 1 April 2009 for the delivery of Arms to DHD(J). Vanlalchhana A-8 had deposited huge amount of money in his SBI account. Vanlalchhana A-8 was the person who had visited Singapore and Thailand and met Jewel Garlosa A-5 and Niranjan Hojai A-11 in connection with arms supply to DHD(J). 17.20 Vanlalchhana A-8 @ Vantea was arrested who disclosed during his examination that he had kept a consignment of weapons at a place called Saronveng in the house of Nampui. This consignment of weapons was meant to be delivered to the DHD(J), as per the disclosure of Vanlalchhana in presence of witnesses. On the basis of this disclosure, the following arms and equipments were recovered. This consignment of weapons was meant to be delivered to the DHD(J), as per the disclosure of Vanlalchhana in presence of witnesses. On the basis of this disclosure, the following arms and equipments were recovered. 8 nos of M-16 rifles made in Singapore. One 9 mm pistol Baretta. 12 walkie talkie sets. 12 walkie talkie chargers one telescope Bushnell. 17.21 Vanlalchhana A-8 identified the photograph of Niranjan Hojai which was mixed with other photographs before the Executive Magistrate. Vanlalchhana A-8 said that he had sent arms at least ten times to the DHD(J). He also disclosed regarding his visit to Kolkata regarding conversion of Indian Rupees to Dollars on the instance of Niranjan Hojai A-11. He visited Kathmandu with Anr. friend called Chhungup to hand over the dollars to Niranjan Hojai A-11 for the procurement of Arms. He converted amounts of more than 1 crore to dollars at least three times for Niranjan Hojai A-11 which was received by him at Kolkata after being siphoned away from the Council funds by Mohit Hojai A-3, RH Khan A-4 and Ors.. Vanlalchhana revealed that he was getting Rs. 1 for every dollar which he got converted for Niranjan Hojai A-11. Vanlalchhana A-8 was also able to identify Jewel Garlosa A-5 from the photographs shown to him. This was done after mixing suspect photographs with the photographs of other persons from the same region and preparing an identification memo in front of an executive magistrate. The analysis of call data of Vanlalchhana revealed that one Mizo lady by name Malsawmkimi A-9 was helping him in converting Rupees to Dollars at Kolkata. The CDR also revealed that Vanlalchhana was in constant touch with accused George Lawmthang A-10 in Kolkata. 102. On a careful perusal of the statements of witnesses and the documents, which have been seized, we find, in the light of the statement of PW 145, that Appellant, Ashringdaw Warisa, and accused, Jewel Garlosa, used to meet in a gymnasium at Bangalore, where PW 145 works as a gymnasium instructor. The Appellant, Ashringdaw Warisa, and accused, Jewel Garlosa, used to visit the said gymnasium under the assumed names of Anandra Singh and Debojit Singha respectively. 103. The Appellant, Ashringdaw Warisa, and accused, Jewel Garlosa, used to visit the said gymnasium under the assumed names of Anandra Singh and Debojit Singha respectively. 103. In the light of the statement of PW 146, who is a colleague of the Appellant, Samir Ahmed, in HSBC, the Appellant, Samir Ahmed, used to stay, in a live-in relationship, with a lady and, later on, married her and has a child from her. 104. What is, now, extremely important to note is that the statement of PW 146, a colleague of the Appellant, Samir Ahmed, is that Samir Ahmed used to be always in financial crisis but, since 2009, his financial position started improving and, on being asked by PW 146, as to how his financial condition had started improving, accused Samir Ahmed told PW 146 that one of his college-time friends had come to Bangalore to set up his new business, Samir Ahmed was helping him and that his friend had been supporting him financially in lieu of his support in the sense that Samir Ahmed had arranged accommodation at a place called Pankaj Residency and had also arranged driving licence and mobile SIM card for his said friend. 105.PW 147, who is a security guard at Pankaj Residency, has stated to the effect that the first floor of the said building, namely, Pankaj Residency, was rented out to Samir Ahmed, but instead of Samir Ahmed, two persons, who, now, transpire to be Jewel Garlosa and Ashringado Warisa, came for staying there, whereupon he (PW 147) informed the owner about the fact that instead of Samir Ahmed, two other persons had come to stay at Pankaj Residency; an enquiry was made by the owner of the flat and Samir Ahmed told them that his friends would stay for a short period. PW 147 has also made it clear that except Samir Ahmed and his wife, none else visited Jewel Garlosa and Ahringdao Warisa except that at times, some ladies, from North-East, used to visit the flat and it was in the month of June, 2009, that police came there and arrested the said two persons and, thereafter, Samir Ahmed's wife came to the flat and took away all the household items and also vacated the house. 106.PW 148, owner of the said Pankaj Residency, has supported the version of his security guard (PW 147). 106.PW 148, owner of the said Pankaj Residency, has supported the version of his security guard (PW 147). These apart, PW 149, who is a driving instructor, has stated to the effect that Samir Ahmed introduced Jewel Garlosa as Debajit Singha and got, in the name of Debajit Singha, a driving licence issued. Thus, Samir Ahmed helped Jewel Garlosa in obtaining fake driving licence in the assumed name of Debajit Singha. For this purpose, as transpires from the statement of PW 159, Samir Ahmed had forged a mark-sheet to give a false identity proof in respect of Jewel Garlosa. 107. We may pause here to point out further that according to PW 163, he had deposited R.s.8 lakhs and Rs. 5 lakhs in the account of Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6) after receiving the same from an unknown man in Guwahati. PW 163 further states that Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6) used to contact him and direct him to collect the money and deposit it in the bank. Document 26 discloses the detail of transaction of the second account at SBI, Zoo Road Branch, which also indicates that more than 8 lakhs were deposited in the account from December, 2008, to March, 2009. 108. Document Nos. 163/164 contains the mobile phone analysis of Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6) by FSL. Guwahati, which indicates the proximity between Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6) and Jewel Garlosa (A-5). 109. Document No. 285 is obtained from the Gymnasium, which indicates that Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6) and Jewel Garlosa (A-5) were visitors to the "Body Line", a gymnasium, in Bangalore, by concealing their real identities. 110. Document No. 183 indicates that Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6) was arrested earlier also in an arms smuggling case in NC Hills. 111. Document No. 224 shows the recovery memo prepared on the disclosure made by Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6), which contains E-mail sent by Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6) to NDFB, Anr. organization, which allegedly indulges in armed action and terrorist acts, on 6th May,2009, on behalf of Jewel Garlosa (A-5). 112. Document Nos. 163/164 reveals the report of FSL, Guwahati, which has also retrieved the same information regarding E-mail during the cyber forensic analysis of the laptop of Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6). The recovery memo reveals that Ashringdaw Warisa was in contact with other terrorist gangs, such as. NDFB. on 6th May,2009. 113. 112. Document Nos. 163/164 reveals the report of FSL, Guwahati, which has also retrieved the same information regarding E-mail during the cyber forensic analysis of the laptop of Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6). The recovery memo reveals that Ashringdaw Warisa was in contact with other terrorist gangs, such as. NDFB. on 6th May,2009. 113. An affidavit filed by the NIA reveals that Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6) met one Arms supplier in the year 2007 and he was also arrested with a consignment of Arms at Umrangsu, NC Hills, which was meant to be delivered to the DHD(J). The letter from SP. NC Hills, regarding the history of the cases against Jewel Garlosa and Ashringdaw Warisa, reveals that there is already one case against Ashringdaw Warisa at Umrangsu P.S. under Section 120B, 121, 121A IPC read with Section 25(1B)(a) Arms Act and 5 of the Explosive Substances Act, wherein charge sheet has already been laid in 2007. 114. It is the NIA's case that Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6) was extremely close to Jewel Garlosa, Chairman. DHD(J). Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6) knew Samir Ahmed (A-7) from his school days and this connection was utilized for the safe stay of Jewel Garlosa (A-5) in Bangalore. Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6) and Jewel Garlosa (A-5) provided financial help to Samir Ahmed (A-7) in return of his services. This statement was made by Vijay Naik, a colleague of Samir Ahmed (A-7), in HSBC. The two Bank accounts of Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6) show regular deposit and withdrawal of money despite having no known source of income Ashringdaw Warisa (A-6), thus according to the NIA, received regular deposit of money through DHD(J). 115. In the face of the above incriminating materials, available in the case diary against the two Appellants, namely, Ashringdaw Warisaa and Samir Ahmed, and their close association with Jewel Garlosa, Chairman. DHD(J), we are of the view that the learned Special Judge cannot be faulted in rejecting the prayer for bail of these two Appellants on the ground that there are clear materials available against these Appellants. 116. DHD(J), we are of the view that the learned Special Judge cannot be faulted in rejecting the prayer for bail of these two Appellants on the ground that there are clear materials available against these Appellants. 116. Considering the fact, as we have already indicated above, that there are enough incriminating materials, collected by the National Investigating Agency, giving rise (at this stage) to the reasonable belief, in any prudent mind, that DHD(J) has been indulging in various unlawful activities and terrorist acts as indicated above and that their acts amounted to waging war against the State and the close association, which the two Appellants, namely, Ashringdaw Warisa and Samir Ahmed, had allegedly maintained with Jewel Garlosa, gives rise to the inference, until shown otherwise at the trial, that the Appellant, Ashringdaw Warisa, was helping Jewel Garlosa knowing fully well that Jewel Garlosa was indulging in terrorist acts and waging war against the State and the Appellant, Samir Ahmed, having rendered and helped Jewel Garlosa and Ashringdaw Warisa in their various illegal activities as pointed out above, cannot but be inferred, at this stage, (albeittentatively), to have known, as an ordinary prudent man, as to what Jewel Garlosa and Ashringdaw Warisa had been doing. While accused Jewel Garlosa and the Appellant. Ashringdaw Warisa, were principal offenders as indicated above, Samir Ahmed, if not one of the principal offenders, must be treated, unless can be shown otherwise, as an abettor of the said offences. CRIMINAL APPEAL Nos. 12 OF 2010, 13/2010 and 14/2010 117. Coming to the case of the remaining three Appellants, namely, Jayanta Ghose @ Dhruba Ghose, Sandip Ghose @ Bapi and Debasish Bhattacharjee, it needs to be noted that the allegations, in the charge-sheet, as against these Appellants, read as under: Para 17.13 ... Rs. 1 crore cash recovered on 1.4.09... 70 Lakhs had been sent by Jayanta Kr. Ghosh Para 17.22 ... The money which was seized on 1.4.09, was funded partly by Jayanta Kr Ghosh and R.H. Khan. It is revealed that an amount of Rs. 13.5 crore was siphoned away directly from the bank account of Social Welfare Deptt in 2008-09 beside Rs. 3 crore from PHE Deptt in 2009. Para 17.25 ... R.H. Khan entered into criminal conspiracy with Jayanta Kr Ghosh and Ors..... showed payments about 32,07,800 in 2009, against supplies to different firms of J.K. Ghosh without supply of materials .... 13.5 crore was siphoned away directly from the bank account of Social Welfare Deptt in 2008-09 beside Rs. 3 crore from PHE Deptt in 2009. Para 17.25 ... R.H. Khan entered into criminal conspiracy with Jayanta Kr Ghosh and Ors..... showed payments about 32,07,800 in 2009, against supplies to different firms of J.K. Ghosh without supply of materials .... Thereby generated fund to finance terrorist. Para 17.26... in connivance with Govt. officials and J.K. Ghosh, Mohit Hojai issued supply orders of PHE pipes to the firms of accused J.K. Ghosh being aware that the market value was less than half the rates. Para 17.27 ...J.K. Ghosh took three rooms, on rent in Hotel Pragati Manor, at Guwahati, between 19.3.09 and 23.3.09. On 20/21-3-09, Mohit Hojai and J.K. Ghosh called Executive Engineer, PHE, and pressurized / threaten to issue advance cheques for firms M/S MAA Trading, M/S Jeet Enterprise and M/S Loknath Trading without supply of materials. Debashis Bhattacharjee in whose name these firms are registered was also present there at that time. Accordingly, Ex Engineer of Maibong and Haflong issued cheques.... Para 17.29... Investigation, at Kolkata, revealed two aspects of fund transfer. First, regarding the channeling of fund for DHD(J) from Guwahati through Kolkata with the help of Jayanta Kr Ghosh, Debashis Bhattacharjee, Sandip Ghosh and Phonjedra Hojai and conversion of rupees thus received to dollars with the help of accused George Lawathang and accused Malsawmkimi. Para 17.30... Funds were received at Kolkata by Sandip Ghosh, Debashis Bhattacharjee and Jayanta Kr. Ghosh and, then, handed over to Phojendra Hojai. Para 17.31 ... On three occasions, in 2009, money was sent by Mohit Hojai. All the money was received by Jayanta Kr Ghosh, Sandip Ghosh, Debashis Bhattachaljee from various places and handed over to Phojendra Hojai at his place of stay. Records of Madhumilan Guest House and Hotel Shalimar show the stay of Phojendra Hojai. Sandip Ghosh. Debashis Bhattacharjee delivered the hawala money to Phojendra Hojai, at Kolkata. four times. First time money was brought in cash from Guwahati by Imdad Ali and Bapi and delivered at Madhumilan Guest House. This was after the Council was formed in January. 2008. Then, money was delivered twice to the tune of Rs. 1 crore through hawala. Money was collected from Marwaris, whose addresses were given by Mohit Hojai and Imdad Ali. First time money was brought in cash from Guwahati by Imdad Ali and Bapi and delivered at Madhumilan Guest House. This was after the Council was formed in January. 2008. Then, money was delivered twice to the tune of Rs. 1 crore through hawala. Money was collected from Marwaris, whose addresses were given by Mohit Hojai and Imdad Ali. One consignment of more than Rs 1 crore was delivered, at Hotel Shalimar, to Phojendra Hojai in the beginning of year 2009. Money was sent in the month of Feb., 2009, and March, 2009, and at that time. Mohit Hojai was CEM. PW- 181 - Ramen Deb - would show that JK Ghosh. Sambhu Ghosh, Debashis Bhattachatjee moved together and were associates. They were together during the opening of bank account of M/S MAA Trading. JEET Enterprise and Lokanath Trading on 27-3-09. PW-182- Diganta Gayan- would show that bank account in the name of M/S MAA Trading was opened and two cheques were deposited amounting to Rs. 1.3 crore... withdrawal by Sambhu Ghosh and Debashis Bhattacharjee 84 lakhs for M/S MAA Trading account in cash. He stated that on 30.3.09. Shambu got frequent calls on his mobile and he explained that he would soon turn up ... there was also enquiry of cash withdrawal. I Ie also slated that M/S MAA Trading and JEET Enterprise never conducted any business activity from his residence at any point of time. PW-183- Ranjit Gogoi- Branch Manager... on 26-3-09 Debashis Bhattacharjee and Anr. person approached for opening of account and opened a current account in the name of M/S MAA Trading on 27.3.09. ... they wanted to deposit cheques and wanted to withdraw immediately... one cheque was amounting to Rs 84 lakhs and the other was Rs 57 lakhs. Alter verification about the genuineness of the two cheques, he released the amount of 84 lakhs and 3.50 lakhs on 30.3.09. At the time of payment, Debashis Bhattachatjee, Diganta Gayan and Anr. person was present. 118. Since the charge-sheet points out to accused RH Khan (whose bail we have just cancelled) linking him with the accusations of criminal conspiracy, which these three Appellants, namely. Jayanta Ghosh, Sandip Ghosh and Debasish Bhattacharjee, allegedly had with Mohit Hojai and DHD(J), we proceed to examine, first, the role of R.H. Khan, in league with, accused Mohit Hojai, in the financial affairs of the NCHAC. 119. Jayanta Ghosh, Sandip Ghosh and Debasish Bhattacharjee, allegedly had with Mohit Hojai and DHD(J), we proceed to examine, first, the role of R.H. Khan, in league with, accused Mohit Hojai, in the financial affairs of the NCHAC. 119. In tune with each other, PWs 80, 81 and 82. who work as Supervisors of ICDA Projects, have stated that their duty, as Supervisor, includes distribution of food items to the Anganwadi Centres under their respective supervision. The procedure, earlier followed for the supply, was that on receipt of food items from the department, they used to distribute the same to the Anganwadi Work Centres and, the recipients thereof used to, in turn, sign the challans in token of having received the items. All these witnesses also state that since the beginning of 2007, the usual procedure was not being followed as the Deputy Director. Md. R.H. Khan, had specifically told them not to fill up the quantities of the food items given to the Anganwadi Centres and R.H. Khan obtained their signatures on the blank challans and, during the said period, no one. in the office, had the courage to refuse any orders of Md. R.H. Khan. 120. Coming to the statement of PW 101, who is an UDA in the Department of Social Welfare, we notice that according to his statement, during 2007-09. he was allotted accounting work in respect of Jatinga valley ICDS Project and though his duties did not include receiving supplies, Md. R.H. Khan, on many occasions, had directed him to process the bills / challans in respect of the supplies received and even without receiving the articles or checking the same, he had to process the bills as none in the office could say no to R.H. Khan. Referring to certain vouchers and receipts, this witness has also stated that the vouchers, along with the concerned receipts, were given to him by Md. R.H. Khan, who asked him to write the certificate of receipt of the articles and to pass the bills for payments. This witness has reiterated that he had to comply with the instructions of R.H. Khan as neither he nor any of his colleagues could dare to say no to Md. R.H. Khan. 121. R.H. Khan, who asked him to write the certificate of receipt of the articles and to pass the bills for payments. This witness has reiterated that he had to comply with the instructions of R.H. Khan as neither he nor any of his colleagues could dare to say no to Md. R.H. Khan. 121. PW 155 is a Financial Advisor, in the Department of Social Welfare, Hill Areas, etc., Departments, Assam, whose main duty is to advise Government Department on their financial aspects so as to maintain financial discipline in the functioning of the Departments. This witness has stated that as per the Assam Finance Rules, it is the fundamental rule that no work shall be commenced unless a detailed design and estimate have been sanctioned, allotment of fund have been made and orders for its commencement is issued by the competent authority. This witness has also stated that since there is no separate Financial Rules for NC Hills Council, the Assam Finance Rules also apply to NC Hills Council. 122.PW 158 is the UDA-cum-Accountant and he has stated that in March, 2007, he was posted in Mahur ICDS and R.H. Khan, the then Dy. Director Social Welfare, used to ask him to put his signature as recipient of materials/articles on the challans of different suppliers and he had to do so at the behest of the then Dy. Director, Md. R.H. Khan, without receiving any article/material and, similarly, between December, 2007, and March, 2008, he has put his signatures, as a recipient of articles / materials, on the challans of different suppliers without receiving any article /material. PW 158 has also stated that Md. R.H. Khan, sometimes, threatened him that if he refused to sign those challans, then, he would have to face dire consequences and may even be released from the district. PW 158 has further stated that R.H. Khan and other activists of tribal groups always threatened him and that he had to spend sleepless nights due to tension so created by R.H. Khan and his men. 123. As regards R.H. Khan, PW 161 (whose statement we have already considered above about the activities of DHD(J), Niranjan Hojai, Jewel Garlosa, Mohit Hojai and Ors.), has stated that Mohit Hojai used R.H. Khan as the Liaison Officer for the Council, all Assam State Govt. 123. As regards R.H. Khan, PW 161 (whose statement we have already considered above about the activities of DHD(J), Niranjan Hojai, Jewel Garlosa, Mohit Hojai and Ors.), has stated that Mohit Hojai used R.H. Khan as the Liaison Officer for the Council, all Assam State Govt. funds were siphoned off with the help of R.H. Khan and it used to go to Mohit Hoj ai and that Niranj an Hojai and one Daniel of DHD (J) group used to be in direct touch with Mohit Hojai over phone and used to demand money through Mohit Hojai. 124. Regarding R.H. Khan, PW 164, who used to be a Member of Rajya Sabha, from April 1996 to 2002, has this to say, "There is a person called R.H. Khan, who is the Deputy Director of the Social Welfare Department, for the past ten years and is also the in-charge CDPO of four divisions. He is the liaison officer for the Council. He is entrusted with the responsibility to ensure that funds are allotted as per the budget and released in time. He is into a lot of embezzlement and is the favorite man for Mohit Hojai." 125. PW 169 has stated, as regards R.H. Khan, thus, "One R.H. Khan was made the Liaison Officer by A.K. Barua (Principal Secretary). A.K. Barua made an official note certifying his good work, good character, etc., in order to justify the making of R.H. Khan as the liaison officer. R.H. Khan was the Liaison Officer for all departments, although he was a Dy. Director of Social Welfare. He used to manipulate budget allotments and, sometime, diverted funds from PWD to other departments at the time of allocation." 126. Broadly in tune with other witnesses, PW 173, has stated, "In the Council, the CEM has got finance portfolio. R.H. Khan was made the liaison officer. He is the person, who arranges for allotment of budget funds from Dispur (i.e., the Capital). He pays a percentage. Funds are released by the CEM through the Principal Secretary. The Principal Secy. and Khan (Dy. Dir. Social Welfare) released funds only to those departments, which were capable of paying money. Sometimes, tendering is done; but on a many times, work is directly allotted on the recommendation of the CEM. There is a lot of bungling in all the departments. Only 20% of the work is done." 127. The Principal Secy. and Khan (Dy. Dir. Social Welfare) released funds only to those departments, which were capable of paying money. Sometimes, tendering is done; but on a many times, work is directly allotted on the recommendation of the CEM. There is a lot of bungling in all the departments. Only 20% of the work is done." 127. Regarding the role of RH Khan, Dipolal Hojai (who had to resign from the office of the CEM to make way for Mohit Khan as the CEM), has stated that RH Khan is like the king of NC Hills and he (Dipolal Hojai), on coming to power as the CEM, thought of getting rid of R.H. Khan, but Mohit Hojai said that since he was the EM of the Social Welfare Department, he wants to try out R.H. Khan for three months and that the Governor, Shri Ajay Singh, called him (Dipolal Hojai) and told him that R.H. Khan should be made the Nodal Officer or the Liaison Officer and that R.H. Khan was an efficient officer and it is only he, who can get funds from the State and the Centre. It is in the statement of Dipolal Hojai that though he still resisted and made an AEE of Agriculture Department, by the name of Hazarika, as the nodal officer, Hazarika could not get any funds at all and in a desperate move, he made R.H. Khan as the Liaison Officer after discussing with senior members of the Council, namely, Prakanta Warisa and Mohit Hojai, and they too said that only R.H. Khan can manage funds for the Council. Dipolal Hojai has further stated that R.H. Khan was the favourite of the Governor and as the nodal officer, he used to move, in a helicopter, to NC Hills. 128. Close on the heels of the other witnesses and concerning Mohit Hojai, Niranjan Hojai, R.H. Khan and the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, and Phojendra (who was caught with rupees one crore, in cash, and weapon), PW 170 has stated that Mohit Hojai was very close to Niranjan Hojai and provided large sums of money to him for procurement of arms, he siphoned away money with the help of R.H. Khan, Phojendra Hojai and Ors. , and that one of the main contractors, who provided money, was Dhrubo Ghosh (i.e., the Appellant in Criminal Appeal No. 12/2010) and the amount of Rs. , and that one of the main contractors, who provided money, was Dhrubo Ghosh (i.e., the Appellant in Criminal Appeal No. 12/2010) and the amount of Rs. 1 crore, which was seized by police and gave rise to the present case, was actually being carried for DHD(J) out of the development funds, which were diverted by R.H. Khan and Mohit Hojai. 129. PW 178, who has been the Executive Member of the Council and was Chairman of the Council, has stated, as regards R.H. Khan, thus, "R.H. Khan was a key member of the Council. All the budget of NC Hills and release of funds were being organized by R.H. Khan. He was the liaison officer of the Council. He used to give a 10% cut for any budget allotment and allotment of additional funds for the Council. Among the contractors, Pabitra Nunisa, Dhrubo Ghosh (i.e., the Appellant in Criminal Appeal No. 12/2010) and Turdad Ali and Phojendra Hojai were the main contractors. 130. In the backdrop of the role of R.H. Khan, DHD(J) and accused Mohit Hojai, we proceed further with the examination of more specific incriminating materials existing as against the present three Appellants, namely, Jayanta Ghosh, Sandip Ghosh and Debasish Bhattacharjee. 131. While considering the case against these three Appellants, we may begin from taking note of the statement of PW 15, who has performed the duty of OSD of Depolal Hojai, who had to resign from the office of the CEM to make way for Mohit Hojai on the direction of Niranjan Hojai. This witness's statement shows that he was present at the residence of Depolal Hojai, when the said teleconference with Niranjan Hojai, C-in-C, DHD(J), was taking place and he is the one, who had, on the instructions of Depolal Hojai, typed out a resignation letter, but, later on, Depolal Hojai did not use the said letter inasmuch as he told this witness that the resignation letter had to be in his own handwriting. PW 15 has also stated that Depolal Hojai told him (PW 15) that Niranjan Hojai had asked him (Depolal) to resign and elect Mohit Hojai as the CEM and that he (Depolal Hojai) had followed the said instructions. 132. PW 15 has also stated that Depolal Hojai told him (PW 15) that Niranjan Hojai had asked him (Depolal) to resign and elect Mohit Hojai as the CEM and that he (Depolal Hojai) had followed the said instructions. 132. PW 15's statement also shows that he and Dhruba (i.e. the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh) are childhood friends and have family ties with each other and that PW 15 used to meet Jayanta Ghosh, whenever PW 15 visited Guwahati or Kolkata. 133. In the month of March, 2009, according to PW 15, Jayanta Ghosh asked him to suggest the name of any acquaintance of PW 15 so as to enable Jayanta Ghosh open account at the State Bank of India in Guwhati. On receiving this request, PW 15 suggested to Jayanta Ghosh to talk to PW 182 (D.V. Gayan), an architect of Guwahati, because D.V. Gayan and Dhruba were known to each other before even PW 15 came to know D.V. Gayan. PW 15 accordingly telephoned D.V. Gayan to help Dhruba in getting the account opened and the accounts were accordingly opened. 134. The statement of PW 15 further shows that he went to Kolkata, in June, 2009, in connection with treatment of his throat and at Howrah Railway Station, Jayanta Ghosh gave PW 15 some cheques, amounting to Rs. 1.2 crores, to hand over to Imdad Ali (PW 8) and PW 15 accordingly handed over the said cheques to Imdad Ali at Guwahati, Imdad Ali being known to PW 15 for the last fifteen years. 135. It is also important to note that according to PW 15, in the month of May or June, 2009, he discussed with Jayanta Ghosh his plan of visiting Kolkata for his treatment and Dhruba (i.e., the Appellant Jayanta) asked PW 15 to bring two Engineers of PHE, namely, Namasudra and Mukherjee (i.e., PW 26 and PW 29 respectively) along with him and accordingly, PW 15 went with the said two engineers of PHE to Kolkata. 136. From the statement of PW 15, what transpires (as already discussed above) is that PW 15 too knew Mohit Hojai came to power as the CEM on the directions of Niranjan Hojai, C-in-C, DHD(J). In the month of March, 2009, Jayanta Ghosh wanted to open some accounts in any of the SBI Branches at Guwahati. 136. From the statement of PW 15, what transpires (as already discussed above) is that PW 15 too knew Mohit Hojai came to power as the CEM on the directions of Niranjan Hojai, C-in-C, DHD(J). In the month of March, 2009, Jayanta Ghosh wanted to open some accounts in any of the SBI Branches at Guwahati. Upon a query made, in this regard, by Jayanta, PW 15 suggested to Jayanta Ghosh to talk to Gayan and, on being asked by PW 15, Gyan agreed to help Jayanta Ghosh in opening the account inasmuch as Jayanta Ghosh and Gayan were known to each other before even PW 15 came to know Gayan. This witness's statement also shows, as discussed above, that in the month of June, 2009, he brought a cheque, amounting to Rs. 1.2 crore, from Jayanta Ghosh. This monetary transaction is shown to have taken place between Jayanta Ghosh and Imdad Ali. PW 15's statement further shows that in the month of May or June, 2009, Jayanta Ghosh got two Engineers, PHE, namely, Namasudra and Mukherjee, flown to Kolkata for some discussion. 137. Bearing in mind what is indicated above, we proceed to take note of what Namasudra (PW 26), a Junior Engineer, PHE, Maibang, NC Hills, and Kalyan Mukherjee (PW 29), Addl. Chief Engineer, PHE, inNC Hills, have, it is claimed, revealed to the NIA. 138. Turning to the statement of PW 26 (K.C. Namasudra), a Junior Engineer, PHE, Maibang, who, according to PW 15, was taken to Calcutta by PW 15 on being asked by the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, we find that this witness's statement is, if true, an eye-opener as regards the modus operandi of obtaining of payments by the three Appellants, namely, Jayanta Ghosh, Debasish Bhattacharjee and Sandip Ghosh, in league with Mohit Hojai, the modus operandi being coercion, threat and intimidation of the public servants. This witness's statement reads, inter alia, thus: In the 3rd week of March 2009, Dhruba Ghosh, proprietor of Loknath Trading and Jeet Enterprise, rang me and asked to come to Guwahati, immediately, to discuss urgent matter with CEM Mohit Hojai. He called me at Hotel Pragati Manor. Next day, I reached Guwahati and reached the Hotel. Shri Mukherjee, Addl. Chief Engineer/EE PHE Haflong, Dhruba Ghosh, Debasish Bhattacharjee and Mohit Hojai were present at the Hotel. He called me at Hotel Pragati Manor. Next day, I reached Guwahati and reached the Hotel. Shri Mukherjee, Addl. Chief Engineer/EE PHE Haflong, Dhruba Ghosh, Debasish Bhattacharjee and Mohit Hojai were present at the Hotel. Mohit Hojai asked Shri Mukherjee to give cheques of Rs 1.50 crores approx to Dhruba Ghosh in advance against the supply order of Pipes. Shri Mukherjee asked about the supply of material. On this, CEM warned him and pressurized him to give the cheques and assured pipes will be supplied shortly. The personal staff of Mohit Hojai had taken him, somewhere, from the room and brought back after sometime. Mukherjee was trembling with fear and agreed to obey the direction of CEM. Shri Mohit Hojai had also ordered me to issue cheques of Rs 1.65 crores to Dhruba Ghosh against the supply order of Pipes. I did not raise any question due to fear created by Mohit Hojai and personal staff and I agreed to issue the cheques in good faith as assured by the CEM and Dhruba Ghosh. I have knowledge that Niranjan Hojai, Commander-in-Chief, DHD (J) had ordered Depolal Hojai to step down and Mohit Hojai was made CEM on his direction. I am also aware that Mohit Hojai is having good relation with the DHD (J) extremists. Therefore, nobody dare to disobey his order due to fear of his life. I immediately informed Jajendra Hojai and called him, at Guwahati, along with Cheque book. After completing the formality, four cheques were handed over to Dhruba Ghosh in the presence of Mohit Hojai. One more cheque of Rs 9 Lakhs was handed over to Debashish Bhatttacharjee for work of sub-division in December, 2008. The details of payment and work done or material supplied are available, in the office, at Maibang. Thereafter, I came back to Maibang and called Shri Sushil Chandra Das, Store Officer in my chamber and apprised him about the payment of bills made to MIS Loknath and Jeet Enterprise without receipt of pipes as directed by Shri Mohit Hojai, CEM. I further informed him that CEM has assured that pipes will be supplied by the party shortly. I asked him to verify the bills and work out the quantity of pipes as per the payment. He initially refused to verify the bill as materials are not received. I further informed him that CEM has assured that pipes will be supplied by the party shortly. I asked him to verify the bills and work out the quantity of pipes as per the payment. He initially refused to verify the bill as materials are not received. I assured him that no harm would be caused to him as CEM is with us. In case of need, I assured him that I will takejhe responsibility of wrongdoing. I gave him the figures dates to be entered on the bills. Accordingly he verified the bills after calculating the quantity as per the amount of cheques. 139. From the above statement of PW 26, what transpires, until shown otherwise, is that the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh alias Dhruba Ghosh, was known as proprietor of M/S Loknath Trading and M/S Jeet Enterprise. Whether Dhruba Ghosh was or was not, on paper or legally, the proprietor of M/S Loknath Trading and/or M/S Jeet Enterprise is not material; what is material is that Dhruba Ghosh did act and behave as the proprietor of the said two firms signifying thereby that the said establishments belonged to, and controlled by, him. 140. From the statement of PW 26, it also transpires that the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh @ Dhruba Ghosh, was extremely close to Mohit Hojai and it was known to all (including, obviously, the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, too) that Mohit Hojai had become the CEM as per the desire of Niranjan Hojai, Commander-in-Chief, DHD(J), and that Mohit Hojai was a terror for the public servants, such as, PW 26 and Mukherjee, the Additional Chief Engineer (PW 29). Putting the said Additional Chief Engineer into fear or risk of life, Mohit Hojai forced the Additional Chief Engineer, with the help of his personal staff, to issue cheque of Rs. 1.5 crore to Dhruba Ghosh without even receiving supply of the materials. How the cheques came to be issued to Jayanta Ghosh on the threats being given by Mohit Hojai and his personal staffs are also corroborated by the said Additional Chief Engineer. This apart, when we come to the statement of the said Additional Chief Engineer, we would also come to learn (if what the Addl. Chief Engineer says is true) how the orders for supply of materials came to be issued to various business concerns, which the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, represented. 141. This apart, when we come to the statement of the said Additional Chief Engineer, we would also come to learn (if what the Addl. Chief Engineer says is true) how the orders for supply of materials came to be issued to various business concerns, which the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, represented. 141. What is, however, necessary to note,at this stage, is that when the said Additional Chief Engineer expressed his reluctance to issue the cheque for a huge sum of Rs. 1.5 crore, Mohit Hojai warned him and Mohit Hojai's personal staff took the said Additional Chief Engineer somewhere out of the room and when the Additional Chief Engineer (Mukherjee) was brought back to the room, he (PW 26) was noticed by PW 26 (Namasudra) trembling with fear and the Additional Chief Engineer agreed to obey the directions of Mohit Hojai. What the personal staff of Mohit Hojai had done to the Additional Chief Engineer so as to make the later tremble with fright (as the statement of PW 26 reflects) will become clearer, when we come to the statement of the said Additional Chief Engineer. Not only that Mohit Hojai asked the said Additional Chief Engineer (PW 29) to give to the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, cheque of as much as of Rs. 1.50 crore, Mohit Hojai even ordered PW 26 (Namasudra) to issue cheques of Rs. 1.65 crores to Jayanta Ghosh and the fear, which Mohit Hojai had so created, made PW 26 (Namasudra) too meekly agree to issue the cheques, as desired, and the cheques for Rs. 1.64 crores were accordingly issued by PW 26 too. 142. Leaving no one, in doubt, as to why Mohit Hojai could create so much of fear, PW 26 has stated that Mohit Hojai was made the CEM on the direction of Niranjan Hojai, C-in-C, DHD(J), and Mohit Hojai was having good relation with DHD( J) extremists too and, therefore, as PW 26 puts it, "nobody dares to disobey his (Mohit Hojai's) order due to fear of his life". The cheques were accordingly handed over by P W 26 to the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, in presence of Mohit Hojai and Debasish Bhattacharjee (i.e. the co-Appellant). The fact that the cheques were handed over to the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, is also signify that Jayanta Ghosh did behave, act, known and acknowledge as the real owner of the said business establishments. 143. The fact that the cheques were handed over to the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, is also signify that Jayanta Ghosh did behave, act, known and acknowledge as the real owner of the said business establishments. 143. Coming to the statement of PW 29 (Kalyan Brata Mukherjee), the Additional Chief Engineer, we notice that on being posted to Halflong, in the second week of Febru-ary,2009, he went to Halflong and met the then CEM, Mohit Hojai, seeking to be allowed to join his duties and at that time, as Karuna Saikia, Additional Chief Engineer, was officiating and the Executive Engineer, PHE, Halflong, was absenting himself from duty due to his alleged misappropriation of funds, he (PW 29) was asked by Mohit Hojai to join PHE, Halflong, and accordingly, he (P W 29) assumed the charge of the offices of the Additional Chief Engineer and also Executive Engineer, Halflong, on 26.02.2009 and on that very day, Mohit Hojai called PW 29 and asked him to issue supply orders in favour of M/S Maa Trading for Rs. 50 lakhs, which is, according to NIA, a firm belonging to the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh. This witness accordingly issued supply orders on that very day. These supply orders were, admittedly, made without having any administrative approval as were, otherwise, required. This apart, as per the procedure, which this witness mentions, the supply orders ought to be issued in favour of the lowest bidder, whose quotations are approved by the Council, but the orders were placed, in the present case, in favour of M/s Maa Trading, in violation of the relevant procedure. This apart, according to this witness, supply order for more than Rs. 1 crore must be given after calling tenders, but the same too was not followed by Mohit Hojai. This witness also makes it clear that Mohit Hojai and all the persons, involved in the process of purchase of pipes, were aware that the rates of the pipes, fixed by the Council, for placing supply orders, were more than double of what the prevailing rates, in the market, otherwise, were. This witness asserts that ignoring the rules and regulations, Mohit Hojai got the supply orders placed with firms, namely, Maa Kali Trading, Loknath Trading, Jeet Enterprise, etc., which are all, according to the NIA, business concerns, owned by the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh @ Dhruba Ghosh. This witness asserts that ignoring the rules and regulations, Mohit Hojai got the supply orders placed with firms, namely, Maa Kali Trading, Loknath Trading, Jeet Enterprise, etc., which are all, according to the NIA, business concerns, owned by the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh @ Dhruba Ghosh. No wonder, therefore, that the day Mohit Hojai forced PW26 and PW 29 to issue cheques by putting them in fear of their lives at hotel Pragati Manor, the said meeting place had been arranged, according to the materials on record, by the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh. 144. Lending support to the statement of PW 26, as to what had transpired, at Hotel Pragati Manor, at Guwahati, Mukherjee (PW 29) has stated thus: "In the 3rd week of March 2009 most probably on 20.03.09,1 was at Guwahati, when I received a call from Shri Mohit Hojai, CEM. He called me at Pragati Mansion (Hotel), GS Road, Guwahati, for urgent discussion. Accordingly, I reached there. Shri Dharuba Ghosh, (proprietor of firms Maa Trading, Loknath Trading, Jeet Enterprise. Borail Enterprise), Debasish Bhattacharjee and Mohit Hojai were present at the Hotel. Shri Namosudra, Executive Engineer, Maibang, also reached there. Shri Mohit Hojai asked me to give cheque of Rs 1.64 Lakhs to Dharuba Ghosh, in advance, against the supply order of Pipes. I asked CEM about the supply of material. On this, he became angry and warned me to be cautious in future in asking such questions. He started pressurizing me to give the cheques by assuring that pipes will be supplied shortly. He also hinted to his personal staff appears to be Napalese by pointing towards me. On this, the personal staffs of Mohit Hojai took me in the gallery and threaten to kill me and my family if I raise any question on the directions of CEM. I expressed sorry and apologized for my act and then they again took me in the room. Thereafter I did not raise any question and agreed to obey the directions of CEM. Shri Mohit Hojai had also ordered Shri Namosudra to issue cheques of Rs 1.65 lacs to Dhruba Ghosh against the supply order of Pipes. He did not raise any question and agreed to issue the cheques. I was aware that Niranjan Hoiai. Commander-in-Chief. DHD (J.) had ordered Depolal Hoiai to step down and ordered to members of the Council to choose Mohit Hojai as CEM. He did not raise any question and agreed to issue the cheques. I was aware that Niranjan Hoiai. Commander-in-Chief. DHD (J.) had ordered Depolal Hoiai to step down and ordered to members of the Council to choose Mohit Hojai as CEM. Accordingly, he was elected CEM unopposed as per the direction of Niranjan Hojai of DHD (J) C-in-C. I am also aware that Mohit Hojai is having good relation with the DHD (J) extremists. Therefore, not even me but also nobody dared to disobey his order. I came back to Haflong and directed to cashier to prepare Cheques as per the four bills received from the M/s Maa Trading. Accordingly cheques were prepared for Rs 84.81 lakhs, 57.98 lakhs and 14.33 lakhs and handed over to Sanmbu Ghosh representative of Dhruba Ghosh. No pipes were received at the time of payment except pipes for Rs 14.33 lakhs. The material was received directly at Jinam Valley site and payment was made after confirming from the site Engineer." (Emphasis is added) 145. From the statement of Additional Chief Engineer (PW 29), what emerges, in tune with the statement of PW26, is that in the third week of March, 2009, and most probably, on 29.03.2009, when he (PW 29) was at Guwahati, he received a call from Mohit Hojai, who asked him to come to Hotel Pragati Manor, for discussing some urgent matters. PW 29, accordingly, reached the said hotel, where the Appellants, Jayanta Ghosh @ Dhruba Ghosh and Debasish Bhattacharjee, were already present. Namasudra (PW 26) too arrived there. Mohit Hojai asked PW 29 (Mukherjee) to give cheques of Rs. 1.50 crores to Dhruba Ghosh, in advance, against supply orders of pipes and when Mukherjee (PW 29) asked Mohit Hojai about the supply of materials, Mohit Hojai warned Mukherjee (PW 29) to be cautious before asking such questions. PW 29 (Mukherjee) also states that Mohit Hojai started pressurizing him to give cheques by assuring that the pipes would be supplied shortly, whereupon the personal staff of Mohit Hojai took this witness (P W29) away from the room, the personal staff of Mohit Hojai threatened to kill him (PW 29) and his family if he (PW 29) questioned the directions of Mohit Hojai. This witness (PW 29), then, apologized and the personal staff of Mohit Hojai brought him (PW 29) back to the room. This witness (PW 29), then, apologized and the personal staff of Mohit Hojai brought him (PW 29) back to the room. The statement of PW 29 (Mukherjee) supports the statement of PW 26 (Namasudra) that Mohit Hojai also ordered Namasudra (PW 26) to issue cheques of Rs. 1.65 crores in favour of Dhruba Ghosh. Namasudra (P W 26), out of fear, did not even raise any question and agreed to issue the cheques. PW 29 clarifies (as same as PW26 does) that he was aware that Niranjan Hojai, C-in-C, DHD(J) had ordered Depolal Hojai to step down and Mohit Hojai was made the CEM. This witness, same as PW26, was also aware of the fact that Mohit Hojai was having good relation with DHD and no body dared to say no to Mohit Hojai. 146. The statements of the two witnesses, which we have noted above, describes the modus operandi of the three Appellants, Jayanta Ghosh alias Dhruba Ghosh, his employee, Sandip Ghosh alias Bapi and Debasish Bhattacharjee. The description of the events given by PW26 and PW29, if true, is alarming. Until shown, otherwise, at the trial, the statements, so made by these witnesses, have to be assumed to be true and when so assumed, it becomes clear that Jayanta Ghosh (i.e., the Appellant) was the man, who was known as the real owner of the business concerns, whose names have appeared above. Everybody knew that Mohit Hojai had become CEM on the direction of Niranjan Hojai. Mohit Hojai had very good relation with DHD(J) extremists and this made people terrified and they never dared to disobey the directions of Mohit Hojai. When PW 29 (Mukherjee) expressed his unwillingness to issue cheques for a huge sum of Rs. 1.50 crores without receiving supply of the materials, Mohit Hojai threatened him and, on a signal given by Mohit Hojai, his personal staff took PW 29 (Mukherjee) away and told him clearly that he and his family would be killed. Mukherjee was so terrorized and petrified (as the statement of PW26 reflects) that he was trembling, when he returned back to the room. The terror, which Mohit Hojai had succeeded in generating, made even PW 26 (Namasudra) disabled from raising any protest against Mohit Hojai's direction to issue cheque for Rs. l .65 crores to Dhruba (i.e., Appellant Jayanta Ghosh). 147. The terror, which Mohit Hojai had succeeded in generating, made even PW 26 (Namasudra) disabled from raising any protest against Mohit Hojai's direction to issue cheque for Rs. l .65 crores to Dhruba (i.e., Appellant Jayanta Ghosh). 147. When Jayanta Ghosh, in the company of Debasish Bhattacharjee, was acting in so close contact with Mohit Hojai, and when one could clearly notice how the Additional Chief Engineer, Mukherjee, and the Junior Engineer, Namasudra. had been terrorized by Mohit Hojai and the personal staff to issue cheques, it would be too naive to hold at this stage that Jayanta Ghosh was an ordinary businessman or knew nothing as to what was going on behind the scenes and how Mohit Hojai was conducting himself by creating fear and terror in the hearts and minds of the Government officials, yet the Appellants, Jayanta Ghosh and Debasish Bhattacharjee, were happily collecting and extorting cheques from the engineers without making supply of materials. The Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, was, thus, (until shows, otherwise, at the trial), not an ordinary contractor or supplier; he was a close associate, as the materials on record reveal, of Mohit Hojai and a co-conspirator with Mohit Hojai in the former's activities of strengthening DHD(J) financially. We, now, revert to the statement of Debasish Dutta (PW15), whose statement shows (we have already discussed above) that the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, got P W26 and PW29 flown to Kolkata. His statement also shows that Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, wanted accounts to be opened at State Bank of India's Branch, at Guwahati, and, in this regard, PW15 asked the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, to speak to D.B. Gayan (PW182), because D.B. Gayan was known to the Appellant, Jayanta, even before PW15 came to know. In the light of the above statement of PW 15, when we examine the statement of PW 182 (D.B. Gayan), we notice that according to this witness, he received a call from Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, seeking his help in opening a bank account of the Appellant's firm and insisted that the account shall be opened with the State Bank of India inasmuch as he was going to receive cheques drawn on State Bank of India. The statement of this witness (PW182) also shows that Appellant. Jayanta, came to PW 182 along with not only PW15, but also the Appellant, Sambhu Ghosh, who was being addressed (according to PW182) by Ors. as 'Bapi'. The statement of this witness (PW182) also shows that Appellant. Jayanta, came to PW 182 along with not only PW15, but also the Appellant, Sambhu Ghosh, who was being addressed (according to PW182) by Ors. as 'Bapi'. The statement of PW 182 further shows that Dhruba (i.e., the Appellant, Jayanta,) told him (PW182) that the accounts were to be opened in the names of M/s Maa Trading and M/s Jeet Enterprise, which is owned by 'Bapi'. PW182 states that Dhruba (i.e., the Appellant, Jayanta,) also told him (PW 182) that there was an internal arrangement between him and 'Bapi' for operating the said firms as 'Bapi' was a permanent resident of NC Hills and eligible to conduct business activities there. Thus, the Appellant, Sambhu Ghosh @ 'Bapi', we notice, was being used by the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh @ Dhruba, to obtain supply orders and carry on business activities in NC Hills and the Appellant, Sambhu Ghosh @ 'Bapi', too was happily aiding and supporting the activities of Jayanta Ghosh @ Dhruba. Though the Appellant, Jayanta and/or 'Bapi', were never tenants of PW 182, a tenancy deed was fabricated, on 26.03.2009, to project as if 'Bapi' was a tenant under PW 182's father and the accounts were opened and, on the following day, Dhruba (i.e., the Appellant, Jayanta,) again took him (PW182) to the said bank and, on the very first day, two cheques, amounting to Rs. 1.83 crores, were deposited and after verification, the cheques were cleared. After clearance of the said cheques, two of the Appellants, namely, Sambhu Ghosh alias 'Bapi' and Debasish Bhattacharjee, (who was present at Hotel Pragati Manor, when PW29 and PW26 were forced to issue cheques) withdrew, in cash, Rs. 80 lakhs from the account of M/s. Maa Trading Company. The amount, which was caught on 01.04.2009, with Phojendra Hojai and which has led to the registration of the present case, is, according to the NIA, traceable partly to this amount. It is also very interesting to note that after withdrawing whole of the money, no further transaction from the said account was done. The amount, which was caught on 01.04.2009, with Phojendra Hojai and which has led to the registration of the present case, is, according to the NIA, traceable partly to this amount. It is also very interesting to note that after withdrawing whole of the money, no further transaction from the said account was done. From the statement of PW182 too, what emerges is that the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, and his co-Appellants, Debasish Bhattacharjee and/or Sambhu Ghosh, were capable of fabricating the documents of tenancy for the purpose of encashing the cheques, which they were to receive and these cheques had come to them (as the statement of PW26 and PW29 revealed) from PW26 and PW29 without making supplies of materials. We may, now, turn to the statement of PW8 (Imdad Ali), who states thus: Between 1994-99, he worked in N.C. Hills, as contractor, and built roads, buildings and bridges, but he received only part payment for the works done by him and the major portion of his bills were not paid. During the period from 1996 to 2001, when accused Mohit Hojai was in-charge, PWD, NCHAC, he (PW8) met accused Mohit Hojai on some occasions for the purpose of obtaining payment of his unpaid bills. As regards the accused-Appellant, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh @ Dhruba Ghosh, PW8 has stated that during his stay, at Haflong, from 1996 to 1999, he often met accused Jayanta Ghosh, who owns a hotel near Haflong Railway Station, and they became friends and he (P W8) used to visit accused Jayanta's hotel. During the years 2001- Purnendu Langthasa was the CEM of the NCHAC. We may pause here to point out that, according to the statement of PW8, Purnendu Langthasa was killed by DHD for not agreeing to their demands. In the year Dipulal Hojai became the CEM and he (PW8) met Dipulal Hojai for obtaining payment of his pending bills, whereupon Dipulal Hojai promised that the bills would be cleared slowly, but Dipulal Hojai asked him, in 2008, for a favour, the favour being that PW8 was to carry and hand over a sum of rupees fifteen lakhs to Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, who was, at the relevant point of time, residing at Kolkata. PW8 accordingly carried the money to Kolkata, met Jayanta Ghosh at Jayanta's father-in-law's house and when this witness (PW8) handed over the money to Jayanta Ghosh, Jayanta asked PW8 to wait for sometime and, then, insisted that P W8 accompanies him (Jayanta) to the place, where Jayanta was going. On the insistence of Jayanta, PW8 accompanied Jayanta to a place, which was at a distance of about 1 lA hour journey from Jayanta's father-in-law's house, Jayanta handed over the bag of money to a person and Jayanta introduced this witness to the said stranger as a resident of Kolkata. What is, now, of immense importance to note is that, according to the statement of PW8, in the month of April, 2009, this witness, however, came across a news item, in a TV channel, as regards the fact that a person had been apprehended with money, and he (P W8), seeing the man on the TV, recognized the said person as the person, whom the Appellant, Jayanta, had handed over the said bag of money at Kolkata. The TV news announced the name of the said person as Phojendra Hojai. It is in the statement of this witness that on seeing on the TV the said stranger, whom he had met with the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, and whom the TV channel introduced as Phojendra, he (PW8) immediately informed some of his friends that he had met Phojendra Hojai earlier at Kolkata. It needs to be recalled, at this stage, that Phojendra Hojai was allegedly caught in the company of Babul Kemprai on 01.04.2009, at Guwahati, with Rs. 1.2 Crore. in cash, and some weapons. As regards Mohit Hojai, PW8 has stated that in the month of January, 2009, Mohit Hojai became the CEM of NCHAC and he (PW8) used to meet Mohit Hojai for clearance of his pending bills, but no payment was made, though assurances were given. During, however, one of the meetings, Mohit Hojai asked this witness to carry to a Marowary gentleman called Shyamji, at Fancy Bazar, Guwahati, an amount of rupees eighty-five lakhs meant for the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh. During, however, one of the meetings, Mohit Hojai asked this witness to carry to a Marowary gentleman called Shyamji, at Fancy Bazar, Guwahati, an amount of rupees eighty-five lakhs meant for the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh. As PW8 did not know Shyamji, PW8 brought one Dildar Ahmed Choudhury before Mohit Hojai as Dildar Choudhury knew Shyamji, whereupon Mohit Hojai handed over the sum of rupees eighty-five lakhs to Dildar Ahmed Choudhury, in two installments, one of rupees thirty-six lakhs and the other one of rupees forty-nine lakhs, respectively, and Dildar Ahmed Choudhury accordingly handed over the said amount to the said Shyamji and, after about an hour. Mohit Hojai told this witness (PW8) that one Shambhu (i.e., the Appellant 'Bapi') had collected the money, on behalf of the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, at Kolkata. This witness (PW8) has also stated that Shyamji is a hundi operator (i.e., hawala operator) at Fancy Bazar, Guwahati. 154. PW8 has further stated that in January, 2009, Mohit Hojai called him to his flat, at Guwahati, and told him that an amount of rupees sixty lakhs was required to be sent to the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, and asked him (PW8) to carry the said amount to one Ravi Agarwal, at Athgaon, Guwahati, and when this witness (PW8) hesitated to carry the amount, as the said amount was huge, accused Mohit Hojai told him that his (PW8's) bills would not be cleared and, finding no other alternative, this witness carried the said amount to Ravi Agarwal in two installments. Similarly, in the month of March, 2009, Mohit Hojai asked this witness to take one Chandra Sarma to Ravi Agarwal, whereupon this witness took the said Chandra Sarma to Ravi Agarwal's chamber, where Chandra Sarma handed over rupees twenty lakhs, in cash, to Ravi Agarwal in presence of this witness. 155. PW8 has also stated that the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, has business of catering with the railways and, sometimes, he (PW8) borrows money from Jayanta for his contract works and, sometimes, even Jayanta takes loan from him (PW8) and that once Jayanta had borrowed from him an amount of Rs. 1,16,45,400/-, which this witness claims to have given by withdrawing the amount from his loan account by way of cheque and, in April, 2009, Jayanta returned the loan by three cheques and gave him a profit of Rs. 3,54,600/-. 1,16,45,400/-, which this witness claims to have given by withdrawing the amount from his loan account by way of cheque and, in April, 2009, Jayanta returned the loan by three cheques and gave him a profit of Rs. 3,54,600/-. This story of payment of three cheques, in the month of April, 2009, is of great relevance, when considered in the light of the further materials, in the case, against the three Appellants and Ors.. 156. PW8 has stated that he was never interested in carrying money for Jayanta, but he did so only for the purpose of getting his pending bills cleared inasmuch as he (PW8) claims that he is yet to receive rupees two Crore seventy lakhs, as unpaid dues, from the NCHAC. 157. As far as PW 188, namely, Ravi Agarwal, is concerned, he has stated that he deals with cement and steel, his office being situated at AT Road, Guwahati, and that he knew Imdad Ali (PW8), because Imdad Ali used to buy cement from him. According to PW 188, in January, 2009, Imdad came to him and told him that he had to send some money to Kolkata and asked him if it could be managed by him, whereupon PW 188 informed Imdad that there was a person, in Guwahati, whose name was Shyamji, who used to transfer money to Kolkata through hundi. Imdad accordingly gave the money to Shyamji and also gave the commission for sending the money, the total amount being rupees fifty lakhs, and that Imdad, after one/ two hours, gave Anr. consignment of money for transferring the same and told him (PW188) that he would be required to send more than rupees one Crore, but sent a lesser amount. 158. It is important to note that PW188 stated that he, once, asked Imdad whether the money was going to wrong hand to which Imdad replied that the money belonged to one minister. PW 188 has also stated that after about a month, Imdad, again, gave him a sum of rupees twenty-five lakhs, which he sent through the same channel. 159. PW 39 is Ajay Agarwal, whose statement is that the prices of the pipes, which the Additional Chief Engineer, PHE, NCHAC, had purchased for the department were at double the rates, which were prevailing in the market. 159. PW 39 is Ajay Agarwal, whose statement is that the prices of the pipes, which the Additional Chief Engineer, PHE, NCHAC, had purchased for the department were at double the rates, which were prevailing in the market. PW Chandra Sarma has stated that Mohit Hojai had, once, called him and told him to go to a building, at AT Road, Guwahati, and meet a Punjabi contractor, called Gandhi, and to take money from the said contractor and give the same to Imdad, whereupon he (Chandra Sarma) went there, got rupees twenty lakhs and handed over the money to Imdad and, then, he and Imdad went to Athgaon and handed over the money to a person, whom he does not know by name. P W Chandra Sarma, also stated that in the last week of March. Mohit Hojai gave, in his presence, rupees twenty-nine lakhs to the Appellant Dhruba Ghosh (i.e., Jayanta) for purchasing pipes and, after a few days, towards the end of March, Mohit Hojai told him that Dhruba Ghosh would hand over some money and he should collect the same and hand over to Mohit Hojai, whereupon P W Chandra Sarma contacted the Appellant, Dhruba Ghosh, whereupon Dhruba Ghosh's man, who is also known as 'Bapi', came to Silpukhuri, in front of the Maharshi School, and handed over a bag of money to him (Chandra Sarma), which he (Chandra Sarma) carried to Mohit Hojai and handed over the same to Mohit Hojai at Guwahati. 162. PW Chandra Sarma also stated that on the day, when rupees one Crore was seized by the police, Mohit Hojai called him, whereafter Mohit Hojai left Guwahati and came back only after one month. 163. From the statements of witnesses, like Imdad Ali (PW8), PW188 (Ravi Agarwala), Ajay Agarwal and Chandra Sharma, what transpires is that there was free flow of cash from Mohit Hojai to various persons for being carried to Kolkata by hawala operators. Even Jayanta Ghosh (i.e., the Appellant), made Ors. carry cash from one place to Anr. and he (the Appellant, Jayanta) handed over in the presence of PW8 money, in Kolkata, to Phojendra Hojai, who was caught, on 01.04.2009, with an amount of Rs. l crore, in cash, and weapons giving rise to the present case. Even Jayanta Ghosh (i.e., the Appellant), made Ors. carry cash from one place to Anr. and he (the Appellant, Jayanta) handed over in the presence of PW8 money, in Kolkata, to Phojendra Hojai, who was caught, on 01.04.2009, with an amount of Rs. l crore, in cash, and weapons giving rise to the present case. The examination of the statements of various witnesses, which we have analysed for the purpose of determination of the merit of the appeals of the three Appellants, who have projected themselves as contractors and suppliers, clearly reveal that they have been extremely close to Mohit Hojai, who came to power as the CEM on the instructions given by Niranjan Hojai, C-in-C, DHD(J), to Depolal Hojai, who was the elected CEM. In close contact with Mohit Hojai, the three Appellants terrorized the engineers and forced them not only to issue supply orders, but also issue cheques without receiving actual supply of materials. Such fear was created in the minds and hearts of the engineers not because of the fact that Mohit Hojai was the CEM, but because of the fact that Mohit Hojai was bestowed with the office of the CEM at the direction of Niranjan Hojai, C-in-C, DHD(J), and Mohit Hojai fully co-operated in making funds reach through various means (as reflected from the statements recorded by the investigating agency) to people, who could carry cash from one place to Anr. and, eventually, reach persons like Phojendra Hojai so that the money could be utilized for purchase of arms and ammunitions. Whether as a matter of fact, the money were or were not used for purchase of arms and ammunitions is not at issue inasmuch as Section17 of the UA(P) Act, 1967, makes it clear that in order to construe an offence punishable, it is not necessary that the funds must have been used, it is enough if the accused knew that the fund was likely to be used for terrorist acts. By no means, therefore, the cases of the three Appellants can be treated (at this stage of consideration of their bail) to be cases of mere businessmen, who were carrying honest business. 164. Though Mr. By no means, therefore, the cases of the three Appellants can be treated (at this stage of consideration of their bail) to be cases of mere businessmen, who were carrying honest business. 164. Though Mr. PK Goswami, learned Senior counsel, has referred to the case of S.N. Thapa v. Additional Collector of Customs (Marine and Preventive), reported in (1994) 4 SCC 38 , to show that the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, is not shown to have known as to where the money was passing and/or that the money was being used for terrorist acts, it is worth pointing out that in the case of S.N. Thapa (supra), the allegation against Appellant, SN Thapa, was that by colluding with contractor, he had allowed arms and explosives to be smuggled to this country. The question, which arose in S.N. Thapa (supra), was as to whether there was any material, which could establish a strong suspicion that the Appellant was aware of the conspiracy. The finding of the Apex Court was that there was no such material except the fact that he had circulated an order to the effect that unless and until an alert was sounded, patrolling and checking of vehicles should not be undertaken and/or that on one occasion, he was informed that smuggled goods might land, he stationed the checking party in the manner that he kept one route deliberately open to the smugglers to escape. What the Apex Court pointed out, in the face of these materials in S.N Thapa (supra), was that none of these materials establish any connection between the Appellant, SN Thapa, and the crime, in question, namely, Bombay blast, which had taken place. As against the facts of the case in S.N. Thapa (supra), we have here a case, where the activities of the DHD (J) were well-known, Mohit Hojai's connection with Niranjan Hojai was well-known, the Appellants, namely, Jayanta Ghosh, Debasish Bhattacharjee and Sandip Ghosh, associated with Mohit Hojai not merely as contractors, but they terrorized the officers to obtain supply orders and cheques, got various amounts, in cash, carried from one place to Anr. and, on one occasion, a huge amount, in cash, got carried by the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, to Kolkata through Imdad Ali (PW8) and handed over the money to Phojendra Hojai there. In the facts and attending circumstances of the present case, the reference, made by Mr. and, on one occasion, a huge amount, in cash, got carried by the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, to Kolkata through Imdad Ali (PW8) and handed over the money to Phojendra Hojai there. In the facts and attending circumstances of the present case, the reference, made by Mr. Goswami, to the case of S.N. Thapa (supra), is, to our mind, misplaced. 165. Though it has been attempted to be shown, on behalf of the three Appellants, namely, Jayanta Ghosh, Debasish Bhattacharjee and Sandip Ghosh, that part supplies were made subsequent to obtaining of the cheques, the fact remains that cheques were obtained on 29.03.2009, the same were encashed before 31.03.2009 and Phojendra Hojai was caught, in Guwahati, in the company of Babulal Kemprai with huge amount of PvS.l (one) crore and some weapons, Phojendra Hojai being, according to the materials on record, a known carrier of money forDHD(J). It needs to be noted that a terrorist organization within the meaning of Section 2(m) means an organization listed in the schedule to the said Act or an organization operating under the same name as an organization so listed. A terrorist gang, according to Section 2(1), means any organization other than terrorist organization, who are systematically or otherwise connected with, or involved in, terrorist act. We have already pointed out above that DHD(J) has been carrying on terrorist acts and the DHD( J), in the light of what Section 2(1) provides, has to be regarded as a terrorist gang. A member of a terrorist gang, which is involved in the terrorist act, shall be punishable, according to Section 20 of U A(P) Act, with imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to fine. In the present case, the activities of the DHD(J) are carried out (as the materials collected during investigation reveal and until shown otherwise) with intent to threaten, inter alia, the security or sovereignty of India. These acts of the DHD(J), therefore, as already indicated above, amount to terrorist acts. This apart, killing of the labourers, as described above, by the members of the DHD( J) in order to strike terror in them also falls within the definition of the term terrorist act as given in Section 15. These acts of the DHD(J), therefore, as already indicated above, amount to terrorist acts. This apart, killing of the labourers, as described above, by the members of the DHD( J) in order to strike terror in them also falls within the definition of the term terrorist act as given in Section 15. Even those, who associate and aid the activities of DHD(J), when DHD(J) is involved in carrying out the activities, which threaten the unity, integrity, security and sovereignty of India, as is the case at hand, such persons would also be liable to the same extent as do perpetrator of the terrorist acts. In short, a person, who abets commission of a terrorist act, would be responsible to the same extent as the person, who commits terrorist act. When a terrorist act results into death of a person, the person, who commits the terrorist act, shall be punished with death or imprisonment for life and when a person abets commission of such an offence, he too would be liable, as an abettor, to the same extent as the person committing such a terrorist act. 169. The three Appellants have been described as members of DHD(J). Since DHD(J), in the light of the materials available on record, must be regarded, at this stage, as a terrorist gang, which is involved in terrorist acts, the Appellants, if can be reasonably shown to be member of the said gang, would fall within the penal provision of Section 20 and would be liable to suffer imprisonment for life. As the offence under Section 20 falls within Chapter IV, the proviso to Section 43D(5) dis-empowers the Special Court from releasing on bail, such a person, i.e., a member of a terrorist gang involved in terrorist act. 170. It has been contended, on behalf of the three Appellants, that no documentary material is available on record to show that they were members of DHD(J). Strictly speaking, there is nothing available on record to show that even Mohit Hojai, who had come to power as the CEM (as indicated above), on the intervention of Niranjan Hojai, yet in the face ofthe materials on record, he cannot but be regarded, at this stage, as a member of the DHD(J). The expression, 'member', as used in the UA(P) Act, is a term, which has been used in a sense as is, ordinarily, meant by the word 'member'. The expression, 'member', as used in the UA(P) Act, is a term, which has been used in a sense as is, ordinarily, meant by the word 'member'. According to Cambridge dictionary, a 'member' is a person, who is a part of a Group or joins a group to take part in a particular activity. The Oxford English Dictionary states that a "member' means a person or organization belonging to a group or society. The dictionary also describes a person as a member, who takes part in an action, and participate in its benefit. In the context of the facts of the present case, and the dictionary meaning of the word, 'member', one cannot but hold, albeit tentatively, that there are reasonable ground for believing that in the absence of anything showing to the contrary, the three Appellants too were members of the DHD(J). We may also point out that Section 17 of the UA(P) Act states: "Whoever, in India or in a foreign country, directly or indirectly, raises or collects funds or provides funds to any person or persons or attempts to provide funds to any person or persons, knowing that such funds are likely to be used by such person or persons to commit a terrorist act, notwithstanding whether such funds were actually used or not for commission of such act, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than five years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine." 174. The language, used in Section 17, clearly shows that when a person raises or collects funds or provides funds or attempts to provide funds to any person knowing that such funds are likely to be used by such person(s) to commit a terrorist act, then, the person, who collects or provides funds or attempts to provide funds, would commit an offence under Section 17. 175. In the case at hand, there are quite a few transactions, wherein the three Appellants have collected funds for accused Mohit Hojai knowing well that Mohit Hojai is a DHD(J) activist and he has come to power as the CEM with the blessings of Niranjan Hojai. Any prudent person, placed in the position of these three Appellants, would have known that the funds, which they were carrying for Mohit Hojai, were likely to be used for the purpose of terrorist acts. Any prudent person, placed in the position of these three Appellants, would have known that the funds, which they were carrying for Mohit Hojai, were likely to be used for the purpose of terrorist acts. Whether such funds have, as a matter of fact, been used or not for commission of terrorist act is not material in the face of the provisions of Section 17. What is material is a person's knowledge that such funds are likely to be used for committing a terrorist act. In the absence of anything showing to the contrary, the inference (at this stage) would be that the three Appellants, acting in a group, helped in carrying the money of Mohit Hojai from one place to Anr. and while so doing, they knew that the money was likely to be used for terrorist acts. In such circumstances, these Appellants cannot, but be interfered, albeit tentively and unless can be shown otherwise, to have prima facie committed offence under Section 17. The materials, collected by the investigating agency, very clearly show that every prudent person, connected with the affairs of administration of the NCHAC, knew as to how DHD(J) has been influencing the running of the Government in the NCHAC. Unless, therefore, it is shown otherwise, a person, who is so close to Mohit Hojai (as the Appellants, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, Debasish Bhattacharjee and Sandip Ghosh, were to Mohit Hojai) and who had gone along with Mohit Hojai to the extent of terrorizing people by forcing them to give cheques without making supplies in the manner as has been described above, cannot but be inferred (at this stage) to have known as to why Mohit Hojai strikes terror in the heart and mind of the people, in general, and the 'public servants', such as, Mukherjee, Namasudra and Ors. in particular. The terror, which Mohit Hojai was succeeding in creating in the minds of such officers, was because of his being a functionary of the DHD(J). In such circumstances, how Mohit Hojai had come to power, whose blessings and whose support he had enjoyed and whose strength he was using to strike terror in Ors. in particular. The terror, which Mohit Hojai was succeeding in creating in the minds of such officers, was because of his being a functionary of the DHD(J). In such circumstances, how Mohit Hojai had come to power, whose blessings and whose support he had enjoyed and whose strength he was using to strike terror in Ors. must be inferred, at this stage, to have been known to these three Appellants too and yet, when they were regularly helping Mohit Hojai in carrying money from one place to Anr., they have to be inferred to have known (unless they can show otherwise and which they have not shown so far) that they, as ordinary prudent men, knew that the funds, which they were making available to Mohit Hojai or was carrying on the instructions of Mohit Hojai from one place to Anr., were likely to be used for commission of terrorist acts. In such circumstances, one is constrained to hold, and we do hold, albeit tentatively, that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the case, against these three Appellants, as regard commission of offences under various penal provisions of the U A(P) Act including one under Section 17 thereof, is prima facie true. 178. The materials, as they are (collected during the investigation) reveal that Mohit Hojai, with the help of Redaul Hussain Khan, some contractors, including the three Appellants and Ors. , collected huge sums of money by threat and extortion, manipulating records, raising false bills and by committing acts of criminal misappropriation of Government funds. The DHD(J) was involved in ethnic killing and sent out money, collected through such illegal means, to foreign countries and utilized the money, so sent, in purchasing and importing arms and ammunitions for carrying on, as contended by the NIA, subversive activities. The case diary reflects, until shown otherwise, that Redaul Hussain Khan had substantial control on the finance of the Social Welfare Department, under the NCHAC, and he has made payments to suppliers without receiving materials for which orders were placed. The case diary reflects, until shown otherwise, that Redaul Hussain Khan had substantial control on the finance of the Social Welfare Department, under the NCHAC, and he has made payments to suppliers without receiving materials for which orders were placed. Coupled with the above, what cannot be ignored and must not be ignored is that both Mohit Hojai as well as Redaul Hussain Khan, are 'public servants' within the meaning of Section 21 IPC and both are shown to be involved, as public servants, in acts of manipulation and fabrication of papers, documents and records, such as, bills, receipts, etc., and, with the help of such manipulated and fabricated papers, documents and records, etc., committed dishonest misappropriation of Government funds, purportedly, by making payments to suppliers against supplies of materials, though, at times, no such materials were ever supplied or on short supply of materials, but showing full supply of materials and thereby committed offences of criminal breach of trust, which is punishable, under Section 409 IPC, by imprisonment for life. When the materials, collected by the investigating agency, reveal, at this stage, that the accused-Respondent, Redaul Hussain Khan, was involved, as a close associate of the activists ofthe DHD(J) and, in collision with them, misappropriated government funds and such misappropriated funds, or part thereof, were being utilized for 'terrorist acts', the accused RH Khan could not have been allowed to go on bail, because of the bar imposed by the proviso to Section 43D(5), particularly, when R H Khan's case did not fall, we have held, within the purview of the Is* proviso to Section 437(1) CrPC. We have, therefore, found it necessary to cancel his bail and his bail has accordingly been cancelled. In the case at hand, there is nothing placed before this Court to show that the accusations, made against the accused-Appellants, are inherently improbable nor can the accusations be said to be intrinsically unbelievable. In such circumstances, the materials on record, so long as they remain what they are, speak that the accusations, made against accused Mohit Hojai and R.H. Khan and the Appellants are prima facie true. In such circumstances, the materials on record, so long as they remain what they are, speak that the accusations, made against accused Mohit Hojai and R.H. Khan and the Appellants are prima facie true. Hence, the bar imposed by the proviso to Section 43D(5) of the UA(P) Act, 1967, is (at this stage) squarely attracted to the cases of Mohit Hojai, Redaul Hussain Khan and the three Appellants, namely, Jayanta Ghosh, Debasish Bhattacharjee and Sandip Ghosh, particularly, when there is enough materials on record showing; as contended by the prosecution (until shown, otherwise, by the defence), that the present three Appellants, namely, Jayanta Ghosh, Debasish Bhattacharjee and Sandip Ghosh, were integral and inseverable part of the criminal conspiracy, wherein Mohit Hojai and Redaul Hussain Khan too were involved. Besides of what have been indicated above, accused Mohit Hojai and Redaul Hussain Khan, being prima facie involved in the commission of offence under Section 409 IPC, which is punishable by imprisonment for life, can also not be allowed to go on bail and could not have been allowed to go on bail by the learned Special Court, who runs the same limitations as does the Court of a Magistrate under Section 437(1) Cr.PC and the High Court's power, under Section 24(1) of the NIA Act, being co-extensive with the powers of the Special Court, even this Court, in exercise of its appellate powers, under Section 24(1) of the NIA Act, cannot allow Mohit Hojai and Redaul Hussain Khan to go on bail unless their case can be shown to have fallen under, and is covered by, the first proviso to Section 437(1) Cr.PC. We may pause here to point out that though the case was registered under Section 409 IPC, the NIA has not included in the present case Section 409 IPC, while filing charge-sheet. Whether this omission is deliberate or otherwise is not material; what is material is the question as to whether the penal provisions of Section 409 IPC are or are not attracted to the facts of the present case. We have already shown, while discussing the materials against RH Khan, that there are sufficient incriminating materials indicating involvement of RH Khan and Mohit Hojai in the commission of the offence of criminal breach of trust, punishable under Section 409 IPC, as public servants. We have already shown, while discussing the materials against RH Khan, that there are sufficient incriminating materials indicating involvement of RH Khan and Mohit Hojai in the commission of the offence of criminal breach of trust, punishable under Section 409 IPC, as public servants. The present one is not a case of mere disposal of property by a public servant; rather, in the light of the materials on record and until shown, otherwise, by the defence, it is a case of, manipulation and fabrication of records, such as, bills, documents, receipts, etc. in order to collect money for carrying out terrorist acts. If the statements of the two engineers (that is, PW26 and PW29) are kept in view, there is no difficulty in concluding, albeit tentatively, at this stage, that the three Appellants, namely, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh alias Dhruba Ghosh, Sandip Ghosh @ 'Bapi' and Debasish Bhattacharjee, formed integral and inseverable parts of the criminal conspiracy along with Mohit Hojai and it is in consequence of such criminal conspiracy that Mohit Hojai forced public servants to issue cheques and the cheques were issued without supplying materials. Thus, with the help of manipulation and fabrication of records, the Government funds were dishonestly misappropriated by persons aforementioned, who had domain over the funds. The three Appellants were part of the whole conspiracy to dishonestly misappropriate Government funds and shall be treated, therefore, to have abetted thereby (as provided in Section 120B IPC) the offence of criminal breach of trust punishable by Section 409 IPC. The three Appellants cannot, at this stage, be heard to say that they were not part of, or were in no way involved in, the offence of criminal breach of trust committed by public servants. 185. Whether there exist reasonable grounds for believing that a person has been guilty of an offence or not has to be decided judiciously by the Court. If the investigating agency describes an act as an offence punishable under Section 302 and the Court finds that the offence made out is not under Section 302, but Section 304A IPC, the Court is not powerless in treating the case, as against an accused, under Section 304A IPC for the purpose of considering the question of his release on bail. Similarly, even if the police might have registered a case under Section 304A and/or submitted charge-sheet against an accused under Section 304A IPC, it would be, eventually, for the Court to decide, even at the time of considering his release on bail, as to what offence, if any, the accused can be reasonably believed to have committed. 186. Merely, therefore, the fact, that no charge-sheet has been filed under Section 409 IPC in the present case, cannot distract this Court from taking into account the material facts in this regard. When the material facts are taken into account, it clearly emerges (and until can be shown otherwise at the stage of trial) that the present three Appellants were co-conspirators with Mohit Hojai in siphoning away Government funds by manipulation of records, threats, etc. Mohit Hojai was known, as the materials on record reveal, as a person, who had very close association with DHD(J) and since DHD(J) was involved in the terrorist acts, people were frightened to disobey the directions of Mohit Hojai howsoever illegal such directions may have been. The three Appellants made full use of the panic and fear, which Mohit Hojai had generated in the hearts and minds of the people and took help and support of Mohit Hojai for the purpose of committing, as co-conspirators, such acts as amounted to criminal breach of trust. Thus, when Mohit Hojai can reasonably be believed, at this stage, though tentatively, to have committed offence under Section 409 IPC, these three Appellants, namely, Jayanta Ghosh, Sandip Ghosh and Debasish Bhattacharjee, being, in the face of the materials on record, co-conspirators, are, in the tentative view of this Court, liable as abettors, for commission of offence under Section 409 IPC read with Section 120B thereof and the three Appellants too liable to punishment to the same extent as the chief offenders of Section 409 IPC. 187. We may also pause here to point out that though the case, against the accused-Respondent and his other co-accused, was registered under Section 409 IPC too, the charge-sheet has not been submitted for prosecution of offence under Section 409 IPC. 187. We may also pause here to point out that though the case, against the accused-Respondent and his other co-accused, was registered under Section 409 IPC too, the charge-sheet has not been submitted for prosecution of offence under Section 409 IPC. Notwithstanding the fact that the charge-sheet has not been submitted under Section 409 IPC, there can be no dispute that it is, eventually, for the Court to decide, while considering his application for bail, as to what offences, if any, an accused can be reasonably believed to have committed. 188. Be that as it may, even if, for the moment, we keep excluded from the purview of our consideration the fact that the materials on record disclose commission of offence under Section 409 IPC, what cannot be ignored and must be pointed out is that the three accused-Appellants, Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, Sandip Kumar Ghosh and Debasish Bhattacharhee, are shown, at this stage, to have committed offences under Chapter IV and VI ofthe UA(P) Act and to their cases, the bar to their release on bail, as embodied in Section 43D(5) of the UA(P) Act, is squarely applicable. Consequently, these Appellants cannot be allowed to go on bail and the mere fact that the charge-sheet has already been submitted cannot entitle them to go on bail, when the relevant statutes provide otherwise. 189. Mr. P. K. Goswami, learned Senior counsel, has pointed out that Niranjan Hojai, the alleged Commander-in-Chief, DHD(J), was never arrested, though he had laid down arms, and the State had kept him, points out Mr. Goswami, in a designated camp, meant for the surrenderees of the alleged terrorist gang, i.e., DHD (J). Whereas accused Niranjan Hojai has become an absconder, none knows when he would be apprehended and when would trial, if commenced, would be completed, when more than 150 witnesses are required to be examined, the Appellant, Jayanta Ghosh, whose father has died, whose business would be ruined if he is not released on bail and who, in due obedience of law, submitted to the judicial custody on expiry of his conditional bail, has been made to languish, submits Mr. Goswami, in jail as the State has been opposing his release on bail. Interjecting on this aspect of the appeals, Mr. Goswami, in jail as the State has been opposing his release on bail. Interjecting on this aspect of the appeals, Mr. Mukherjee, learned Counsel, appearing on behalf of the Appellant, Sandip Ghosh, has submitted that the State is not being fair to the Appellant, Sandip Ghosh, inasmuch as his bail is being objected by the State, whereas the State never made any serious efforts to even apprehend Niranjan Hojai, when Niranjan Hojai had, as the State claims, surrendered and laid down arms. Why Niranjan Hojai, though described by one and all as the Commander-in-Chief, DHD(J), was not arrested, so as to enable the State put him on trial along with the remaining Appellants, when he had, admittedly, surrendered and laid down arms? 190. We look for an answer into the materials on record. The records reveal no cogent answer. We look for an answer to the premier investigating agency of the crimes of the present nature, namely, National Investigating Agency. We, therefore, ask Mr. D. K. Das, learned Senior counsel, appearing for the NIA, as to why Niranjan Hojai was not arrested? Mr. Das was unable to give any satisfactory reply except pointing out that the NIA has issued a non-bailable warrant of arrest against accused Niranjan Hojai. We wonder as to why the NIA, whose jurisdiction extends to almost every nook and corner of this country and overrides the barriers of the States, which constitute the Union of India, has restrained itself from arresting accused Niranjan Hojai, when he is alleged to have been, as the Commander-in-Chief, DHD(J), responsible for various offences including terrorist acts. The situation is disquieting as no convincing answer is forthcoming. 191. We, therefore, deem it necessary to observe, and we do observe, that any organization, be it a terrorist organization, or otherwise, is like a human body with a brain, which issues commands, and limbs, which manage the functioning of the body in terms of what the mind directs. If the State has to avoid the evils of terrorism, the strength of the mind cannot be undermined. The State appears to be keen only in prosecuting the limbs of the DHD(J), but not the mind, i.e., its Commander-in-Chief, if what the State itself alleges is true. If the State has to avoid the evils of terrorism, the strength of the mind cannot be undermined. The State appears to be keen only in prosecuting the limbs of the DHD(J), but not the mind, i.e., its Commander-in-Chief, if what the State itself alleges is true. Why is the State keen to prosecute those, who may have functioned as the limbs of the said organization and why is the State not equally serious, if what it alleges is true, to prosecute the Commander-in-Chief ofthe said organization? What steps the State has taken to bring to book those, whose connivance, negligence or inefficiency let accused Niranjan Hojai escape and abscond? The State gives no convincing answers. 192. The present appeal is an eye opener as to how a person occupying, perhaps, an insignificant post in a government department, can make himself so indispensable that even the head of an elected institution looks to the man for his help and support. When, an elected office, particularly, a pivotal office, such as, the Chief Executive Member of an Autonomous Hills Council, is allowed to be occupied by a person, who comes forward to occupy the office by breaking all laws and norms, it signifies nothing but disaster for the society, because a person, who comes to power by breaking the arms of law, cannot but continue to break the arms of law. That is precisely what has happened, in the present case, if what the State alleges is true. In such system of governance, those, who can commit breach of law more daringly, become dearer to the State than the persons, who either abide by the law, or who fear to commit breach of law. The result of the encouragement, which law-breakers receive under such dominion, can only bring disaster to the State and to the people, whom such a State claims to represent. 193. As already indicated above, Mr. M. Mukherjee, learned Counsel, has expressed a grievance, on behalf of the Appellant, Sandip Ghosh, that Phojendra Hojai and Babul Kemprai, who were allegedly caught with cash and weapons have been allowed to go on bail, whereas the present Appellant, Sandip Ghosh, is being discriminated against inasmuch as he is not being allowed to go on bail by invoking the provisions of the NIA Act. While dealing with this grievance, it needs to be noted that though it is true that Phojendra Hojai and Babul Kemprai are on bail, the fact remains that at the time, when the said accused persons were allowed to go on bail, the NIA had not been invoked and bail was granted to them in exercise of the High Court's power under Section 439 Cr.PC; whereas the cases of the present Appellants are being considered with the limitations, which as a result of invoking of the provisions of the NIA Act, the Special Court, constituted under the NIA Act, suffers from. There is no doubt that equals cannot be treated unequally. At the same time, unlike cannot be treated alike. As on today, the appeals, which we are dealing with, have to be considered and disposed of in the light of the relevant laws applicable to the present Appellants and the fact, that the law at the time, when accused Phojendra Hojai and Babul Kemprai were released was differently applied, cannot be made a ground to release the present Appellants on bail. When the circumstances are different in the context of the laws applicable, the question of discrimination does not arise and on the ground of discrimination, the Appellants cannot be allowed to go on bail. 194. In the appeal filed by the NIA against the learned Special Court's order granting bail to accused R.H. Khan, similar contention was considered by this Court. We need to say, in fact, nothing more than what we have pointed out, in this regard, while dealing with the appeal against release of accused RH Khan, on bail, in these words: 113. The learned Court below has also taken into consideration the fact that two accused had released on bail, on 30.05.2009, at the early stage of the investigation. It appears to have escaped attention of the learned Court below that one of the accused, who had been released, had already absconded. This apart, when the clear provisions of Section 43D(5) of the UA(P) Act, 1967, do not permit the Court to allow an accused to go on bail, the fact that a co-accused had been released on bail could not have been made a ground for release of the present accused too. This apart, when the clear provisions of Section 43D(5) of the UA(P) Act, 1967, do not permit the Court to allow an accused to go on bail, the fact that a co-accused had been released on bail could not have been made a ground for release of the present accused too. Discrimination must arise out of a valid consideration inasmuch as the co-accused had been released, when the case had not been registered under the NIA Act and the investigation had not been taken over by the NIA; whereas the present Respondent's bail application was considered after the NIA had already taken over the investigation and had collected sufficient materials against the accused-Respondent involving him in the offences as alleged to have been committed by him." 195 Though no specific submission has been made, on behalf of the accused-Appellant, Samir Ahmed, at the time of hearing of his appeal, we have noticed, in the appeal petition, wherein it has been mentioned that this Appellant suffers from "Right Knee Ligament Tear problem with Hypertension" since the very inception of his production in the Court and yet the Appellant has been denied the liberty of bail by the learned Special Court. Notwithstanding the fact that the Appellant's appeal, as indicated hereinbefore, has not been specifically pressed on the ground of his sickness, we have considered the nature and degree of the ailment, which the Appellant's appeal petition reflects, and what we find is that the Appellant can, very well, be treated for his "Right Knee Ligament Tear Problem with Hypertension", while being kept in the custody. Hence, in the facts and attending circumstances of the present case, the Appellant cannot be allowed to go on bail on the ground of sickness. 196. Though in the case of Babu Singh and Ors. v. State of Uttar Pradesh ( AIR 1978 SC 179 ), the Supreme Court took the view that when the accused has expressed the apprehension that his appeal may not be heard within a reasonable time, the period spent by the accused, in jail custody, may be relevant consideration for granting of bail to the accused, the Supreme Court has held in the latter case of Kalyan Ch. Sarkar v. Rajesh @ Pappu Yadav & Anr, reported in (2004) 7 SCC 528 , that the fact that the appeal may not be heard within a reasonable time is not an appropriate consideration meaning thereby that the fact that the trial would take a long time to be completed cannot, in itself, be a sufficient ground for allowing the accused to go on bail, particularly, in a case of present nature. 197.1n fact, in Kalyan Ch. Sarkar's case (supra), the accused had remained in custody for a period of three years and the High Court, while allowing the accused to go on bail, had observed that the accused had been kept incarcerated for a period of three years and it was not likely that the trial would be concluded in the near future. The said period of incarceration, already undergone by the accused, and the fact that the trial was unlikely to be concluded in the near future, were, held the Supreme Court, not sufficient grounds for enlarging the accused on bail, particularly, when the accused was alleged to be involved in committing offences, which were punishable with death or imprisonment for life. The relevant observations, made in Kalyan Ch. Sarkar's case (supra), read as under: 19. This Court also in specific terms held that: ( SCC 536 14) The condition laid down under Section 437(1) is sine qua non for granting bail even under Section 439 of the Code. In the impugned order it is noticed that the High Court has given the period of incarceration already undergone by the accused and the unlikelihood of trial concluding in the near future as grounds sufficient to enlarge the accused on bail, in spite of the fact that the accused stands charged of offences punishable with life imprisonment or even death penalty. In such cases, in our opinion, the mere fact that the accused has undergone certain period of incarceration(three years in this case) by itself would not entitle the accused to be enlarged on bail, nor the fact that the trial is not likely to be concluded in the near future either by itself of coupled with the period of incarceration would be sufficient for enlarging the Appellant on bail when the gravity of the offence alleged is severe and there are allegations of tampering with the witnesses by the accused during the period he was on bail. 198. 198. On the ground, therefore, that a large number of witnesses is required to be examined in the present case, the accused-Appellants against whom exist reasonable grounds for believing that the accusations, made against them of having committed offences under Chapter IV and Chapter VI of the UA(P) Act, are prima facie true and also materials, giving rise to a reasonable belief, (at this stage and tentatively), that they have committed offences under Sections 120B, 121 and 409 read with Section 120B of the Indian Penal Code can not be allowed to go on bail, when the statutes, as discussed above, dis-empower the Court from releasing them on bail and when there is no other ground, which would have, otherwise, entitled them to go on bail. 199. Because of what have been discussed, as a whole, above, we are of the considered view that in the facts and circumstances of the present case, the impugned orders, whereby the Appellants' prayers for bail have been rejected, do not call for any interference. 200. The appeals, therefore, fail and the same shall accordingly stand dismissed. 201. Before parting with these appeals, we make it clear that whatever views and opinions we have expressed with regard to the facts discernible from the relevant case diary and the records are tentative in nature and these are meant for the purpose of considering the Appellant's prayer for bail. Our views and opinions shall not be taken as final views and opinions of this Court as regards the guilt or otherwise of the accused-Appellants. 202. Before parting with these appeals, we also clarify, and do hereby direct, that all the Appellants, including Appellant, Samir Ahmed, shall be provided with all such medical treatment as may be necessary for their well being. 203. With the above observations and directions, these appeals shall stand disposed of. Appeal dismissed.