B. A. Umesh v. Regr. Gen. High Court of Karnataka — 2011 DIGILAW 176 (SC)

Judgment : ALTAMAS KABIR, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. These Appeals have been filed by the Appellant questioning the judgment and order dated 4th October, 2007, passed by the Karnataka High Court in Criminal Referred Case No.3 of 2006 and Criminal Appeal No.2408 of 2006 rejecting the Appellant's appeal and confirming the death sentence awarded to him by the Sessions Judge, Fast Track Court VII, Bangalore City, in S.C.No.725 of 1999, by judgment and order dated 26th October, 2006. 3. According to the prosecution, Jayashri, mother of Suresh (P.W.2) and sister of Manjula (P.W.22), was married to one Dr. Maradi Subbaiah who died about two years prior to 28.02.1998 on which date the incident which resulted in S.C.No.725 of 1999 is alleged to have occurred. After the death of her husband, Jayashri and her son Suresh, were staying in premises No.14/8 situated at Dasarahalli, Bhuvaneshwarinagar, Bangalore, as a tenant of one Lalitha Jaya (P.W.8). Suresh was studying in Upper K.G. in Blossom English School. His mother would drop him to school at Bagalkunte at 8.30 a.m. and would bring him back at 1.00 p.m. after classes were over. 4. On 28.2.1998, Jayashri took Suresh to school as usual at 8.30 a.m. and brought him back at 1.00 p.m. and they had lunch together in the house. After lunch, Suresh went out to play with his friends and apart from Jayashri there was no one else in the house. Suresh returned to the house at about 5.00 p.m. and saw the accused, B.A. Umesh, in the hall of the house who introduced himself as "Uncle Venkatesh" and told Suresh that his mother, Jayashri, was possessed by the devil and that he had, therefore, tied her hands and was going to bring a Doctor. The accused then left the house with a bag filled with articles. According to the prosecution, Basvaraju (P.W.10) and Natesh (P.W.11) saw the accused going out of Jayashri's house with the bag on 28.2.1998 at about 4.30 p.m. Suresh then went into the room and saw his mother lying flat on the ground with blood on the floor and her hands tied together with a sari at one end and the other end of the sari was tied to a window. As she did not respond to his voice, Suresh went to Kusuma Shetty (C.W.7), a neighbour, and told her what he had seen. As she did not respond to his voice, Suresh went to Kusuma Shetty (C.W.7), a neighbour, and told her what he had seen. Kusuma Shetty called Geetha Hegde (C.W.6) and Lalitha Jaya (P.W.8) and together they went near Jayashri's house with Suresh and through the window they saw Jayashri lying on the ground. Lalitha Jaya then called Bylappa (P.W.7), a Police Constable, living in the same locality who telephoned Papanna (P.W.9), the Inspecting Officer, who came to the place of occurrence with Police Constable Garudappa (P.W.6). In the meantime, on being informed, A. Kumar (P.W.14) a Police Constable working in the Dogs Squad, Jagannath (P.W.16), a Police Photographer and R. Narayanappa (P.W.13) a Police Inspector and finger-print expert arrived at the place of occurrence. B.N. Nyamaagowda (P.W.29), the Investigating Officer, found that Jayashri was lying dead on the floor with her genitals exposed and blood oozing from her vagina. The doors of an almirah in the house were open and articles in the house were lying scattered. He prepared a report and sent the same through P.W.6 to the Police Station to register a crime. P.W.6 took the said report to Peenya Police Station and the same was registered as Crime No.108 of 1998. He then prepared a First Information Report and sent the same to Court. A copy of the F.I.R. was also sent to P.W.29, the Investigating Officer. P.W.14 had come from the Dogs Squad with Dhrona, a sniffer dog, who having sniffed the dead body and Jayashri's clothes went towards the pipeline and returned. P.W.16, the Police Photographer, took photographs of the dead body and the scene of offence. P.W.13, the finger-print expert, found finger-prints on a wall clock and also on the handle of the almirah (Exts. P.14 and P.15). P.W.29, thereafter, conducted inquest over the dead body in the presence of Panch witnesses, P.Ws.2, 3 and 4, and sent the dead body for Post-mortem examination to Dr. Somashekar (P.W.26) who after conducting the Postmortem on Jayashri's dead body opined that death had occurred due to smothering after commission of sexual assault. 5. P.14 and P.15). P.W.29, thereafter, conducted inquest over the dead body in the presence of Panch witnesses, P.Ws.2, 3 and 4, and sent the dead body for Post-mortem examination to Dr. Somashekar (P.W.26) who after conducting the Postmortem on Jayashri's dead body opined that death had occurred due to smothering after commission of sexual assault. 5. On 2.3.1998 at about 2.30 p.m., on receipt of an information in the Central Room that the public had apprehended a thief, P.W.18 went to the spot and came to learn that the person who had been apprehended had tried to commit a robbery in the house of Smt. Seeba and had caused bleeding injuries to her person. On enquiry it transpired that the name of the apprehended person was Umesh Reddy and that he had committed many crimes at various places, including the house of the deceased. Umesh Reddy volunteered to show the place where he had kept the robbed articles. He, thereafter, revealed that his name was Venkatesh and that he had taken the premises belonging to P.Ws.5 and 17 on lease. According to the prosecution, the appellant approached Maare Gowda (P.W.4) to get him a place on rent and P.W.4 took him to his relative M.R. Ravi (P.W.5) who along with Jayamma (P.W.17) was the owner of a tenement in which he agreed to rent a premises to the appellant on a monthly rental of Rs.350/-. On the agreed terms the appellant occupied the premises belonging to P.Ws.5 and 17. 6. It is the further case of the prosecution that the appellant voluntarily led the Police and the Panchas P.Ws.12 and 29 to the premises under his occupation as a tenant under P.Ws.5 and 17 and showed them 191 articles, including 23 items said to have been recovered from the house of the deceased, which were seized under mahazar (Ex.P.11). The remaining articles were seized in connection with other cases registered against the appellant. The body of the deceased was sent for Post-mortem on 3.3.1998 and on the same day the sample finger prints of the appellant was taken by Mallaraja Urs (C.W.25) in the presence of P.W.29. The appellant was sent for medical examination and was examined by P.W.26 who issued the wound certificate regarding the injuries found on the body of the appellant. The appellant was sent for medical examination and was examined by P.W.26 who issued the wound certificate regarding the injuries found on the body of the appellant. P.W.22, Manjula, the sister of the deceased, identified the articles (M.Os.1 to 22) seized under mahazar (Ex.P.11) as articles belonging to Jayashri and also stated that Jayashri had been married to Dr. Maradi Subbaiah. Thereafter, on the requisition of P.W.29 the Taluka Executive Magistrate (P.W.24) conducted Test Identification Parade on 30.3.1998 and P.Ws.2, 10, 11 and 17 identified the appellant at the said T.I. Parade. The articles seized in the case were sent by P.W.29 to the Forensic Science Laboratory and after receiving the serology report, P.W.29 completed the investigation and filed Charge Sheet against the appellant of having committed offences punishable under Sections 376, 302 and 392 I.P.C. The case was committed to the Court of Sessions and charge was framed against the appellant under Sections 376, 302 and 392 I.P.C. The appellant pleaded not guilty to the charges and claimed to be tried. 7. The prosecution examined 29 witnesses who proved Exts. P1 to P48(a). During cross-examination of P.Ws.5, 16, 17 and 18, the defence proved Exts.D1 to D4 through the said witnesses. M.Os. 1 to 32 were marked on behalf of the prosecution. The statement of the appellant under Section 313 Cr.P.C. was recorded. The defence of the appellant was one of denial. No witness was examined on behalf of the appellant. During cross-examination of P.Ws.5, 16, 17 and 18, the defence proved Exts.D1 to D4 through the said witnesses. M.Os. 1 to 32 were marked on behalf of the prosecution. The statement of the appellant under Section 313 Cr.P.C. was recorded. The defence of the appellant was one of denial. No witness was examined on behalf of the appellant. After considering the submissions of the learned Public Prosecutor and the learned counsel for the appellant and after appraising the oral and documentary evidence, the trial Court held that the prosecution had proved beyond all reasonable doubt that the appellant had committed the offences with which he had been charged and found him guilty of the offences punishable under Sections 376, 302 and 392 I.P.C. After hearing the appellant and the learned counsel for the appellant on the question of sentence, the trial Court sentenced the appellant to suffer 7 years rigorous imprisonment and to pay a fine of Rs.25,000/- and in default of payment of the fine to suffer further rigorous imprisonment of 2 years for the offence punishable under Section 376 I.P.C. The appellant was also sentenced to undergo 10 years rigorous imprisonment and to pay a fine of Rs.25,000/-and in default of payment of the fine to suffer further rigorous imprisonment of 2 years for the offence punishable under Section 392 I.P.C. The appellant was lastly sentenced to death by hanging for the offence punishable under Section 302 by the trial Court which also made a reference to the High Court under Section 366 Cr.P.C. for confirmation of the death sentence, and the same was renumbered as Criminal Reference Case No.3 of 2006. Being aggrieved by the judgment of conviction and sentence passed against him by the trial Court, the appellant also preferred Criminal Appeal No.2408 of 2006. 8. The Reference and the Appeal were heard together and upon a fresh look at the evidence on record, and in particular the oral evidence of P.W.2 (son of the deceased), P.W.3 (neighbour), P.W.8 (landlady of the appellant), P.W.9 (Mazahar witness), P.W.26 (doctor who conducted the Post-mortem examination on the body of the deceased), P.W.27 (Forensic Expert) and the Post-Mortem, FSL and Serology Reports, dismissed the Appellant's Criminal Appeal No.2408 of 2006 and confirmed the judgment of conviction dated 26.10.2006 passed by the Sessions Judge, Fast Track Court-VII, Bangalore City, in S.C.No.725 of 1999. Consequently, on the finding that there was no possibility of the appellant's reformation in view of his conduct despite his earlier convictions and punishment in earlier cases of robbery, dacoity and rape, the High Court held the present case to be one of the rarest of rate cases which warranted confirmation of the death penalty awarded by the trial Court, and answered Criminal Reference Case No.3 of 2006 made by the Sessions Judge, Fast Track Court-VII, Bangalore, by confirming the death sentence. 9. Appearing for the appellant, Ms. Kiran Suri, learned advocate submitted that the appellant's conviction was based entirely on circumstantial evidence which was itself based on inference which was of no evidentiary value. Ms. Suri urged that the prosecution had almost entirely relied on the evidence of P.W.2, Suresh, the son of the deceased, who was a minor of 7 years at the time of the incident, and P.W.s 10 and 11, Basavaraju and Natesh, who claimed to have seen the appellant coming out of the house of the deceased and P.W. 17, Jayamma, the landlady of the appellant who identified the appellant in the Test Identification Parade. 10. Ms. Suri submitted that the other prosecution witnesses were those who had been associated with the investigation in one way or the other, such as P.W. 13, Narayanappa, the finger-print expert who found the finger-print of the appellant on the handle of the almirah in the victim's room, P.W.26, the doctor who conducted the Postmortem examination on the body of the victim, P.W.27, D. Siddaramaiah, Forensic Expert and P.W. 29, the Investigating Officer in the case. 11. Ms. Suri contended that as far as P.W.2 is concerned, he being a minor of 7 years when the incident had taken place, his testimony would have to be treated with caution. Ms. Suri also contended that from an analysis of the evidence on record it is extremely doubtful as to whether P.W.2 was at all present when the deceased was killed. Ms. Suri urged that had P.W.2 seen the appellant in the house at the time of the incident, as stated in his evidence, he would certainly have reacted in a manner different from what has been indicated. Ms. Suri urged that had P.W.2 seen the appellant in the house at the time of the incident, as stated in his evidence, he would certainly have reacted in a manner different from what has been indicated. More importantly, if the appellant had been in the house when P.W.2 is said to have seen him at the time of the incident, nothing prevented him from eliminating P.W.2, who was a minor child of seven, in order to remove the only witness who could link him with the murder, in the absence of any other person in the house. Ms. Suri pointed out that not only was P.W.2 7 years old when the incident had occurred, but his evidence was taken 7 years thereafter which raised doubts as to its correctness and accuracy. Ms. Suri urged that even the state in which he found his mother after the appellant is said to have left the house, indicated that he had come on the scene after the other witnesses had come in and covered her body with a sari. Even in respect of identification of the appellant by P.W.2 at the Central Jail, Bangalore, it was submitted that a photograph of the appellant had been published in the newspapers throwing doubt on such identification. Ms. Suri urged that the same reasoning will also hold good as far as identification of the appellant by P.Ws 10 and 11, Basavaraju and Natesh, are concerned, since they were only chance witnesses. While P.W.10 was living in a house opposite to the rented accommodation of the appellant, P.W.11 was a close neighbour of the deceased, and it is only by chance that they claim to have been present at the exact moment when the appellant allegedly came out of the house of the deceased. Ms. Suri submitted that as had been held by this Court in Musheer Khan alias Badshah Khan & Anr. Vs. State of Madhya Pradesh [ (2010) 2 SCC 748 ], the reliability of a Test Identification Parade under Section 9 of the Evidence Act, 1872, becomes doubtful when the same is held much after the incident and when the accused is kept in police custody during the intervening period. Ms. Vs. State of Madhya Pradesh [ (2010) 2 SCC 748 ], the reliability of a Test Identification Parade under Section 9 of the Evidence Act, 1872, becomes doubtful when the same is held much after the incident and when the accused is kept in police custody during the intervening period. Ms. Suri submitted that while the incident is stated to have occurred on 28.2.1998, the T.I. Parade was conducted by the Tehsildar K.S. Ramanjanappa (P.W.24) on 30.3.2005 about seven years after the incident had taken place. 12. Ms. Suri then took up the question of recovery of M.Os. 1 to 23 from the house of the appellant in the presence of P.Ws. 4, 5 and 12. It was urged that the evidence of P.W.4, Maare Gowda, the appellant's landlord, in cross-examination, was sufficient to throw doubts over P.W.5 Ravi's role as a panch witness to the recovery of the articles which were later identified as belonging to the deceased by her elder sister Manjula (P.W.22). Even as far as P.W.12 Manjunath is concerned, Ms. Suri submitted that it was quite evident that he was not an independent witness as he used to serve tea, coffee and food to the people in Peenya Police Station, including those in the lock-up, and was available as a witness whenever called upon by the police. 13. From the Mahazar prepared in the presence of P.Ws 5 and 12, Ms. Suri pointed out item No.186 which was described as a cream-coloured panty with mixed stains which was said to have been removed by the appellant to have sexual intercourse with the deceased and was thereafter worn by him while returning home. Learned counsel submitted that in his evidence P.W.29, the Investigating Officer, had indicated that he had seized an underwear which was white in colour and only subsequently another cream-coloured underwear was shown to him which was marked as M.O.32. Referring to the list of Material Objects marked by the prosecution, Ms. Suri pointed out M.O.28, which was shown as a white underwear, while M.O.32 was shown as a cream- coloured underwear. Ms. Suri submitted that No.23-a design sari, M.O.25-white colour brassiere, M.O.26-Red colour blouse and M.O.27-Red colour cloth like tape, had been recovered from the body of the deceased by P.W.26, Dr. M. Somasekar, who conducted the Postmortem examination on the body of the deceased and proved the same in his evidence. Ms. Ms. Suri submitted that No.23-a design sari, M.O.25-white colour brassiere, M.O.26-Red colour blouse and M.O.27-Red colour cloth like tape, had been recovered from the body of the deceased by P.W.26, Dr. M. Somasekar, who conducted the Postmortem examination on the body of the deceased and proved the same in his evidence. Ms. Suri submitted that there was no mention of recovery of any panty or underwear from the body of the deceased during the Post-mortem examination. On the other hand, M.O.28, which was a white underwear and certain blood samples (M.Os.29 and 30) had been proved by the forensic expert, D. Siddaramaiah (P.W.27), which established the fact that the white underwear M.O.28 and not M.O.32, the cream-coloured panty which the accused is alleged to have worn after sexually assaulting the deceased, had been sent to the Serologist for examination. Ms. Suri submitted that the cream-coloured panty was subsequently introduced in the investigation by P.W.29, inasmuch as, in his evidence P.W.27 clearly stated that the white underwear (M.O.28) did not contain any trace of semen. Ms. Suri also pointed out that in his evidence P.W.29 had stated that while drawing up the Mahazar he had seized one underwear. On the basis of the evidence led by the prosecution the said underwear could only have been M.O.28 listed in the Mahazar, which was sent to F.S.L. and was proved by P.W.27, on which traces of human blood had been found, but not semen. It was during his examination-in-chief that a cream-coloured panty which had not been sent to the F.S.L., was shown to P.W.29 and was marked M.O.32. Ms. Suri submitted that since the white underwear was shown as M.O.28 in the Mahazar, the same could only be taken into consideration in appraising the evidence. 14. Ms. Suri then addressed the third aspect of the prosecution case relating to lifting of the finger print of the appellant from the handle of the almirah in the room of the deceased. It was contended that the procedure adopted for obtaining the finger print of the appellant by P.W.25, while he was in custody, for the purpose of comparison with the finger print lifted from the handle of the almirah in the room of the deceased, left sufficient room for doubt about the authenticity of the finger print taken from the appellant for the purpose of comparison. It was submitted that rather curiously all the other finger prints in the room, including the one taken from the wall clock, were smudged and were of no use for the purpose of comparison, which also gave rise to doubts as to whether the finger prints alleged to have been taken from the handle of the almirah in the room of the deceased, had actually been lifted from the said place. Ms. Suri submitted that the finger print of the appellant taken by P.W.25 when the appellant was in custody, should have been taken before a Magistrate to ensure its authenticity. Furthermore, although, the said finger print was taken on 8.3.1998, the same was sent to the F.S.L. only on 15.3.1998. 15. Referring to the provisions of the Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920, Ms. Suri submitted that Section 2(a) defined "measurements" to include finger impressions and Section 2(b) defined "Police Officer" to mean an officer in charge of a police station, a police officer making an investigation or any other police officer not below the rank of Sub-Inspector. Learned counsel also pointed out that Section 4 of the Act provided for the taking of measurements of non-convicted persons, which under Section 5 could be ordered by a Magistrate if he was satisfied that the same was for the purpose of investigation. Ms. Suri, however, also pointed out that in State of Uttar Pradesh Vs. Ram Babu Misra [ (1980) 2 SCC 343 ], this Court while considering the provisions of Section 5 of the above Act and Section 73 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, held that Section 73 did not permit a Court to give a direction to the accused to give specimen writings for anticipated necessity for comparison in a proceeding which may later be instituted in the court. Direction under Section 73 to any person present in the court to give specimen writings is to be given for the purpose of enabling the court to compare and not for the purposes of enabling the Investigating or other agency to make any comparison of such handwriting. Ms. Suri also referred to the decision of this Court in Mohd. Aman & Anr. Vs. Ms. Suri also referred to the decision of this Court in Mohd. Aman & Anr. Vs. State of Rajasthan [ (1997) 10 SCC 44 ], where finger prints of the accused found on a brass jug seized from the house of the deceased were kept in the police station for five days without any justifiable reason. Furthermore, the specimen finger prints of the accused had not been taken before or under the order of the Magistrate and, accordingly, the conviction based on the evidence of the finger prints of the accused on the brass jug were held to be not sustainable. Ms. Suri also referred to the decision in Musheer Khan's case (supra), where the question of the evidentiary value of a finger-print expert was considered apart from the question of identification and it was held that such evidence fell within the ambit of Section 45 of the Evidence Act, 1872. In other words, the evidence of a finger print expert is not substantive evidence and can only be used to corroborate some items of substantive evidence which are otherwise on record and could not, therefore, have been one of the main grounds for convicting the appellant of the offences with which he had been charged. 16. Regarding the charge of rape, Ms. Suri submitted that there was no evidence to connect the appellant with the offence. Not only were there no eye-witnesses, but even the oral evidence relied upon by the prosecution or the Material Objects seized from the scene of the crime or recovered from the body of the victim during Post-mortem examination or from the appellant, established the commission of rape on the deceased by the appellant. 17. Ms. Suri submitted that having regard to the state of the evidence adduced by the prosecution, no case could be said to have been made out against the appellant either under Section 302 or under Sections 392 and 376 I.P.C. 18. Coming to the question of sentencing, Ms. Suri submitted that even if the conviction of the appellant under Sections 302, 392 and 376 I.P.C. was to be accepted, the case did not fall within the category of "rarest of rare cases", which merits imposition of the death penalty. Coming to the question of sentencing, Ms. Suri submitted that even if the conviction of the appellant under Sections 302, 392 and 376 I.P.C. was to be accepted, the case did not fall within the category of "rarest of rare cases", which merits imposition of the death penalty. In order that a death sentence be passed on an accused, the court has to keep in mind various factors such as : (1) that the murder of the deceased was not premeditated; (2) that the accused did not have any previous criminal record so as to draw a conclusion that the accused was a menace to society; (3) that the death was caused in a fit of passion; (4) that the accused was of young age and there was nothing on record to indicate that he would not be capable of reform; and (5) that the death was not as a part of conspiracy or with the intention of causing death. 19. Ms. Suri submitted that the two Hon'ble Judges of the Karnataka High Court hearing the Criminal Appeal differed on the question of awarding death penalty to the appellant. Learned counsel submitted that Justice V.G. Sabhahit confirmed the death sentence imposed by the trial Court upon holding that there was something uncommon about the crime in the present case which renders the sentence of imprisonment for life inadequate. Justice Sabhahit held that the commission of the offence not only of rape but also of murder and theft indicated that the appellant was not only cruel, heartless, unmerciful and savage, but also brutal, pitiless, inhuman, merciless and barbarous, considering the fact that he had taken undue advantage of a helpless woman. However, Justice R.B. Naik, while agreeing with the conviction of the appellant by the trial Court, was of the view that as a rule death sentence should be imposed only in the rarest of rare cases in order to eliminate the criminal from society, but the same object could also be achieved by isolating the criminal from society by awarding life imprisonment for the remaining term of the criminal's natural life. Ms. Suri submitted that on account of the difference of opinion of the two Hon'ble Judges, the question of sentencing was referred to a third judge, the Hon'ble Mr. Ms. Suri submitted that on account of the difference of opinion of the two Hon'ble Judges, the question of sentencing was referred to a third judge, the Hon'ble Mr. Justice S.R. Bannurmath, who, in Criminal Reference Case No.3 of 2006, concurred with the view taken by Justice Sabhahit and confirmed the death penalty imposed by the trial Court. 20. Ms. Suri submitted that in order to have a deterrent effect on social crimes, the view taken by Justice Naik was more acceptable as it would have effect not only in removing the accused from society, but would also enable him to realize the gravity of the offence committed by him. 21. In support of her submissions, Ms. Suri firstly relied on the decision of this Court in Ronny alias Ronald James Alwaris & Ors. Vs. State of Maharashtra [ (1998) 3 SCC 625 ], where despite conviction under Sections 302, 449, 347, 394, 376(2)(g), Sections 467, 471 and 201 read with Section 34 I.P.C., this Court while upholding the conviction held that it was not possible to identify the case as being a rarest of rare case and, accordingly, commuted the death sentence imposed on the accused to life imprisonment. Reference was also made to the decision of this Court in Om Prakash Vs. State of Haryana [ (1999) 3 SCC 19 ], where upon conviction under Sections 302 and 307 read with Section 34 I.P.C. and Section 27(3) of the Arms Act, the accused was sentenced to death for committing the brutal murder of seven persons belonging to one family for the purpose of taking revenge. This Court taking into account the mental condition and age of the accused held that it could not be treated to be one of the rarest of rare cases and accordingly, commuted the death sentence to one of imprisonment for life. 22. In addition to the above, Ms. Suri also referred to (1) Akhtar Vs. State of U.P. [ (1999) 6 SCC 60 ]; (2)Bantu alias Naresh Giri Vs. State of M.P. [ (2001) 9 SCC 615 ]; (3) Surendra Pal Shivbalakpal Vs. State of Gujarat [(2005) 3 SCC 127]; (4) Kulwinder Singh Vs. State of Punjab [ (2007) 10 SCC 455 ]; and (5) Sebastian alias Chevithiyan Vs. State of Kerala [ (2010) 1 SCC 58 ]. State of M.P. [ (2001) 9 SCC 615 ]; (3) Surendra Pal Shivbalakpal Vs. State of Gujarat [(2005) 3 SCC 127]; (4) Kulwinder Singh Vs. State of Punjab [ (2007) 10 SCC 455 ]; and (5) Sebastian alias Chevithiyan Vs. State of Kerala [ (2010) 1 SCC 58 ]. In each of the said cases, this Court commuted the death sentence to life imprisonment on account of the circumstances which could not be included within the category of rarest of rare cases which merited the death penalty. 23. Ms. Suri submitted that in the instant case also there is nothing on record to indicate that the appellant had any premeditated design to cause the death of the victim or that the circumstances indicated that the offence had been committed in a manner which brought it within the ambit of "rarest of rare cases", for which anything less than the death penalty would be inadequate. Ms. Suri submitted that taken at its face value all that can be said of the prosecution case is that the appellant committed rape and murder of the deceased while committing theft at the same time, which did not make such offence one of the rarest of rare cases, which merited the death penalty. 24. Appearing for the State, Ms. Anitha Shenoy, learned Advocate, submitted that although the appellant's conviction was based on circumstantial evidence, such evidence had established a conclusive chain which clearly establish that no one other than the appellant could have committed rape on the deceased and, thereafter, cause her death, besides committing theft of various articles from the house of the deceased. Ms. Shenoy submitted that the manner in which the murder had been committed after raping the deceased and his previous history of conviction in both rape and theft cases, as also his subsequent conduct after this incident, did not warrant interference with the death penalty awarded to the appellant. 25. Ms. Shenoy submitted that from the Inquest Report it appears that the body of Jayashri was found in the bedroom lying on her back. Both her hands had been bound with a yellow, green and red-coloured flower designed sari and the other end of the sari had been tied to an inner window bar in the room. The tongue of the deceased was found to be protruding and both the eyes were closed. Both her hands had been bound with a yellow, green and red-coloured flower designed sari and the other end of the sari had been tied to an inner window bar in the room. The tongue of the deceased was found to be protruding and both the eyes were closed. A designed sari was on the body and a pink-coloured blouse and white brassiere was on her shoulders. A red tape-like cloth was near the head of the deceased and there was bleeding from the deceased's genitals and blood was also found on the floor. In addition, there were injuries on her right breast and abrasions near her right elbow and stomach. Ms. Shenoy also referred to the deposition of P.W.9 who was a Mahazar witness, wherein it was stated that the deceased Jayashri was lying naked, there were abrasions on her body and both of her hands were tied with a red tape lengthy cloth and the other end was tied to a window. There were scratch marks on her breasts and blood oozing out of her genitals. What was also stated was that there were strangulation marks on her neck. Ms. Shenoy submitted that the Inquest Report and the Mahazar of the scene of occurrence was further corroborated by the evidence of P.W.1 (Police), P.W.2 (son of deceased), P.W.3 (a neighbour), P.W.8 (landlady of the deceased) and P.W.29 (the Investigating Officer). Ms. Shenoy then urged that the Post-mortem report indicated that there was a faint ligature mark present on the front and sides of the neck over the thyroid cartilage in front 2 inches away from the right ear and 2.5 inches from the left ear. The other injuries noted were : "1. Laceration on the inner aspect of the upper lip meddle 1 c.m. x 0.5 c.m. x- ray 5 c.m. 2. In both lips abrasion on inner aspect present. 3. Abrasion three number present on upper part of right side chest. 4. Laceration over left nostril with adjacent abrasion. 5. Scratch marks present over chest upper and middle region and over right breast and below right breast. 6. Abrasion over right forearm outer back aspect near the elbow and wrist. 7. Abrasion over left elbow outer aspect. 8. Upon dissection patches of contusion seen on chest wall front. Genital region blood stains seen at the vaginal outlet. 5. Scratch marks present over chest upper and middle region and over right breast and below right breast. 6. Abrasion over right forearm outer back aspect near the elbow and wrist. 7. Abrasion over left elbow outer aspect. 8. Upon dissection patches of contusion seen on chest wall front. Genital region blood stains seen at the vaginal outlet. Laceration of vagina 1 c.m. in length from vaginal outlet on the posterior wall was present. Semen like material was present in the vagina, which was collected and sent for Micro Biological examination which shows the presence of sperms." 26. Ms. Shenoy also referred to the chemical examiner's report, wherein it was opined that the vaginal smear sent for microbiological examination showed presence of spermatozoa. Ms. Shenoy pointed out that according to the opinion of P.W.26, Dr. M. Somashekar, who conducted the Post-mortem examination on the deceased, death was due to asphyxia as a result of smothering and evidence of violent sexual intercourse and attempted strangulation. Ms. Shenoy further submitted that in his evidence P.W.26 had mentioned the fact that while stating the facts about the incident, the appellant had stated that he pushed the victim and removed her clothes, tied her hands and committed theft. 27. On the question of the extra-judicial confession said to have been made by the appellant before P.W.26, Ms. Shenoy referred to the decision of this Court in M.A. Antony v. State of Kerala [ (2009) 6 SCC 220 ], in which, in a similar situation, the extrajudicial confession made to a doctor was accepted upon rejection of the defence claim that such confession had been made in the presence of police officers. This Court held that there was no evidence at all to suggest that any policeman was present when the appellant made the confessional statement before the doctor, whereupon such confession could have been kept out of consideration. Ms. Shenoy submitted that even in the instant case there is nothing on record to indicate that the confessional statement said to have been made by the appellant before P.W.26 Dr. Somashekar was made in the presence of any police personnel. Ms. Shenoy submitted that even in the instant case there is nothing on record to indicate that the confessional statement said to have been made by the appellant before P.W.26 Dr. Somashekar was made in the presence of any police personnel. There was also no suggestion in cross-examination of P.W.26 that at the time of examination of the appellant for evidence of sexual intercourse either any force was used or any police personnel was present when he is said to have made the confessional statement to P.W.26. 28. Ms. Shenoy then submitted that the question relating to the reliability of an extrajudicial confession also came up for the consideration of this Court in Ram Singh v. Sonia & Ors. [ (2007) 3 SCC 1 ] in which case also the value of an extra-judicial confession made before a stranger came up for consideration and it was held that such a submission could not be accepted since in several decisions this Court had held that an extra-judicial confession made even to a stranger cannot be eschewed from consideration if the Court found it to be truthful and voluntarily made before a person who had no reason to make a false statement. Similar was the view of this Court in Gura Singh v. State of Rajasthan [ (2001) 2 SCC 205 ], wherein it was observed that despite inherent weakness of an extra-judicial confession as an item of evidence, it cannot be ignored that such confession was made before a person who had no reason to state falsely and to whom it is made in the circumstances which tend to support the statement. Several other decisions on this point were referred to by Ms. Shenoy which did not, however, detain us, as they are in the same vein as the decisions already cited. 29. On the question of identification which has been one of the main pillars of the prosecution case in order to weave a chain of circumstantial evidence which in clear terms pointed towards the guilt of the accused, the prosecution examined the minor son of the deceased, Suresh (P.W.2) and P.Ws 4, 5, 11 and 17, who were near the place of occurrence at the relevant point of time. Ms. Ms. Shenoy submitted that except for P.W.2, the minor son of the deceased who is stated to have actually seen the accused in the room where the deceased was lying, all the other witnesses had seen the appellant at some time or the other before the commission of the crime. As far as P.W.2 is concerned, Ms. Shenoy submitted that the incident was so graphic that it left an indelible imprint in his mind and that the evidence of all the witnesses who identified the appellant conclusively establishes the presence of the appellant in the house of the deceased at the time of the commission of rape, murder and theft and in further establishing that Umesh Reddy, the appellant is the same person who introduced himself as Venkatesh to P.Ws.2, 4, 5, 11 and 17. 30. Regarding the conducting of the Test Identification Parade by the Tehsildar, P.W.24, it was submitted that no irregularity could be pointed out on behalf of the defence to discredit the same. Judgment : ALTAMAS KABIR, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. These Appeals have been filed by the Appellant questioning the judgment and order dated 4th October, 2007, passed by the Karnataka High Court in Criminal Referred Case No.3 of 2006 and Criminal Appeal No.2408 of 2006 rejecting the Appellant's appeal and confirming the death sentence awarded to him by the Sessions Judge, Fast Track Court VII, Bangalore City, in S.C.No.725 of 1999, by judgment and order dated 26th October, 2006. 3. According to the prosecution, Jayashri, mother of Suresh (P.W.2) and sister of Manjula (P.W.22), was married to one Dr. Maradi Subbaiah who died about two years prior to 28.02.1998 on which date the incident which resulted in S.C.No.725 of 1999 is alleged to have occurred. After the death of her husband, Jayashri and her son Suresh, were staying in premises No.14/8 situated at Dasarahalli, Bhuvaneshwarinagar, Bangalore, as a tenant of one Lalitha Jaya (P.W.8). Suresh was studying in Upper K.G. in Blossom English School. His mother would drop him to school at Bagalkunte at 8.30 a.m. and would bring him back at 1.00 p.m. after classes were over. 4. On 28.2.1998, Jayashri took Suresh to school as usual at 8.30 a.m. and brought him back at 1.00 p.m. and they had lunch together in the house. His mother would drop him to school at Bagalkunte at 8.30 a.m. and would bring him back at 1.00 p.m. after classes were over. 4. On 28.2.1998, Jayashri took Suresh to school as usual at 8.30 a.m. and brought him back at 1.00 p.m. and they had lunch together in the house. After lunch, Suresh went out to play with his friends and apart from Jayashri there was no one else in the house. Suresh returned to the house at about 5.00 p.m. and saw the accused, B.A. Umesh, in the hall of the house who introduced himself as "Uncle Venkatesh" and told Suresh that his mother, Jayashri, was possessed by the devil and that he had, therefore, tied her hands and was going to bring a Doctor. The accused then left the house with a bag filled with articles. According to the prosecution, Basvaraju (P.W.10) and Natesh (P.W.11) saw the accused going out of Jayashri's house with the bag on 28.2.1998 at about 4.30 p.m. Suresh then went into the room and saw his mother lying flat on the ground with blood on the floor and her hands tied together with a sari at one end and the other end of the sari was tied to a window. As she did not respond to his voice, Suresh went to Kusuma Shetty (C.W.7), a neighbour, and told her what he had seen. Kusuma Shetty called Geetha Hegde (C.W.6) and Lalitha Jaya (P.W.8) and together they went near Jayashri's house with Suresh and through the window they saw Jayashri lying on the ground. Lalitha Jaya then called Bylappa (P.W.7), a Police Constable, living in the same locality who telephoned Papanna (P.W.9), the Inspecting Officer, who came to the place of occurrence with Police Constable Garudappa (P.W.6). In the meantime, on being informed, A. Kumar (P.W.14) a Police Constable working in the Dogs Squad, Jagannath (P.W.16), a Police Photographer and R. Narayanappa (P.W.13) a Police Inspector and finger-print expert arrived at the place of occurrence. B.N. Nyamaagowda (P.W.29), the Investigating Officer, found that Jayashri was lying dead on the floor with her genitals exposed and blood oozing from her vagina. The doors of an almirah in the house were open and articles in the house were lying scattered. He prepared a report and sent the same through P.W.6 to the Police Station to register a crime. The doors of an almirah in the house were open and articles in the house were lying scattered. He prepared a report and sent the same through P.W.6 to the Police Station to register a crime. P.W.6 took the said report to Peenya Police Station and the same was registered as Crime No.108 of 1998. He then prepared a First Information Report and sent the same to Court. A copy of the F.I.R. was also sent to P.W.29, the Investigating Officer. P.W.14 had come from the Dogs Squad with Dhrona, a sniffer dog, who having sniffed the dead body and Jayashri's clothes went towards the pipeline and returned. P.W.16, the Police Photographer, took photographs of the dead body and the scene of offence. P.W.13, the finger-print expert, found finger-prints on a wall clock and also on the handle of the almirah (Exts. P.14 and P.15). P.W.29, thereafter, conducted inquest over the dead body in the presence of Panch witnesses, P.Ws.2, 3 and 4, and sent the dead body for Post-mortem examination to Dr. Somashekar (P.W.26) who after conducting the Postmortem on Jayashri's dead body opined that death had occurred due to smothering after commission of sexual assault. 5. On 2.3.1998 at about 2.30 p.m., on receipt of an information in the Central Room that the public had apprehended a thief, P.W.18 went to the spot and came to learn that the person who had been apprehended had tried to commit a robbery in the house of Smt. Seeba and had caused bleeding injuries to her person. On enquiry it transpired that the name of the apprehended person was Umesh Reddy and that he had committed many crimes at various places, including the house of the deceased. Umesh Reddy volunteered to show the place where he had kept the robbed articles. He, thereafter, revealed that his name was Venkatesh and that he had taken the premises belonging to P.Ws.5 and 17 on lease. According to the prosecution, the appellant approached Maare Gowda (P.W.4) to get him a place on rent and P.W.4 took him to his relative M.R. Ravi (P.W.5) who along with Jayamma (P.W.17) was the owner of a tenement in which he agreed to rent a premises to the appellant on a monthly rental of Rs.350/-. On the agreed terms the appellant occupied the premises belonging to P.Ws.5 and 17. 6. On the agreed terms the appellant occupied the premises belonging to P.Ws.5 and 17. 6. It is the further case of the prosecution that the appellant voluntarily led the Police and the Panchas P.Ws.12 and 29 to the premises under his occupation as a tenant under P.Ws.5 and 17 and showed them 191 articles, including 23 items said to have been recovered from the house of the deceased, which were seized under mahazar (Ex.P.11). The remaining articles were seized in connection with other cases registered against the appellant. The body of the deceased was sent for Post-mortem on 3.3.1998 and on the same day the sample finger prints of the appellant was taken by Mallaraja Urs (C.W.25) in the presence of P.W.29. The appellant was sent for medical examination and was examined by P.W.26 who issued the wound certificate regarding the injuries found on the body of the appellant. P.W.22, Manjula, the sister of the deceased, identified the articles (M.Os.1 to 22) seized under mahazar (Ex.P.11) as articles belonging to Jayashri and also stated that Jayashri had been married to Dr. Maradi Subbaiah. Thereafter, on the requisition of P.W.29 the Taluka Executive Magistrate (P.W.24) conducted Test Identification Parade on 30.3.1998 and P.Ws.2, 10, 11 and 17 identified the appellant at the said T.I. Parade. The articles seized in the case were sent by P.W.29 to the Forensic Science Laboratory and after receiving the serology report, P.W.29 completed the investigation and filed Charge Sheet against the appellant of having committed offences punishable under Sections 376, 302 and 392 I.P.C. The case was committed to the Court of Sessions and charge was framed against the appellant under Sections 376, 302 and 392 I.P.C. The appellant pleaded not guilty to the charges and claimed to be tried. 7. The prosecution examined 29 witnesses who proved Exts. P1 to P48(a). During cross-examination of P.Ws.5, 16, 17 and 18, the defence proved Exts.D1 to D4 through the said witnesses. M.Os. 1 to 32 were marked on behalf of the prosecution. The statement of the appellant under Section 313 Cr.P.C. was recorded. The defence of the appellant was one of denial. No witness was examined on behalf of the appellant. During cross-examination of P.Ws.5, 16, 17 and 18, the defence proved Exts.D1 to D4 through the said witnesses. M.Os. 1 to 32 were marked on behalf of the prosecution. The statement of the appellant under Section 313 Cr.P.C. was recorded. The defence of the appellant was one of denial. No witness was examined on behalf of the appellant. After considering the submissions of the learned Public Prosecutor and the learned counsel for the appellant and after appraising the oral and documentary evidence, the trial Court held that the prosecution had proved beyond all reasonable doubt that the appellant had committed the offences with which he had been charged and found him guilty of the offences punishable under Sections 376, 302 and 392 I.P.C. After hearing the appellant and the learned counsel for the appellant on the question of sentence, the trial Court sentenced the appellant to suffer 7 years rigorous imprisonment and to pay a fine of Rs.25,000/- and in default of payment of the fine to suffer further rigorous imprisonment of 2 years for the offence punishable under Section 376 I.P.C. The appellant was also sentenced to undergo 10 years rigorous imprisonment and to pay a fine of Rs.25,000/-and in default of payment of the fine to suffer further rigorous imprisonment of 2 years for the offence punishable under Section 392 I.P.C. The appellant was lastly sentenced to death by hanging for the offence punishable under Section 302 by the trial Court which also made a reference to the High Court under Section 366 Cr.P.C. for confirmation of the death sentence, and the same was renumbered as Criminal Reference Case No.3 of 2006. Being aggrieved by the judgment of conviction and sentence passed against him by the trial Court, the appellant also preferred Criminal Appeal No.2408 of 2006. 8. The Reference and the Appeal were heard together and upon a fresh look at the evidence on record, and in particular the oral evidence of P.W.2 (son of the deceased), P.W.3 (neighbour), P.W.8 (landlady of the appellant), P.W.9 (Mazahar witness), P.W.26 (doctor who conducted the Post-mortem examination on the body of the deceased), P.W.27 (Forensic Expert) and the Post-Mortem, FSL and Serology Reports, dismissed the Appellant's Criminal Appeal No.2408 of 2006 and confirmed the judgment of conviction dated 26.10.2006 passed by the Sessions Judge, Fast Track Court-VII, Bangalore City, in S.C.No.725 of 1999. Consequently, on the finding that there was no possibility of the appellant's reformation in view of his conduct despite his earlier convictions and punishment in earlier cases of robbery, dacoity and rape, the High Court held the present case to be one of the rarest of rate cases which warranted confirmation of the death penalty awarded by the trial Court, and answered Criminal Reference Case No.3 of 2006 made by the Sessions Judge, Fast Track Court-VII, Bangalore, by confirming the death sentence. 9. Appearing for the appellant, Ms. Kiran Suri, learned advocate submitted that the appellant's conviction was based entirely on circumstantial evidence which was itself based on inference which was of no evidentiary value. Ms. Suri urged that the prosecution had almost entirely relied on the evidence of P.W.2, Suresh, the son of the deceased, who was a minor of 7 years at the time of the incident, and P.W.s 10 and 11, Basavaraju and Natesh, who claimed to have seen the appellant coming out of the house of the deceased and P.W. 17, Jayamma, the landlady of the appellant who identified the appellant in the Test Identification Parade. 10. Ms. Suri submitted that the other prosecution witnesses were those who had been associated with the investigation in one way or the other, such as P.W. 13, Narayanappa, the finger-print expert who found the finger-print of the appellant on the handle of the almirah in the victim's room, P.W.26, the doctor who conducted the Postmortem examination on the body of the victim, P.W.27, D. Siddaramaiah, Forensic Expert and P.W. 29, the Investigating Officer in the case. 11. Ms. Suri contended that as far as P.W.2 is concerned, he being a minor of 7 years when the incident had taken place, his testimony would have to be treated with caution. Ms. Suri also contended that from an analysis of the evidence on record it is extremely doubtful as to whether P.W.2 was at all present when the deceased was killed. Ms. Suri urged that had P.W.2 seen the appellant in the house at the time of the incident, as stated in his evidence, he would certainly have reacted in a manner different from what has been indicated. Ms. Suri urged that had P.W.2 seen the appellant in the house at the time of the incident, as stated in his evidence, he would certainly have reacted in a manner different from what has been indicated. More importantly, if the appellant had been in the house when P.W.2 is said to have seen him at the time of the incident, nothing prevented him from eliminating P.W.2, who was a minor child of seven, in order to remove the only witness who could link him with the murder, in the absence of any other person in the house. Ms. Suri pointed out that not only was P.W.2 7 years old when the incident had occurred, but his evidence was taken 7 years thereafter which raised doubts as to its correctness and accuracy. Ms. Suri urged that even the state in which he found his mother after the appellant is said to have left the house, indicated that he had come on the scene after the other witnesses had come in and covered her body with a sari. Even in respect of identification of the appellant by P.W.2 at the Central Jail, Bangalore, it was submitted that a photograph of the appellant had been published in the newspapers throwing doubt on such identification. Ms. Suri urged that the same reasoning will also hold good as far as identification of the appellant by P.Ws 10 and 11, Basavaraju and Natesh, are concerned, since they were only chance witnesses. While P.W.10 was living in a house opposite to the rented accommodation of the appellant, P.W.11 was a close neighbour of the deceased, and it is only by chance that they claim to have been present at the exact moment when the appellant allegedly came out of the house of the deceased. Ms. Suri submitted that as had been held by this Court in Musheer Khan alias Badshah Khan & Anr. Vs. State of Madhya Pradesh [ (2010) 2 SCC 748 ], the reliability of a Test Identification Parade under Section 9 of the Evidence Act, 1872, becomes doubtful when the same is held much after the incident and when the accused is kept in police custody during the intervening period. Ms. Vs. State of Madhya Pradesh [ (2010) 2 SCC 748 ], the reliability of a Test Identification Parade under Section 9 of the Evidence Act, 1872, becomes doubtful when the same is held much after the incident and when the accused is kept in police custody during the intervening period. Ms. Suri submitted that while the incident is stated to have occurred on 28.2.1998, the T.I. Parade was conducted by the Tehsildar K.S. Ramanjanappa (P.W.24) on 30.3.2005 about seven years after the incident had taken place. 12. Ms. Suri then took up the question of recovery of M.Os. 1 to 23 from the house of the appellant in the presence of P.Ws. 4, 5 and 12. It was urged that the evidence of P.W.4, Maare Gowda, the appellant's landlord, in cross-examination, was sufficient to throw doubts over P.W.5 Ravi's role as a panch witness to the recovery of the articles which were later identified as belonging to the deceased by her elder sister Manjula (P.W.22). Even as far as P.W.12 Manjunath is concerned, Ms. Suri submitted that it was quite evident that he was not an independent witness as he used to serve tea, coffee and food to the people in Peenya Police Station, including those in the lock-up, and was available as a witness whenever called upon by the police. 13. From the Mahazar prepared in the presence of P.Ws 5 and 12, Ms. Suri pointed out item No.186 which was described as a cream-coloured panty with mixed stains which was said to have been removed by the appellant to have sexual intercourse with the deceased and was thereafter worn by him while returning home. Learned counsel submitted that in his evidence P.W.29, the Investigating Officer, had indicated that he had seized an underwear which was white in colour and only subsequently another cream-coloured underwear was shown to him which was marked as M.O.32. Referring to the list of Material Objects marked by the prosecution, Ms. Suri pointed out M.O.28, which was shown as a white underwear, while M.O.32 was shown as a cream- coloured underwear. Ms. Suri submitted that No.23-a design sari, M.O.25-white colour brassiere, M.O.26-Red colour blouse and M.O.27-Red colour cloth like tape, had been recovered from the body of the deceased by P.W.26, Dr. M. Somasekar, who conducted the Postmortem examination on the body of the deceased and proved the same in his evidence. Ms. Ms. Suri submitted that No.23-a design sari, M.O.25-white colour brassiere, M.O.26-Red colour blouse and M.O.27-Red colour cloth like tape, had been recovered from the body of the deceased by P.W.26, Dr. M. Somasekar, who conducted the Postmortem examination on the body of the deceased and proved the same in his evidence. Ms. Suri submitted that there was no mention of recovery of any panty or underwear from the body of the deceased during the Post-mortem examination. On the other hand, M.O.28, which was a white underwear and certain blood samples (M.Os.29 and 30) had been proved by the forensic expert, D. Siddaramaiah (P.W.27), which established the fact that the white underwear M.O.28 and not M.O.32, the cream-coloured panty which the accused is alleged to have worn after sexually assaulting the deceased, had been sent to the Serologist for examination. Ms. Suri submitted that the cream-coloured panty was subsequently introduced in the investigation by P.W.29, inasmuch as, in his evidence P.W.27 clearly stated that the white underwear (M.O.28) did not contain any trace of semen. Ms. Suri also pointed out that in his evidence P.W.29 had stated that while drawing up the Mahazar he had seized one underwear. On the basis of the evidence led by the prosecution the said underwear could only have been M.O.28 listed in the Mahazar, which was sent to F.S.L. and was proved by P.W.27, on which traces of human blood had been found, but not semen. It was during his examination-in-chief that a cream-coloured panty which had not been sent to the F.S.L., was shown to P.W.29 and was marked M.O.32. Ms. Suri submitted that since the white underwear was shown as M.O.28 in the Mahazar, the same could only be taken into consideration in appraising the evidence. 14. Ms. Suri then addressed the third aspect of the prosecution case relating to lifting of the finger print of the appellant from the handle of the almirah in the room of the deceased. It was contended that the procedure adopted for obtaining the finger print of the appellant by P.W.25, while he was in custody, for the purpose of comparison with the finger print lifted from the handle of the almirah in the room of the deceased, left sufficient room for doubt about the authenticity of the finger print taken from the appellant for the purpose of comparison. It was submitted that rather curiously all the other finger prints in the room, including the one taken from the wall clock, were smudged and were of no use for the purpose of comparison, which also gave rise to doubts as to whether the finger prints alleged to have been taken from the handle of the almirah in the room of the deceased, had actually been lifted from the said place. Ms. Suri submitted that the finger print of the appellant taken by P.W.25 when the appellant was in custody, should have been taken before a Magistrate to ensure its authenticity. Furthermore, although, the said finger print was taken on 8.3.1998, the same was sent to the F.S.L. only on 15.3.1998. 15. Referring to the provisions of the Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920, Ms. Suri submitted that Section 2(a) defined "measurements" to include finger impressions and Section 2(b) defined "Police Officer" to mean an officer in charge of a police station, a police officer making an investigation or any other police officer not below the rank of Sub-Inspector. Learned counsel also pointed out that Section 4 of the Act provided for the taking of measurements of non-convicted persons, which under Section 5 could be ordered by a Magistrate if he was satisfied that the same was for the purpose of investigation. Ms. Suri, however, also pointed out that in State of Uttar Pradesh Vs. Ram Babu Misra [ (1980) 2 SCC 343 ], this Court while considering the provisions of Section 5 of the above Act and Section 73 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, held that Section 73 did not permit a Court to give a direction to the accused to give specimen writings for anticipated necessity for comparison in a proceeding which may later be instituted in the court. Direction under Section 73 to any person present in the court to give specimen writings is to be given for the purpose of enabling the court to compare and not for the purposes of enabling the Investigating or other agency to make any comparison of such handwriting. Ms. Suri also referred to the decision of this Court in Mohd. Aman & Anr. Vs. Ms. Suri also referred to the decision of this Court in Mohd. Aman & Anr. Vs. State of Rajasthan [ (1997) 10 SCC 44 ], where finger prints of the accused found on a brass jug seized from the house of the deceased were kept in the police station for five days without any justifiable reason. Furthermore, the specimen finger prints of the accused had not been taken before or under the order of the Magistrate and, accordingly, the conviction based on the evidence of the finger prints of the accused on the brass jug were held to be not sustainable. Ms. Suri also referred to the decision in Musheer Khan's case (supra), where the question of the evidentiary value of a finger-print expert was considered apart from the question of identification and it was held that such evidence fell within the ambit of Section 45 of the Evidence Act, 1872. In other words, the evidence of a finger print expert is not substantive evidence and can only be used to corroborate some items of substantive evidence which are otherwise on record and could not, therefore, have been one of the main grounds for convicting the appellant of the offences with which he had been charged. 16. Regarding the charge of rape, Ms. Suri submitted that there was no evidence to connect the appellant with the offence. Not only were there no eye-witnesses, but even the oral evidence relied upon by the prosecution or the Material Objects seized from the scene of the crime or recovered from the body of the victim during Post-mortem examination or from the appellant, established the commission of rape on the deceased by the appellant. 17. Ms. Suri submitted that having regard to the state of the evidence adduced by the prosecution, no case could be said to have been made out against the appellant either under Section 302 or under Sections 392 and 376 I.P.C. 18. Coming to the question of sentencing, Ms. Suri submitted that even if the conviction of the appellant under Sections 302, 392 and 376 I.P.C. was to be accepted, the case did not fall within the category of "rarest of rare cases", which merits imposition of the death penalty. Coming to the question of sentencing, Ms. Suri submitted that even if the conviction of the appellant under Sections 302, 392 and 376 I.P.C. was to be accepted, the case did not fall within the category of "rarest of rare cases", which merits imposition of the death penalty. In order that a death sentence be passed on an accused, the court has to keep in mind various factors such as : (1) that the murder of the deceased was not premeditated; (2) that the accused did not have any previous criminal record so as to draw a conclusion that the accused was a menace to society; (3) that the death was caused in a fit of passion; (4) that the accused was of young age and there was nothing on record to indicate that he would not be capable of reform; and (5) that the death was not as a part of conspiracy or with the intention of causing death. 19. Ms. Suri submitted that the two Hon'ble Judges of the Karnataka High Court hearing the Criminal Appeal differed on the question of awarding death penalty to the appellant. Learned counsel submitted that Justice V.G. Sabhahit confirmed the death sentence imposed by the trial Court upon holding that there was something uncommon about the crime in the present case which renders the sentence of imprisonment for life inadequate. Justice Sabhahit held that the commission of the offence not only of rape but also of murder and theft indicated that the appellant was not only cruel, heartless, unmerciful and savage, but also brutal, pitiless, inhuman, merciless and barbarous, considering the fact that he had taken undue advantage of a helpless woman. However, Justice R.B. Naik, while agreeing with the conviction of the appellant by the trial Court, was of the view that as a rule death sentence should be imposed only in the rarest of rare cases in order to eliminate the criminal from society, but the same object could also be achieved by isolating the criminal from society by awarding life imprisonment for the remaining term of the criminal's natural life. Ms. Suri submitted that on account of the difference of opinion of the two Hon'ble Judges, the question of sentencing was referred to a third judge, the Hon'ble Mr. Ms. Suri submitted that on account of the difference of opinion of the two Hon'ble Judges, the question of sentencing was referred to a third judge, the Hon'ble Mr. Justice S.R. Bannurmath, who, in Criminal Reference Case No.3 of 2006, concurred with the view taken by Justice Sabhahit and confirmed the death penalty imposed by the trial Court. 20. Ms. Suri submitted that in order to have a deterrent effect on social crimes, the view taken by Justice Naik was more acceptable as it would have effect not only in removing the accused from society, but would also enable him to realize the gravity of the offence committed by him. 21. In support of her submissions, Ms. Suri firstly relied on the decision of this Court in Ronny alias Ronald James Alwaris & Ors. Vs. State of Maharashtra [ (1998) 3 SCC 625 ], where despite conviction under Sections 302, 449, 347, 394, 376(2)(g), Sections 467, 471 and 201 read with Section 34 I.P.C., this Court while upholding the conviction held that it was not possible to identify the case as being a rarest of rare case and, accordingly, commuted the death sentence imposed on the accused to life imprisonment. Reference was also made to the decision of this Court in Om Prakash Vs. State of Haryana [ (1999) 3 SCC 19 ], where upon conviction under Sections 302 and 307 read with Section 34 I.P.C. and Section 27(3) of the Arms Act, the accused was sentenced to death for committing the brutal murder of seven persons belonging to one family for the purpose of taking revenge. This Court taking into account the mental condition and age of the accused held that it could not be treated to be one of the rarest of rare cases and accordingly, commuted the death sentence to one of imprisonment for life. 22. In addition to the above, Ms. Suri also referred to (1) Akhtar Vs. State of U.P. [ (1999) 6 SCC 60 ]; (2)Bantu alias Naresh Giri Vs. State of M.P. [ (2001) 9 SCC 615 ]; (3) Surendra Pal Shivbalakpal Vs. State of Gujarat [(2005) 3 SCC 127]; (4) Kulwinder Singh Vs. State of Punjab [ (2007) 10 SCC 455 ]; and (5) Sebastian alias Chevithiyan Vs. State of Kerala [ (2010) 1 SCC 58 ]. State of M.P. [ (2001) 9 SCC 615 ]; (3) Surendra Pal Shivbalakpal Vs. State of Gujarat [(2005) 3 SCC 127]; (4) Kulwinder Singh Vs. State of Punjab [ (2007) 10 SCC 455 ]; and (5) Sebastian alias Chevithiyan Vs. State of Kerala [ (2010) 1 SCC 58 ]. In each of the said cases, this Court commuted the death sentence to life imprisonment on account of the circumstances which could not be included within the category of rarest of rare cases which merited the death penalty. 23. Ms. Suri submitted that in the instant case also there is nothing on record to indicate that the appellant had any premeditated design to cause the death of the victim or that the circumstances indicated that the offence had been committed in a manner which brought it within the ambit of "rarest of rare cases", for which anything less than the death penalty would be inadequate. Ms. Suri submitted that taken at its face value all that can be said of the prosecution case is that the appellant committed rape and murder of the deceased while committing theft at the same time, which did not make such offence one of the rarest of rare cases, which merited the death penalty. 24. Appearing for the State, Ms. Anitha Shenoy, learned Advocate, submitted that although the appellant's conviction was based on circumstantial evidence, such evidence had established a conclusive chain which clearly establish that no one other than the appellant could have committed rape on the deceased and, thereafter, cause her death, besides committing theft of various articles from the house of the deceased. Ms. Shenoy submitted that the manner in which the murder had been committed after raping the deceased and his previous history of conviction in both rape and theft cases, as also his subsequent conduct after this incident, did not warrant interference with the death penalty awarded to the appellant. 25. Ms. Shenoy submitted that from the Inquest Report it appears that the body of Jayashri was found in the bedroom lying on her back. Both her hands had been bound with a yellow, green and red-coloured flower designed sari and the other end of the sari had been tied to an inner window bar in the room. The tongue of the deceased was found to be protruding and both the eyes were closed. Both her hands had been bound with a yellow, green and red-coloured flower designed sari and the other end of the sari had been tied to an inner window bar in the room. The tongue of the deceased was found to be protruding and both the eyes were closed. A designed sari was on the body and a pink-coloured blouse and white brassiere was on her shoulders. A red tape-like cloth was near the head of the deceased and there was bleeding from the deceased's genitals and blood was also found on the floor. In addition, there were injuries on her right breast and abrasions near her right elbow and stomach. Ms. Shenoy also referred to the deposition of P.W.9 who was a Mahazar witness, wherein it was stated that the deceased Jayashri was lying naked, there were abrasions on her body and both of her hands were tied with a red tape lengthy cloth and the other end was tied to a window. There were scratch marks on her breasts and blood oozing out of her genitals. What was also stated was that there were strangulation marks on her neck. Ms. Shenoy submitted that the Inquest Report and the Mahazar of the scene of occurrence was further corroborated by the evidence of P.W.1 (Police), P.W.2 (son of deceased), P.W.3 (a neighbour), P.W.8 (landlady of the deceased) and P.W.29 (the Investigating Officer). Ms. Shenoy then urged that the Post-mortem report indicated that there was a faint ligature mark present on the front and sides of the neck over the thyroid cartilage in front 2 inches away from the right ear and 2.5 inches from the left ear. The other injuries noted were : "1. Laceration on the inner aspect of the upper lip meddle 1 c.m. x 0.5 c.m. x- ray 5 c.m. 2. In both lips abrasion on inner aspect present. 3. Abrasion three number present on upper part of right side chest. 4. Laceration over left nostril with adjacent abrasion. 5. Scratch marks present over chest upper and middle region and over right breast and below right breast. 6. Abrasion over right forearm outer back aspect near the elbow and wrist. 7. Abrasion over left elbow outer aspect. 8. Upon dissection patches of contusion seen on chest wall front. Genital region blood stains seen at the vaginal outlet. 5. Scratch marks present over chest upper and middle region and over right breast and below right breast. 6. Abrasion over right forearm outer back aspect near the elbow and wrist. 7. Abrasion over left elbow outer aspect. 8. Upon dissection patches of contusion seen on chest wall front. Genital region blood stains seen at the vaginal outlet. Laceration of vagina 1 c.m. in length from vaginal outlet on the posterior wall was present. Semen like material was present in the vagina, which was collected and sent for Micro Biological examination which shows the presence of sperms." 26. Ms. Shenoy also referred to the chemical examiner's report, wherein it was opined that the vaginal smear sent for microbiological examination showed presence of spermatozoa. Ms. Shenoy pointed out that according to the opinion of P.W.26, Dr. M. Somashekar, who conducted the Post-mortem examination on the deceased, death was due to asphyxia as a result of smothering and evidence of violent sexual intercourse and attempted strangulation. Ms. Shenoy further submitted that in his evidence P.W.26 had mentioned the fact that while stating the facts about the incident, the appellant had stated that he pushed the victim and removed her clothes, tied her hands and committed theft. 27. On the question of the extra-judicial confession said to have been made by the appellant before P.W.26, Ms. Shenoy referred to the decision of this Court in M.A. Antony v. State of Kerala [ (2009) 6 SCC 220 ], in which, in a similar situation, the extrajudicial confession made to a doctor was accepted upon rejection of the defence claim that such confession had been made in the presence of police officers. This Court held that there was no evidence at all to suggest that any policeman was present when the appellant made the confessional statement before the doctor, whereupon such confession could have been kept out of consideration. Ms. Shenoy submitted that even in the instant case there is nothing on record to indicate that the confessional statement said to have been made by the appellant before P.W.26 Dr. Somashekar was made in the presence of any police personnel. Ms. Shenoy submitted that even in the instant case there is nothing on record to indicate that the confessional statement said to have been made by the appellant before P.W.26 Dr. Somashekar was made in the presence of any police personnel. There was also no suggestion in cross-examination of P.W.26 that at the time of examination of the appellant for evidence of sexual intercourse either any force was used or any police personnel was present when he is said to have made the confessional statement to P.W.26. 28. Ms. Shenoy then submitted that the question relating to the reliability of an extrajudicial confession also came up for the consideration of this Court in Ram Singh v. Sonia & Ors. [ (2007) 3 SCC 1 ] in which case also the value of an extra-judicial confession made before a stranger came up for consideration and it was held that such a submission could not be accepted since in several decisions this Court had held that an extra-judicial confession made even to a stranger cannot be eschewed from consideration if the Court found it to be truthful and voluntarily made before a person who had no reason to make a false statement. Similar was the view of this Court in Gura Singh v. State of Rajasthan [ (2001) 2 SCC 205 ], wherein it was observed that despite inherent weakness of an extra-judicial confession as an item of evidence, it cannot be ignored that such confession was made before a person who had no reason to state falsely and to whom it is made in the circumstances which tend to support the statement. Several other decisions on this point were referred to by Ms. Shenoy which did not, however, detain us, as they are in the same vein as the decisions already cited. 29. On the question of identification which has been one of the main pillars of the prosecution case in order to weave a chain of circumstantial evidence which in clear terms pointed towards the guilt of the accused, the prosecution examined the minor son of the deceased, Suresh (P.W.2) and P.Ws 4, 5, 11 and 17, who were near the place of occurrence at the relevant point of time. Ms. Ms. Shenoy submitted that except for P.W.2, the minor son of the deceased who is stated to have actually seen the accused in the room where the deceased was lying, all the other witnesses had seen the appellant at some time or the other before the commission of the crime. As far as P.W.2 is concerned, Ms. Shenoy submitted that the incident was so graphic that it left an indelible imprint in his mind and that the evidence of all the witnesses who identified the appellant conclusively establishes the presence of the appellant in the house of the deceased at the time of the commission of rape, murder and theft and in further establishing that Umesh Reddy, the appellant is the same person who introduced himself as Venkatesh to P.Ws.2, 4, 5, 11 and 17. 30. Regarding the conducting of the Test Identification Parade by the Tehsildar, P.W.24, it was submitted that no irregularity could be pointed out on behalf of the defence to discredit the same.