Hon'ble KOTHARI, J.— izfroknh vihykFkhZx.k txnh'kizlkn ,oa vU; dh vksj ls /kkjk 100 flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk ds vUrxZr ;g flfoy f}rh; vihy vij ftyk U;k;k/kh'k] jktx<+ ftyk vyoj ds fu.kZ; fnukad 19-7-2007 ds fo:) izLrqr dh x;h gSA 2- laf{kIr rF; ,oa i`"BHkwfe bl izdkj gS fd oknhx.k nsohlgk; ,oa j?kquanu us fnukad 19-9-89 dks jktx<+ fLFkr U;k;ky; esa izfroknhx.k dY;k.k lgk; vkfn ds fo:) LFkk;h fu"ks/kkKk gsrq ,d okn bl vk'k; dk izLrqr fd;k fd oknhx.k dh ,d nqdku xzke x<+h lokbZjke rglhy jktx<+ esa fLFkr gS blds if'pe esa izfroknhx.k dh nqdku gSA nksuksa i{kksa dh nqdkusa pkj [kuh gSA okn i= ds lkFk layXu uD'ksa esa oknhx.k dh nqdku dks lq[kZ jax ls rFkk izfroknhx.k dh nqdku dks gjs jax ls nf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA izfroknhx.k dh nqdku ds iwohZ rjQ izfroknhx.k dh nqdku dk pisVok vklkj oknhx.k dh nqdku ds lgkjs lgkjs cuk gqvk Fkk] tks dkQh iqjkuk gSA izfroknhx.k us viuh bl nqdku dks pkSM+k djus rFkk chp esa nhokj cukdj nqdku cukus ds fy, viuh nqdku ds iwohZ fn[kk esa fpiVh gqbZ oknhx.k dh nqdku ds if'peh fn'kk dh rjQ dh nhokj ds pisVok vklkj dks rksM+dj viuh nqdku dsk pkSM+k dj fy;kA izfroknhx.k us oknhx.k dh nqdku ekdZ , & ch dks 3 bap [kksndj mlds lgkjs d, iÍh [kM+h dj nh vkSj yksgs dk ysUVj Mky fn;kA izfroknhx.k vU; [kuksa esa Hkh bl izdkj iÍh oknhx.k dh nhokj esa yxkuk pkgrs gSA okn i= esa ;g Hkh vafdr fd;k x;k fd izfroknhx.k dk tks bldh nhoku ds lgkjs pisVok vklkj cuk gqvk gS] mls gVkdj izfroknhx.k oknhx.k ds if'pe dh rjQ ekdZ , & ch vklkj@nhokj dks viuh 'kkeykrh nhokj cukuk pkgrs gSa ftldk mUgsa dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gSA ;g vuf/kdkj ps"Vk djrs gq, izfroknhx.k us viuh nqdku la[;k 1 o 2 dk pisVok vklkj gVk fn;k ftlls oknhx.k dh nhokj detksj gks x;h vkSj dbZ txg ls IykLVj gV x;kA ;fn izfroknhx.k us viuh lHkh ifÍ;ka oknhx.k dh nhokj [kksndj yxk nh rks oknhx.k dh nhokj vR;Ur detksj tks tkosxh] budh tk;nkn dks [krjk iSnk gksxk vkSj buds vf/kdkj ij foijhr izHkko iM+ ;g lnSo ds fy, nhokj ds vius U;k;ksfpr vf/kdkj ls oafpr gks tk;saxs] vr% izkFkZukuqlkj LFkkbZ ,oa vkns'kkRed fu"ks/kkKk tkjh dh tk,A 3- blds mÙkj esa izfroknhx.k us vafdr fd;k fd budh nqdku ds igys [ku ea budk thuk cuk gqvk gS tks nqdku ds iwohZ vklkj ds lgkjs gSA izfroknhx.k us viuh nqdku dks pkSM+k djus ds fy, bl iwohZ vklkj ls yxs gq, thus dks rksM+ fn;k gSA viuh nqdku ds iwoZ vklkj dks igys rFkk nwljs [ku rd rksM+ izfroknhx.k] oknhx.k ds if'peh vklkj ,-ch ij u rks viuh ifÍ;ka j[k jgs gSa vkSj u gh dksbZ rksM+QksM+ dj jgs gSA izfroknhx.k Lo;a dh nqdku ds vklkj dks rksM+dj okn i= ds lkFk layXu uD'ksa esa n'kkZ;s ,-ch vklkj ds pisVok iqjkus vklkj dh txg u;k vklkj cuk;saxs rFkk rhljs rFkk pkSFks [ku ds vuqlkj dks ;Fkkor fLFkfr dsa j[ksaxsA izfroknhx.k us viuh nqdku ds [ku la[;k 1 o 2 ds iwohZ thus ds vklkj dh txg iÍh [kM+h dh gS vkSj tks u;k vklkj cuk;saxs] mlls nksuksa i{kksa ds vklkj vkSj etcwr gksaxsA izfroknhx.k us vius thus ds iwoZZ vklkj dh lh/k esa gh iÍh [kM+h dh gS vkSj ,d iÍh vkM+h yxk;h gSA nksuksa i{kksa ds vklkj Li"Vr% vyx vyx gSa vkSj izfroknhx.k vius iqjkus vklkj dh lh/k esa u;k vklkj [kM+k djuk pkgrs gSA 4- fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk nksuksa i{kksa ds vfHkopuksa ds vk/kkj ij fuEu fook|d fojfpr fd;s x;s %& 1- vk;k izfroknhx.k oknh dh nqdku jax lq[kZ dk rUgk if'peh vklkj ,-ch dks rksM+dj bls 'kkeykrh vklkj ekudj viuh nqdku dk iwohZ vklkj dh iÍh bl ,-ch vklkj ij j[kdj ,l ,-ch vklkj dks vius dke esa ysuk pkgrs gSa\ 2- vk;k izfroknhx.k us nqdku oknh ds vklkj ,-ch ds [ku 1-2 ds lgkjs vklkj gVkdj nhokj oknh [kksndj viuh iÍh [kM+h dj nh gS ftlls oknh dk vklkj detksj gks x;k gs vkSj oknh izfroknhx.k }kjk [kM+h dh xbZ ifÍ;ksa dks gVokdj tks oknh ds vklkj Fks] Hkkx ,-ch gVk;k gS] mls iqu% fuekZ.k djkus dk gd j[krk gS\ 3- vuqrks"k\ 5- oknhx.k dh vksj ls vius i{k esa ikap lkf{k;ksa ds c;ku djkrs gq, izn'kZ 1 yxk;r izn'kZ 4 nLrkosth lk{; iznf'kZr djk;h x;hA izR;FkhZx.k dh vksj nks xokg ijhf{kr gq,A izLrqr gqbZ leLr lk{; ij fopkj djrs gq, fopkj.k U;k;ky; us mYys[k fd;k fd oknh ds c;kuksa ds vuqlkj mldh nqdku dk if'peh vklkj vkSj izfroknhx.k dk iwohZ vklkj pisVok ,oa vyx vyx gSA oknhx.k dk if'peh vklkj 14 bap pkSM+k rFkk iqjkuk o u;s pwus esa cuk gqvk gS ftl vklkj dks izfroknhx.k ,d izdkj ls 'kkeykrh vklkj cukuk pkgrs gSA U;k;ky; us tk izFke dfe'uj fu;qä fd;k] ml egkohjflag us ;g dFku fd;k gS fd lwpuk ds ckotwn izfroknh ekSds ij mifLFkr ugha gqvk gSA blus ik;k fd nksuksa i{kksa ds vklkj pisVok FkkA izfroknhx.k vius vklkj dks rksM+dj viuh nqdku dks pkSM+k djuk pkgrs FksA U;k;ky; }kjk iqu% fu;qä fd;s x;s dfe'uj Jh eksguyky tSeu us ;g ik;k fd oknh dh nqdku dk vklkj yxHkx lok QqV pkSM+k gS vkSj izfroknhx.k] oknhx.k ds vklkj dks 'kkeykrh cukuk pkgrs gSA bl dfe'uj us viuh fjiksVZ izn'kZ 4 esa ;g Hkh of.kZr fd;k fd oknhx.k dh nqdku ds , ls ch vklkj esa nks bap ds vUnj iÍh ?kql jgh gSA izfroknhx.k us oknh dh rjQ ds vklkj esa vkM+h iÍh nhokj esa lok ikap QhV j[k j[kh gS ftlls izdV gksrk gS fd izfroknhx.k] oknhx.k ds vklkj@nhokj dks 'kkeykrh :i ls dke esa ysuk pkgrs gSaA 6- oknh ds lk{kh ih-MCY;w-3 nhikjke ds vuqlkj izfroknh us viuk vklkj gVk fy;k vkSj oknh ds vklkj dks QksM+ fn;kA oknh ds lk{kh ih-MCY;w-5 uoy fd'kksj dk Hkh ;gh dFku jgk gS fd oknh dh nqdku dk vklkj yxHkx lok QqV pkSM+k gS] izfroknhx.k bl vklkj dks 'kkeykrh cukuk pkgrs gSaa ;|fi izfroknhx.k us mä fLFkfr ls bUdkj fd;k gS fdUrq izLrqr lk{; ls fopkj.k U;k;ky; us fook|d la[;k 1 oknh ds i{k esa izekf.kr ikrs gq, bls oknh ds i{k esa fuf.kZr fd;k fdUrq fook|d la[;k 2 ds lEcU/k esa mYys[k fd;k fd oknh us tks uD'kk izn'kZ 1 is'k fd;k gS] mlesa izfroknhx.k }kjk rksM+k vklkj nf'kZr ugha gS tc fd oknh ds vuqlkj nkok djus ds le; vklkj VwV pqdk FkkA eq[;r% bl vk/kkj ij U;k;ky; us ik;k fd oknhx.k ;g fl) ugha dj lds gSa fd izfroknhx.k us oknh ds vklkj ,-ch dks rksM+dj oknh ds nhokj esa /kalh gqbZ [kM+h iÍh yxk;h vkSj bl izdkj ;g fook|d la[;k 2 oknhx.k ds fo:) fuf.kZr fd;kA nksuksa fook|dksa dk bl izdkj fu.kZ; djrs gq, fopkj.k U;k;ky; us oknhx.k dk okn izR;FkhZx.k ds fo:) vkaf'kd :i ls bl izdkj fMØh fd;k fd izfroknhx.k okn i= ds lkFk layXu uD'ks esa ,-ch nf'kZr oknhx.k dh nqdku dh if'peh nhokj esa dksbZ rksM+QksM+ u djsa] nhokj dks [kksndj dksbZ iÍh u yxkos vkSj u gh oknhx.k dh nhokj dks fdlh izdkj ls detksj djsaA oknhx.k dh 'ks"k izkFkZuk Lohdkj ugha dh x;hA 7- oknhx.k dh vksj ls mä fu.kZ; ,oa fMØh fnukad 27-11-2001 ds fo:) vihy izLrqr dh x;h ftlesa ;g vk/kkj fy;k x;k fd v/khuLFk U;k;ky; us i=koyh ij miyC/k lk{; ,oa lqLFkkfir fof/k ds fo:) fu.kZ; ikfjr fd;k gSA izfroknhx.k us oknh dh nhokj vkSj if'peh vklkj ekdZ ,-ch dks 'kkeykrh vklkj cukus dh xjt ls bls rhu bap [kksndj blds lgkjs iÍh [kM+h dj ysUVj Mky fn;kA bl izdkj vU; [kuksa ds vklkj dks Hkh gVkdj oknhx.k ds vklkj ij iÍh Mkydj os bl vklkj dks [kkeykrh cukuk pkgrs gSA Lo;a v/khuLFk U;k;ky; ds ihBklhu vf/kdkjh us fnukad 1-3-2001 dks fookfnr tk;nkn dk fujh{k.k dj ekSdk fjiksVZ rS;kj dh ftlesa ;g vafdr gS fd izfroknhx.k us oknhx.k ds mä vklkj esa <kbZ bap eksVh iÍh [kM+h dh gS vkSj ,d vkM+h iÍh lok ikap QhV vUnj ?kqlh gqbZ gSA blds vfrfjä Hkh v/khuLFk U;k;ky; esa izLrqr gqbZ vU; lk{; ls oknhx.k dk i{k iw.kZr% iq"V gksrk gSA fook|d la[;k 1 ij fu"d"kZ ikfjr djrs gq, v/khuLFk U;k;ky; us bl fLFkfr dks lgh ik;k gS fd fdUrq fQj Hkh dsoyek= izfroknhx.k }kjk vklkj rksM+us dh fLFkfr] uD'kk izn'kZ 1 esa nf'kZr ugha djus ds vk/kkj ij fook|d la[;k 2 oknhx.k ds fo:) fuf.kZr dj fn;k] vr% bl fu"d"kZ dks vikLr fd;k tk,A 8- fo}ku vihyh; U;k;ky; us ;g ik;k fd fook|d la[;k 1 ds lEcU/k esa tks fu"d"kZ v/khuLFk U;k;ky; us fudkyk gS] mls izfroknhx.k us fdlh izdkj Hkh pqukSrh ugha nh gS] vr% bl fook|d la[;k 1 ds fu"d"kZ esa gLr{ksi dh vko';drk ugha gSA fook|d la[;k 2 ds ckjs esa U;k;ky; dk er jgk fd U;k;ky; }kjk fu;qä dfe'kuj ih-MCY;w-4 Jh eksguyky tSeu us vius dFkuksa esa Li"V mYys[k fd;k gS fd oknhx.k dh nqdku ds , lh ch vklkj esa nks bap pkSM+h iÍh ?kqlh gqbZ gSA Lo;a v/khuLFk U;k;ky; us fookfnr LFky dk fujh{k.k djus ij ;g ik;k fd izfroknhx.k us oknhx.k dh nqdku ds vklkj esa lok ikap bap vUnj vkM+h iÍh j[k j[kh gS vkSj ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd izfroknhx.k] oknhx.k dh nqdku dh nhokj dks 'kkeykrh :i ls dke esa ysuk pkgrs gSA blh vk/kkj ij v/khuLFk U;k;ky; us fook|d la[;k 1 dk fu"d"kZ oknhx.k ds i{k esa fudkyk gS] ogha bl fu"d"kZ ds foijhr fook|d la[;k 2 dk foospu djrs gq, ;g mYys[k fd;k fd oknh mä fLFkfr izekf.kr ugha dj ldk gS vkSj bl fu"d"kZ dk eq[; vk/kkj ;gh vafdr fd;k fd oknhx.k us okn i= ds lkFk layXu uD'ksa izn'kZ 1 esa oknhx.k dh nqdku dh nhokj ,-ch ds ikl izfroknhx.k dh nqdku ds vklkj dks gVk;k gqvk nf'kZr ugha fd;k gSA 9- vihyh; U;k;ky; dk ;g er jgk fd v/khuLFk U;k;ky; dk mä fu"d"kZ mfpr ugha gSA tc Lo;a izfroknhx.k us vius izfrokn i= esa ;g Lohdkj fd;k gS fd mudh rFkk oknhx.k dh nqdku dk vklkj pisVok esa Fkk vkSj mUgksaus viuh nqdku ds igys rFkk nwljs [ku dks pkSM+k djus ds fy, muesa cus thus dks rksM+ fn;k vkSj nqdku ds iwohZ vklkj dks Hkh bu nks [kuksa rd rksM+ fn;k gS rks dsoy utjh uD'kk izn'kZ 1 esa oknhx.k }kjk bUgsa VwVk gqvk ugha n'kkZus ek= ls oLrqfLFkfr esa dksbZ vUrj ugha iM+rk gSA vihyh; U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj oknh us vius c;ku esa ;g O;ä fd;k gS fd izfroknhx.k us ,d [ku ls rhu [ku rd pisVok vklkj dks gVk fn;k gS] [ku la[;k 1 rFkk 2 esa oknh ds vklkj esa ,d QqV pkSM+h rFkk N% bap xgjh [kkyh [kksn yh vkSj mlds vUnj iÍh [kM+h dj ysUVj rFkk iÍh mlds vklkj esa j[k yhA bl rF; dh iqf"V U;k;ky; }kjk fu;qä fd;s x;s nksuksa dfe'uj ih-MCY;w-2 egkohj flag o ih-MCY;w-4 Jh eksguyky tSeu us fookfnr LFky dk fujh{k.k dj dh gSA dfe'uj us vius izfrosnu izn'kZ 4 esa ;g mYys[k fd;k gS fd izfroknhx.k dh ifÍ;ka oknhx.k dh nqdku ds ,-ch vklkj esa nks bap vUnj ?kql jgh gSA blesa ;g rF; Hkh mfYyf[kr gS fd izfroknhx.k us mä iÍh [kM+h djrs le; uhps ls Åij Nr rd ,d QqV pkSM+h [kkyh djhc nks rhu bap xgjh [kksnh rFkk iÍh fQV djus ds ckn pwuk iRFkj ls bls iDdk dj fn;kA vihyh; U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj Lo;a v/khuLFk U;k;ky; us fnukad 1-3-2001 dks oknxzLr LFky dk fujh{k.k dj viuh ekSdk fjiksVZ esa ;g ik;k fd izfroknhx.k us oknh dh nqdku dh rjQ <kbZ bap eksVh iÍh [kM+h dh gS rFkk mlds Åij oknh dh rjQ ds vklkj esa lok ikap bap pkSM+h iÍh vUnj ?kqlh gqbZ gSA bl izdkj ;g Hkyh izdkj izekf.kr gS fd izfroknhx.k us viuh nqdku ds [ku la[;k 1 rFkk 2 esa vius iwohZ vklkj dks gVkdj oknhx.k dh nhokj dks [kksndj mlesa nks ifÍ;ka [kM+h dj nh gS fdUrq v/khuLFk U;k;ky; us vius }kjk fook|d la[;k 1 ij fudkys fu"d"kZ ls fHkUu fu"d"kZ fook|d la[;k 2 ij fudkyk gS tks izLrqr lk{; ds izdk'k esa fof/klEer ugha gSA vihyh; U;k;ky; us bl izdkj v/khuLFk U;k;ky; ds fook|d la[;k 2 fudkys x;s fu"d"kZ dks vikLr djrs gq, oknh vihykFkhZx.k dh vihy Lohdkj dh vkSj ;g vkns'k ikfjr fd;k fd izfroknhx.k oknhx.k dh nqdku ds if'peh vklkj esa muds }kjk [kM+h dh x;h ifÍ;ksa dks bl fu.kZ; ls nks ekg dh vof/k ds vUnj gVk ysos rFkk nhokj dks iwoZor cuk;sA 10- fo}ku vf/koäk vihykFkhZx.k dk rdZ gS fd ekSds ij nksuksa i{kksa ds vuqlkj i`Fkd i`Fkd gsa izfroknhx.k us dsoyek= vius vklkj dks rksM+k gS vkSj mudh nhokj esa tks thuk fudyk gqvk Fkk] mls gVkdj nqdku dks pkSM+k dj nks Hkkxksa esa cuk;k gSA ihNs ds Hkkx esa nhokj ;Fkkor fo|eku gSA mUgksaus tks iRFkjksa dh ifÍ;ka yxk;h gS] os viuh gh nhokj esa ofVZdyh [kM+h dh gs vkSj bl gsrq oknhx.k dh nhokj esa dksbZ Hkh rksM+QksM+ ;k {kfr ugha igqapk;h gSA fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk fu;qä dfe'uj rFkk Lo;a fopkj.k U;k;ky; us ekSds dk fujh{kk dj ;g fu"d"kZ xyr :i ls fudkyk gS fd oknhx.k ds vklkj okyh nhokj esa [kìk dj dqN vUnj rd iRFkj dh ifÍ;ka lgkjk nsus ds fy, Mkyh x;h gSaA oLrq fLFkfr ;g gS fd izfroknhx.k us tc viuh nhokj gVk;h rks oknhx.k dh nhokj fn[kus yxh vkSj blls dfe'uj o U;k;ky; dks g; Hkze gks x;k fd izfroknhx.k us bl nhokj esa [kìs vkfn fd;sA izfroknhx.k us tks ifÍ;ka Mkyh gSa] os izfroknhx.k dh nhokj dh ykbu esa gh gSa vkSj ifÍ;ka vf/kd eksVh Hkh ugha gSA fdlh Hkh O;fä us nksuksa i{kksa dh nhokj dh eksVkbZ dks ugha ukik gS vkSj ,slk fd;s fcuk ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyuk lEHko ugha gS fd nksuksa i{kksa dh vyx vyx nhokj gSA izfroknhx.k ds fy, ,slk fuekZ.k djuk lEHko gh ugha Fkk ftlls fd mlds Åij dh eafty dks uhps ds vklkj dk lgkjk u feysA izfroknhx.k us ftl izdkj dk dk;Z viuh nqdku rFkk nhokj dh lhek esa fd;k gS] ,sls ekewyh lq/kkj dks U;k;ky; dks fopkj esa ugha ysuk pkfg,A oknhx.k us ;g okn dsoyek= bl bZ";kZ ls izLrqr dj fn;k gS fd izfroknhx.k us viuh ,d nqdku dks pkSM+h dj ,d dh ctk; nks nqdku esa ifjofrZr dj yh gSA mä rdksZa ds lkFk muds bl f}rh; vihy vihy esa fuEu fof/k ds fcUnq fojfpr fd;s tkus dh izkFkZuk dh xbZ gS %& "6.1 Whether the appellate Court was justified in reversing the finding on issue No.2 which was decided by the trial Court in favour of the defendants, without any cogent reason and justification. 6.2 The averments in the written statements. 6.3 Whether the finding with regard to fixing of the stone slabs by the defendants is contrary to categorical statement of the commissioner that the slabs were fixed adjoining to the plaintiff's wall which was also the case of the plaintiff in the Para 4 of plaint. 6.4 Whether the finding that the stone slabs of the defendants have been fixed into the plaintiff's wall by digging into the wall is absolutely perverse and cannot be sustained. The averments have been made under the confusion in as much as when the defendants' wall was removed, plaintiffs' call was exposed and was without plaster, as such under confusion it has been stated that the defendants might have scrapped the wall of plaintiffs to some extent. 6.5 Whether the finding about existence of separate walls and their thickness and whether the stone slabs are in the thickness of defendants' wall was not possible without breaking both the walls and then measuring the same. 6.6 Whether the observations of the Court below is wholly improbable because admittedly the walls of the upper story of the defendants' building are in line with the wall on the ground floor and without there being a wall on the ground floor, the walls on the first floor will be without any load bearing wall. It is nobody's case that the walls of the defendants upper story are supported by plaintiff's wall. It is nobody's case that the walls of the defendants upper story are supported by plaintiff's wall. 6.7 Whether the findings of the courts below against the defendants are based on gross misreading of the documentary and oral evidence." 11- fo}ku vf/koäk vihykFkhZx.k us mä fcUnqvksa esa ls fcUnq la[;k 6-3 rFkk 6-6 ij fo'ks"k :i ls tksj nsrs gq, bUgsa fof/k ds lkjHkwr iz'u ds :i esa fojfpr dj vihy dks Jo.kkFkZ xzg.k djus dh izkFkZuk dh gSA fodYi esa ;g vafdr fd;k gS fd ;fn U;k;ky; vihykFkhZx.k ds rdZ ls larq"V ugha gS rks ftl izdkj dk fuekZ.k ekSds ij gks x;k gS] mlds izdk'k esa bls rksM+us dk vkns'k ugha nsdj bl gsrq oknhx.k dks izfrdj fnyk;k tk ldrk gSA bl fcUnq ij muds }kjk fofu.kZ; fiyknjke cuke lqjtu flag MCY;w-,y-,u- 1972¼1½ 906 izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA 12- blds fojks/k esa fo}ku vf/koäk izR;FkhZx.k dk rdZ gS fd fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk dsoyek= oknhx.k dh vksj ls izLrqr uD'ks esa izfroknhx.k }kjk rksM+h x;h nhokj ugha n'kkZus ds dkj.k fook|d la[;k 2 ij oknhx.k ds fo:) ikfjr fu"d"kZ iw.kZr% xyr Fkk ftls vihyh; U;k;ky; us leLr lk{; dk foLrkj ls foospu dj oknhx.k ds i{k esa fuf.kZr dj lgh izdkj ls vkns'kkRed fu"ks/kkKk tkjh dh gSA fodYi esa izfrdj fnykus dh tks izkFkZuk vihykFkhZx.k dh vksj ls dh x;h gS] og muds }kjk nksuksa gh v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa ds le{k ugha dh x;h Fkh vkSj gLrxr izdj.k ds fo'ks"k rF;ksa dks ns[krs gq, dnkfi Lohdkj fd;s tkus ;ksX; ugha gSA ;fn izLrqr lk{; dks ns[kk tk, rks Li"V gksdk fd oknh j?kquanu caly us vius c;kuksa esa Li"V dgk gS fd izfroknhx.k us ,d [ku ls rhu [ku rd pisVok vklkj dks gVkdj blds vklkj esa ,d QqV pkSM+h rFkk N% bap xgjh [kkyh [kksndj mlds vUnj ifÍ;ka [kM+h dj nh] fQj blds Åij ysUVj o ifÍ;ka blds vklkj esa j[k yh gSA bldk if'peh vklkj 14 bap pkSM+k rFkk iqjkus o u;s pwus dk cuk gqvk gS ftls izR;FkhZx.k 'kkeykrh vklkj cukuk pkgrs gSaA blus vius uD'ks izn'kZ 1 esa izfroknhx.k }kjk rksM+k x;k vklkj oSls gh ugha fn[kk;k gSA ih-MCY;w-3 nhikjke dk Li"V dFku gS fd izfroknhx.k }kjk QksM+k gqvk vklkj blus ns[kk gS ftlesa izfroknhx.k us ifÍ;ka yxk yha vkSj viuh nqdku dh Nr oknh dh nqdku ds vklkj esa j[k nhA vc izfroknhx.k dh nqdku esa dsoy ihNs dk vklkj gS] vkxs dk ugha gSA ih-MCY;w-5 uoyfd'kksj dk Hkh dFku jgk fd izfroknhx.k us vius iwoZ ds vklkj dks rksM+dj oknhx.k ds vklkj esa [kkyh [kksndj ifÍ;ka [kM+h djds viuh ifÍ;ka jksdus ds fy, Åij ysUVj Mky fn;kA ;g ysUVj oknh ds vklkj rd Mkyk gqvk gSA izfroknhx.k us ;g dk;Z 1] 2 o 3 [ku esa fd;k gS vkSj os oknh ds vklkj dks 'kkeykrh cukuk pkgrs gSA bl lk{kh dh nqdku fookfnr txg ls dsoy ikap nqdku NksM+dj gS vkSj bl izdkj ;g lqlaxr lk{kh gS ftldk dFku gS fd tgka oknh dk if'peh vklkj ftl ij Nr gS vkSj iwjh nhokj cuh gqbZ gs] og cnLrwj [kM+k gS] ogka izfroknhx.k us viuk dksbZ vklkj nqckjk ugha cuk;k] viuk iwjk vklkj gVkdj oknh ds vklkj esa [kkyh [kksndj ifÍ;ka [kM+h djds ysUVj Mky fn;k vkSj bl izdkj ,d nqdku dh nks nqdku dj yhA izfroknhx.k us rhuksa [kuksa esa ifÍ;ka Mkyh gS vkSj oknh ds vklkj esa ?kqlk j[kh gSA bl izdkj mUgksaus oknh ds yxHkx ,d QqV pkSM+s o 6-7 bap yEcs vklkj esa ifÍ;ka [kM+h dh gSA 13- fo}ku vf/koäk izR;FkhZx.k dk ;g Hkh dFku gS fd U;k;ky; }kjk oknxzLr LFky ds fujh{k.k gsrq nks ckj dfe'uj fu;qä fd;s x;s vkSj rhljh ckj Lo;a U;k;ky; us fnukad 1-3-2001 dks fookfnr LFky dk fujh{k.k dj ekSds dh fjiksVZ rS;kj dhA mudk g; Hkh vfHkdFku gS fd Lo;a vihyh; U;k;ky; ds ihBklhu vf/kdkjh nksuksa i{kksa dks iwoZ lwpuk ds ckn fnukad 3-1-2002 dks nksigj nks cts fookfnr LFky ij ekSdk fujh{k.k ds fy, igqaps fdUrq izfroknhx.k ds vlg;ksx ds dkj.k ekSdk ns[kdj fjiksVZ rS;kj ugha dj ldsA izfroknhx.k dk ;g vkpj.k tkucw>dj vius }kjk fd;s dk;Z dks U;k;ky; ls fNikus ds mís'; ls jgkA izFke fu;qä dfe'uj ih-MCY;-2 egkohjflag us izn'kZ 2 ekSdk fjiksVZ rS;kj dh gS ftlls oknh dk i{k iq"V gksrk gSA ih-MCY;w-4 Jh eksguyky tSeu iqu% fu;qä dfe'uj gS ftlus U;k;ky; ds vkns'k ds vuqlkj nksuksa i{kksa dh nqdku ds vUnj ?kqldj ekSdk ns[kk vkSj ;g ik;k fd oknh dh nqdku ds vUnj ,-ch vklkj esa ifÍ;ka [kM+h Fkha tks izfroknhx.k }kjk vklkj [kkyh [kksndj [kM+h dh x;h FkhaA ifÍ;ka vklkj ds lgkjs [kM+h dh x;ha vkSj bu ifÍ;ksa dks vklkj ds vUnj nsdj ysoy djus ds fy, [kkyh [kksnh x;hA Lo;a fopkj.k U;k;ky; us fookfnr LFky dk fujh{k.k dj viuh fjiksVZ esa ;g ik;k fd izfroknhx.k us oknhx.k dh nqdku dh rjQ <kbZ bap eksVh iÍh [kM+h dh gS vkSj blds Åij oknhx.k dh rjQ ds vklkj esa vkM+h iÍh lok ikap bap vUnj ?kqlh gqbZ gSA bl izdkj bl leLr lk{; ds izdk'k esa ;g vR;Ur Li"V gS fd izfroknhx.k us fcuk oknhx.k dks fo'okl esa fy;s Hkou dks lqjf{kr j[kus okys nksuksa i{kksa ds vklkj esa ls vius vklkj dks rksM+dj bls [kRe dj viuh nqdku dks pkSM+k dj ,d ds LFkku ij nks nqdku cuk yhA blls Hkou dk vklkj@nhokj detksj gks x;hA vklkj@nhokj dh pkSM+kbZ de gksus ls lEifÙk dks [krjk mRiUu gks x;k gSA ftl rjg dk dk;Z izfroknhx.k us fd;k gS] os rks oknhx.k Hkh dj ldrs Fks vkSj viuh nqdku dks pkSM+h dj nks cuk ldrs Fks fdUrq blls lEifÙk dks [krjk mRiUu gksus dh lEHkkouk rFkk Hkou dks etcwrh nsus okys nksuksa i{kksa ds vklkj dks ns[krs gq, mUgksaus ,slk ugha fd;k vkSj izfroknhx.k dks Hkh ,slk dnkfi ugha djuk pkfg, FkkA izfroknhx.k ds bl —R; ls oknhx.k dh tks nhokj gS] og ,d izdkj ls vc nksuksa i{kksa dh 'kkeykrh nhokj gks x;hA bl izdkj izfroknhx.k us Hkou dk leLr Hkkj oknhx.k ds vklkj ij Mky fn;k gSA viuh nqdku dks pkSM+k djus rFkk ,d nqdku ds ctk, nks nqdku cukus ds ykyp ds o'khHkwr gksdj izfroknhx.k us ,slk —R; dj fn;k gS ftlls lEifÙk dh lqj{kk dks gh [krjk mRiUu gks x;k gSA 'kkeykrh nhokj@vklkj ds VwVus ls lEiw.kZ Hkou ds gh detksj gksus dh vk'kadk gSA nksuksa i{kksa dh lEifÙk dh fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, izfroknhx.k ds fy, ;g okafNr Fkk fd os nksuksa i{kksa ds nqdkuksa ds chp fLFkr vklkj@nhokj ls dksbZ Hkh NsM+NkM+ ugha djrsA ,slh fLFkfr esa fo}ku~ vihyh; U;k;ky; us vius fu.kZ; fnukad 19-7-2007 ds }kjk tks vkns'k ikfjr fd;k gS] og iw.kZr% U;k;lEer gS vkSj rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa }kjk fudkyk x;k fu"d"kZ gS] ftlesa bl f}rh; vihy ds vUrxZr bl U;k;ky; dks drbZ gLr{ksi ugha djuk pkfg,A gLrxr ekeys esa fo}ku~ vf/koäk vihykFkhZx.k }kjk mBk;s x;s fcUnq fdlh Hkh izdkj ls fof/k ds lkjHkwr iz'u ugha ekus tk ldrs gSaA lHkh fcUnq rF;ksa ls lEcfU/kr gS ftu ij v/khuLFk U;k;ky; lk{; dk foLr`r foospu dj viuk fu"d"kZ ikfjr dj pqdk gS ftlesa /kkjk 100 flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk ds vUrxZr izLrqr bl f}rh; vihy esa gLr{ksi ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 14- eSaus nksuksa i{kksa ds rdksZa ij /;kuiwoZd fopkj fd;kA tks lkjHkwr fof/k ds iz'u vihykFkhZx.k }kjk bl vihy esa fojfpr fd;s x;s gS] mudk voyksdu ;g n'kkZrk gS fd buesa fof/k dk ,slk dksbZ Hkh lkjHkwr iz'u ugha gS fd ftlds vk/kkj ij bl f}rh; vihy dks Jo.kkFkZ xzg.k fd;k tk,A v/khuLFk U;k;ky; }kjk nksuksa i{kksa dh vksj ls izLrqr gq, lkf{k;ksa ds dFkuksa ,oa izys[kh; lk{; ds vk/kkj ij oLrqfu"B :i ls lHkh fcUnqvksa ij fopkj dj tks fu"d"kZ fudkyk gS] og vfookfnr :i ls rF;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gS ftlesa /kkjk 100 flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk ds vUrxZr izLrqr bl f}rh; vihy esa gLr{ksi fd;k tkuk dnkfi fof/klEer ugha gSA ;g fLFkfr Hkh Li"V gS fd izfroknhx.k }kjk fd;s x;s fuekZ.k dk;Z vkfn dks rksM+us dk vkns'k u nsdj blds ,ot esa izfrdj fnykus dh tk izkFkZuk fo}ku vf/koäk vihykFkhZx.k dh vksj ls dh x;h gS] og nksuksa v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa ds le{k ugha dh x;h Fkh vkSj gLrxr ekeys ds rF;ksa dks ns[krs gq, eSa bl izkFkZuk dks Lohdkj fd;k tkuk U;k;lEer ugha le>rkA nksuksa i{kksa dh lEifÙk dh lqj{kk ds lEHkkfor [krjs dks Vkyus rFkk lkE; ds fl)kUr ds vk/kkj ij ,slh izkFkZuk Lohdkj fd;k tkuk mfpr izrhr ugha gksrk gSA fo}ku~ vf/koäk vihykFkhZx.k }kjk bl fcUnq ij izLrqr fof/k n`"VkUr fiykn jke cuke lqjtuflag rF;ksa ij iwjh rjg fHkUurk fy;s gq, gSA blesa nksuksa v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa dk ;g fu"d"kZ Fkk fd izfroknh us oknh dh Hkwfe ij vfrØe.k fd;k gS fdUrq fopkj.k U;k;ky; dk ;g Hkh er jgk fd oknh us viuh ckÅ.Mªh oky dks iwjh uki ds vUrxZr fufeZr ugha fd;k gS] bl dkj.k vfrØe.k dh fLFkfr mRiUu gqbZA bl fLFkfr rFkk izdj.k ds rF;ksa ds izdk'k esa ekuuh; U;k;ky; us bl ekeys dks vkns'kkRed fu"ks/kkKk tkjh fd;s tkus tSlk ugha ekudj ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd izfrdj bl ekeys esa i;kZIr mipkj gksxkA U;k;ky; ds erkuqlkj vfHkys[k ij ,slh dksbZ lkexzh ugha Fkh fd ftlls ;g ekuk tk lds fd izfroknh us tkucw>dj oknh dh Hkwfe ij vkijkf/kd vfrpkj fd;k vkSj bl izdkj bl ekeys esa foosd dk mfpr mi;ksx izfrdj fnykus esa gksxkA Li"V gS fd ;g fof/k n`"VkUr gLrxr ekeys esa vihykFkhZx.k dks dksbZ lgk;rk iznku ugha djrk gSA fo}ku~ vf/koäk vihykFkhZx.k dh vksj ls izLrqr rdksZa ij /;kuiwoZd fopkj djus ds mijkUr eq>s dksbZ Hkh ,slk fof/kd fcUnq ;k fof/k dk lkjHkwr iz'u n`f"Vxr ugha gksrk gS fd ftlds vk/kkj ij bl f}rh; vihy dks Jo.kkFkZ xzg.k fd;k tk,A 15- izLrqr f}rh; vihy esa U;k;ky; ds vf/kdkj dh lhek ds lEcU/k esa bl U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; cq)kjke ,oa vU; jes'k pUn 2008¼2½ vkj-,y-MCY;w- 1241 ¼jkt-½ rFkk tgk:íhu cuke eksgEen nqdeku 1993¼1½ MCY;w-,y-lh 381 ¼jkt-½ gesa Li"V :i ls ekxZn'kZu iznku djrs gSa fd nksuksa v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa }kjk rF;ksa ij fudkys x;s fu"d"kZ esa bl f}rh; vihy esa gLr{ksi ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; dh rhu lnL;h; ihB }kjk /kkjk 100 tkIrk nhokuh ds lEcU/k esa fn;s x;s fofu.kZ; Hkksykjke cuke vehjpUn esa 1981¼2½ ,llhlh 414 esa fuEu izdkj izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gS % "..The High Court however, seems to have justified its interference in second appeal mainly on the ground that the judgments of the Courts below were perverse and were given in utter disregard of the important materials on the record particularly misconstruction of the rent note. Even if we accept the main reason given by the High court the utmost that could be said was that the findings of fact by the Courts below were wrong or grossly inexcusable but that by itself would not entitle the High Court to interfere in the absence of a clear error of law." blh izdkj jkekLokeh dfyaxkjk;j cuke ekF;ku ikn;ph ,vkbZvkj 1992 ,llh 115 esa /kkjk 100 tkIrk nhokuh ds lEcU/k esa fopkj djrs gq, fuEu izdkj izfrikfnr fd;k gS %& "......Suggested shortcomings in the findings of fact recorded by the Courts below would not alter the situation that those were findings of facts, unquestionable under the provisions of Section 100, C.P.C., which defines the contours of the power of the High Court in second appeal. ....." blh izdkj ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; us xqjnso dkSj ,oa vU; cuke dkdh ,oa vU; ¼2007½ 1 ,llhlh 546 esa lEiw.kZ oLrq fLFkfr dk mYys[k djrs gq, fuEu izdkj izfrikfnr fd;k gS % "60. The comprehensive fifty-fourth Report of the Law Commission of India submitted to the Government of India in 1973 gives historical background regarding ambit and scope of Sec.100 C.P.C. According to the said report, any rational system of administration of civil law should recognize that litigation in civil cases should have two hearings on facts - one by the trial Court and one by the Court of appeal. ..................... 73. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as early as in 1890 stated that there is no jurisdiction to entertain a second appeal on the ground of an erroneous finding of fact, however gross or inexcusable the error may seem to be and they added a note of warning that no Court in India has power to add to, or enlarge, the grounds specified in Section 100. 81. Despite repeated declarations of law by the judgments of this Court and the Privy Council for over a century, still the scope of Section 100 has not been correctly appreciated and applied by the High Courts in a large number of cases. In the facts and circumstances of this case the High Court interfered with the pure findings of fact even after the amendment of Section 100 C.P.C. in 1976. In the facts and circumstances of this case the High Court interfered with the pure findings of fact even after the amendment of Section 100 C.P.C. in 1976. The High Court would not have been justified in interfering with the concurrent findings of fact in this case even prior to the amendment of Section 100 C.P.C. The judgment of the High Court is clearly against the provisions of Section 100 and in no uncertain terms clearly violates the legislative intention. 82. In view of the clear legislative mandate crystallized by a series of judgments of the Privy Council and this court ranging from 1890 to 2006, the High Court in law could not have interfered with pure findings of facts arrived at by the Courts below. Consequently, the impugned judgment is set aside and this appeal is allowed with costs. mä fof/k n`"VkUrksa rFkk fofu.kZ; ek/kou uk;j cuke HkkLdj fiYybZ ¼2005½ 10 ,llhlh 553] ,p ih ik;jtu cuke nklIik ¼2006½ 2 ,llhlh 496] LVsV vkWQ ;w-ih- cuke jkepUnz ,vkbZvkj 1976 ,llh 2547] feBwyky cuke jk/ksyky ,vkbZvkj 1974 ,llh 1596] HkSjopUn ukjnkl cuke ju/kho pUn nÙkk ,vkbZvkj 1988 ,llh 396 vkfn Hkh gesa ;gh ekxZn'kZu iznku djrs gSa fd vihy esa mBk;s x;s lHkh fcUnq fo'kq) :i ls rF;ksa ds iz'u gksus ds dkj.k f}rh; vihy esa v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa }kjk fudkys x;s fu"d"kZ esa gLr{ksi fd;k tkuk drbZ fof/klEer ugha gSA 16- bl izdkj Åij fd;s x;s foLr`r foospu ds izdk'k esa eSa bl er dk gwa fd fo}ku~ v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa }kjk ikfjr fu"d"kZ rF;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gksus ds dkj.k buesa gLr{ksi fd;k tkuk fof/klaxr ugha gSA fo}ku vf/koäk vihykFkhZx.k bl vihy esa fof/k dk ,slk dksbZ lkjHkwr iz'u crkus esa vlQy jgs gSa tks bl f}rh; vihy esa fof/kuqlkj fopkj.kh; gks] vr% ;g f}rh; vihy lkjghu gksus ds dkj.k xzg.kkFkZ Lrj ij gh vLoh—r dh tkrh gSA 17- mäkuqlkj ;g flfoy f}rh; vihy fujLr djrs gq, layXu izkFkZuk i= la[;k 838@2007 Hkh fujLr fd;k tkrk gSA