JUDGMENT : As the above 2(two) criminal revisions are arising out of the order, dated 19.12.2009, passed in Complaint Case No. 106/09, I propose to dispose of the same by this common judgment and order. 2. Heard Mr. C. Choudhury, learned counsel for the petitioner and Mr. J. Ahmed, learned counsel for the respondent. 3. By the instant revision petitions under Sections 397/401 read with Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Cr.P.C.) and Article 227 of the Constitution of India, the petitioners have prayed for setting aside and quashing the impugned order, dated 19.12.2009, passed in Complaint Case No. 106/09 and the aforesaid criminal proceedings, wherein the learned Sub-Divisional Judicial Magistrate (M), (For short ‘SDJM (M)’) at Bajali, Pathsala, District-Barpeta has issued summons to the accused/petitioners herein taking cognizance of the offences under Sections 120B/500/34 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). 4. In Crl. Rev. Petition No. 24/10: The petitioner’s case, precisely, is that the petitioner retired from service as Principal, Bajali College, Pathsala, District-Barpeta, Assam, on 31.01.2006, on superannuation and the respondent is a Lecturer in the Department of English of the said College, who joined the post in the year 1991. The respondent had instituted a complaint case, on 16.12.2009, in the Court of learned SDJM(M) at Bajali against the petitioner and 3(three) others alleging that she was placed under suspension on 28.12.2007 for alleged misconduct by the College Governing Body, of which the petitioner was the Secretary and the then Principal of the College. On 25.01.2006, the petitioner sent letters, which contained false and fabricated defamatory allegations against her, to the President/Secretary, Pathsala Bazar Committee and other social organizations lowering her reputation in the estimation of the members of the aforesaid social organizations and the general public at large. Amongst the various defamatory allegations, the petitioner mentioned in the letters that the respondent “is a woman of bad character”. On receipt of the copy of the letters, the office bearers of the social organizations enquired from her about the allegations, which demoralized her and lowered her prestige in the society, friends and relatives. Amongst the various defamatory allegations, the petitioner mentioned in the letters that the respondent “is a woman of bad character”. On receipt of the copy of the letters, the office bearers of the social organizations enquired from her about the allegations, which demoralized her and lowered her prestige in the society, friends and relatives. The respondent alleged that the Governing Body of Bajali College in its meeting held on 30.08.2005 adopted a resolution to draw up a departmental disciplinary proceeding against her, allegedly on some vague charges and after a discrete enquiry, the authority having failed to establish the charges exonerated her of the charges and thereafter, she rejoined in the post on 07.01.2009. 5. In Crl. Rev. Petition No. 16/10: The petitioner’s case, in a nut-shell, is that the petitioner, who is arrayed as the accused No. 3 in the aforementioned complaint case, was a party to the conspiracy along with the petitioner in Crl. Rev. Petition No. 24/10 and 2(two) others, in drawing up the departmental proceeding with an ulterior motive against the complainant/respondent herein based on false and concocted story of allegations, which hampered her reputation and bright career and thereby put her in mental sufferings and agony. The complainant/respondent alleged that the enquiry report of the departmental proceeding clearly established the fact that her suspension from service was illegal and inhuman, which caused irreparable loss including loss of reputation of her and her family members. The complainant/respondent in her complaint mentioned the petitioner as Principal, Bajali College and the petitioner in Crl. Rev. Petition No. 24/10 as Ex-Principal of the said College. 6. The learned SDJM (M), Bajali, Pathsala, after making necessary enquiry under Sections 200/202 Cr.P.C., having found prima facie materials, took cognizance of the offences under Sections 120B/500/34 of the IPC and issued summons for appearance of the petitioner and others. 7. Mr. C. Choudhury, learned counsel for the petitioners, submits that on bare reading of the complaint petition and the initial depositions recorded by the learned SDJM(M) do not prima facie disclose the ingredients of the offences under which cognizance has been taken against the petitioner of Crl. Rev. Petition No. 24/10, who was the Principal of the College during the relevant period of the occurrence. Mr. Choudhury further submits that the complainant/respondent mentioned 5(five) dates viz. Rev. Petition No. 24/10, who was the Principal of the College during the relevant period of the occurrence. Mr. Choudhury further submits that the complainant/respondent mentioned 5(five) dates viz. 05.10.2005 (the date of adoption of resolution by the Governing Body to initiate departmental proceeding against the respondent); 25.01.2006 (the date of writing of letters to the local non-government organizations); 27.11.2005 (the date of suspension of the respondent); 28.11.2008 (the date of submission of the enquiry report) and 07.01.2009 (the date of rejoining of the respondent in the post of Lecturer), without having any legally sustainable criminal liability of the petitioner, but the learned court below has taken cognizance of the offences under Sections 120B/500/34 of the IPC against the petitioner and others in total disregard to the period of limitation prescribed in Section 468 Cr.P.C. and against the concept of fairness of trial enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution. Mr. Choudhury also submits that it is of utmost importance that the complainant must have abided by the letters of law of limitation and on this count alone, the respondent’s complaint is not maintainable in law. Concluding the argument, Mr. Choudhury submits that continuation of such a criminal proceeding which is manifestly illegal, would lead to abuse of process of court and therefore, the proceedings may be quashed to ensure justice in exercise of the inherent jurisdiction of this court under Section 482 Cr.P.C. Mr. Choudhury relies upon the ratio of the judgment rendered by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Om Prakash & Ors. Vs. State of Jharkhand, reported in (2012) 12 SCC 72 . In connection with the petitioner in Crl. Rev. Petition No. 16/10, Mr. C. Choudhury, learned counsel for the petitioner, submits that neither in the complaint petition nor in the affidavits of the witnesses, there is any specific allegation against the petitioner and at the relevant time, he was not the Principal of the said College and not even a Member of the College Governing Body. According to Mr. Choudhury, the petitioner had no role to play so far adoption of the resolution of suspension of the complainant/respondent herein from service by the Governing Body of the College as at the relevant time, he was the Principal of Sipajhar College, Darrang District and joined as Principal of Bajali College, on 21.06.2006. 8. Per contra, Mr. According to Mr. Choudhury, the petitioner had no role to play so far adoption of the resolution of suspension of the complainant/respondent herein from service by the Governing Body of the College as at the relevant time, he was the Principal of Sipajhar College, Darrang District and joined as Principal of Bajali College, on 21.06.2006. 8. Per contra, Mr. J. Ahmed, learned counsel for the complainant/respondent, submits that the learned Judicial Magistrate, after due application of his judicial mind to the allegations made in the complaint and the statements made under Sections 200/202 Cr.P.C., having found prima facie materials in support of the commission of the offences took cognizance thereof and accordingly by the impugned order issued summons to the petitioners and others. Therefore, the only option open to the petitioners is to face trial and rebut the allegations made by the complainant/respondent herein by cross-examination of her witnesses and adducing evidence, if any, to the contrary. Mr. Ahmed submits that by mentioning that the complainant/respondent is a woman of bad character in the letters written by the petitioner in Crl. Rev. Petition No. 24/10 to the local organizations certainly brought down the reputation/prestige of her, who is a lecturer of College, working under the said petitioner, who was the then Principal of the same College, in the estimation of her colleagues, friends, relatives and the public in general. Mr. Ahmed, therefore, vehemently raises objection against the petition filed by the petitioners for quashing the complaint. According to Mr. Ahmed, the petitioner of Crl. Rev. No. 16/10 also played a role in the aforesaid conspiracy. 9. I have given due consideration to the above arguments advanced by the learned counsel of both sides and considered the documents annexed to the petitions. 10. The impugned short order of the learned SDJM (M), Bajali, Pathsala, District-Barpeta reads as herein below extracted: “19.12.2009: Complainant is present along with Ld. Advocate and one witness. Witness present is examined u/s 202 Cr.P.C. Heard the submissions advanced by the Ld. Advocate for the Complainant. Perused the case record. Considering the materials available on record, I find prima facie materials u/s 120(B)/500/34 IPC against the accused persons. Accordingly particulars of offence under the above sections are taken against the accuseds. Issue summons to the accused person. Complainant to take steps. Advocate for the Complainant. Perused the case record. Considering the materials available on record, I find prima facie materials u/s 120(B)/500/34 IPC against the accused persons. Accordingly particulars of offence under the above sections are taken against the accuseds. Issue summons to the accused person. Complainant to take steps. Fixing 28.1.2010 for app.” Perusal of the above order reveals that the learned SDJM has taken notice of the accusations and applied his mind to the allegations made in the complaint and on being satisfied that the allegations, if proved, would constitute the offences to initate the judicial proceedings against the alleged offenders/petitioners and others under Sections 120B/500/34 of the IPC invoking Section 190(a) Cr.P.C. 11. Two relevant questions that arise in these revision proceedings for decisions are (1) whether the allegations made and the evidence placed during enquiry revealed prima facie ingredients constituting the alleged offences; and (2) whether the cognizance of the offences was barred under Section 468 Cr.P.C.? 12. In order to prosecute an accused on the charge of conspiracy postulated under Section 120B of the IPC, there must be some evidence either direct or circumstantial and the court must be satisfied prima facie as to agreement between the conspirators to commit an offence or actionable wrong. In the absence of reasonable ground for such satisfaction, prosecution under the aforesaid section is not sustainable. The gist of the definition of ‘criminal conspiracy’ given in Section 120A of the IPC lies in an agreement between two or more persons to do, or cause to be done, an illegal act or legal act by illegal means. The question for consideration in such a case is whether all the accused have the same intention and did they agree that the crime be committed. 13. So far as the offence of defamation under Section 500 of the IPC is concerned, the complainant must show that the accused intended or knew or at least had reason to believe that the defamatory imputation made by him would harm the reputation of him. If the complaint is made against several persons, the complainant must specify the words spoken or the statement made by each of the accused. If the complaint is made against several persons, the complainant must specify the words spoken or the statement made by each of the accused. To constitute ‘defamation’, defined in Section 499 of the IPC, there must be an imputation and such imputation must have been made with the intention of harming or knowing or having reason to believe that it will harm the reputation, the person about whom it is made. Section 499 of the IPC contains ten exceptions in which situations the imputations so made not to be regarded as defamation. Exception ninth of the Section takes away the imputation made in good faith by a person for protection of his or others’ interest or for public good from the purview of defamation as defined in the Section. 14. Section 34 of the IPC, on the other hand, carves out an exception from the general law that a person is responsible for his own act only, as it provides that a person can also be held vicariously liable with others, if he has the common intention to commit the offence. The expression ‘common intention’ implies sharing of a pre-arranged plan, that is, the element of intention and participation in the crimes by several persons. The common intention can be ascertained from the manner in which the offence has been committed, the conduct of the accused soon before and after the occurrence, the determination and concern with which the offence was committed etc. 15. So far as the second point is concerned, Section 468 Cr.P.C. prescribes limitation on taking cognizance of offence after expiry of the prescribed period of limitation so as to prevent filing cases after a long time, as a result of which material evidence may disappear and to prevent abuse of the process of the court by filing vexatious and belated prosecutions. The provisions are mandatory and cognizance taken beyond the period of limitation is being without jurisdiction and non-est in the eye of law, the proceedings may be quashed under Section 482 Cr.P.C. In a complaint case, the material date for limitation is the date when the complaint is presented to the court unless the delay is condoned under Section 473 Cr.P.C. on the ground that the delay has been satisfactorily explained or that it is necessary to condone the delay for ends of justice. Thus, Section 473 Cr.P.C. has the overriding effect on Section 468 Cr.P.C. 16. In OM PRAKASH (Supra), the Hon’ble Supreme Court, inter-alia, relied on the judgment rendered in Zandu Pharmaceutical Works Ltd., reported in (2005) 1 SCC 122 , wherein it was held that the power under Section 482 of the Code should be used sparingly and with circumspection to prevent abuse of process of court but not to stifle legitimate prosecution. There can be no two opinions on this, but, if it appears to the trained judicial mind that continuation of a prosecution would lead to abuse of process of court, the power under Section 482 of the Code must be exercised and proceedings must be quashed. 17. A perusal of the complaint, dated 16.12.2009, reveals that the complainant/respondent, who is a lecturer of the Department of English, Bajali College, Pathsala in the district of Barpeta, Assam was placed under suspension, on 28.12.2007, pursuant to a resolution of the Governing Body adopted on 30.08.2005 and during the aforesaid period, the petitioner in Crl. Rev. Petition No. 24/10, who was the then Principal of the said College circulated a letter, dated 25.01.2006, to the president/secretary, Pathsala Bazar Committee and other local social organizations containing certain allegations against her, which she termed to be ‘false, concocted, fabricated and after thought versions and defamatory’ resulting in lowering her reputation in the estimation of the members of the local social organizations and the general public at large. The complainant/respondent alleged that the aforesaid letter contained slander words such as that she ‘is a woman of bad character.’ The letter evoked personal queries from the members of the public, friends and relatives, which the complainant/respondent stated, caused her ‘mental shock and agony.’ The complainant/respondent in her complaint further stated that in the departmental proceeding drawn against her, the authority could not establish the charges, which proved hatching up criminal conspiracy by the petitioners and others named as accused persons in the complaint. 18. Further scrutiny of the complaint case record reveals that the complaints bore the dates of occurrence as 05.10.2005, 25.01.2006, 27.11.2005, 28.11.2008 and 07.01.2009 and the place of occurrence as Bajali College along with a list of 6(six) witnesses out of which 2(two) were members of the Governing Body and the rest 4(four) were members of the various social organizations. 18. Further scrutiny of the complaint case record reveals that the complaints bore the dates of occurrence as 05.10.2005, 25.01.2006, 27.11.2005, 28.11.2008 and 07.01.2009 and the place of occurrence as Bajali College along with a list of 6(six) witnesses out of which 2(two) were members of the Governing Body and the rest 4(four) were members of the various social organizations. For the purpose of enquiry, the complainant/respondent examined herself and her husband in support of the allegations made in the complaint. 19. It needs to be mentioned that at the stage of taking cognizance, the court considers only the averments of facts made in the complaint petition. The court is not required to sift or appreciate evidence at this stage, but only to consider whether the statements made in the complaint and the statements made under Section 202 Cr.P.C. taken on a face value prima facie made out the offence. A close reading and understanding the contents of the letter, dated 25.01.2006, which was circulated to different local organizations revealed certain unrestrained and objectionable words making personal imputations only, not made wholly in protecting the interest of the institution, where both the petitioner of Crl. Rev. Petition No. 24/10 and the complainant/respondent were working as Principal and Lecturer respectively. Therefore, in the opinion of this court, the benefit of Exception 9th of Section 499 of the IPC is not available to the said petitioner and as such, the ingredients of Section 500 of the IPC are prima facie satisfied for the purpose of taking cognizance of the aforesaid offence. 20. However, on further scrutiny, it is found that the allegations made in the complaint, dated 06.12.2009, along with the documents annexed thereto namely, the affidavit, dated 20.12.2007, sworn by Atul Ch. Kakati; the affidavit, dated 25.01.2008, sworn by Pranita Devi; the affidavit, dated 19.12.2007, sworn by Nripen Kalita; the joint affidavit, dated 19.12.2007, sworn by Dwipon Kalita, Anil Deka and Jaleswar Kakati and the affidavit, dated 21.01.2008, sworn by Hriday Ranjan Patgiri indicate that the aforementioned documents were collected over a span of time in a concerted manner, after the Governing Body of the College adopted a resolution on 30.08.2005 to draw up departmental proceeding against the complainant/respondent herein for alleged misconduct and after the enquiry report was submitted on 14.11.2008, whereby the complainant/respondent was exonerated from all the charges, the instant complaint was instituted on 16.12.2009. 21. 21. It needs to be mentioned that the departmental proceedings are initiated under the relevant rules of the Government which are applicable to the Government servants and therefore, such proceedings carry a separate entity unlike the criminal proceedings under the penal laws and as such, the result of the departmental proceeding cannot be taken as a tool to initiate criminal case for criminal liability against the offenders. Considered thus, the complainant/respondent cannot initiate a criminal proceeding after having got exonerated of the charges in the departmental proceeding treating the same as a criminal conspiracy was being hatched up against her and accordingly, this court is of the considered opinion that the ingredients of the offence of criminal conspiracy, defined in Section 120B of the IPC is not maintainable. 22. The period of limitation for filing a complaint under Section 500 of the IPC is three years as prescribed in Clause (C) of sub-section (2) of Section 468 of the Cr.P.C. Here the alleged prima facie defamatory letter was published on 25.01.2006. The complaint was instituted on 16.12.2009. Therefore, the complaint was barred by limitation under Clause (C) of sub-section (2) of Section 468 of the Cr.P.C. being instituted beyond the prescribed period of limitation of 3 years. 23. The record does not show that the complainant/respondent herein filed any petition under Section 473 of the Cr.P.C. praying for condonation of delay, showing a proper and satisfactory explanation of delay. Hence in the opinion of this court, the case is apparently barred by limitation. 24. Additionally, the incident of alleged defamation of the complaint/respondent took place, on 25.01.2006, that is, about 13 years before and hence no useful purpose would be served by putting the accused petitioners herein, who are retired College Principals, on trial in such a matter concerning infighting of teachers of a premier educational institution of the State. 25. Consequently, the revisions stand allowed and the impugned order, dated, 19.12.2009 and the proceedings of C.R. Case No. 106/09 are set aside and quashed. 26. Send back the LCR along with a copy of this judgment and order.