JUDGMENT : Achintya Malla Bujor Barua, J. 1. Heard Mr. K.N. Choudhury, learned Senior counsel for the writ petitioners. Also heard Mr. D. Saikia, learned Senior Additional Advocate General, Assam for the respondents under the State of Assam as well as the Vice Chancellor and the Registrar of the Assam Science and Technology University and also the respective Principals of the five engineering colleges, Mr. L.P. Sarma, learned counsel for the authorities in the GU, Mr. N.C. Das, learned Senior counsel for the authorities in the DU, Mr. S Saikia, for the authorities under the All India Council for Technical Education and Mr. A Chamuah, learned counsel for the authorities under the University Grants Commission. 2. The writ petition, being WP(C) No. 7071/2017 has been preferred by 21 students of different semesters of the five Government Engineering colleges in the State of Assam, namely, the Assam Engineering College, Guwahati (AEC for short), Jorhat Engineering College, Jorhat (JEC for short), the Bineswar Brahma Engineering College, Kokrajhar (for short, BBEC), Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat (JIST for short) and Barak Valley Engineering College, Silchar (BVEC for short). 3. In the writ petition, the letters dated 28.02.2017 and 25.02.2017 of the Joint Secretary to the Govt. of Assam, Higher and Technical Education Department to the Director of Technical Education, Assam requiring the Principals of AEC and JEC to initiate the process and apply for affiliation under the Assam Science and Technology Guwahati University (ASTU), as required under Section 37 of the Assam Science and Technology University Act, 2009 (for short, ASTU Act, 2009) for the session commencing from July/August, 2017 has been assailed. Further a letter of 29.08.2017 of the Registrar ASTU addressed to the Principals of the respective Engineering colleges, requesting them to complete the process of affiliation for the session 2017-2018 and the, letter dated 02.11.2017 of the Registrar GU addressed to the Principals of AEC and BBEC informing that the registration of 1st Semester students for the Session 2017-2018 had been stopped with immediate effect had also been assailed in the writ petitions with a further prayer for directing the Registrar of GU to resume the online registration of the 1st Semester Students of AEC and BBEC for the Semester Examinations from 29.11.2017. 4. 4. In WP(C) No. 73 of 2018, the communication dated 04.08.2017 of the All India Council for Technical Education (in short AICTE), by which the Additional Chief Secretary to the Government of Assam in the Higher and Technical Education was informed that the five institutions namely, AEC, JEC, JIST, BBEC and BVEC are affiliated to the ASTU has been assailed. It is worth taking note of that a challenge to the said communication of 04.08.2017 informing about the affiliation of the five aforementioned institutions with ASTU is in fact also incorporated in the writ petition being WP(C) No. 7071 of 2017 inasmuch as, the purport and purpose of assailing the letters of 28.02.2017, 25.02.2017, 29.08.2017 and 02.11.2017 as indicated above as well as the direction sought for to direct the Registrar of GU to assume online registration of the first semester examination of AEC and BBEC on 29.11.2017 is also to assail the decision of the AICTE to grant affiliation to the aforesaid five institutions under the ASTU. It is another factor that the said communication of 04.08.2017 was not assailed directly in the WP(C) No. 7071/2017 but was assailed in a subsequent writ petition. The aforesaid conclusion assumes significance inasmuch as in the WP(C) No. 73/2018, notice had not been issued and the matter was taken up for its final consideration along with WP(C) No. 7071/2017. It was done so on the submission of the respective learned counsel for the parties that the pleading and materials put forth in WP(C) No. 7071/2017 would also cover all the issues and aspects that have been raised in WP(C) No. 73/2018 and the parties involved in WP(C) No. 73/2018 are also adequately represented by the same set of counsel as in WP(C) No. 7071/2017. The chronology of events leading to the aforesaid two writ petitions are as follows:- (i) The institutions in concern, more particularly, the AEC and the JEC were earlier affiliated under the Gauhati University (in short GU) and the Dibrugarh University (in short DU) respectively. In the year 2009, an enactment of the Legislature, namely the ASTU Act of 2009 was enacted. The preamble of the said Act was to establish and constitute an affiliating university of science and technology at Guwahati. In the year 2009, an enactment of the Legislature, namely the ASTU Act of 2009 was enacted. The preamble of the said Act was to establish and constitute an affiliating university of science and technology at Guwahati. In paragraph-22 of the affidavit in opposition filed by the Secretary to the Government of Assam in the Higher and Technical Education Department, it is stated that the ASTU is a State University. In paragraph-5 of the affidavit, it is stated that the ASTU Act was enacted in order to establish an university exclusively for the purpose of science and technology education in the State of Assam and for its upliftment. The university is to be an affiliating university, wherein all the engineering institutions offering degree and diploma in various branches of engineering in the State including the private institutions, shall be affiliated. The ASTU Act of 2009 was amended by the Amendment Act of 2011 and 2017 respectively, wherein by the Amendment Act of 2011, the Chancellor of the University was changed from the Chief Minister to the Governor of the State whereas by the further Amendment of 2017, it was again replaced by the Chief Minister instead of the Governor. On 19.01.2017, a meeting had taken place between the faculties of the AEC and the authorities of the ASTU with the agenda for discussing the possible collaboration between the ASTU and the AEC. As per the minutes of the said meeting, there was a resolution that the ASTU will initiate a process of establishing a state of art research facility at the ASTU Campus with all sophisticated instruments to promote research of international standard and the faculty members of the AEC will use such facilities and that a MoU would be signed between ASTU and AEC for academic collaboration with a further resolution that the aspect of affiliation of AEC under the ASTU as per the Washington Accord is a policy decision of the Government of Assam and therefore, apart from the issue of affiliation it was also decided to start an academic collaboration with AEC. A resolution was also taken that ASTU will communicate with the Government of Assam for inclusion of all the Technical Institutions under a single umbrella. A resolution was also taken that ASTU will communicate with the Government of Assam for inclusion of all the Technical Institutions under a single umbrella. (ii) By a public notice of the AICTE for the approval process for 2017-18, applications were invited for approval from all existing and proposed technical institutions for conducting technical programmes/courses, including the courses of management, for the academic season 2017-18. Clause-B of the said public notice provides that applications for change of affiliating University/Board are also included under the public notice. It provided that submission of online applications for the season 2017-18 shall begin on 05.01.2017 and end on 04.02.2017 with further provision for extension up to 09.02.2017 on the payment of penalty. The notice also provided that there will be no further extension of the date under any circumstances. (iii) The Joint Secretary to the Government of Assam in the Higher and Technical Education Department made a communication to the Director of Technical Education, Assam dated 28.02.2017 requiring the Director to instruct the respective Principals of AEC and JEC to apply for affiliation to the ASTU u/s. 37 of the ASTU Act of 2009, to be given effect from July/August, 2017. Although in the said communication, it is stated to be July/August, 2018, but it was clarified that the same was a typographical error and it should be read as July/August, 2017. A further communication dated 20.05.2017 was made by the Joint Secretary to the Director again requiring the Director to request the Principals of the five engineering colleges in Assam to initiate and apply for affiliation to the ASTU u/s. 37 of the ASTU Act of 2009. (iv) In between, the AICTE by a communication dated 10.04.2017 made to the Additional Chief Secretary to the Government of Assam in the Higher and Technical Education Department had informed about the approval of the AICTE for conducting the various courses indicated therein for the academic year 2017-18. But in the said communication, the affiliating body in respect of the AEC had been shown to be GU. Similar communications are also available for the other four engineering colleges, showing their respective universities to be GU or DU. But in the said communication, the affiliating body in respect of the AEC had been shown to be GU. Similar communications are also available for the other four engineering colleges, showing their respective universities to be GU or DU. (v) On 22.06.2017, the AEC and JEC unit of the Engineering College Teachers Association (ECTA) submitted a representation to the Minister of Education of Assam and the purport of the said representation appears to be a divergence of views between ECTA and the authorities of the AEC to the extent that the faculty members of AEC had not attended any such status review meeting conducted by the ASTU. In other words, the ECTA seeks to disown the minutes of the first status review meeting held on 19.01.2017. The ECTA expressed its reservation against the affiliation of AEC under the ASTU which was primarily based upon the reputation of the G U and DU, to which the AEC and JEC are affiliated by highlighting that the said two Universities had earned its present reputation on the contribution of several visionaries/leaders/eminent scholars/Philanthropists etc and that both the Universities have a NAAC accreditation, whereas the ASTU being a new entity has no accreditation. A further stand was taken by the ECTA in their representation that the meritorious students, who obtained their educational qualification from the AEC and JEC, applies for going abroad for higher studies by relying upon their certificates and on being influenced by the institutions which had awarded the degree. (vi) A representation dated 01.07.2017 was also submitted by the AEC Students Union to the Chairman of AICTE, wherein the change of affiliation of AEC from GU to ASTU was opposed. In the representation, the students' union states that as the new admission would start from July, 2017, therefore, if there is any change in the University from GU to ASTU, it would jeopardize the future of all such students, who take their admissions. It was also stated that the GU is accredited by the NAAC, whereas ASTU is a new entity, which is yet to build upon its reputation and also not accredited by the NAAC. It was also stated that ASTU is not covered u/s. 12 B of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956 (in short UGC Act, 1956) and as such, it would not be entitled to any financial assistance from the University Grants Commission. It was also stated that ASTU is not covered u/s. 12 B of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956 (in short UGC Act, 1956) and as such, it would not be entitled to any financial assistance from the University Grants Commission. Also ASTU does not have proper infrastructure and sufficient staff and it also does not have any permanent faculty member. A combined representation dated 10.07.2017 was also made by the General Secretaries of the Students Union of the AEC, JEC and BBEC addressed to the Director of Technical Education, Assam wherein the students union had informed that they were offended by the move of the Government authorities to change the affiliation of the Engineering colleges and that the students had appeared in the common entrance examination thinking that they would get their certificate from the GU or DU as the case may be. (vii) ECTA also made a representation dated 03.07.2017 to the Chairman of the AICTE. The said representation, in substance is a reiteration of the earlier representation of 22.06.2017 to the Minister of Education, Assam highlighting that the GU and DU had arrived at its present reputation through the contribution of several visionaries/leaders/eminent scholars/Philanthropists etc and the ASTU being a new entity is yet to build up a reputation of its own. An issue was also raised that in the public notice of February, 2017, the AICTE had provided that any application in change of approval of affiliating university would have to be made on or before 09.02.2017 and that there would not be any extension under any circumstance. (viii) On 09.08.2017, a meeting was held between the faculties and the students of AEC wherein decisions were taken that the ECTA will request the Principal of AEC not to apply for any affiliation to ASTU and also the Minister of Education, Assam would be requested to take steps for upgradation of AEC and JEC at the earliest and that applying for affiliation to ASTU would also violate Section 37(A) of the ASTU Act. To that extent, the communications dated 10.08.2017 were also made by the ECTA to the Principal of the AEC not to apply for affiliation and also to the Minister of Education, Assam. (xi) A representation dated 17.08.2017 was also made by the ECTA to the Chief Minister of Assam requesting for upgradation of the AEC and the JEC to a Technical University. (xi) A representation dated 17.08.2017 was also made by the ECTA to the Chief Minister of Assam requesting for upgradation of the AEC and the JEC to a Technical University. In the said representation, the ECTA stated that the AEC and JEC are the oldest Engineering Colleges of the region and they have their own brand having a history of over 60 years. It was also stated that although in the past, AEC and JEC were considered to be the premier institutions in the entire North Eastern Region, but over the past few decades, they have slipped behind other similar institutions elsewhere in the country. Accordingly, the ECTA felt the necessity that the past glory of the institutions is required to be brought back and the same can be done, if they are immediately elevated to a Technical University. 5. In the aforesaid factual background, the Principal Secretary to the Govt. of Assam for the Higher Education Department makes a written application dated 01.07.2017 to the Chairman of AICTE that the Govt. of Assam had established the ASTU with the object of developing and facilitating learning and research in Technical Education under a common platform and, therefore, it was proposed that all the Government Engineering colleges be now brought under the affiliation of ASTU. The Government Engineering colleges for which the change of affiliation was requested were AEC, JEC, JIST, BBEC and BVEC. Accordingly, the AICTE was requested to approve the change of affiliation for the aforesaid colleges from the GU or DU as the case may be to that of ASTU. 6. By the communications dated 03.07.2007 and 27.07.2017, the Registrar of DU and GU, respectively, communicates the No Objection of the Universities for changing the affiliations for the concerned colleges to ASTU. It is also stated that the ASTU by the Notification dated 24.07.2014 had affiliated the AEC, JEC, JIST, BBEC and BVEC from the academic session 2014-2015. 7. The AICTE accordingly issued the communication dated 04.08.2017 addressed to the Additional Chief Secretary to the Govt. of Assam in the Higher and Technical Education Department wherein a permission was granted to the AEC, JEC, JIST, BBEC and BVEC for conducting their respective coursers for the academic year 2017-2018 wherein the affiliating body was indicated to be the ASTU, in respect of the 1st Semester. 8. of Assam in the Higher and Technical Education Department wherein a permission was granted to the AEC, JEC, JIST, BBEC and BVEC for conducting their respective coursers for the academic year 2017-2018 wherein the affiliating body was indicated to be the ASTU, in respect of the 1st Semester. 8. The ASTU through its Registrar makes a communication dated 29.08.2017 to the Principals of the AEC, JEC, JIST, BBEC and BVEC that as per the email received from the AICTE which is stated to be the communication of approval dated 04.08.2017, the request was made to complete the process of affiliation under the ASTU from the session 2017-2018 as per the earlier Government letter dated 31.05.2017. The Government letter dated 31.05.2017 was a communication from the Joint Secretary in the Higher and Technical Education Department to the Director of Technical Education informing that the Government had decided that ASTU shall be an affiliated University for the aforementioned five engineering colleges w.e.f. session 2017-2018. 9. By the communication dated 25.10.2017, the Secretary to the Government of Assam in the Higher and Technical Education Department had informed the Registrars of the GU and DU with a request to take necessary action for de-affiliation of the concerned Engineering colleges and also to ensure that all new students admitted to the first semester for the academic session 2017-2018 are not registered with the GU and DU and further that in respect of the students of the second semester and above, the concerned colleges shall remain affiliated under the GU and DU. 10. In the aforesaid factual premises, Mr. K.N. Choudhury, learned Senior counsel for the petitioners contends the following: (i) That the procedure for affiliation provided in the handbook published by the AICTE, which is a statutory provision by itself, had been violated by the respondent authorities leading to the communication of 04.08.2017 whereby the AEC, JEC and other institutions have been shown to be affiliated under the ASTU. As a corollary, Mr. Choudhury, learned senior counsel, contends that the handbook having provided a specific procedure, which the authorities are bound to follow, they have no authority on their own to deviate from the same. It is also the contention that the procedure prescribed in the handbook are statutory and mandatory in nature and, therefore, the respondent authorities could not have deviated from the same. It is also the contention that the procedure prescribed in the handbook are statutory and mandatory in nature and, therefore, the respondent authorities could not have deviated from the same. (ii) The petitioners who are students of the Engineering Colleges had opted to get themselves admitted in the concerned Engineering Colleges on the basis of the information provided in the information booklet that the AEC, BBEC and BVEC are affiliated to the GU whereas JEC and JIST are affiliated to the DU and in doing so they have foregone other better options to get admitted elsewhere, only as because they were interested to have their respective degrees from the GU and the DU. The said understanding of the students is also contended to be based on the earlier communication of 10.04.2017 of the AICTE wherein the grant of approval for the academic session 2017-2018 had been given by showing the affiliated university to be GU and DU respectively. Accordingly, the contention of Mr. KN Choudhury, learned Senior counsel is that the said two documents i.e., the communication of 10.04.2017 and the information booklet had laid out a promise to the students that they would get a degree from the GU and DU respectively therefore by the event of change of affiliation thereafter, there was a breach of such promise and a promissory estoppels was created in their favour and that the students had a legitimate expectation that they would obtain a degree upon completing the course from the GU or the DU, as the case may be. (iii) It is also the contention of Mr. KN Choudhury, learned Senior counsel that Section 37(a) of the ASTU Act of 2009 provides that the colleges or institutions applying for an affiliation shall certify the Executive Council of the University that the college is under the Management of a duly constituted Governing Body, comprising of two representatives of the University and three from the Teaching Staff of the respective colleges or institutions whereas in case of the aforesaid five engineering colleges, they being Government institutions do not have a Governing Body of their own and, therefore, under Section 37(a) they are disentitled to be affiliated. (iv) It has also been the contention of Mr. (iv) It has also been the contention of Mr. KN Choudhury, learned Senior counsel that although it may be a policy decision of the Government of Assam to have the affiliation of the five engineering colleges with the ASTU, but what has been assailed in the writ petition is the decision making process that the respondents have adopted in arriving at the change of affiliation and that too without assailing the actual policy decision thereof. 11. Mr. D Saikia, learned Senior Additional Advocate General, Assam appearing for the State respondents as well as the respondent, ASTU on the other hand contends the following: (i) The procedures for affiliation/change of affiliation prescribed in the handbook of AICTE are directory in nature and, therefore, in deviation thereof by itself would not be a reason to vitiate the entire process of the change in affiliation. It is contended by Mr. D Saikia, learned Senior Additional Advocate General Assam that the handbook providing the procedure having not provided any consequence for deviating from the prescribed procedures is itself an indication that the prescribed procedure are directory and, further in any view, Regulation 19 of the All India Council for Technical Education Regulation 2016 (for short, Regulation 2016) provides for a power of relaxation in the event, any such procedural requirement may effect, amongst others, the national interest. (ii) Regarding the contention of the petitioners that Section 37 A of the ASTU Act disentitles any college, which does not have a Governing Body to be affiliated under the Act, Mr. Saikia contends that Sections 44 and 45 of the ASTU Act also provides that in the event of there being a dispute as to the interpretation of any provision of the Act, the interpretation given by the State Government shall be final and as per the interpretation of the State Government, Section 37(A) does not prohibit the affiliation of Government Colleges. (iii) In respect of the contention that there is a promissory estoppel and legitimate expectation of the petitioner that they would get their degree from the GU or DU, as the case may be, Mr. (iii) In respect of the contention that there is a promissory estoppel and legitimate expectation of the petitioner that they would get their degree from the GU or DU, as the case may be, Mr. Saikia by referring to certain decisions of the Hon'ble Supreme Court contends that essential ingredients to invoke the doctrine of promissory estoppel and legitimate expectation have not been made out by the petitioners in this writ petition and more particularly, the petitioners have failed to lay down the foundation for invoking the aforesaid two principles in their pleadings. It has also been contended by Mr. D Saikia, that the information provided in the communication dated 10.04.2017 of the AICTE and the information brochures are indications of the status of the affiliation of the five engineering colleges as it stood then and the same are not promises being held out by the authorities. (iv) A further contention is that the dominant purpose of the information booklet is to provide for the information as regards the availability of the course offered by the five engineering colleges, which is career centric and the reference to the affiliated University is merely an incidental reference. (v) Mr. D Saikia, learned Senior Additional Advocate General, Assam also questions the purpose of preferring this present writ petition by 21 numbers of students, out of which only 6 students are of the 1st semester, who may be interested in the change in the affiliation of the University, whereas the other 15 students are of different semesters, who are not subjected to any such change. Although, a further contention has been raised that by the change in the University, the students of the 1st semester would not be adversely affected in any manner, and, on the other hand, such change would lead to their own benefit which they otherwise could not have availed had the affiliation remained with the GU or the DU. 12. Mr. S Saikia, learned counsel appearing for the respondent AICTE, contends that: (i) The writ petitioners have no locus standi to assail the decision of the AICTE to grant approval for the affiliation of the five engineering colleges under the ASTU. Mr. 12. Mr. S Saikia, learned counsel appearing for the respondent AICTE, contends that: (i) The writ petitioners have no locus standi to assail the decision of the AICTE to grant approval for the affiliation of the five engineering colleges under the ASTU. Mr. Saikia contends that it is the prerogative of the authorities in control of the five engineering colleges i.e., the Government of Assam in the Technical Education Department to decide under which University the engineering colleges are required to be affiliated and upon such request being made, it is for the AICTE to decide as to whether to grant the approval of any change of the affiliating University as may be requested. (ii) With regard to one of the contentions of the petitioners that the procedure prescribed under the handbook had not been followed as because under Clause 15(1)(b) the institution seeking change of the affiliating University is required to apply in the portal of the AICTE, whereas in the instant case, such request for change was made by the Principal Secretary to the Govt. of Assam in the Higher Education Department through a written application dated 01.07.2017, Mr. Saikia, contends that Clause 15(1)(c) refers to a procedure where a change can also be sought through an application and, therefore, on a conjoint reading of Clause 15(1)(b) and 15(1)(c), it cannot be said that the only acceptable means of seeking a change in the affiliation can be made only through the portal. 13. Mr. NC Das, learned Senior counsel for the DU, as well as Mr. LP Sarma, learned counsel for the GU adopts the stand taken by Mr. D Saikia, learned Senior Additional Advocate General appearing for the Govt. of Assam as well as the ASTU and further that both the Universities had accorded their respective No Objection Certificate towards such change of the affiliating University for the five engineering colleges. 14. To substantiate the contention that the procedure for affiliation provided in the handbook published by the AICTE was not followed in leading to the communication dated 04.08.2017, whereby the five engineering colleges were shown to be affiliated under the ASTU, Mr. K.N. Choudhury, learned Senior counsel for the petitioners refers to Clause 15(1)(b) of the handbook, which inter alia, provides that an existing AICTE institution seeking a change of the affiliating University shall apply on the portal of the AICTE. K.N. Choudhury, learned Senior counsel for the petitioners refers to Clause 15(1)(b) of the handbook, which inter alia, provides that an existing AICTE institution seeking a change of the affiliating University shall apply on the portal of the AICTE. By referring to the communication dated 01.07.2017 of the Principal Secretary to the Govt. of Assam in the Higher and Technical Education Department made to the Chairman of AICTE, Mr. K.N. Choudhury, learned Senior counsel submits that the same by itself is an indication that the application for change of University was not made in the concerned portal of the AICTE, and, on the other hand, it was made through an application. 15. Mr. K.N. Choudhury, learned Senior counsel also refers to Clause 19(1)(a) of the handbook which provides that the last date to grant approval to a Technical Institution shall be the 30th of April, of the year in which the academic year is to commence and that the AICTE shall not grant approval to a Technical Institution after the 30th of April. Accordingly, it is submitted that in the instant case the approval by the AICTE to the change of the affiliating University could not have been made after 30.04.2017 and from such point of view also the approval communicated by the AICTE on 04.08.2017 regarding the change of affiliation of the five engineering colleges to ASTU was a violation of the procedure prescribed in the handbook. 16. Mr. K.N. Choudhury, accordingly, submits that the procedure prescribed in the handbook of the AICTE are statutory provisions which are mandatory and, therefore, anything done in deviation or in violation of such statutory procedure would stand vitiated. 17. Mr. K.N. Choudhury, learned Senior counsel by relying upon the judgments of the Privy Council in Nazir Ahmed v. Emperor, AIR 1936 PC 253 and Ramchandra Keshav Adke v. Govind Joti Chavare reported in (1975) 1 SCC 559 submits that the rule/principle is that where a power is given to do a thing in a certain way, the thing must either be done in the manner provided or it may not be done at all, but any other methods are necessarily forbidden. 18. Mr. 18. Mr. K.N. Choudhury also submits that although it may be a stand of the respondent authorities that the deviation from the procedure prescribed in the handbook can be justified by relying upon the power of relaxation provided under Regulation 19 of the AICTE Regulations of 2016, but the said stand would be fallacious in the absence of there being any clarity on the facts. The learned Senior counsel submits that although the approval of the change of the affiliating University was communicated by the AICTE by its communication of 04.08.2017, but the ASTU by its communication of 29.08.2017, writes to the five engineering colleges to complete the process of affiliation, which itself is an indication that possibly no change of affiliation of the University was approved by the AICTE as communicated on 04.08.2017. The same according to the learned senior counsel is also an indication that there was arbitrariness in the procedure adopted to change the affiliation of the five engineering colleges from GU/DU to ASTU. 19. Mr. K.N. Choudhury, learned Senior counsel by referring to the public notice for approval process for 2017 issued by the AICTE contends that all such applications from existing technical institutions seeking for a change of the affiliating University are required to submit their online applications between 5th January, 2017 and 4th February, 2017, which is extendable on payment of penalty upto 9th February, 2017. Accordingly, it is the submission that in the instant case, as no online applications were submitted by the five engineering colleges, within the aforesaid prescribed period, the AICTE could not have entertained any other application for the purpose of change of affiliation in violation of their own provisions made in the said public notice. Accordingly, it is submitted that from the said point of view also the prescribed procedure for grant of approval to the change of the affiliating University from DU/GU, as the case may be, to ASTU was not followed. 20. Mr. K.N. Choudhury submits that the handbook of the AICTE of 2017-18, which, amongst others, provides for the procedure for change of the affiliating University have been framed under Clause 4.11 of the All India Council for Technical Education (Grant of Approvals for Technical Institutions) Regulations, 2016, (in short, AICTE Regulation, 2016), and, as such, the same are statutory and mandatory in nature. 21. 21. With regard to the other contention that the petitioners who are students of the aforementioned five engineering colleges, which also includes the AEC and JEC, have got themselves admitted in the concerned Engineering colleges on the basis of the information provided in the information booklet as well as the extension for approval granted by the AICTE as contained in the communication dated 10.04.2017 that the colleges are affiliated to the GU or DU, and, therefore, there was a promise by the respondent authorities that they would get their certificates either from the GU or DU, and further considering the reputation that GU and DU enjoys, it was their legitimate expectation that the certificates given to them on successful completion of the course would also be from the said Universities, Mr. KN Choudhury, learned Senior counsel submits that reading the said two documents the petitioners having a preference for a degree from GU or DU had forgone other available options of obtaining their Engineering Degree from reputed Institutions like BITS, Pilani etc. Mr. KN Choudhury by referring to the communication dated 10.04.2017 of the AICTE points out that in the approval for extension for the academic year 2017-18, the affiliating body in respect of AEC had clearly been stated to be the GU, and, therefore, the petitioners had a legitimate expectation that the certificates to be given to them upon successful completion of the course would be from GU. By referring to the information booklet, it was also pointed out that the AEC is stated to be affiliated to the GU and the JEC to be affiliated to the DU and so on. It is the submission that the students upon reading the information booklet by preference had opted for the engineering colleges from where, upon successful completion, the certificates would be offered by GU or DU, as the case may be. Accordingly, it is the submission that firstly there was a promise on the part of the respondent authorities that the petitioners would be provided with a degree from either GU or DU, as the case may be and, therefore, the respondents are estopped from changing the affiliation from GU or DU to ASTU. Accordingly, it is the submission that firstly there was a promise on the part of the respondent authorities that the petitioners would be provided with a degree from either GU or DU, as the case may be and, therefore, the respondents are estopped from changing the affiliation from GU or DU to ASTU. Further the petitioners having opted for an engineering course under the GU or DU, as the case may be, had a legitimate expectation that the certificates to be provided to them would be by the GU or DU. 22. By referring to the decision of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in M/s. Motilal Padampat Sugar Mills Co. Ltd. v. State of U.P., reported in (1979) 2 SCC 409 in paragraph 8 & 9, Mr. KN Choudhury submits that the doctrine of promissory estoppel is evolved by equity in order to prevent injustice where a promise is made by a person knowing that it would be acted upon by the person to whom it is made. 23. By further referring to the decision of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Shree Sidhbali Steels Ltd. v. State of U.P., reported in (2011) 3 SCC 193 in paragraph 32, Mr. K.N. Choudhury, submits that for the application of the doctrine of promissory estoppel all that is required to be established is that a person to whom a promise was made had suffered in detriment or had altered his position by relying upon the promise. 24. Mr. K.N. Choudhury, in the circumstance relies upon the decision of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in HB Gandhi, Excise and Taxation Officer-cum-Assessing Authority v. Gopi Nath & Sons. Reported in 1992 Supp (2) SCC 312 in paragraph 8 to submit that the judicial review is directed not against the decision, but against the decision making process and the purpose of the judicial review is to ensure that the individual receives a fair treatment. Further, the reliance of the respondent authorities in the State of H.P. v. H.P. Nizi Vyavsayik Prishikshan Kendra Sangh reported in (2011) 6 SCC 597 , to substantiate that the petitioners cannot question the policy decision of the respondent authorities to change the affiliation of the five engineering colleges for the betterment, is inapplicable, inasmuch as, the petitioners are not assailing the policy decision for such affiliation but are challenging the procedure by which such change of affiliation has been brought in. 25. Mr. 25. Mr. K.N. Choudhury also makes a submission that the procedure for change of affiliation having been made in a manner which is contrary to the prescribed procedure of the handbook, the same is arbitrary and in violation of Article 14, and, it has denied an equal protection of law and as such no prejudice is required to be pleaded as laid by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in (1988) 2 SCC 602 rendered in A.R. Antulay v. R.S. Nayak. 26. Section 37(a) of the ASTU Act, inter alia, provides that after commencement of the Act, any college or institution applying for affiliation to the University shall satisfy the Executive Council that the college shall be under the management of a duly constituted Governing Body which shall include atleast two representatives of the University and atleast 3 representatives of the teaching staff of the college or institution, including the Principal. Accordingly, it is the submission of Mr. KN Choudhury that Section 37(a) mandatorily requires that any college or institution applying for affiliation to the University shall be under the management of a duly constituted Governing Body. But in the instant case, as the five engineering colleges, including the AEC and JEC being Government colleges do not have a duly constituted Governing Body, therefore, the mandatory requirement of having a Governing Body in order to be eligible for affiliation under the University is not satisfied and accordingly the affiliation of the five engineering colleges by the ASTU is without jurisdiction. 27. Mr. K.N. Choudhury, by further relying upon the Judgment of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Maharishi Markandeswar Medical College & Hospital v. State of H.P. reported in (2017) 6 SCC 675 submits that the Government could not have directed the Director of Technical Education, Assam to initiate the process of de-affiliation of the Engineering colleges from GU/DU and to make further arrangement for their affiliation under the ASTU. As the GU/DU are autonomous institutions, such direction from the Director of Technical Education has the potential of diluting the autonomy of the two Universities. 28. Per contra, Mr. D Saikia, learned Senior Additional Advocate General appearing for the State respondent authorities as well as the ASTU makes certain submissions on the factual background upon which the change of the affiliation of the five engineering colleges from GU/DU to ASTU had been made. 29. 28. Per contra, Mr. D Saikia, learned Senior Additional Advocate General appearing for the State respondent authorities as well as the ASTU makes certain submissions on the factual background upon which the change of the affiliation of the five engineering colleges from GU/DU to ASTU had been made. 29. The learned Senior counsel by referring to paragraph 2 of the writ petition raised the issue that out of the 21 petitioners who had preferred the WP(C) No. 7071/2017, except for 6 students being petitioners Nos. 1, 2, 10, 11, 20 and 21, the others are all students of semesters other than the 1st semester and, therefore, as no change in the affiliating University have been made for the other semesters, no legal right of theirs could have been violated. By referring to paragraph 14, the learned Senior Additional Advocate General, submits that by preferring the writ petition, the petitioners have in fact projected the grievances of various other technocrats/intellectuals etc., who for their own vested reason are neither interested to bring a betterment in the technical education provided in the State of Assam nor agreeable to a change to the present manner of functioning of the technical education colleges, which, admittedly had resulted in lowering of the standards of education. Mr. D Saikia, by referring to the various communications annexed to the writ petition, which mainly pertains to the ECTA expressing their point of view, makes a submission that the present writ petition is, in fact, a presentation of the grievances of the teachers, who are not agreeable to a change, as the change that is proposed to be brought about would make the system more stringent and the authorities in charge of the Technical Education in the State would be more answerable and have to work in a more competitive atmosphere. In this respect Mr. In this respect Mr. Saikia, by referring to the memorandum of ECTA submitted to the Chief Minister on 17.08.2017, which is annexed as Annexure-20 to the writ petition submits that it is an admitted position of the teachers of the Engineering colleges that the AEC and JEC are amongst the oldest Engineering colleges in the region and they have their own brand and both the colleges having a history of over 60 years were considered to be premier institutes of engineering education in the North Eastern Region but over the past few decades, they have slipped below the other similar institutions, which, itself, is a painful reality that has to be accepted. It is submitted that by the same memorandum, the ECTA had favoured for converting the AEC and JEC to a Technical University and, therefore, it is also the acceptable state of affairs of the ECTA that a change of University is also justified. 30. Accordingly, it is the submission of the learned Senior Additional Advocate General that even the ECTA on principle accepts the requirement of a change in the affiliating University, which in other words would mean that the Engineering colleges have not progressed well under the GU & DU. 31. Mr. D Saikia by referring to the affidavit of the ASTU submits that all the contentions sought to be raised that the students would be prejudicially affected in the event the change in affiliation is brought about are also unfounded. It is submitted that the ASTU is not only well equipped with proper persons holding the important posts in the University, it also has the required infrastructure of its own and further it being a University wholly funded by the Govt. of Assam, there is no dearth of finance that may be required for any purpose to make the technical education system in the State more purposeful and to bring it at par with any other known institutes of national or international repute. Although, in one of the memorandums, an apprehension was raised by the students that it does not have NAAC accreditation, but the same by itself would not be a relevant indication that the students would be prejudiced upon a change of the affiliation. Although, in one of the memorandums, an apprehension was raised by the students that it does not have NAAC accreditation, but the same by itself would not be a relevant indication that the students would be prejudiced upon a change of the affiliation. Although GU or DU may have NAAC accreditation, but the same were granted on the basis of the general subjects which the Universities deal with and not in respect of technical education. It is the submission that neither the GU nor the DU have any faculty or staff in respect of technical education and the entire aspect of delivering the technical education are done exclusively by the respective colleges without there being any role of the University. But some of the disadvantages of the affiliation remaining with the GU and DU are that the evaluation of the results are also done internally by the respective colleges which leads to some element of nepotism and favoritism and as it was found, the results are often declared more than after six months of the examination. 32. Further in respect of technical education, the appropriate evaluation of the standing of the concerned technical education institute or college is the NBA accreditation which has been introduced in the country as per the Washington Accord. A higher NBA accreditation creates a better prospect for the students in the international job market. The five engineering colleges till date, have not obtained the NBA accreditation, whereas some other technical education colleges who are already affiliated to the ASTU have in the meantime been allotted the appropriate NBA accreditation. One of the major advantages of the change in affiliation would be that all efforts would be made to obtain the NBA accreditation at the earliest which would in fact benefit the students. 33. Although, a stand has been taken by the petitioners that such changes of affiliation could also have been done from the next session onwards, but it is the submission of Mr. D. Saikia, learned Senior Addl. Advocate General that the change of affiliation of the University being for the betterment of the students, which would place them at a more advantageous position upon completion of the course, there cannot be any reason as to why such benefits, if possible, should not be availed by the present first semester students. D. Saikia, learned Senior Addl. Advocate General that the change of affiliation of the University being for the betterment of the students, which would place them at a more advantageous position upon completion of the course, there cannot be any reason as to why such benefits, if possible, should not be availed by the present first semester students. Accordingly, it is the submission that no prejudice would be caused by the change in affiliation to ASTU for the first semester students of the session 2017-2018 and on the other hand, they would be at a more advantageous position as a result of the changeover. Further, it is the submission of Mr. D. Saikia that there would not be any change to the course curriculum which the students have already been subjected to and it would be merely a change in the authority who will offer them the degree. Further the ASTU being an affiliating University has the relevant faculty members of the five engineering colleges to chalk out the course curriculum and other educational determinations and therefore, there would not be any lowering of the standards, whereas on the other hand, with all the sincere efforts, the standard as well as the reputation of the five engineering colleges would be further enhanced. It is also submitted that by a communication dated 02.08.2017 the Vice Chancellor of ASTU had informed the respective Principals of the five engineering colleges that ASTU will follow the same syllabus as that of GU and DU for the academic year 2017 to 2018 and further a list of persons are also provided as Annexure G to the affidavit of ASTU, who are discharging the various functions of the ASTU and all such persons are highly qualified persons having more than adequate knowledge in the field of technical education. 34. With regard to the contention of the petitioners that the procedure prescribed in the hand book of the AICTE are statutory and mandatory in nature and therefore, any deviation or non-compliance of the procedure had vitiated the ultimate decision to grant approval to the change of affiliation from GU or DU to ASTU, Mr. D. Saikia, learned senior Addl. Advocate General submits that the procedure prescribed in the hand book are directory in nature. Accordingly, the provisions of Regulation 19 of the AICTE Regulation of 2016 have been referred which provides for the power of relaxation. D. Saikia, learned senior Addl. Advocate General submits that the procedure prescribed in the hand book are directory in nature. Accordingly, the provisions of Regulation 19 of the AICTE Regulation of 2016 have been referred which provides for the power of relaxation. As the AICTE is empowered under Regulation 19 to relax the provision of the Regulation, which also includes the procedure prescribed in the hand book, in the event of national interest, it is submitted that the present changeover of the affiliation to ASTU is also in the interest of the technical education in the State and therefore, a relaxation by the AICTE to the procedure adopted for entertaining the application for change of affiliation to ASTU is fully justified and such power of relaxation makes the procedure prescribed in the hand book to be directory. 35. Mr. D. Saikia relies upon the pronouncement of the Hon'ble Supreme Court rendered in Bhagwan Swaroop and Others v. Mool Chand and Others reported in (1983) 2 SCC 132 wherein, in paragraph-4 it is provided that laws of procedure are devised for advancing justice and not impeding the same, in paragraph-5, it is provided that the approach would be as to whether substantial justice was done between the parties or technical rules of procedure are given precedence over substantial justice and in paragraph-12 it is provided that the Court may in appropriate cases ignore or excuse a mere irregularity in the observance of procedural law for the larger interest of justice and the Court may, and in fact it does excuse or overlook a mere irregularity or breach of observance of any procedural law for doing real and substantial justice to the parties and passes proper orders, which is served the interest of justice best. 36. 36. Reliance has also been placed upon the pronouncement of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Mahadev Govind Gharge and Others v. Special Land Acquisition Officer, Upper Krishna Project Jamkhandi, Karnataka reported in (2011) 6 SCC 321 , wherein in paragraph 29, it is provided that the procedural laws are primarily intended to achieve the ends of justice and not shut the doors of justice for the parties at the very threshold, in paragraph-31 it is provided that the procedural laws regulating a proceeding in Court are to be construed so as to render justice, in paragraph-32, it is provided that if the consequence of non-compliance is not provided, the requirement may be held to be directory, in paragaraph-33, it is provided that statutes relating to remedies and procedure must receive a liberal construction, in paragraph-34, 35 & 36, it is provided that a strict construction of the procedural law is to be avoided and procedural laws are intended to control and regulate a proceeding and in the event, a penal consequence for default in compliance is not provided, normally, such procedural requirement is to be construed as directory and should receive a liberal construction. 37. With regard to the other contention that having noticed in the communication of grant of extension for the session 2017-2018 by the AICTE by its communication dated 10.04.2017 as well as in the information booklet of the Director of Technical Education Assam that the five engineering colleges and more particularly AEC & JEC are affiliated to the GU & DU respectively, the petitioners understood it to be a promise by the respondent authorities that they would receive their graduate engineering degrees from the GU or DU, as the case may be and therefore, the change in the affiliation had led to a promissory estoppel in their favour and also the petitioners have a legitimate expectation that they would receive their degree from the said Universities, Mr. D. Saikia, learned Senior Addl. D. Saikia, learned Senior Addl. Advocate General submits that the main thrust in the information booklet was to indicate the colleges where the courses are offered and the name of the affiliating University was incidental thereof, which further stood fortified from the requirement of the information booklet that the intending candidates are required to provide their preferences of the colleges and that it is also permissible for a candidate to change the admission from one college to another at time of counselling. Mr. D. Saikia also refers to the memorandum of the ECTA to the Chief Minister, wherein, the Teacher's Association have clearly highlighted that the brand name is of the colleges and not related to the University and therefore, the indicated promise is not related to the Universities. 38. It is the further submission that in order to invoke the principle of promissory estoppel or legitimate expectation, one of the fundamental requirements is to plead that prejudice would be caused by the change in the promise and that the candidates while acting upon the promise had altered their existing position to their detriment. 39. For the purpose, Mr. D. Saikia relies upon the pronouncement of the Hon'ble Supreme Court rendered in State of Bihar and Others v. Kalyanpur Cement Limited reported in (2010) 3 SCC 274 wherein, in paragraph-35, it has been provided that in order to invoke the principle of promissory estoppel, the party must make an unequivocal promise or representation by word or conduct to the other party and it is possible for the Government to resile from its promise when public interest would be prejudiced if the Government were required to carry out the promise. It is submitted that in the instant case neither the communication of AICTE dated 10.04.2017, nor the information booklet provided for any unequivocal promise by word or conduct and further the change of affiliation to ASTU was brought in furtherance of the public interest and for the betterment of the students as well as for uplifting the standard of technical education in the state. 40. 40. Further reliance has also been placed in the pronouncement of Hon'ble Supreme Court rendered in Shree Sidhbali Steels Limited v. State of Uttar Pradesh and Others reported in (2011) 3 SCC 193 , wherein paragraph-32, it has been provided that for application of doctrine of promissory estoppels the promisee must establish that he suffered in detriment or altered his position by reliance on the promise and in paragraph-33, it has been provided that if it can be shown by the Government that it would be inequitable to hold on to the promise, the Court would not raise an equity in favour of the promisee and enforce the promise against the Government and where public interest warrants, the principle of promissory estoppel cannot be invoked and the Government can change the policy in the public interest. Accordingly, it is submitted that in the instant case, no indication has been made as to how the petitioners have suffered from a detriment or as to how they had altered their position by relying upon the promise and further the change in the affiliation of the five engineering colleges to ASTU was required and done for the betterment of the students as well as for uplifting the standards of technical education in the State and as such, as the public interest warranted, the principle of promissory estoppel cannot be invoked and the Government is acting within the permissible limit to change its policy. 41. Reliance has also been made to the pronouncement of the Hon'ble Supreme Court rendered in Andhra Pradesh Dairy Development Corporation Federation v. B. Narasimha Reddy and Others reported in (2011) 9 SCC 286 , wherein in paragraph-45, it has been provided that the Court will not pass any order binding the Government by its promises unless it is so necessary to prevent manifest injustice or fraud and it is more particularly applicable when the Government acts in its governmental, public or sovereign capacity and in such event, estoppels does not operate against the Government and in paragraph-46 that the Government has the inherent power to promote the general welfare of the people for which it is free to exercise its sovereign powers to the extent that the rights of the citizens are not abridged. 42. Mr. 42. Mr. D. Saikia also relies upon the pronouncement of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in State of Madhya Pradesh v. Narmada Bachao Andolan and Another reported in (2011) 7 SCC 639 , wherein, in paragaraph-8, it is provided that it is the settled proposition of law that the party has to plead its case and produce/adduce sufficient evidence to substantiate the averments in the petition. 43. Against the contention that the petitioners have a legitimate expectation, Mr. D. Saikia refers to the pronouncement of the Hon'ble Supreme Court rendered in P. Suseela and Others v. University Grants Commission and Others reported in (2015) 8 SCC 129 , wherein in paragraph-19, it has been provided that the reasonableness of the legitimate expectation has to be determined with respect to the circumstance relating to the question involved and in paragraph-20 that it is a settled concept that legitimate expectation has no role where the state action is a public policy unless the action amounts to an abuse of power and a legitimate expectation can be at the most an available ground for judicial review, but the granting of relief is very much limited. 44. Reliance has also been placed on the pronouncement of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Monnet Ispat & Energy Ltd. v. Union of India reported in (2012) 11 SCC 1 wherein in paragraph-182 it is provided that the promise must be clear and unequivocal, can be applied against the Government where it is necessary to prevent fraud and manifest injustice, it is necessary that the promisee had altered his position because of the promise etc., and in paragraph-188 in respect of the principles of legitimate expectation is provided that legitimate expectation is different from an anticipation and where the decision of an authority is founded in the public interest the Court would be reluctant to interfere with such decision by invoking the doctrine of legitimate expectation. Accordingly, it is submitted that as the decision to change the affiliation to ASTU in respect of the five engineering colleges were taken in the public interest and for the betterment of the students and uplifting the standard of technical education in the state, such change in affiliation cannot be questioned by invoking the principle of legitimate expectation and that the contents of the communication dated 10.04.2017 of the AICTE and the information booklet can at the best be said to lead to an anticipation, rather than a legitimate expectation. 45. With regard to the contention that the five Government Engineering colleges could not have been affiliated under the ASTU in view of Section 37(a) of the ASTU Act, which provides that only such colleges/institution which satisfies the requirement of the existence of a Governing Body comprising of members as indicated therein, can alone be affiliated, Mr. D. Saikia relies upon the provision of Section 44 of the ASTU Act, 2009 which provides that if any dispute arises as to the interpretation of any provision of the Act, the interpretation given by the State Government shall be final and binding on all concerned. Accordingly, it is submitted that Section 44 of the ASTU Act of 2009 have empowered the State Government to interpret the provision of Section 37(a) to include the Government Engineering colleges to be eligible for affiliation under the ASTU. 46. Accordingly, it is submitted that Section 44 of the ASTU Act of 2009 have empowered the State Government to interpret the provision of Section 37(a) to include the Government Engineering colleges to be eligible for affiliation under the ASTU. 46. In the aforesaid premises, the relevant issues in its broad perspective for decision would be:- (i) Whether the procedures for change in affiliation prescribed in the handbook of the AICTE are directory provisions or they are statutory and mandatory in nature and further, whether the respondent authorities in pursuing for the change in affiliation had acted in a manner contrary to the prescribed procedures and if yes, whether it by itself vitiates the act of the AICTE in incorporating the change in the affiliation in its approval so as to render the same to be set aside; (ii) Whether the petitioners amongst the first semester students are prejudiced to any extent by the change of affiliation of the University to ASTU or whether any manifest injustice was caused to them due to the alleged repudiation of the promise by the Government as indicated in the information booklet as well as in the approval by the AICTE for the year 2017-18 by showing the affiliating University to be GU/DU; (iii) Whether there was a promise by the respondent authorities that the affiliating University of the five engineering colleges would be GU/DU and consequently whether there is a promissory estoppel in operation that there cannot be any change in the affiliating University for the year 2017-18, which also resulted in a legitimate expectation in favour of the petitioners against such change in affiliation; (iv) Whether Section-37(a) of the ASTU Act, 2009 disentitles the ASTU to grant affiliation to a College/Institution which does not have a Governing Body comprising of the members indicated in the said section. Whether the prescribed procedures in the handbook are directory/mandatory and whether the said procedure was followed:- 47. The submission of Mr. K.N. Choudhury, learned senior counsel for the petitioners is that the reference to the handbook of the AICTE finds place in Clause-2.4 of the AICTE Regulation, 2016 and therefore, the procedures prescribed therein are statutory provisions and it being so, the same are mandatory. On the other hand, it is the submission of Mr. The submission of Mr. K.N. Choudhury, learned senior counsel for the petitioners is that the reference to the handbook of the AICTE finds place in Clause-2.4 of the AICTE Regulation, 2016 and therefore, the procedures prescribed therein are statutory provisions and it being so, the same are mandatory. On the other hand, it is the submission of Mr. D. Saikia, learned Senior Additional Advocate General for the State of Assam that Clause-19 of the AICTE Regulation, 2016 empowers the Council to relax any provision of the Regulation, amongst others, in the national interest and in the instant case, the change of affiliation being done for the betterment of the standard of technical education in the State, it is to be construed that it was done for the interest of the State and therefore, the AICTE was empowered to deviate from the prescribed procedure, wherever required, culminating in a conclusion that in the circumstance, the procedures prescribed in the handbook are directory. 48. Before adverting to the question as to whether the procedures prescribed in the handbook of the AICTE are mandatory or directory, it would also be apposite to examine as to which particular procedure prescribed therein was violated by the respondent authorities. Mr. K.N. Choudhury, learned senior counsel particularly refers to two such violations i.e. the requirement of Clause-15.1(b) of Chapter-II of the handbook that the change in the name of the affiliating University be applied on the portal of the AICTE was not followed and the provision of Clause-19.1(a) of Appendix 19 to the handbook that the last date to grant approval to a Technical Institution shall be 30th of April of the given year was also not followed. 49. In respect of the requirement of Clause-15.1(b) of Chapter-II, it is noticed that Clause-15.1(c) of Chapter-II also provides that the applicants shall submit the relevant documents as per Appendix-17 along with the application. Clause-17.0 of Appendix-17 provides for the documents to be uploaded/submitted, amongst others for change of affiliating University, whereas Clause-17.9 provides for the additional documents to be submitted for approval of change of affiliating University. 50. Clause-17.0 of Appendix-17 provides for the documents to be uploaded/submitted, amongst others for change of affiliating University, whereas Clause-17.9 provides for the additional documents to be submitted for approval of change of affiliating University. 50. A conjoint reading of Clause-15.1(b) and Clause-15.1(C) of Chapter-II read with Clause-17.0 and Clause-17.9 of Appendix 17 gives a prima-facie indication that the method to be applied for applying for a change in the affiliating University would not be restricted only to an online application in the portal of the AICTE and the method of submitting an application is also one of the recognized methods for the purpose. The other provisions of Appendix-17 also indicate that in respect of providing certain documents for other purposes requiring a consideration of the AICTE, it had been specifically indicated that the same be uploaded, whereas for the purpose of consideration of a change in affiliating University, the indications given is that it can be submitted. 51. In view of such provisions permitting submission of applications and documents, the submission that the only method available for making an application for change of affiliating University would be to make an online application in the portal of the AICTE, to the exclusion of any other method of making an application, cannot be accepted. 52. In respect of the other requirement of Clause 19.1(a) of Appendix 19 to the handbook, it is noticed that the said clause is available in Appendix 19 which infact pertains to the provision for academic calendar. Clause 19.1(a) is for the purpose of counselling/admission where the last date to grant approval to technical institutions was stated to 30th April of the year in which the academic year is to commence and that notwithstanding anything contained in any other Rules, Regulations etc., the AICTE shall not grant approval to technical institution after 30th April of the year in which the academic session is to commence, as any approval beyond the said date shall adversely affect the total teaching duration to which a student is entitled and also affect the academic activities which shall be prejudicial to the academic interest of the students. 53. From a perusal of the provision of Clause 19.1(a) it is apparent that the said provision is for grant of approval to a technical institution to commence the course for the given year. 53. From a perusal of the provision of Clause 19.1(a) it is apparent that the said provision is for grant of approval to a technical institution to commence the course for the given year. The further provision of the said clause that the reason for having the cut off date of 30th April of the year for grant of approval to the technical institution is that any approval beyond the same would adversely affect the total teaching duration and would also affect the academic activities of the students, also goes to show that the said clause is applicable only in respect of technical institutions which seek for an approval to conduct the course proceeding for the given year. 54. But the aspect of giving an approval to the change of an affiliating university of the technical intuitions which otherwise has the approval to conduct the course proceeding, would be in a different footing altogether inasmuch as, any change of the affiliating university of the technical institution at a given time after 30th of April of the year would not in any manner affect the course duration or the academic activities of the students. 55. Therefore, the submission of Mr. K.N. Choudhury, learned senior counsel for the petitioner that the approval of the change of the affiliating university also has to be given on or before 30th April of the year as provided in Clause 19.1(a) of Appendix 19 of the handbook, cannot be accepted. The implication of the grant of approval to a technical institution to commence the course proceeding for the year, in the absence of which there would be a delay in its commencing, resulting in a shortage of the total teaching duration and the grant of approval to the change in the affiliating university where the commencement of the course proceeding or the total teaching duration would not be affected, would be substantially different from each other. 56. We also had the benefit of having the presence of Mr. Ved Prakash Shukla, Consultant of AICTE, who also confirms the aforesaid view that the requirement of Clause 19.1(a) of Appendix 19 is only in respect of grant of approval to a technical institution for commencing the course proceeding and it is not applicable in respect of the approval for a change in the affiliating university. 57. Ved Prakash Shukla, Consultant of AICTE, who also confirms the aforesaid view that the requirement of Clause 19.1(a) of Appendix 19 is only in respect of grant of approval to a technical institution for commencing the course proceeding and it is not applicable in respect of the approval for a change in the affiliating university. 57. The aforesaid aspect also finds support from the affidavit of the ASTU, wherein, it is stated that irrespective of the change in the affiliation from GU/DU to ASTU, neither the course materials nor the schedule for conducting the course, which is already in place, for the 1st Semester would be changed in any manner. 58. The aforesaid categorical stand also fortifies the view that by the change in the affiliating university, neither the total teaching duration, nor the academic activities of the students, would be affected in any prejudicial manner. 59. As both the violations referred by the petitioner to substantiate that the prescribed procedure had not been followed i.e., the requirement of Clause 15.1(b) of Chapter-II and Clause-19.1(a) of Appendix 19, having been found to be unacceptable, we arrive at a conclusion that no such prescribed procedure had been violated in the instant case. 60. With regard to the further contention of Mr. K.N. Choudhury, learned senior counsel for the petitioner that the procedure adopted by the respondent authorities in effecting the change of the affiliating university was arbitrary, one of the reasons stated for substantiating such stand was that by the communication dated 04.08.2017 the AICTE had informed about the change of the affiliating university in respect of the five engineering colleges from GU/DU to ASTU, but at the same time, by another communication dated 29.08.2017 the Registrar of ASTU had required the Principals of the five engineering colleges to complete the process of affiliation. Accordingly, the submission is that if the approval for change in affiliation of the university had already been granted on 04.08.2017, in such event what was the relevance of the communication of 29.08.2017 requiring the concerned colleges to complete the process of the affiliation. Suggestions have been made that perhaps, no such approval for the change of the affiliating university was in existence as indicated by the communication of 04.08.2017. 61. Suggestions have been made that perhaps, no such approval for the change of the affiliating university was in existence as indicated by the communication of 04.08.2017. 61. In order to verify the purport of the two communications of 04.08.2017 and 29.08.2017, the records of the proceeding before the AICTE were also called for and verified. The records reveal that Chairman of the AICTE had accorded his approval to the change in the affiliating university of the five engineering colleges from GU/DU to ASTU on 04.08.2017 itself. In this respect, Mr. S. Saikia, learned counsel for the AICTE, in the presence of the Consultant of the AICTE states that after the approval is granted by the AICTE, certain other formalities are required to be completed by the affiliated university and the colleges. The subsequent communication of 29.08.2017 was infact a result of the requirement of completing the formalities and therefore, the same cannot be made to be a basis to indicate that the AICTE had acted in an arbitrary manner. It has been stated on behalf of the AICTE that upon completion of all such formalities, the Executive Council of the AICTE ratifies the approval granted earlier and in the instant case the records reveal that the approval for the change in the affiliating university was ratified in January, 2018 and that such ratification was not confined only to the change of the affiliating university of the five engineering colleges but also in respect of the decision of the AICTE in other matters. The same by itself is also an indication that AICTE had not adopted any arbitrary procedure in respect of the five engineering colleges involved in the present petition in deviation of the established procedure and that the procedure adopted is a regulation procedure made applicable to all. 62. In order to substantiate that the procedure prescribed in the handbook of the AICTE is mandatory, Mr. KN Choudhury, learned Senior counsel relies upon paragraph 14 of the pronouncement of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Ramchandra Keshav Adke and others v. Govind Joti Chavare and Others reported in (1973) 1 SCC 559. Paragraph 14 of the said judgment is as follows: "14. Thus, the first point to be considered is, whether the requirements of these provisions are mandatory or directory. Paragraph 14 of the said judgment is as follows: "14. Thus, the first point to be considered is, whether the requirements of these provisions are mandatory or directory. "No universal rule", said Lord Campell', can be laid down as to whether mandatory enactments shall be considered directory only or obligatory with an implied nullification for obedience. It is the duty of courts of justice to try to get at the real intention of the Legislature by carefully attending to the whole scope". Such intention of the Legislature is therefore to be ascertained upon a review of the language, subject-matter and importance of the provision in relation to the general object intended to be secured, the mischief, if any, to be prevented and the remedy to be promoted by the Act." Reliance has also been made on the pronouncement of the Privy Council in Nazir Ahmed v. Emperor reported in AIR 1936 PC 253 , wherein it has been laid down that when a power is given to do a certain thing in a certain way, the thing must be done in that way or not at all and any other method of performance is necessarily forbidden. 63. Mr. D Saikia, learned Senior Additional Advocate General on the other hand, relies upon the pronouncement of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Bhagwan Swaroop and Others v. Mool Chand and Others reported in (1983) 2 SCC 132 , wherein in paragraph 12 it has been held as follows: "12........Procedural laws are no doubt devised and enacted for the purposes of advancing justice. Procedural laws, however, are also laws and are enacted to be obeyed and implemented. The laws of procedure by themselves do not create any impediment or obstruction in the matter of doing justice to the parties. On the other hand, the main purpose and object of enacting procedural laws is to see that justice is done to the parties. In the absence of procedural laws regulating procedure as to dealing with any dispute between the parties, the case of justice suffers and justice will be in a state of confusion and quandary...... On the other hand, the main purpose and object of enacting procedural laws is to see that justice is done to the parties. In the absence of procedural laws regulating procedure as to dealing with any dispute between the parties, the case of justice suffers and justice will be in a state of confusion and quandary...... Justice means justice to the parties in any particular case and justice according to law.....As I have already observed depending on the facts and circumstances of a particular case in the larger interests of administration of justice the Court may and the Court in fact does, excuse or overlook a mere irregularity or a trivial breach in the observance of any procedural law for doing real and substantial justice to the parties and the Court passes proper orders which will serve the interests of justice best." 64. The aforesaid propositions of law indicate that when a procedure is prescribed for doing a certain thing, the same is otherwise required to be followed, but at the same time when any such deviation or a breach in the observance of a procedural law takes place, a relevant aspect for consideration would also be whether any injustice has been caused to the parties as a result of such deviation or non-observance. 65. When the said aspect is taken into consideration in the context of the assertion of the petitioners that the procedure prescribed in the handbook of the AICTE was not followed, a relevant examination that would be required is as to whether any injustice was caused to the petitioners as a result of any such deviation or non-observance. Neither in the pleadings nor in the oral submission, any aspect has been brought to the notice of the Court as to what legal right of the petitioners have been violated or as to what irreparable loss has been caused, as because of such deviation or non-observance of the procedure prescribed in the handbook. In the absence of such material this Court is of the view that it cannot be concluded that any injustice was caused to the petitioners as because of any such deviation or non-observance of the procedure. 66. In the absence of such material this Court is of the view that it cannot be concluded that any injustice was caused to the petitioners as because of any such deviation or non-observance of the procedure. 66. Accordingly, over and above the conclusion arrived earlier that no violation of Clause 15.1(b) of Chapter II and Clause 19.1(a) of Appendix 19 of the handbook could be noticed, further conclusion is also arrived that even if any such violation had taken place, no such injustice that may have been caused to the petitioners have been indicated or substantiated. Whether the first semester students were prejudiced due the change of the affiliating university 67. To substantiate the claim of the petitioners that as a result of the change of the affiliating university from GU/DU to ASTU they had suffered a prejudice, Mr. K.N. Choudhury, learned senior counsel had contended that the degree that would be offered by GU/DU has a higher degree of acceptability, whereas, the ASTU being a new entity, the value of its degree is yet to be ascertained and therefore, having been shifted from a known factor to an unknown factor as regards the acceptability degree to be offered, the petitioners in the first semester would be prejudiced. To that extent, it has been said that whereas, the GU/DU has a NAAC accreditation, but the ASTU is yet to receive such accreditation and therefore, its acceptability is unknown. Further, the ASTU does not have a premises of its own, nor does it have any faculty members and appropriate staff to give it a full meaning of an university. 68. To examine the correctness of such contention, the contrary contention of Mr. D. Saikia, learned Senior Addl. Advocate General would be relevant. As already noted the various provision of the affidavit of ASTU indicate that the University has its own permanent premises and it has highly qualified persons in all the responsible posts. Further, the University is fully funded by the Govt. of Assam and as such, no situation would be allowed to prevail which may inhibit the progress of the university due to lack of financial resources. The University is an affiliating University and therefore, it does not have a faculty of its own for technical education, but it utilizes the services of the faculty members of all the Engineering colleges to develop its academic aspects. The University is an affiliating University and therefore, it does not have a faculty of its own for technical education, but it utilizes the services of the faculty members of all the Engineering colleges to develop its academic aspects. In fact, the GU/DU also does not have a faculty of its own in respect of technical education and the faculty of the individual engineering colleges were utilized for the academic aspects. But, the same resulted in a situation where the faculty of a concerned engineering College itself was in charge of all the academic aspects of the college leading to a deterioration and nepotism etc., even in respect of the examination evaluation. 69. The further contention of Mr. D. Saikia, would be of most relevance that the NAAC accreditation of the GU/DU are not in respect of technical education, but for the general subjects undertaken by the said two universities and therefore, the present NAAC accreditation would be of no consequence for technical education. On the other hand, the standard of technical education is governed by the NBA accreditation which is made applicable all over the world after the Washington Accord. In the event of a higher NBA accreditation, the acceptability of a degree in technical education all over the world would be higher and therefore, a student obtaining the technical education degree with a NBA accreditation would have a better job prospect. In this respect, the other technical education colleges/institution affiliated under the ASTU already have the NBA accreditation, whereas the five engineering colleges including AEC and JEC, who were earlier affiliated to the GU/DU do not as yet have the NBA accreditation. 70. The further categorical stand of Mr. Saikia is that the respondent authorities would make an all out effort to obtain the NBA accreditation for the five engineering colleges as per its affiliation to the ASTU. 71. It has also been pointed out from the communications of the ECTA i.e. the teacher's association of the Engineering colleges as well as the students and others, that the brand name to attract the students is on the individual engineering colleges like AEC and JEC etc., and not of the University under which it was affiliated. 71. It has also been pointed out from the communications of the ECTA i.e. the teacher's association of the Engineering colleges as well as the students and others, that the brand name to attract the students is on the individual engineering colleges like AEC and JEC etc., and not of the University under which it was affiliated. As every aspect of the individual engineering colleges like faculty members, infrastructures etc., would be retained, which infact would be further improved upon, the students of the first year semester would not be worse off than what they were prior to the change in affiliation and in fact every endeavour would be made to improve all the aspects that are in offer in the respective engineering colleges. 72. No material has been indicated by the petitioners that the aforesaid advantages as indicated in the affidavit of ASTU are incorrect, or that what was available to the students as per the earlier affiliation under the GU/DU were comparatively better. The apprehension raised by the petitioners about an adverse impact that may be brought in by the change in the affiliation of the university, appears more to be on the basis of being apprehensive about the change, rather than, it being based upon any tangible material being available to arrive at such an apprehension. 73. Contentions were also raised by the petitioners by relying upon certain recommendations by the Curtin University of Australia, which had undertaken an evaluation of the standards of technical education prevailing in the State and suggesting means for improving it, that ASTU would not be the appropriate University to bring about a positive change to the technical education in the State. Some of the drawbacks noticed by the Curtin University was with regard to infrastructure in AEC and JEC, like lack of state of art laboratory facilities and other infrastructural requirements, lack of institutional funding for research work and lack of clear policy on research activity etc. Accordingly, recommendations were made that the Govt. of Assam put the ASTU vision forward to the colleges, and that they see ASTU as the 'leading body in offering, administering and managing the internationally accredited programme' and further that ASTU should be responsible as an one stop resource delivery mechanism. 74. Accordingly, recommendations were made that the Govt. of Assam put the ASTU vision forward to the colleges, and that they see ASTU as the 'leading body in offering, administering and managing the internationally accredited programme' and further that ASTU should be responsible as an one stop resource delivery mechanism. 74. But however, on a closer reading of the recommendation of Curtin University, it is noticeable that certain existing draw backs were noticed in the AEC and JEC, but at the same time, the recommendation also suggests that ASTU would be required to bring about the necessary changes. Therefore, the recommendation of Curtin University as available on records and brought to the notice of the Court cannot be supportive of the contention that change of affiliation from GU/DU to ASTU would further worsen the situation. On the other hand, from the specific stand of the authorities in the Govt. of Assam as well as the ASTU, necessary steps for redressing the drawbacks indicated by the Curtin University would be better served when the technical education is brought under one authority and infact the same was also the recommendation of the Curtin University. 75. In view of the above, the question as to whether the petitioners who are the first semester students would be prejudiced by the change of the affiliating university is answered against the petitioners and in favour of the respondent authorities including the ASTU. Nor it can be said that any manifest injustice was caused to the first semester students due to the change in the alleged promise by the Govt. from the indication in the information booklet that for the year 2017-2018, the affiliating university would GU/DU. Whether there was a promise by the respondent authorities that the affiliating university would remain to be GU/DU resulting in a promissory estoppel in operation and also a legitimate expectation in favour of the petitioners. 76. The basis for the claim of the petitioners that there was a promise by the respondent authorities that the students would undertake the engineering courses under the affiliation of GU/DU was the information booklet issued by the technical education department of the Govt. of Assam, which indicated that AEC, BBEC and BVEC are affiliated to GU, whereas JEC and JIST are affiliated to DU and also the approval dated 10.04.2017 of the AICTE of the technical course for the year 2017-2018. of Assam, which indicated that AEC, BBEC and BVEC are affiliated to GU, whereas JEC and JIST are affiliated to DU and also the approval dated 10.04.2017 of the AICTE of the technical course for the year 2017-2018. A perusal of the information booklet shows that the detail particulars in respect of AEC have been provided as regards its year of establishment, its location, its recognition by AICTE as well as the various undergraduate courses offered, including the information that the college is affiliated to the GU. Similar information are also given in respect of the four other engineering colleges. Mr. D. Saikia, learned Senior Addl. Advocate General refers to the application form available with the information booklet, which requires the candidate to state the name of the course and the name of the college, in order of preference and accordingly contends that the purport of the information booklet was to highlight the colleges and the courses offered, with an incidental reference to the affiliated university and therefore, the mention of the affiliating university as GU/DU cannot be construed to be a promise to the students that they would get their technical education degree from GU/DU. 77. The communication of AICTE dated 10.04.2017, according to Mr. D. Saikia provides the information as regards the technical education course in the five engineering colleges, which were approved by the AICTE for the year 2017-2018, wherein also, as it stood at the relevant point of time, the indication was given that the respective colleges were affiliated to the GU/DU. 78. In other words, the indication of the affiliating university indicated in the information booklet as well as the communication of approval of AICTE of 10.07.2017 is infact an incidental reference that at the relevant point of time, the five engineering colleges were affiliated to GU/DU and it being not the dominant purpose of the aforesaid two documents to inform that the affiliating university is and would remain to be the GU/DU, there cannot be a promise by the authorities solely on the basis of the said two documents. 79. Black's Law dictionary defines 'promise' to be the manifestation of an intention to act or refrain from acting in a specified manner which is conveyed in such a way that another person is justified in understanding that a commitment has been made. 79. Black's Law dictionary defines 'promise' to be the manifestation of an intention to act or refrain from acting in a specified manner which is conveyed in such a way that another person is justified in understanding that a commitment has been made. The requirement of a promise therefore, is the existence of the manifestation of an intention. Manifestation means the display, indication or disclosure, whereas intention means aim, purpose or objective. Therefore, in order to be a promise, the information booklet or the communication of AICTE of 10.04.2017 must contain a display, indication or disclosure that the aim, purpose or objective was that the affiliating university would be GU/DU. In contra distinction an indication means the sign, indicator or the disclosure and therefore, what is provided in the information booklet and the communication of AICTE dated 10.04.2017 is more of an indication rather than a promise. 80. In the circumstance, the requirement of the Court is to arrive at a conclusion as to whether the aforesaid indication in the information booklet and the communication of AICTE dated 10.04.2017 as regards GU/DU being the affiliated university can lead to a promissory estoppel in favour of the petitioners. As submitted by Mr. D. Saikia, learned Senior Addl. Advocate General the law as regards promissory estoppels had been settled by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in State of Bihar and Others v. Kalyanpur Cement Ltd. (supra) and Shree Sidhbali Steels Ltd. (supra), Andhra Pradesh Dairy Development Corporation Federation, Monnet Ispat & Energy Ltd. 81. In State of Bihar v. Kalyanpur Cement Ltd. (Supra), the Hon'ble Supreme Court in paragraph-34 and 35 has held as under:- "34. The doctrine of promissory estoppel as developed in the administrative law of this country has been eloquently explained in Kasinka Trading v. Union of India by Dr. A.S Anand, J., in the following words: "11. The doctrine of promissory estoppel or equitable estoppel is well established in the administrative law of the country. To put it simply, the doctrine represents a principle evolved by equity to avoid injustice. A.S Anand, J., in the following words: "11. The doctrine of promissory estoppel or equitable estoppel is well established in the administrative law of the country. To put it simply, the doctrine represents a principle evolved by equity to avoid injustice. The basis of the doctrine is that where any party has by his word or conduct made to the other party an unequivocal promise or representation by word or conduct, which is intended to create legal relations or effect a legal relationship to arise in the future, knowing as well as intending that the representation, assurance or the promise would be acted upon by the other party to whom it has been made and has in fact been so acted upon by the other party, the promise, assurance or representation should be binding on the party making it and that party should not be permitted to go back upon it, if it would be inequitable to allow him to do so, having regard to the dealings, which have taken place or are intended to take place between the parties." "12. It has been settled by this Court that the doctrine of promissory estoppel is applicable against the Government also particularly where it is necessary to prevent fraud or manifest injustice. The doctrine, however, cannot be pressed into aid to compel the Government or the public authority 'to carry out a representation or promise which is contrary to law or which was outside the authority or power of the officer of the Government or of the public authority to make'. There is preponderance of judicial opinion that to invoke the doctrine of promissory estoppel clear, sound and positive foundation must be laid in the petition itself by the party invoking the doctrine and that bald expressions, without any supporting material, to the effect that the doctrine is attracted because the party invoking the doctrine has altered its position relying on the assurance of the Government would not be sufficient to press into aid the doctrine. In our opinion, the doctrine of promissory estoppel cannot be invoked in the abstract and the courts are bound to consider all aspects including the results sought to be achieved and the public good at large, because while considering the applicability of the doctrine, the courts have to do equity and the fundamental principles of equity must forever be present to the mind of the court, while considering the applicability of the doctrine. The doctrine must yield when the equity so demands if it can be shown having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case that it would be inequitable to hold the Government or the public authority to its promise, assurance or representation." "35. In our opinion, the aforesaid statement of law covers the submissions of Dr. Dhavan and Mr. Dwivedi that in order to invoke the aforesaid doctrine, it must be established that: (a) A party must make an unequivocal promise or representation by word or conduct to the other party; (b) The representation was intended to create legal relations or affect the legal relationship, to arise in the future; (c) A clear foundation has to be laid in the petition, with supporting documents; (d) It has to be shown that the party invoking the doctrine has altered its position relying on the promise; (e) It is possible for the Government to resile from its promise when public interest would be prejudiced if the Government were required to carry out the promise; (f) The Court will not apply the doctrine in abstract." 82. In Shree Sidhbali Steels Limited and others v. State of Uttar Pradesh and others (Supra), the Hon'ble Supreme Court in paragraph-32 and 33 has held as under:- "32. The doctrine of promissory estoppel is by now well recognised and well defined by a catena of decisions of this Court. Where the Government makes a promise knowing or intending that it would be acted on by the promisee and, in fact, the promisee, acting in reliance on it, alters his position, the Government would be held bound by the promise and the promise would be enforceable against the Government at the instance of the promise notwithstanding that there is no consideration for the promise and the promise is not recorded in the form of a formal contract as required by Article 229 of the Constitution. The rule of promissory estoppel being an equitable doctrine has to be moulded to suit the particular situation. It is not a hard-and-fast rule but an elastic one, the objective of which is to do justice between the parties and to extend an equitable treatment to them. This doctrine is a principle evolved by equity, to avoid injustice and though commonly named promissory estoppel, it is neither in the realm of contract nor in the realm of estoppel. For application of the doctrine of promissory estoppel the promisee must establish that he suffered in detriment or altered his position by reliance on the promise." "33. Normally, the doctrine of promissory estoppel is being applied against the Government and defence based on executive necessity would not be accepted by the court. However, if it can be shown by the Government that having regard to the facts as they have subsequently transpired, it would be inequitable to hold the Government to the promise made by it, the court would not raise an equity in favour of the promisee and enforce the promise against the Government. Where public interest warrants, the principles of promissory estoppel cannot be invoked. The Government can change the policy in public interest. However, it is well settled that taking cue from this doctrine, the authority cannot be compelled to do something which is not allowed by law or prohibited by law. There is no promissory estoppel against the settled proposition of law. Doctrine of promissory estoppel cannot be invoked for enforcement of a promise made contrary to law, because none can be compelled to act against the statute. Thus, the Government or public authority cannot be compelled to make a provision which is contrary to law." 83. In Andhra Pradesh Dairy Development Corporation Federation (Supra), the Hon'ble Supreme Court in paragraph-45 and 46 has held as follows:- "45. Therefore, it is evident that the Court will not pass any order binding the Government by its promises unless it is so necessary to prevent manifest injustice or fraud, particularly, when government acts in its governmental, public or sovereign capacity. Estoppel does not operate against the government or its assignee while acting in such capacity." "46. Therefore, it is evident that the Court will not pass any order binding the Government by its promises unless it is so necessary to prevent manifest injustice or fraud, particularly, when government acts in its governmental, public or sovereign capacity. Estoppel does not operate against the government or its assignee while acting in such capacity." "46. The Government has inherent power to promote the general welfare of the people and in order to achieve the said goal, the State is free to exercise its sovereign powers of legislation to regulate the conduct of its citizens to the extent, that their rights shall not stand abridged." 84. In Monnet Ispat and Energy Ltd., in paragraph 182.1 to 182.7, the Hon'ble Supreme Court has held as follows: 182.1. Where one party has by his words or conduct made to the other a clear and unequivocal promise which is intended to create legal relations or affect a legal relationship to arise in the future, knowing or intending that it would be acted upon by the other party to whom the promise is made and it is, in fact, so acted upon by the other party, the promise would be binding on the party making it and he would not be entitled to go back upon it, if it would be inequitable to a low him to do so having regard to the dealings which have taken place between the parties, and this would be so irrespective of whether there is any preexisting relationship between the parties or not. 182.2. The doctrine of promissory estoppels may be applied against the Government where the interest of justice, morality and common fairness dictate such a course. The doctrine is applicable against the State even in its governmental, public or sovereign capacity where it is necessary to prevent fraud or manifest injustice. However, the Government or even a private party under the doctrine of promissory estoppels cannot be asked to do an act prohibited in law. The nature and function which the Government discharges is not very relevant. The Government is subject to the rule of promissory estoppels and if the essential ingredients of this doctrine are satisfied, the Government can be compelled to carry out the promise made by it. 182.3. The doctrine of promissory estoppels is not limited in its application only to defence but it can also furnish a cause of action. The Government is subject to the rule of promissory estoppels and if the essential ingredients of this doctrine are satisfied, the Government can be compelled to carry out the promise made by it. 182.3. The doctrine of promissory estoppels is not limited in its application only to defence but it can also furnish a cause of action. In other words, the doctrine of promissory estoppels can by itself be the basis of action. 182.4. For invocation of the doctrine of promissory estoppel, it is necessary for the promise to show that by acting on promise made by the other party, he altered his position. The alteration of position by the promise is a sine qua non for the applicability of the doctrine. However, it is not necessary for him to prove any damage, detriment or prejudice because of alteration of such promise. 182.5. In no case, the doctrine of promissory estoppel can be pressed into aid to compel the Government or a public authority to carry out a representation or promise which is contrary to law or which was outside the authority or power of the officer of the Government or of the public authority to make. No promise can be enforced which is statutorily prohibited or is against public policy. 182.6. It is necessary for invocation of the doctrine of promissory estoppel that a clear, sound and positive foundation is laid in the petition. Bald assertions, averments or allegations without any supporting material are not sufficient to press into aid the doctrine of promissory estoppel. 182.7. The doctrine of promissory estoppel cannot be invoked in abstract. When it is sought to be invoked, the court must consider all aspects including the result sought to be achieved and the public good at large. The fundamental principle of equity must forever be present to the mind of the court. Absence of it must not hold the Government or the public authority to its promise, assurance or representation. 85. When it is sought to be invoked, the court must consider all aspects including the result sought to be achieved and the public good at large. The fundamental principle of equity must forever be present to the mind of the court. Absence of it must not hold the Government or the public authority to its promise, assurance or representation. 85. From the aforesaid pronouncements, it is discernible that in order to invoke the doctrine of promissory estoppels, amongst others, the following requirements be satisfied:- (i) To invoke the doctrine of promissory estoppels, clear, sound and positive foundation must be laid in the petition itself by the party invoking the doctrine and bald expression, without any supporting materials, to the effect that the doctrine is attracted because the party invoking the doctrine has altered its position relying on the assurance of the Government would not be sufficient to press in to aid the doctrine. (ii) The doctrine of promissory estoppels would be inapplicable against the Government where it is necessary to prevent fraud or manifest injustice and it is possible for the Government to resile from its promise when public interest would be prejudiced if the Government were required to carry out the promise. (iii) The party making the promise must make an unequivocal promise or representation by word or conduct to the other party. (iv) For the doctrine of promissory estoppel to be made applicable, the promise must establish that he had suffered in detriment or had altered his position by relying on the promise. (v) If it can be shown by the Government that having regard to the facts, it would be inequitable to hold the Government to the promise made by it, the Court would not raise an equity in favour of the promisee and enforce the promise against the Government, and where if public interest warrants, the principles of promissory estoppel cannot be invoked and the Government can change the policy in the public interest. (vi) The Government has an inherent power to promote the general welfare of the people and in order to achieve the said goal, the State is free to exercise its sovereign power of legislation to regulate the conduct of its citizens to the extent that their rights shall not stand abridged. (vi) The Government has an inherent power to promote the general welfare of the people and in order to achieve the said goal, the State is free to exercise its sovereign power of legislation to regulate the conduct of its citizens to the extent that their rights shall not stand abridged. (vii) The doctrine of promissory estoppels is not a hard and fast rule, but an elastic one, where the objective is to do justice between the parties and to extend an equitable treatment to them. 86. When the aforesaid propositions of law as regards promissory estoppel is examined in the factual background of the present petition, it is noticeable that the two documents namely, the communication of approval of the AICTE of 10.04.2017 and the information booklet of the Technical Education Department of the Government of Assam indicates that the affiliation of the five engineering colleges are indicated to be with the GU/DU. Apart from that, no other representation or manifestation of the intention of the respondent authorities is available which would indicate that the respondents were given to understand that the degrees offered to them would be from GU/DU alone. 87. Further, it is also noticed that apart from paragraph-20 of the writ petition, wherein it is stated that the newly enrolled first semester students of the engineering colleges took admission expecting the certificates and degrees from GU/DU and that the said students always had the flexibility to opt for other colleges, had the intention of the Government to change of affiliation been made known to them, no other pleadings are available to indicate that the petitioners had acted to their detriment or had altered their position by preferring to get admitted in the five engineering colleges so as to invoke the doctrine of promissory estoppels. Although a casual statement was made by Mr. K.N. Choudhury, learned senior counsel for the petitioners that the petitioners had forgone their option of being admitted in BITS, Pilani, but there is neither any specific information nor there is any pleading to that effect in the writ petition. 88. In this respect, the reliance of Mr. D. Saikia on the pronouncements of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in State of Madhya Pradesh v. Narmada Bachao Andolan and another, (Supra) would be relevant. In paragraph-8 therein, it had been provided as follows:- "8. 88. In this respect, the reliance of Mr. D. Saikia on the pronouncements of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in State of Madhya Pradesh v. Narmada Bachao Andolan and another, (Supra) would be relevant. In paragraph-8 therein, it had been provided as follows:- "8. It is a settled proposition of law that a party has to plead its case and produce/adduce sufficient evidence to substantiate the averments made in the petition and in case the pleadings are not complete the Court is under no obligation to entertain the pleas." 89. The aforesaid provision in State of Madhya Pradesh v. Narmada Bachao Andolan and another (Supra) as regards the requirement of substantiating through the pleadings and coupled with the provisions in State of Bihar v. Kalyanpur Cement Ltd. (Supra), that a bald expression without any supporting material to the effect that the party had altered its position by relying on the assurance of the Government, when examined in the context of the pleadings in the present case, would lead the Court to arrive at a conclusion that it would be a travesty of justice if it is held that there is a promissory estoppels in favour of the petitioners. 90. Further, Mr. D. Saikia, learned Senior Additional Advocate General for the State had clearly spelt out the requirements and advantages of the change of the affiliating University from GU/DU to ASTU. At the cost of repetition two vital advantages of such change in affiliation are that the conduct of the technical education courses would be better regulated for the advantage of the students and secondly, the standard of education as well as the utility of the degrees, like providing for the higher NBA accreditation by making available all the necessary infrastructure and paraphernalia, including for research etc. would be improved. Accordingly, when the present state of affairs of the five engineering colleges, as admitted by the ECTA, is examined, the statements of the respondents as regards the improvements sought to be made in the five engineering colleges cannot be ignored. 91. From the said point of view, it also cannot be rejected that the Government had acted for the betterment and to promote the general welfare of all concerned, including the students, by resorting to the change in the affiliation. 91. From the said point of view, it also cannot be rejected that the Government had acted for the betterment and to promote the general welfare of all concerned, including the students, by resorting to the change in the affiliation. Further, nothing has been brought on record that such change in the affiliating University has resulted from any fraud or it had lead to any manifest injustice to anyone concerned. In such view of the matter, even if the two aforementioned documents being the communication dated 10.04.2017 of the AICTE and the information booklet is construed to constitute a promise, it cannot be concluded that the Government was incompetent to resile from any such promise so as to invoke the doctrine of promissory estopps. 92. It is also a requirement to invoke the doctrine of promissory estoppels that the party making the promise must make an unequivocal promise or representation by word or conduct to the other party. The expression 'unequivocal' as provided in the Black's Law dictionary means:- "Clear; Plain; capable of being understood in only one way, or as clearly demonstrated. Free from uncertainty, or without doubt; and, when used with reference to the burden of proof, it implies proof of the highest possible character and it imports proof of the nature of mathematical certainty." 93. On the other hand, the expression 'Promise' as provided in the Black's Law dictionary means amongst others:- "i. A declaration which binds the person who makes it, either in honor, conscience, or law, to do or forbear a certain specific act, and which gives to the person to whom made a right to expect or claim the performance of some particular thing. ii. A promise is a manifestation of intention to act or refrain from acting in a specified way, so made as to justify a promisee in understanding that a commitment has been made." 94. In the context of the aforesaid meaning of the expressions 'unequivocal' and 'promise', when we examine the communication of approval of the AICTE of 10.04.2017 and the information booklet of the Technical Education Department of the Govt. In the context of the aforesaid meaning of the expressions 'unequivocal' and 'promise', when we examine the communication of approval of the AICTE of 10.04.2017 and the information booklet of the Technical Education Department of the Govt. of Assam providing that the affiliation of the five engineering colleges are with the GU/DU to arrive at a conclusion as to whether there was an unequivocal promise that the students will have their engineering degrees from GU/DU, it is noticed that firstly, there is no declaration that the degree to be provided would be from GU/DU and none else, and secondly, there is no manifestation of an intention that the authorities would refrain themselves from any change of affiliation of the University. Further, even if the two communications gives an indication that the degree to be provided would be from GU/DU in the event, the affiliation continues to remain with the two Universities, but the same cannot be construed in a clear and plain manner that it is capable of being understood in only one way or that it had been clearly demonstrated that the degree to be provided would only be from GU/DU and there is no scope of there being any change in the affiliation. 95. Accordingly, a conclusion can be arrived that the two documents being the communication of the AICTE dated 10.04.2017 and the information booklet of the Technical Education Department do not lay out an unequivocal promise that the degree to be provided to the petitioners would be from GU/DU alone or that the scope of a change in affiliating university had been ruled out. As the existence of an unequivocal promise is also a requirement for invoking the doctrine of promissory estoppels, the absence of it as concluded, would also render it to the situation that there was no promissory estoppels in favour of the petitioners. 96. Further as provided in paragraph 182.7 of Monnet Ispat & Energy Ltd. (supra), the doctrine of promissory estoppels cannot be invoked in abstract and when it is sought to be invoked, the Court must consider all aspects, including the result to be achieved as well as the public good at large and the fundamental principle of equity must forever be present in the mind of the Court and in the absence of it, the Court must not hold the Govt. or the public authority to its promise, assurance or representation. In the instant case, no materials have been produced by the petitioners which would indicate that interfering with the change of affiliation from GU/DU to ASTU would be for the public good at large. Infact to the contrary, materials and indications have been provided by the respondent authorities as to why the change is required and also the benefits that would occur for the good of all. From the said point of view also, it cannot be held that a promissory estoppels is in existence in favour of the petitioners for interfering with the change of the affiliating universities of the five engineering colleges from GU/DU to ASTU. 97. As the petitioners have also invoked the doctrine of legitimate expectation to present their case for an interference with the change of the affiliation of the five engineering colleges from GU/DU to ASTU, it would be apposite to examine case of the petitioners in relation to the doctrine of legitimate expectation. In paragraph-188.1 to 188.5 of Monnet Ispat & Energy Ltd.(supra), the Hon'ble Supreme Court had laid down the principles in relation to the doctrine of legitimate expectation, which are as follows:- "188.1. The doctrine of legitimate expectation can be invoked as a substantive and enforceable right. 188.2. The doctrine of legitimate expectation is founded on the principle of reasonableness and fairness. The doctrine arises out of principles of natural justice and there are parallels between the doctrine of legitimate expectation and promissory estoppel. 188.3. Where the decision of an authority is founded in public interest as per executive policy or law, the court would be reluctant to interfere with such decision by invoking the doctrine of legitimate expectation. The legitimate expectation doctrine cannot be invoked to fetter changes in administrative policy if it is in the public interest to do so. 188.4. The legitimate expectation is different from anticipation and anticipation cannot amount to an assertable expectation. Such expectation should be justifiable, legitimate and protectable. 188.5. The protection of legitimate expectation does not require the fulfilment of the expectation where an overriding public interest requires otherwise. In other words, personal benefit must give way to public interest and the doctrine of legitimate expectation would not be invoked which could block public interest for private benefit." 98. Such expectation should be justifiable, legitimate and protectable. 188.5. The protection of legitimate expectation does not require the fulfilment of the expectation where an overriding public interest requires otherwise. In other words, personal benefit must give way to public interest and the doctrine of legitimate expectation would not be invoked which could block public interest for private benefit." 98. It is a specific provision of the Hon'ble Supreme Court that if the decision of an authority is founded in public interest as per executive policy of law, the Court would be reluctant to interfere with such decision by invoking the doctrine of legitimate expectation and the doctrine cannot be invoked if such decision is in the public interest. 99. Further, the legitimate expectation is different from an anticipation and an anticipation cannot amount to an expectation which can be asserted and that such expectation should be justifiable, legitimate and protectable. 100. In the instant case, as already concluded, no materials have been produced by the petitioners which would indicate that the decision to change the affiliation of the five engineering colleges from GU/DU to ASTU would be detrimental to the public interest, and if yes, as to in what manner. 101. Also what has been indicated by the petitioners is that having gone through the communication of the AICTE dated 10.04.2017 and the information booklet, the petitioners formed an opinion that they would be provided with their engineering degrees from the GU/DU upon successful completion of their courses. The said opinion stated to have been formed appears more to be an anticipation, rather than an expectation which can be asserted or protected. 102. Accordingly, it cannot be concluded that the petitioners had a legitimate expectation that they would be provided with their engineering degrees from the GU/DU upon successful completion of their courses and that under no event, the respondent authorities would not undertake any exercise to have the change of affiliation from GU/DU to any other university. As such, no case of invoking the doctrine of legitimate expectation has been found in favour of the petitioners requiring an interference with the decision to change the affiliating university of the five engineering colleges from GU/DU to ASTU. Whether Section 137(a) of ASTU Act 2009 disentitles the ASTU to grant affiliation to a college/institution which does not have a Governing Body 103. Whether Section 137(a) of ASTU Act 2009 disentitles the ASTU to grant affiliation to a college/institution which does not have a Governing Body 103. A stand has been taken that under Section 37(a) of ASTU Act 2009, any college or institution applying for affiliation to the university shall satisfy the Executive Council that the college shall be under the management of a duly constituted Governing Body which shall include atleast two representatives of the University and atleast three representatives of the teaching staff of the college or institution, including the Principal and therefore, the University is disentitled to affiliate any college or institution which does not have a Governing Body. Accordingly, it is the submission that as the five engineering colleges, which are all government colleges, do not have a Governing Body, therefore, under Section 37(a) of ASTU Act 2009, ASTU is disentitled to affiliate them. 104. An examination of Section 37(a) of ASTU Act would show that the said provision has two requirements, i.e., any college or institution applying for affiliation shall be under the management of a duly constituted Governing Body and such Governing Body shall include at least two representatives of the university and atleast three representatives of the teaching staff of the college or institution, including the Principal. When the expression 'shall' occurs for two requirements i.e., shall be under the duly constituted Governing Body and shall include atleast two representatives of the University and atleast three representatives of the teaching staff, it has to be examined whether the expression 'shall' on both the occasions is a mandatory requirement or it can also be interpreted to be a directory requirement on one occasion, whereas, mandatory in the other. 105. In Sainik Motors v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1961 SC 1480 , the Hon'ble Supreme Court was of the view that the word 'shall' is ordinarily mandatory, but it is sometimes not so interpreted if the context or the intention otherwise demands. Again in State of U.P. v. Babu Ram, AIR 1961 SC 751 , the Hon'ble Supreme Court had held that when a statute uses the word 'shall', prima facie it is mandatory, but the Court may ascertain the real intention by carefully attending to the scope of the statute. 106. Again in State of U.P. v. Babu Ram, AIR 1961 SC 751 , the Hon'ble Supreme Court had held that when a statute uses the word 'shall', prima facie it is mandatory, but the Court may ascertain the real intention by carefully attending to the scope of the statute. 106. When the ASTU Act 2009 as a whole is taken into consideration, it is noticed that Section 4 of the Act provides for the powers of the University, where Section 4(viii) provides for the power to affiliate with it any college or institution on such terms and condition as may be prescribed or to withdraw such affiliation previously granted. 107. It is noticed that Section 4(viii) of the ASTU Act 2009 clearly provides for the power to grant the affiliation to any college or institution without there being any embargo that the college mandatorily requires to have a Governing Body of its own. When the provision of Section 4(viii) is examined with the provision of Section 37(a), it is discernible that the expression 'shall' occurring in the first part of Section 37(a) as regards the requirement of the existence of a Governing Body would be directory in nature. On the contrary, if is accepted that the said expression 'shall' in the first part is mandatory, the power of the university to affiliate any college of institution under Section 4(viii) would stand diluted and Sections 4(viii) and 37(a) would be in conflict with each other. 108. The laws of interpretation in this respect is clear as held in Dormer v. Newcastle-on-Tyne Corpn., (1940) 2 AllER 521 as referred in the Principles of Statutory Interpretation 14th Edition by Justice GP Singh, wherein it has been provided that it should not be lightly assumed that the "Parliament had given with one hand what it took away with the other". 109. Further in Mohammad Sher Khan v. Raja Seth Swami Dayal, AIR 1922 PC 17 , it had been held that the provision of one section cannot be used to defeat those of another unless it is impossible to effect reconciliation between them. 110. 109. Further in Mohammad Sher Khan v. Raja Seth Swami Dayal, AIR 1922 PC 17 , it had been held that the provision of one section cannot be used to defeat those of another unless it is impossible to effect reconciliation between them. 110. The aforesaid proposition of law laid down when applied to interpret Section 4(viii) and 37(a) of the ASTU Act 2009, would lead to a necessary conclusion that the expression 'shall' appearing in the first part of 37(a) would have to be interpreted to be a directory provision and Section 37(a) cannot be interpreted in a manner to dilute the provision of Section 4(viii) which provides that the ASTU may affiliate any college or institution. 111. It having been concluded that the requirement of a Governing Body of a college is not a mandatory requirement to enable ASTU for its affiliation, an appropriate interpretation of Section 37(a) would be that the dominant purpose of the said provision is that in the event a college or institution seeks for an affiliation of ASTU, the Governing Body of the said college must mandatorily require to have two representatives of the University and atleast three representatives of the teaching staff. In other words, Section 37(a) cannot be interpreted to mean that only such colleges or institutions which have a Governing Body alone can be affiliated. 112. In view of the aforesaid interpretation of Section 37(a) of the ASTU Act 2009, the submission of the petitioners that in view of Section 37(a) of the ASTU Act 2009, the ASTU could not have affiliated the five engineering colleges as the said colleges are government colleges having no Governing Body, is found to be unacceptable. 113. In terms of the above, this writ petition is found to be devoid of merit and accordingly, the same stands dismissed. No costs. 114. One of the aspects that have been taken into consideration in arriving at the conclusions is that upon the change of affiliation of the five engineering colleges to ASTU, substantial changes would be made in the technical education system in the State which would lead to a better and higher standard of Education. One such indicator of a higher and acceptable level of technical education is the NBA accreditation. Accordingly, the appropriate authorities in the State respondents, more particularly, the Commissioner and Secretary to the Govt. One such indicator of a higher and acceptable level of technical education is the NBA accreditation. Accordingly, the appropriate authorities in the State respondents, more particularly, the Commissioner and Secretary to the Govt. of Assam in the Higher and Technical Education Assam as well as the appropriate authorities in the ASTU are directed to ensure that the five engineering colleges are given a high NBA accreditation at the earliest and all the requirements to be done to arrive at a high NBA accreditation be undertaken by the said authorities. 115. A further issue that remains is that the DU had taken a stand that pursuant to the order dated 27.11.2017 in WP(C) No. 7071/2017 of this Court the DU had conducted the first semester examination in respect of the students of JEC and JIST, but the answer scripts thereof have not been evaluated and are being kept in a sealed cover. It is also the stand of the learned Senior counsel for the DU that the said examination was conducted on a mistaken understanding of the purport of the interim order dated 27.11.2017 of this Court and, in fact, the DU ought not to have conducted the examination. Be that as it may, considering the aspect that the ASTU would not change the course material for the first semester and also the factor that upon change of the affiliation of the University, ASTU would take over in a seamless manner, and also considering the factor that the performance of the students in the examination already conducted by the DU are the intellectual output of the students, therefore, this Court is of the view that it would be equitable if the said answer scripts of the examination conducted by the DU are now taken over by the ASTU and proceed with its evaluation for the purpose of declaring the result. For the other three engineering colleges, who have not held any such examination, the ASTU would proceed with the process of holding the examination at the earliest. For the other three engineering colleges, who have not held any such examination, the ASTU would proceed with the process of holding the examination at the earliest. Setting up of question papers and holding the examination in respect of the colleges, which were earlier under the DU, by the DU and its evaluation to be done by the ASTU and the setting up of question papers and holding of examination by the ASTU in respect of those colleges, which were earlier under the GU, the examinations were not held, in the view of this Court, would also not be an arbitrary and discriminatory exercise, inasmuch as, had there been no change of the affiliation of the University, in any view, the examinations would have been conducted by two different Universities. All the learned counsel appearing for the Government of Assam in the Higher and Technical Education Department, the ASTU, the AICTE as well as GU and DU agrees to the aforesaid propositions. Accordingly, it is directed that the DU shall handover the answer scripts of the examinations of the first semester students which were held by them to the ASTU and ASTU shall thereafter proceed and complete the process by bringing it to its logical end. 116. In view of this judgment and order, which covers all aspect raised in various connected applications and petitions, all such applications and petitions, including the contempt petitions, are, accordingly closed.