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2022 DIGILAW 959 (PNJ)

Sukhdev Kumar Chodha v. State of Punjab

2022-05-18

JASJIT SINGH BEDI

body2022
JUDGMENT Jasjit Singh Bedi, J. (Oral) - The present petition under Section 482 Cr.P.C. has been filed for setting aside the impugned order dated 20.07.2019 (annexure P-1) passed by the Trial Court whereby the application under Section311 Cr.P.C. filed by the prosecution has been partly declined to the extent of tendering certified copies of the civil litigation between the parties. 2. The brief facts of the case are that the complainant-petitioner got recorded an FIR No.78 dated 14.05.2015 under Sections 447/427/506/511/148 and 149 IPC with Police Station Adampur, District Jalandhar City, with the allegations that he had taken on lease about 121/2 acres of land belonging to Dera Smadh Baba Maddu Dass (Dera Jandha Sahib) at Alawalpur and was cultivating the same for the last 17 years. On 14.05.2015 while he was at home, he came to know that Malkiat Singh-respondent No.2/accused alongwith 40-50 unknown persons and 12-13 tractors armed with deadly weapons with intention to forcibly dispossess the petitioner, destroyed the crops of sugar, chilly and wheat crops standing in the fields. When the petitioner reached at the spot, respondent No.2-Malkiat Singh and his associates fled away from there. Pursuant thereto, the investigation was concluded, challan submitted and the trial commenced. 3. In the meantime, the petitioner-complainant also filed a civil suit titled as 'Sukhdev Kumar Chodha versus Malkiat Singh' for permanent injunction. The accused-Malkiat Singh (defendant therein), filed a written statement alleging that he is in possession of the suit property on the basis of one alleged pattanama. The said civil suit was duly contested by both the parties and after hearing both the parties on merits, the Court of the Civil Judge (Junior Division), Jalandhar passed a decree in the suit of the complainant-petitioner on 22.05.2019, as per which the Court came to the conclusion that the defendant-Malkiat Singh had failed to prove his possession over the suit property whereas the plaintiff by leading cogent action and convincing evidence had proved that he is in possession of the suit property being a lessee and was, thus, entitled to the relief of permanent injunction. 4. Because of the aforesaid circumstances of having obtained a decree from the Civil Judge (Junior Divison) Jalandhar, clearly establishing his possession, that an application under Section 311 Cr.P.C. was moved by the petitioner-complainant before the Trial Court, Jalandhar to tender the documents of the civil suit. 4. Because of the aforesaid circumstances of having obtained a decree from the Civil Judge (Junior Divison) Jalandhar, clearly establishing his possession, that an application under Section 311 Cr.P.C. was moved by the petitioner-complainant before the Trial Court, Jalandhar to tender the documents of the civil suit. The Trial Court partly allowed the application but declined the prayer in part holding that since the said document (certified copy of the civil suit) was not a part of the challan, the same could not be tendered at this stage. 5. The learned counsel for the petitioner submits that the Trial Court had vide judgment and decree dated 22.05.2019 come to a positive finding in Para 22 that it was the plaintiff (petitioner herein), who was in peaceful possession of the land in dispute and the defendant-Malkiat Singh (respondent No.2 herein) was restrained from interfering his peaceful possession. A copy of the aforesaid judgment was attached as Annexure P-5. He, thus, contended that the tendering of the said documents were essential for the just adjudication of the case and the reasoning adopted by the Trial Court in rejecting the application is completely illegal. There is nothing in Section 311 Cr.P.C. which bars the production of a document which is not a part of the challan. In fact, Section 311 Cr.P.C. is couched in wide terms and any evidence which is essential for the just adjudication of the case should be allowed to be produced in the Court. 6. The learned counsel for the respondents, on the other hand, submits that the impugned order has rightly been passed because the petitioner-complainant wants to place on record the civil suit which is not a part of the challan, and therefore, cannot be tendered in evidence. He further submits that the proceedings of a Civil Court do not have any bearing on the proceedings in the Criminal Court, and therefore, a decree obtained from the Civil Court would have no evidentiary value so far as the trial, in the present case, is concerned. 7. I have heard the learned counsel for both the parties at length. 8. 7. I have heard the learned counsel for both the parties at length. 8. Before proceeding further in the matter, it would be necessary to examine Section 311 Cr.P.C. The said provision is reproduced as under:- "Any court may, at any stage of any inquiry, trial or other proceedings under this code, summon any person as a witness, or examine any person in attendance, though not summoned as a witness, or recall and re-examine any person already examined; and the court shall summon and examine or recall and re-examine any such person if his evidence appears to be essential to the just decision of the case." 9. The Hon'ble Supreme Court in the judgment passed in the case of 'Mannan Sk. And others versus State of West Bengal and Another, 2014 (13) SCC 59 , and this Court in the judgment passed in the case of 'Randhir Singh versus State of Haryana and others, 2020(1) RCR (Criminal) 778', has categorically held that under Section 311 Cr.P.C., the Court has the power to summon any material witness or examine any person if his evidence appears to be essential for the just adjudication of the case. The same are reproduced as hereunder:- In 'Mannan Sk. And others versus State of West Bengal and Another, 2014 (13) SCC 59 , the Supreme Court of India held as under:- 10. The aim of every court is to discover truth. Section 311 of the Code is one of many such provisions of the Code which strengthen the arms of a court in its effort to ferret out the truth by procedure sanctioned by law. It is couched in very wide terms. It empowers the court at any stage of any inquiry, trial or other proceedings under the Code to summon any person as a witness or examine any person in attendance, though not summoned as witness or recall and reexamine already examined witness. The second part of the Section usesdheword'shall'.Jtsaysthatthecourtshallsummonandexamine or recall or re-examine any such person if his evidence appears to it to be essential to the just decision of the case. The words 'essential to the just decision of the case' are the key words. The court must form an opinion that for the just decision of the case recall or reexamination of the witness is necessary. Since the power is wide it's exercise has to be done with circumspection. The words 'essential to the just decision of the case' are the key words. The court must form an opinion that for the just decision of the case recall or reexamination of the witness is necessary. Since the power is wide it's exercise has to be done with circumspection. It is trite that wider the power greater is the responsibility on the courts which exercise it. The exercise of this power cannot be untrammeled and arbitrary but must be only guided by the object of arriving at a just decision of the case. It should not cause prejudice to the accused. It should not permit the prosecution to fill-up the lacuna. Whether recall of a witness is for filling-up of a lacuna or it is for just decision of a case depends on facts and circumstances of each case. In all cases it is likely to be argued that the prosecution is trying to fill-up a lacuna because the line of demarcation is thin. It is for the court to consider all the circumstances and decide whether the prayer for recall is genuine. 11. Rather than referring to all the judgments which are cited before us, we would concentrate on Mohanlal Soni which takes into consideration relevant judgments on the scope of Section 311 and lays down the principles. Mohanlal Soni is followed in all subsequent judgments. In Mohanlal Soni this Court was considered the scope of Section 540 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (the old code) which is similar to Section 311 of the Code. This Court observed that it is a cardinal rule in the law of evidence that the best available evidence should be brought before the court to prove a fact or the points in issue. This Court observed that it is a cardinal rule in the law of evidence that the best available evidence should be brought before the court to prove a fact or the points in issue. The relevant observations of this Court are as under: '.......In order to enable the court to find out the truth and render a just decision, the salutary provisions of Section 540 of the Code (Section 311 of the new Code) are enacted whereunder any court by exercising its discretionary authority at any stage of enquiry, trial or other proceeding can summon any person as a witness or examine any person in attendance though not summoned as a witness or recall or re-examine any person in attendance though not summoned as a witness or recall and re-examine any person already examined who are expected to be able to throw light upon the matter in dispute; because if judgments happen to be rendered on inchoate, inconclusive and speculative presentation of facts, the ends of justice would be defeated. ' This Court further observed as under: '.......Though Section 540 (Section 311 of the new Code) is, in the widest possible terms and calls for no limitation, either with regard to the stage at which the powers of the court should be exercised, or with regard to the manner in which they should be exercised, that power is circumscribed by the principle that underlines Section 540, namely, evidence to be obtained should appear to the court essential to a just decision of the case by getting at the truth by all lawful means. Therefore, it should be borne in mind that the aid of the section should be invoked only with the object of discovering relevant facts or obtaining proper proof of such facts for a just decision of the case and it must be used judicially and not capriciously or arbitrarily because any improper or capricious exercise of the power may lead to undesirable results. Further it is incumbent that due care should be taken by the court while exercising the power under this section and it should not be used for filling up the lacuna left by the prosecution or by the defence or to the disadvantage of the accused or to cause serious prejudice to the defence of the accused or to give an unfair advantage to the rival side and further the additional evidence should not be received as a disguise for a retrial or to change the nature of the case against either of the parties. ' 12. While dealing with Section 311 of the Code in Rajendra Prasad this Court explained what is lacuna in the prosecution as under: 'Lacuna in the prosecution must be understood as the inherent weakness or a latent wedge in the matrix of the prosecution case. The advantage of it should normally go to the accused in the trial of the case, but an oversight in the management of the prosecution cannot be treated as irreparable lacuna. No party in a trial can be foreclosed from correcting errors. If proper evidence was not adduced or a relevant material was not brought on record due to any inadvertence, the court should be magnanimous in permitting such mistakes to be rectified. After all, function of the criminal court is administration of criminal justice and not to count errors committed by the parties or to find out and declare who among the parties performed better. ' 13. Reference must also be made to the observations of this Court in Zahira Habibulla H. Sheikh and anr. v. State of Gujarat and ors., 2004(2) RCR (Criminal) 836 : 2004(4) SCC 158 where this Court described the scope of Section 311 of the Code as under: 'Object of the Section is to enable the court to arrive at the truth irrespective of the fact that the prosecution or the defence has failed to produce some evidence which is necessary for a just and proper disposal of the case. The power is exercised and the evidence is examined neither to help the prosecution nor the defence, if the court feels that there is necessity to act in terms of Section 311 but only to subserve the cause of justice and public interest. The power is exercised and the evidence is examined neither to help the prosecution nor the defence, if the court feels that there is necessity to act in terms of Section 311 but only to subserve the cause of justice and public interest. It is done with an object of getting the evidence in aid of a just decision and to uphold the truth. ' In the case of 'Randhir Singh versus State of Haryana and others, 2020(1) RCR (Criminal) 778', this Court held as under:- ' 5. Learned Counsel for the petitioner has argued that the occurrence took place on 14.06.2010. After giving numerous opportunities, the prosecution closed its evidence on 02.02.2016. When the case was fixed for arguments, application under Section 311 of the Cr.P.C. was filed at a highly belated stage. Dr. Priyanka was not cited as a witness in the list of prosecution witnesses and could not be allowed to be examined to fill up the lacuna. Therefore, the impugned order suffers from material illegality and the same may be quashed. In support of his arguments learned Counsel for the petitioner has placed reliance on the observations made in judgments rendered by this Court in CRM-M-21919 of 2008 titled Harish Kumar and others Vs. State of Haryana and another decided on 18.04.2009 and CRM-M-17282 of 2014 titled Harbinder Singh and others Vs. Jaspal Singh and others decided on 06.01.2015. 6. On the other hand, learned Counsel for the injured and learned State Counsel have submitted that Dr. Priyanka was not cited as witness in the list of prosecution witnesses due to oversight. Examination of Dr. Priyanka is necessary for just decision of the case and the same will not amount to filling up of any lacuna. The impugned order does not suffer from any material illegality or irregularity. Therefore, the present petition may be dismissed. In support of their arguments learned Counsel for the injured and learned State Counsel have placed reliance on the observations made by Hon'ble Supreme Court in Mohanlal Shamji Soni Vs. Union of India and another: 1991(3) RCR (Criminal) 182; Mannan Sk. and others Vs. State of West Bengal and another : 2014 (4) RCR (Criminal) 617 and Manohar Prajapat Vs. State of Madhya Pradesh : 2014 (6) RCR (Criminal) 163. 7. Union of India and another: 1991(3) RCR (Criminal) 182; Mannan Sk. and others Vs. State of West Bengal and another : 2014 (4) RCR (Criminal) 617 and Manohar Prajapat Vs. State of Madhya Pradesh : 2014 (6) RCR (Criminal) 163. 7. Section 311 of the Cr.P.C. which empowers the Court to summon material witness or examine person present reads as under:- "Any court may, at any stage of any inquiry, trial or other proceedings under this code, summon any person as a witness, or examine any person in attendance, though not summoned as a witness, or recall and re-examine any person already examined; and the court shall summon and examine or recall and re-examine any such person if his evidence appears to be essential to the just decision of the case." 8. In Godrej Pacific Tech. Ltd. Vs. Computer Joint India Ltd. 2008 (4) Criminal Court Cases 162 (Supreme Court) Hon'ble Supreme Court analyzed the provisions of Section 311 of the Cr.P.C. as under :- "7. The section is manifestly in two parts. Whereas the word used in the first part is "may", the second part uses "shall". In consequence, the first part gives purely discretionary authority to a criminal court and enables it at any stage of an enquiry, trial or proceeding under the Code (a) to summon anyone as a witness, or (b) to examine any person present in the court, or (c) to recall and re-examine any person whose evidence has already been recorded. On the other hand, the second part is mandatory and compels the court to take any of the aforementioned steps if the new evidence appears to it essential to the just decision of the case. This is a supplementary provision enabling, and in certain circumstances imposing on the court the duty of examining a material witness who would not be otherwise brought before it. It is couched in the widest possible terms and calls for no limitation, either with regard to the stage at which the powers of the court should be exercised, or with regard to the manner in which it should be exercised. It is not only the prerogative but also the plain duty of a court to examine such of those witnesses as it considers absolutely necessary for doing justice between the State and the subject. It is not only the prerogative but also the plain duty of a court to examine such of those witnesses as it considers absolutely necessary for doing justice between the State and the subject. There is a duty cast upon the court to arrive at the truth by all lawful means and one of such means is the examination of witnesses of its own accord when for certain obvious reasons either party is not prepared to call witnesses who are known to be in a position to speak important relevant facts. 8. The object underlying Section 311 of the Code is that there may not be failure of justice on account of mistake of either party in bringing the valuable evidence on record or leaving ambiguity in the statements of the witnesses examined from either side. The determinative factor is whether it is essential to the just decision of the case. The section is not limited only for the benefit of the accused, and it will not be an improper exercise of the powers of the court to summon a witness under the section merely because the evidence supports the case of the prosecution and not that of the accused. The section is a general section which applies to all proceedings, enquiries and trials under the Code and empowers the Magistrate to issue summons to any witness at any stage of such proceedings, trial or enquiry. In Section 311 the significant expression that occurs is "at any stage of any inquiry or trial or other proceeding under this Code". It is, however, to be borne in mind that whereas the section confers a very wide power on the court on summoning witnesses, the discretion conferred is to be exercised judiciously, as the wider the power the greater is the necessity for application ofjudicial mind." 9. It is now well settled that application under section 311 of the Cr.P.C. for summoning of witnesses can be filed at any stage of trial even after final arguments but before the pronouncement ofjudgment and mere delay is not decisive of the question of summoning of witnesses. It is now well settled that application under section 311 of the Cr.P.C. for summoning of witnesses can be filed at any stage of trial even after final arguments but before the pronouncement ofjudgment and mere delay is not decisive of the question of summoning of witnesses. In Mohan Lal Shamji's Case (Supra) it was held that the criminal court has ample power to summon any person as a witness or recall and re-examine any such person even if the evidence on both the sides is closed and the jurisdiction of the court must obviously be dictated by exigency of the situation and fair play and good sense appear to be the only safe guides and that only requirements of justice command the examination of any person which would depend on the facts and circumstances of each case. 10. In Shailendra Kumar Vs. State of Bihar : 2002 (1) S.C.C. 655 it was held that a bare reading of section 311 of the Cr.P.C. reveals that it is of very wide amplitude and if there was any negligence, laches or mistake by not examining material witnesses, the court's function to render just decision by examining such witnesses at any stage is not, in any way, impaired. 11. In Mohanlal Shamji Soni's Case (Supra) it was observed by the Hon'ble Supreme Court that the Court while exercising its power under section 311 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 shall not use such power for filling up the lacuna left by the prosecution. However, in Rajendra Prasad Vs. The Naracotic Cell through its Officer-in-charge Delhi : 1999(3) RCR (Criminal) 440 Hon'ble Supreme Court explained that lacuna in the prosecution must be understood as the inherent weakness or a latent wedge in the matrix of the prosecution case. The advantage of it should normally go to the accused in the trial of the case, but an oversight in the management of the prosecution cannot be treated as irreparable lacuna. No party in a trial can be foreclosed from correcting errors. If proper evidence was not adduced or a relevant material was not brought on record due to any inadvertence, the court should be magnanimous in permitting such mistakes to be rectified. 12. In Rajaram Prasad Yadav Vs. No party in a trial can be foreclosed from correcting errors. If proper evidence was not adduced or a relevant material was not brought on record due to any inadvertence, the court should be magnanimous in permitting such mistakes to be rectified. 12. In Rajaram Prasad Yadav Vs. State of Bihar and another, 2013(3) R.C.R.(Criminal) 726 Hon'ble Supreme Court referred to the earlier decisions and in para No.23 of its judgment culled out certain principles which are to be kept in mind while exercising power under Section 311 Cr.P.C. which is reproduced as under:- "23. From a conspectus consideration of the above decisions, while dealing with an application under Section 311 Criminal Procedure Code read along with Section 138 of the Evidence Act, we feel the following principles will have to be borne in mind by the Courts: a) Whether the Court is right in thinking that the new evidence is needed by it? Whether the evidence sought to be led in under Section 311 is needed by the Court for a just decision of a case? b) The exercise of the widest discretionary power under Section 311 Criminal Procedure Code should ensure that the judgment should not be rendered on inchoate, inconclusive speculative presentation of facts, as thereby the ends of justice would be defeated. c) If evidence of any witness appears to the Court to be essential to the just decision of the case, it is the power of the Court to summon and examine or recall and re-examine any such person. d) The exercise of power under Section 311 Criminal Procedure Code should be resorted to only with the object of finding out the truth or obtaining proper proof for such facts, which will lead to a just and correct decision of the case. e) The exercise of the said power cannot be dubbed as filling in a lacuna in a prosecution case, unless the facts and circumstances of the case make it apparent that the exercise of power by the Court would result in causing serious prejudice to the accused, resulting in miscarriage of justice. f) The wide discretionary power should be exercised judiciously and not arbitrarily. g) The Court must satisfy itself that it was in every respect essential to examine such a witness or to recall him for further examination in order to arrive at a just decision of the case. f) The wide discretionary power should be exercised judiciously and not arbitrarily. g) The Court must satisfy itself that it was in every respect essential to examine such a witness or to recall him for further examination in order to arrive at a just decision of the case. h) The object of Section 311 Criminal Procedure Code simultaneously imposes a duty on the Court to determine the truth and to render a just decision. i) The Court arrives at the conclusion that additional evidence is necessary, not because it would be impossible to pronounce the judgment without it, but because there would be a failure of justice without such evidence being considered. j) Exigency of the situation, fair play and good sense should be the safe guard, while exercising the discretion. The Court should bear in mind that no party in a trial can be foreclosed from correcting errors and that if proper evidence was not adduced or a relevant material was not brought on record due to any inadvertence, the Court should be magnanimous in permitting such mistakes to be rectified. k) The Court should be conscious of the position that after all the trial is basically for the prisoners and the Court should afford an opportunity to them in the fairest manner possible. In that parity of reasoning, it would be safe to err in favour of the accused getting an opportunity rather than protecting the prosecution against possible prejudice at the cost of the accused. The Court should bear in mind that improper or capricious exercise of such a discretionary power, may lead to undesirable results. l) The additional evidence must not be received as a disguise or to change the nature of the case against any of the party. m) The power must be exercised keeping in mind that the evidence that is likely to be tendered, would be germane to the issue involved and also ensure that an opportunity of rebuttal is given to the other party. n) The power under Section 311 Criminal Procedure Code must therefore, be invoked by the Court only in order to meet the ends of justice for strong and valid reasons and the same must be exercised with care, caution and circumspection. n) The power under Section 311 Criminal Procedure Code must therefore, be invoked by the Court only in order to meet the ends of justice for strong and valid reasons and the same must be exercised with care, caution and circumspection. The Court should bear in mind that fair trial entails the interest of the accused, the victim and the society and, therefore, the grant of fair and proper opportunities to the persons concerned, must be ensured being a constitutional goal, as well as a human right. 13. In Mannan Sk. and others Vs. State of West Bengal and another : 2014(4) R.C.R.(Criminal) 617 it was held by Hon'ble Supreme Court that justice must not be allowed to suffer because of the oversight of the prosecution and in that case witness was recalled for examination after 22 years and his examination was also held not to amount to filling of the lacuna. 14. In the present case, Dr. Priyanka conducted radiological examination of the injured and examination of Dr. Priyanka was necessary to prove the same at the time of recording of prosecution evidence. However, Dr. Priyanka was not cited in the list of prosecution witnesses by the Investigating Officer due to oversight and the omission could not be noticed by the Assistant Public Prosecutor at the time of recording of the prosecution evidence. As observed by Hon'ble Supreme Court in Rajendra Prasad's Case (Supra) an oversight in the management of the prosecution cannot be treated as irreparable lacuna. No benefit can be allowed to the accused due to omission of the name of Dr. Priyanka in the list of prosecution witnesses and the prosecution can not be foreclosed from correcting the error/remedying the omission. Examination of Dr. Priyanka is necessary for obtaining proper proof of such facts which will lead to a just and correct decision of the case. No prejudice will be caused to the accused if Dr. Priyanka is allowed to be examined as the accused will be entitled to cross- examine her and also to produce evidence in rebuttal. " 10. Admittedly, in the present case, the challan was submitted on 05.06.2015 whereas all the documents relating to the civil litigation are much later in point of time as the judgment and decree is passed on 22.05.2019. Therefore, the said judgment and decree could not have been a part of the challan. 11. " 10. Admittedly, in the present case, the challan was submitted on 05.06.2015 whereas all the documents relating to the civil litigation are much later in point of time as the judgment and decree is passed on 22.05.2019. Therefore, the said judgment and decree could not have been a part of the challan. 11. In the present case, the documents sought to be tendered are necessary for the just adjudication of the present case because the FIR pertains to trespassing into the land of the petitioner-complainant and the Civil Court has recorded a finding that it was the complainant who was in possession of the land. Of course, what effect the findings of the Civil Court shall have upon the Criminal trial would be best left to the Trial Court. However, it cannot be said that allowing the tendering of the civil suit documents in terms of Section 311 Cr.P.C. would lead to injustice to the accused. On the contrary, the said documents appear to be essential to the just decision of the case. Even otherwise, the documents are public documents, and therefore, there would be no further requirement for examining any witness to prove the same. Thus, the view of the Trial Court in declining the prayer is an erroneous one. 12. Keeping in view the abovesaid facts, the impugned order dated 20.07.2019 (Annexure P-1) is quashed and the complainant is granted the permission to tender the documents referred to in his application (Annexure P-6) in the interest of justice. 13. The present petition stands disposed of.