Judgment : (Ramesh Sinha, CJ.) 1. Today, though the matter is listed for hearing on I.A.No. 02/2023, which is an application for suspension of sentence and grant of bail to the appellant, however, with the consent of learned counsel for the parties, the appeal is heard finally. 2. The present appeal has been filed by the appellant under Section 374(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973, (for short the, Cr.P.C.) against the impugned judgment of conviction and sentence dated 17.07.2023, passed by learned Special Judge under Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Sustances Act, Kawardha, District - Kabirdham (C.G.) in Special Criminal Case under the NDPS Act No. 403/2020 whereby the learned Special Judge has convicted the appellant for the offence under Section 20(b)(ii)(C) of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (hereinafter referred to as “the NDPS Act”) and sentenced him to undergo rigorous imprisonment for 11 years with fine of Rs.1,00,000/- in default of payment of fine, additional R.I. for one year. 3. The prosecution case, in brief, is that on 01-02-2020, Assistant Sub-Inspector Panchram Verma posted at Police Station Chilpi received information from an informer that the driver of a Ford Fiesta car number CG-04 DR-9700 was illegally transporting narcotic substance ganja from Raipur to Jabalpur on Raipur-Jabalpur Highway NH-30 Main Road. On finding out that the said informer’s information was reliable, witnesses were summoned by making an entry in Diary Sanha No. 19 Ex.P.-32 about the information. Constable No. 763 Hridayesh Singh was served notice and sent to Chilpi town to bring witnesses Mahendra Das Manikpuri and Jot Dharwaiya along with him. Constable No. 763 Hridayesh Singh served notice to witnesses Mahendra Das Manikpuri and Jot Dharwaiya and brought them to the police station. Witnesses Mahendra Das Manikpuri and Jot Dharwaiya were made aware of the informer's information and an informer's panchnama Ex.P.-02 and a panchnama Ex.P.-03 for not being able to obtain search warrant were prepared in their presence. Constable No. 115 Kaushal Dindore was issued a duty certificate Ex.P.-26 and under Section 42 of the NDPS Act, the SDOP office Bodla was informed about the informer's information and to be present at the spot. Thereafter the investigator along with constables and witnesses along with the investigation material went in front of Chilpi police station for raid whose dispatch was recorded in the police station's diary number-23 Ex.P.-36. 4. Thereafter the investigator along with constables and witnesses along with the investigation material went in front of Chilpi police station for raid whose dispatch was recorded in the police station's diary number-23 Ex.P.-36. 4. A blockade was put up on both sides of the main road NH-30 in front of the police station. After some time, a Ford Fiesta car bearing registration number CG-04 DR-9700 was seen coming from Bodla as per the information provided by the informer. It was stopped and the name and address of the person inside the vehicle was asked. The suspect in the vehicle was made aware of the information provided by the informer and a consent form for the search Ex.P.-04 was prepared in front of witnesses and on obtaining the consent, a consent panchnama Ex.P.-05 was prepared in front of witnesses. The accused travelling in the vehicle was made aware of the informer's information in front of witnesses and before searching the accused, the investigator got himself and his accompanying staff searched. No objectionable material was found in the said search. Then, when the said vehicle Ford Fiesta car number CG-04 DR-9700 in the possession of the accused was searched as per the proper vehicle search panchnama Ex.P. 10 under the NDPS Act, a total of 40 packets of ganja-like narcotic substance wrapped in khaki coloured tape were found in a box made behind the rear seat of the vehicle and in the rear trunk of the car, which were recovered as per the recovery panchnama Ex.P.-11. The 40 recovered packets were opened and a small quantity of substance was taken out from them and on examining it by looking, smelling, rubbing and burning in small quantity, it was found to be ganja and a narcotic substance identification panchnama was prepared. The accused was given a notice under Section 91 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to produce documents regarding the drug, to which he stated that he did not have any documents. Thereafter, when the seized substance was weighed on a verified scale through the summoned weigher Vinod Upadhyay, the total weight of the seized substance including the packets was found to be 40.980 kg, in respect of which weighing panchnama Ex.P.-14 was prepared. Thereafter, 40 packets recovered from the possession of the accused were opened and mixed in front of witnesses and sumrus panchnama Ex.P.-15 was prepared. Thereafter, 40 packets recovered from the possession of the accused were opened and mixed in front of witnesses and sumrus panchnama Ex.P.-15 was prepared. After mixing, two sample packets of 100 grams each were prepared and the remaining drug ganja was packed in two white coloured sacks and the vehicle Ford Fiesta car number CG-04 DR- 9700 old used vehicle worth ? 3,00,000/- was seized and seizure memo Ex.P.-16 was prepared. The seized ganja was sealed and sample seal panchanama Ex.P.-17 was prepared. On finding him involved in the aforesaid crime, the accused was arrested from the scene of crime as per arrest sheet Ex.P.-18 and information of arrest was given to his brother and rural report Ex.P.-38 was registered regarding the action taken on the spot. Panchnama Ex.P.-19 of the entire proceedings and a site map Ex.P.-20 were prepared. 5. After the raid, Assistant Sub-Inspector Panchram Verma returned to the Police Station along with the seized property and the accused and recorded the return in the diary Sanha and on the basis of the rural complaint, the First Information Report (FIR) was registered in relation to the incident. The seized property was handed over to the Mal Khana Mohrir of the police station and receipt was obtained Ex.P-30. Statements of witnesses were recorded in relation to the incident. The sample of seized ganja was sent to the State Forensic Forensic Science Laboratory, Raipur through the memorandum of the Superintendent of Police vide Ex.P-42 and chemical test report Ex.P- 44 was obtained. Inventory proceedings of the seized narcotic substance were conducted through the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Kawardha. After completing the investigation and necessary formal proceedings, the charge sheet against the accused was presented in the Court of Special Judge under NDPS Act, Kawardha, District -Kabirdham on 08-04-2020. 6. When charges were framed against the accused under section 20 (b) (ii) (C) of the NDPS Act, the accused denied committing the crime. After completion of prosecution evidence, the accused was examined under Section 313 of the CrPC. The accused did not produce any evidence in his defense. 7. 6. When charges were framed against the accused under section 20 (b) (ii) (C) of the NDPS Act, the accused denied committing the crime. After completion of prosecution evidence, the accused was examined under Section 313 of the CrPC. The accused did not produce any evidence in his defense. 7. In support of its case, the prosecution has recorded the statements of Jot Dharavaiya (A.S.-01), Mahendra Das Manikpuri (A.S.-02), Patwari Vijay Tondar (A.S.-03), Vinod Upadhyay (A.S.-04), Constable Hridayesh Singh Thakur (A.S.-05), Kaushal Dindore (A.S.-06), Head Constable Satish Upadhyay (A.S.-07), Constable Chandkant Verma (A.S.-08), Head Constable Mahendra Singh Netam (A.S.-09), Assistant Sub-Inspector Panchram Verma (A.S.-10) and Inspector Ramakant Tiwari (A.S.-11) and got the documents related to the investigation from Ex.P.-01 to Ex.P.-47 certified. 8. After appreciation of oral as well as documentary evidence led by the prosecution the learned trial Court has convicted the appellant and sentenced him as mentioned in the earlier part of this judgment. Hence this appeal. 9. Learned counsel for the appellant would submit that the prosecution has failed to prove its case beyond reasonable doubt. There are material omissions and contradictions in the evidence of prosecution witnesses which cannot be made basis to convict the appellant for the alleged offence. There are non-compliance of the mandatory provisions of Section 42, 50, 52, 52-A, 55 and 57 of the NDPS Act. There is absolutely non-compliance of the Standing Order of 1/89 issued by the Central Government with respect to the procedure for drawing of the samples and in absence of any proper procedure for drawing the samples, the entire procedure vitiates. Therefore, the appellant cannot be convicted for the alleged offence. The independent witness have not supported the prosecution case. There are material irregularity in the search and seizure proceedings and there are major discrepancy in the evidence of the I.O. about the number of packets seized from the vehicle. The present appellant was only a driver and was working under the instruction of his owner. Therefore, he may be acquitted from the alleged offence. 10. On the other hand, learned counsel for the State opposes and have submitted that the entire procedure as prescribed under the NDPS Act has been followed in its letter and spirit and after considering the evidence available on record, the learned trial Court has rightly convicted and sentenced the appellant for the alleged offence. 10. On the other hand, learned counsel for the State opposes and have submitted that the entire procedure as prescribed under the NDPS Act has been followed in its letter and spirit and after considering the evidence available on record, the learned trial Court has rightly convicted and sentenced the appellant for the alleged offence. The appellant was found in possession of the vehicle and he was driving the same in which the huge quantity of Ganja i.e. 40.980 kg of cannabis (Ganja) was being transported by the appellant and there has been no explanation offered by the appellant as to how he came into the possession of such a huge quantity of cannabis (Ganja) in his vehicle. All the mandatory provisions have been duly complied with, therefore, there is no irregularity or infirmity in the impugned judgment passed by learned trial Court and the appeal of the appellant is liable to be dismissed. 11. We have heard learned counsel for the parties and perused the record of the trial Court with utmost circumspection. 12. Independent witnesses Jot Dharwaiya (PW-01) and Mahendra Das Manikpuri (PW-02) have stated that they do not know the accused and the police had made them sign some documents. Both the independent witnesses have been declared hostile by the prosecution and have been asked leading questions but the prosecution has failed to collect any substantial evidence in support of its case. They both have admitted in their cross-examination that they have signed all the documents together on the instructions of the policeman and the policeman did not read out the above documents to them nor did they read them and the above witnesses have admitted in cross- examination that when they signed, no other person was present except the policeman and neither was there any material there and no narcotic substance was seized from the accused in their presence. Thus, the above two Panch witnesses have not supported the prosecution even for a moment. 13. Vinod Upadhyay (PW-04), who is running a grocery shop in front of Chilphi police station, has also not supported the case of prosecution and has stated that about two years ago, Assistant Sub Inspector Govind Chandravanshi of Chilphi police station came to him about 3-4 pm and asked to sign some papers, then he signed 4-5 papers. He did not tell him which papers he had made him sign. He did not tell him which papers he had made him sign. On his asking, he told him that he had weighed the narcotic substance Ganja and was making him sign the same papers. After that, he left from there. He further stated that the process of weighing the narcotic substance Ganja was not conducted in front of him. He did not weigh the narcotic substance Ganja. He signed on the instructions of the police. The police did not interrogate him and take his statement. 14. In this way, the prosecution story regarding the action taken at the spot by the panch witnesses and the weigher in the case has not been supported. Now, it is worth considering in the case that if the fact of seizure of drug Ganja has not been proved by the independent witnesses, then whether the evidence of the police witnesses presented by the prosecution can be believed. In this regard, it has been held by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in many judicial precedents that if the evidence of police witnesses is worthy of belief then the accused can be convicted on the basis of their reliable evidence also. Similarly, the judicial precedent Nathusingh Vs. State of Madhya Pradesh reported in AIR 1973 SC 2783 , the Hon’ble Supreme Court has opined that there is no law that the statement of a police office or excise officer cannot be accepted in the absence of support. If the police officer’s single evidence is of such a quality that it cannot disbelieved, then on the basis of his sole evidence, a conclusion can be drawn about the recovery of something (narcotic substance). In the context of the opinion expressed in the above honorable judicial precedents, it is now to be considered whether as per the evidence in the case, the Investigating Officer has conducted the investigation by following the mandatory and directive provisions of the NDPS Act which is supported by other evidence in the case. 15. The Investigation Officer, Panchram Verma (PW-10), who was posted as Sub-Inspector at Police Station, Chilphi at the relevant point of time has stated in his evidence that on 01.02.2020, information was received from an informant that on Raipur-Jabalpur NA-30 Main Road, from Raipur to Mandla-Jabalpur, the driver of a Ford Fiesta car vehicle number CG-04 DR-9700 is illegally transporting narcotic substance ganja, which can be caught by immediate action. On the informant's information being reliable, he recorded the said information in the police station's diary Sanha No. 19 dated 01.02.2020. He had sent constable number-763 Hridayesh Singh to bring witness Mahendra Das Manikpuri and Jot Dharwaiya to the police station after giving them notice, whose departure he had recorded in the daily diary number-20 of the police station. After the said order, the constable went to Chilpi and brought witness Mahendra Das Manikpuri and Jot Dharwaiya to the police station, whose return he had recorded in the daily diary number-21 of the police station. The daily diary number is Ex.P.-34, whose certified copy is Ex.P.-34C. He had prepared informer panchnama Ex.P.-02 after informing witnesses Mahendra Das Manikpuri and Jot Dharwaiya about the informer's information. He had prepared a panchanama Ex.P.-03 for not being able to obtain search warrant. He had sent constable No.-115 Kaushal Dindore along with informer panchanama to Police Sub-divisional Officer Bodla to give information under Section 42, whose dispatch is recorded in diary entry No.-22. The diary entry is Ex.P.-35. He had given duty certificate Ex.P.- 26 to constable No.-115 Kaushal Dindore for the said work. The said constable Kaushal Dindore after handing over the original copy of the information letter Ex.P.-27 in SDOP office came back to the police station at 02.10 pm. In this regard, his arrival is recorded in diary Sanha No. 28 which is Ex.P.-35-A, whose verified copy is Ex.P.-35-AC. Thereafter, for the raid, witnesses Mahendra Das Manikpuri and Jot Dharwaiya along with staff head constable No.-30, constable No.-763, constable No. 762, constable No.-588, along with documents, pen, carbon, seal paper and brass seal, he went on foot to the main road in front of the police station, whose departure has been recorded in diary Sanha No.-23. Diary Sanha is Ex.P.-36, whose verified copy is Ex.P.- 36C. 16. He further stated that he had blocked both sides of the road to conduct a raid on the main road in front of the police station. After some time, a Ford Fiesta car bearing registration number CG-04 DR-9700 was seen coming from Bodla. When he stopped it and asked his name and address, the driver told his name to be Naveen Manjhi, father Rama Manjhi, age 23 years, resident of Luthra, police station Luthra, District Balangir (Odisha). After some time, a Ford Fiesta car bearing registration number CG-04 DR-9700 was seen coming from Bodla. When he stopped it and asked his name and address, the driver told his name to be Naveen Manjhi, father Rama Manjhi, age 23 years, resident of Luthra, police station Luthra, District Balangir (Odisha). After that, he informed the accused about the informer's information and told him that information has been received from the informer that he was illegally transporting the narcotic substance ganja in his vehicle and to verify this information, his vehicle has to be searched. He informed him about the constitutional fundamental right regarding the search that if he want, he can get his search done by any gazetted officer or he can get your search done by him. On which the accused gave written consent to conduct the search by him, the consent form is Ex.P.-04. He had prepared the consent panchanama Ex.P.-05 in front of witnesses. 17. Before searching the accused, he had himself searched by the accused in which no objectionable material was found and he had prepared his own search panchnama Ex.P.-06 in front of witnesses. After that, the constables have been searched by the accused in which no objectionable material was found with anyone, then he had prepared the search panchnama of the police force Ex.P.-07. The witnesses were also searched by the accused and had prepared the search panchnama of the witnesses Ex.P.-08. He had searched the body of accused Naveen Manjhi in presence of witnesses and no suspicious object was found on the body of the accused. In this regard, he had prepared suspicious search panchnama Ex.P.-09. He had searched the vehicle Ford Fiesta car number CG-04 DR-9700 in the possession of the accused in presence of witnesses. On search, he had found 40 packets of ganja-like narcotic substance wrapped in khaki colour in a box made behind the rear seat and in the rear trunk of the car. He had prepared vehicle search panchnama Ex.P.-10. 40 packets of ganja like narcotic substance recovered from the vehicle in possession of the accused was recovered and the recovery panchanama Ex.P.-11 was prepared in front of witnesses. He had prepared vehicle search panchnama Ex.P.-10. 40 packets of ganja like narcotic substance recovered from the vehicle in possession of the accused was recovered and the recovery panchanama Ex.P.-11 was prepared in front of witnesses. Thereafter, he gave a notice to the accused under section 91 for presenting valid documents for the narcotic substance, on which the accused gave an acknowledgement by writing that he do not have any valid documents, the acknowledgement is Ex.P.-37. From the 40 packets recovered from the possession of the accused, a little substance was taken out and identified by rubbing, smelling, tasting and burning a small quantity in front of witnesses, then the said substance was found to be ganja and identification panchnama of the narcotic substance was prepared Ex.P.-12. 18. After that he sent constable no. 763 Hridayesh Singh by giving notice to weigher Vinod Upadhyay to appear on the main road of the place of incident along with electronic weighing scale (Ex.P.-22). Notice to weigher is Ex.P.-22, for which he gave duty certificate Ex.P.-25 to constable Hridayesh Singh. After some time weigher Vinod Upadhyay was brought to the place of incident, then he checked Vinod Upadhyay's electronic weighing scale by placing a weight of 01 kg on it, then the electronic weighing scale was found to be correct and physical verification of electronic weighing scale was prepared Ex.P.- 13. Vinod Upadhyay had weighed 40 packets of ganja like narcotic substance recovered from the vehicle in possession of the accused by placing them on an electronic scale. Then the total weight of the said 40 packets including the packets was found to be 40.980 kg and in front of witnesses, he prepared the weighing panchnama Ex.P.-14 of the narcotic substance. Thereafter, the 40 packets recovered from the possession of the accused, wrapped with khaki coloured tape, were opened and taken out and all of them were mixed together and in front of consistent witnesses, he prepared the narcotic substance sumrus panchnama Ex.P.-15. 19. After recovering ganja with packets weighing 40.980 kg from the possession of the accused, he had mixed it and after mixing, the weight of pure ganja was found to be 39.630 kg, from which two samples of 100 grams each were taken out after mixing. 19. After recovering ganja with packets weighing 40.980 kg from the possession of the accused, he had mixed it and after mixing, the weight of pure ganja was found to be 39.630 kg, from which two samples of 100 grams each were taken out after mixing. The remaining ganja was filled in two white coloured sacks and after weighing them along with the sacks, a total of 39.750 kg ganja worth Rs. 2,00,000/- was found. Polythene and tape were filled in a sack and the total weight of 1.350 kg was sealed and a Ford Fiesta car vehicle number CG-04 DR-9700 worth Rs. 300000/- was seized and seizure sheet Ex.P-16 was prepared. After mixing 40 packets seized from the possession of the accused, the remaining narcotic substance ganja of 39.750 kg was sealed in front of witnesses and sample seal panchnama Ex.P-17 was prepared. He registered a rural complaint against the accused at the scene of the incident and registered a crime number 0/2020 under section 20 (b) NDPS Act. The rural complaint is Ex.P.-38. After the arrest of accused, he had prepared the arrest slip Ex.P.-18 He had informed the accused's brother Chintaman about the arrest via mobile. The acknowledgement of the arrest is Ex.P.-39. 20. This witness further stated that at the place of incident, he had prepared the entire Panchnama Ex.P.-19 in front of witnesses. He had prepared the site map of the place of incident Ex.P.-20 in front of witnesses. After the raid, he returned to the police station with the seized material along with the accused and recorded his return in the diary entry No. 30 of the police station. The diary entry No. 30 dated 02.02.2020 is Ex.P.-40, the certified copy of which is Ex.P.-40C. On the basis of the rural complaint, he registered the First Information Report Ex.P.-41 against the accused under crime number 11/2020, section 20 (B) NDPS Act. The narcotic substance ganja and a Ford Fiesta car vehicle number CG-04 DR-9700 seized from the possession of the accused were handed over to the store clerk for safekeeping in the store room, the receipt of which is Ex.P.-30. This witness also stated that the seized sample packet was sent by Inspector Ramakant Tiwari for chemical test to the State Judicial Forensic Science Laboratory Raipur along with the memorandum of the Superintendent of Police. This witness also stated that the seized sample packet was sent by Inspector Ramakant Tiwari for chemical test to the State Judicial Forensic Science Laboratory Raipur along with the memorandum of the Superintendent of Police. The memorandum of the Superintendent of Police is Ex.P.-42, the receipt of which is Ex.P.-43 and the chemical test report is Ex.P.-44 which is in duplicate. He had recorded the statement of witnesses Mahendra Das Manikpuri and Jot Dharwaiya under Section 161 Cr.P.C. as per their instructions. During the investigation, he had given an application to the Tehsildar, Bodla for seeking a sight map of the incident site, which is Ex.P.-45. In the context of said application, the Patwari presented a sight map of the incident site. 21. In cross-examination, this witness has admitted that under police station Chilphi, one SDOP Police, Tehsildar, two Naib Tehsildar and one SDM Revenue were posted in Bodla at the time of the incident. He further admitted that when he investigated this case, the owner of the vehicle involved in the said case was not known, he did not try to find out the name and address of the vehicle owner. It is correct to say that on the basis of the vehicle number, one can find out online in whose name the vehicle is registered. It is correct to say that the documents in which he had written are in printed format. He denied that he did not take any investigation material from the storehouse for the raid. He admitted that he had not taken any separate training from the department for investigating NDPS Act cases. He also admitted that he had not been authorized in writing by the State Government to investigate NDPS Act cases. It is correct to say that no diary entry related to this case has been registered by him. At the time when he left for the raid, the station in-charge was Ramakant Tiwari. It is correct to say that he had not mentioned in the informer information panchnama Ex.P-02 through which medium he received the informer's information. He received the informer's information at 08.10 pm. He was present in the police station when he received the informer's information. It is correct to say that the information from the informer was received by him. 22. He received the informer's information at 08.10 pm. He was present in the police station when he received the informer's information. It is correct to say that the information from the informer was received by him. 22. This witness admitted that all the proceedings have been done by him in the format which has the signatures of the accused and the witnesses. It is wrong to say that fake proceedings have been done against the accused by merely taking the signatures of the witnesses while sitting in the police station. He also denied that no drug has been recovered from the accused. He further denied that to save the vehicle owner, the entire proceedings have been done by he himself and the accused has been falsely implicated. 23. Section 43 of the NDPS Act provides the powers of seizure and arrest in public place which towards as under: [43. Power of seizure and arrest in public place- Any officer of any of the departments mentioned in section 42 may:- (a) seize in any public place or in transit, any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance or controlled substance in respect of which he has reason to believe an offence punishable under this Act has been committed, and, along with such drug or substance, any animal or conveyance or article liable to confiscation under this Act, any document or other article which he has reason to believe may furnish evidence of the commission of an offence punishable under this Act or any document or other article which may furnish evidence of holding any illegally acquired property which is liable for seizure or freezing or forfeiture under Chapter VA of this Act; (b) detain and search any person whom he has reason to believe to have committed an offence punishable under this Act, and if such person has any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance or controlled substance in his possession and such possession appears to him to be unlawful, arrest him and any other person in his company. Explanation- For the purposes of this section, the expression public place" includes any public conveyance, hotel, shop, or other place intended for use by, or accessible to, the public.] 24. The facts of the case as well as evidence available in the case makes it clear that the vehicle was being in front of police station Chilphi. Explanation- For the purposes of this section, the expression public place" includes any public conveyance, hotel, shop, or other place intended for use by, or accessible to, the public.] 24. The facts of the case as well as evidence available in the case makes it clear that the vehicle was being in front of police station Chilphi. While checking the vehicle, it was found contained with cannabis (Ganja). Admittedly it was being checked on the public place i.e. on the main road that too without any prior information and the said cannabis (Ganja) was seized /recovered in transit which was being carrying by the accused person, who was driver of the vehicle. Therefore, the issue of non-compliance of Section 42 is not applicable in the present case and the police authority have acted under Section 43 of the NDPS Act. Section 43 of the NDPS Act, when the place of occurrence was a public road and accessibility to the public and fell within the ambit of the public place. 25. In view of the provisions of explanation to Section 43, the Section 42 of the NDPS had no application. 26. The contraband were recovered and seized while in transit. As the contraband were recovered and seized during transit in the Bolero vehicle, as contemplated in Section 43(a) i.e. "Seize in any public place or in transit", this Court is of the considered opinion that Section 43 of the NDPS Act is applicable and as such, recording for reason for belief and for taking down of information received in writing with regard to the Commission of offence before conducting search and seizure, is not required to be complied with under Section 43 of NDPS Act. 27. In the matter of Firdoskhan Khurshidkhan vs. State of Gujarat and Another dated 30.04.2024 reported in 2024 SCC OnLine SC 680 has held in para 18 as under: "18. Section 42 of the NDPS Act deals with search and seizure from a building, conveyance or enclosed place. When the search and seizure is effected from a public place, the provisions of Section 43 of the NDPS Act would apply and hence, there is no merit in the contention of learned counsel for the appellants that non-compliance of the requirement of Section 42(2) vitiates the search and seizure. Hence, the said contention is noted to be rejected." 28. When the search and seizure is effected from a public place, the provisions of Section 43 of the NDPS Act would apply and hence, there is no merit in the contention of learned counsel for the appellants that non-compliance of the requirement of Section 42(2) vitiates the search and seizure. Hence, the said contention is noted to be rejected." 28. In the matter of State of Haryana vs. Jarnail Singh and Others reported in 2004 (5) SCC 188 in Para 9 and 10 of its judgment the Hon'ble Supreme Court has held that: " 9. Sections 42 and 43, therefore, contemplate two different situations. Section 42 contemplates entry into and search of any building, conveyance or enclosed place, while Section 43 contemplates a seizure made in any public place or in transit. If seizure is made under Section 42 between sunset and sunrise, the requirement of the proviso thereto has to be complied with. There is no such proviso in Section 43 of the Act and, therefore, it is obvious that if a public conveyance is searched in a public place, the officer making the search is not required to record his satisfaction as contemplated by the proviso to Section 42 of the NDPS Act for searching the vehicle between sunset and the sunrise. 10. In the instant case there is no dispute that the tanker was moving on the public highway when it was stopped and searched. Section 43 therefore clearly applied to the facts of this case. Such being the factual position there was no requirement of the officer conducting the search to record the grounds of his belief as contemplated by the proviso to Section 42. Moreover it cannot be lost sight of that the Superintendent of Police was also a member of the searching party. It has been held by this Court in M. Prabhulal vs. Assistant Director, Directorate of Revenue Intelligence : (2003) 8 SCC 449 that where a search is conducted by a gazetted officer himself acting under Section 41 of the NDPS Act, it was not necessary to comply with the requirement of Section 42. For this reason also, in the facts of this case, it was not necessary to comply with the requirement of the proviso to Section 42 of the NDPS Act." 29. For this reason also, in the facts of this case, it was not necessary to comply with the requirement of the proviso to Section 42 of the NDPS Act." 29. In the matter of Kallu Khan vs. State of Rajasthan reported in 2021 (19) SCC 197 in Para 12, 13 and 16 of its judgment the Hon'ble Supreme Court has held that: 12. After hearing and on perusal of record and the evidence brought, it is apparent that on apprehending the accused, while making search of the motor cycle, 900 gm of smack was seized to which seizure and sample memos were prepared, as proved by the departmental witnesses. In the facts of the case at hand, where the search and seizure was made from the vehicle used, by way of chance recovery from public road, the provisions of Section 43 of the NDPS Act would apply. In this regard, the guidance may be taken from the judgments of this Court in S. K. Raju (supra) and S.K. Sakkar (supra). However, the recovery made by Pranveer Singh (PW6) cannot be doubted in the facts of this case. 13. Now reverting to the contention that the motor cycle seized in commission of offence does not belong to accused, however seizure of the contraband from the motor cycle cannot be connected to prove the guilt of accused. The Trial Court on appraisal of the testimony of witnesses, Constable Preetam Singh (PW1), Constable Sardar Singh (PW2), S.I. Pranveer Singh (PW6) and ConstableRajendra Prasad (PW8), who were members of the patrolling team and the witnesses of the seizure, proved beyond reasonable doubt, when they were on patrolling, the appellant came driving the seized vehicle from opposite side. On seeing the police vehicle, he had taken back the motor cycle which he was riding. However, the police team apprehended and intercepted the accused and made the search of vehicle, in which the seized contraband smack was found beneath the seat of the vehicle. However, while making search at public place, the contraband was seized from the motor cycle driven by the accused. Thus, recovery of the contraband from the motor cycle of the appellant was a chance recovery on a public road. However, while making search at public place, the contraband was seized from the motor cycle driven by the accused. Thus, recovery of the contraband from the motor cycle of the appellant was a chance recovery on a public road. As per Section 43 of NDPS Act, any officer of any of the departments, specified in Section 42, is having power of seizure and arrest of the accused from a public place, or in transit of any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance or controlled substance. The said officer may detain in search any person whom he has reason to believe that he has committed an offence punishable under the provisions of the NDPS Act, in case the possession of the narcotic drug or psychotropic substance appears to be unlawful. Learned senior counsel representing the appellant is unable to show any deficiency in following the procedure or perversity to the findings recorded by the Trial Court, affirmed by the High Court. The seizure of the motor cycle from him is proved beyond reasonable doubt, therefore, the question of ownership of vehicle is not relevant. In the similar set of facts, in the case of Rizwan Khan (supra), this Court observed the ownership of the vehicle is immaterial. Therefore, the argument as advanced by learned senior counsel is of no substance and meritless. 30. The next submission of the learned counsel for the appellant that Section 50 of NDPS Act has also not been complied with as the right to the appellant about their search have not been informed by the police authority as provided under Section 50 of the NDPS Act. The provisions of Section 50 is applicable to the present search of the accused person whereas in the present case the cannabis (Ganja) was recovered from the vehicle driven by accused person which cannot said to be his personal search. The search of a vehicle does not comes under the requirement of Section 50 of the NDPS Act and search of a person is distinguished from search of any vehicle etc. In the matter of Kallu Khan (supra) the Hon'ble Supreme Court has also considered the applicability of Section 50 of NDPS Act in search of the vehicle. In Para 16, the Hon'ble Supreme Court has held that: "16. In the matter of Kallu Khan (supra) the Hon'ble Supreme Court has also considered the applicability of Section 50 of NDPS Act in search of the vehicle. In Para 16, the Hon'ble Supreme Court has held that: "16. Simultaneously, the arguments advanced by the appellant regarding non-compliance of Section 50 of NDPS Act is bereft of any merit because no recovery of contraband from the person of the accused has been made to which compliance of the provision of Section 50 NDPS Act has to follow mandatorily. In the present case, in the search of motor cycle at public place, the seizure of contraband was made, as revealed. Therefore, compliance of Section 50 does not attract in the present case. It is settled in the case of Vijaysinh (supra) that in the case of personal search only, the provisions of Section 50 of the Act is required to be complied with but not in the case of vehicle as in the present case, following the judgments of Surinder Kumar (supra) and Baljinder Singh (supra). Considering the facts of this Court, the argument of non-compliance of Section 50 of NDPS Act advanced by the counsel is hereby repelled." 31. In the matter of State of Punjab vs. Baldev Singh reported in 1999 (6) SCC 172 in Para 12 of its judgment the Hon'ble Supreme Court has held: " 12. On its plain reading, Section 50 would come into play only in the case of a search of a person as distinguished from search of any premises etc. However, if the empowered officer, without any prior information as contemplated by Section 42 of the Act makes a search or causes arrest of person during the normal course of investigation into an offence or suspected offence and on completion of that search, a contraband under the NDPS Act is also recovered, the requirements of Section 50 of the Act are not attracted." 32. In the matter of Kulwinder Singh and Another vs. State of Punjab reported in 2015 (6) SCC 674 in Para 18 and 21 of its judgment the Hon'ble Supreme Court has held that: 18. In Dharampal Singh v. State of Punjab, it has been ruled that the expression “possession” is not capable of precise and complete logical definition of universal application in the context of all the statutes. In Dharampal Singh v. State of Punjab, it has been ruled that the expression “possession” is not capable of precise and complete logical definition of universal application in the context of all the statutes. Recently, in Mohan Lal v. State of Rajasthan11, after referring to certain authorities, this Court has held as follows:- “21. From the aforesaid exposition of law it is quite vivid that the term “possession” for the purpose of Section 18 of the NDPS Act could mean physical possession with animus, custody or dominion over the prohibited substance with animus or even exercise of dominion and control as a result of concealment. The animus and the mental intent which is the primary and significant element to show and establish possession. Further, personal knowledge as to the existence of the “chattel” i.e. the illegal substance at a particular location or site, at a relevant time and the intention based upon the knowledge, would constitute the unique relationship and manifest possession. In such a situation, presence and existence of possession could be justified, for the intention is to exercise right over the substance or the chattel and to act as the owner to the exclusion of others. 22. In the case at hand, the appellant, we hold, had the requisite degree of control when, even if the said narcotic substance was not within his physical control at that moment. To give an example, a person can conceal prohibited narcotic substance in a property and move out thereafter. The said person because of necessary animus would be in possession of the said substance even if he is not, at the moment, in physical control. The situation cannot be viewed differently when a person conceals and hides the prohibited narcotic substance in a public space. In the second category of cases, the person would be in possession because he has the necessary animus and the intention to retain control and dominion." 21. In State of H.P. v. Pawan Kumar, it has been held that: “10. We are not concerned here with the wide definition of the word “person”, which in the legal world includes corporations, associations or body of individuals as factually in these type of cases search of their premises can be done and not of their person. In State of H.P. v. Pawan Kumar, it has been held that: “10. We are not concerned here with the wide definition of the word “person”, which in the legal world includes corporations, associations or body of individuals as factually in these type of cases search of their premises can be done and not of their person. Having regard to the scheme of the Act and the context in which it has been used in the section it naturally means a human being or a living individual unit and not an artificial person. The word has to be understood in a broad common-sense manner and, therefore, not a naked or nude body of a human being but the manner in which a normal human being will move about in a civilised society. Therefore, the most appropriate meaning of the word “person” appears to be — “the body of a human being as presented to public view usually with its appropriate coverings and clothing”. In a civilised society appropriate coverings and clothings are considered absolutely essential and no sane human being comes in the gaze of others without appropriate coverings and clothings. The appropriate coverings will include footwear also as normally it is considered an essential article to be worn while moving outside one’s home. Such appropriate coverings or clothings or footwear, after being worn, move along with the human body without any appreciable or extra effort. Once worn, they would not normally get detached from the body of the human being unless some specific effort in that direction is made. For interpreting the provision, rare cases of some religious monks and sages, who, according to the tenets of their religious belief do not cover their body with clothings, are not to be taken notice of. Therefore, the work 'person' would mean a human being with appropriate coverings and clothings and also footwear. 11. A bag, briefcase or any such article or container, etc. can, under no circumstances, be treated as body of a human being. They are given a separate name and are identifiable as such. They cannot even remotely be treated to be part of the body of a human being. Depending upon the physical capacity of a person, he may carry any number of items like a bag, a briefcase, a suitcase, a tin box, a thaila, a jhola, a gathri, a holdall, a carton, etc. They cannot even remotely be treated to be part of the body of a human being. Depending upon the physical capacity of a person, he may carry any number of items like a bag, a briefcase, a suitcase, a tin box, a thaila, a jhola, a gathri, a holdall, a carton, etc. of varying size, dimension or weight. However, while carrying or moving along with them, some extra effort or energy would be required. They would have to be carried either by the hand or hung on the shoulder or back or placed on the head. In common parlance it would be said that a person is carrying a particular article, specifying the manner in which it was carried like hand, shoulder, back or head, etc. Therefore, it is not possible to include these articles within the ambit of the word “person” occurring in Section 50 of the Act." 33. The another submission made by learned counsel for the appellant is the procedure prescribed in the Circular 1/89 issued by the Central Government has not been followed and the samples have been drawn in a defective manner. The public authorities should have drawn sample from each of the packets before homogenization or they should have drawn the sample from the packets seized from the vehicle randomly but the procedure drawn by the police that first they have homogenized the entire quantity of cannabis (Ganja), therefore, drawing of 2 samples of 100 gm each is the defective procedure which vitiates the entire search proceedings. Though it reflect from the evidence available on record that when the police stopped the vehicle they found the cannabis (Ganja) kept in 40 bags. On the spot it was homogenized and then 2 samples of 100 gm each were drawn. Though the procedure is laid down in the Standing order 1/89 for drawing of the sample but merely non-compliance of the procedure for drawing of the sample does not vitiates the entire search and seizure proceedings when other evidences have duly supported the prosecution case that the cannabis (Ganja) was seized from the possession of the appellant. The Standing Order 1/89 is guideline for drawing of the sample. 34. The Standing Order 1/89 is guideline for drawing of the sample. 34. Recently in the matter of Bharat Aambale vs. The State of Chhattisgarh in CRA No. 250 of 2025 , order dated 06.01.2025, the Hon'ble Supreme Court has held that irrespective of any failure to follow the procedure laid under Section 52-A of the NDPS Act if the other material on record adduced by the prosecution inspires confidence and satisfies the Court regarding both recovery and possession of the contraband and from the accused, then even in such cases the Courts can without hesitation proceed for conviction notwithstanding any procedural difficulty in terms of Section 52-A of the NDPS Act. 35. In the matter of Bharat Aambale (supra) the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Para 25 to 37 has held as under: 25 . In Noor Aga (supra) the order of conviction had been set- aside not just on the ground of violation of Section 52A but due to several other discrepancies in the physical evidence as to the colour and weight, and due to the lack of any independent witnesses. In fact, this Court despite being conscious of the procedural deficiencies in the said case in terms of Section 52A observed that the matter may have been entirely different if there were no other discrepancies or if the other material on record were found to be convincing or supported by independent witnesses. The relevant observations read as under: - “107. The seal was not even deposited in the malkhana. As no explanation whatsoever has been offered in this behalf, it is difficult to hold that sanctity of the recovery was ensured. Even the malkhana register was not produced. xxx xxx xxx 108. There exist discrepancies also in regard to the time of recovery. The recovery memo, Exhibit PB, shows that the time of seizure was 11.20 p.m. PW 1 Kulwant Singh and PW 2 K.K. Gupta, however, stated that the time of seizure was 8.30 p.m. The appellant's defence was that some carton left by some passenger was passed upon him, being a crew member in this regard assumes importance (see Jitendra para 6). The panchnama was said to have been drawn at 10 p.m. as per PW 1 whereas PW 2 stated that panchnama was drawn at 8.30 p.m. Exhibit PA, containing the purported option to conduct personal search under Section 50 of the Act, only mentioned the time when the flight landed at the airport. xxx xxx xxx 111. In a case of this nature, where there are a large number of discrepancies, the appellant has been gravely prejudiced by their non-examination. It is true that what matters is the quality of the evidence and not the quantity thereof but in a case of this nature where procedural safeguards were required to be strictly complied with, it is for the prosecution to explain why the material witnesses had not been examined. The matter might have been different if the evidence of the investigating officer who recovered the material objects was found to be convincing. The statement of the investigating officer is wholly unsubstantiated. There is nothing on record to show that the said witnesses had turned hostile. Examination of the independent witnesses was all the more necessary inasmuch as there exist a large number of discrepancies in the statement of official witnesses in regard to search and seizure of which we may now take note.” (Emphasis supplied) 26. Non-compliance or delayed compliance with the procedure prescribed under Section 52A of the NDPS Act or the Rules / Standing Order(s) thereunder may lead the court to draw an adverse inference against the prosecution. However, no hard and fast rule can be laid down as to when such inference may be drawn, and it would all depend on the peculiar facts and circumstances of each case. Such delay or deviation from Section 52A of the NDPS Act or the Standing Order(s) / Rules thereunder will not, by itself, be fatal to the case of the prosecution, unless there are discrepancies in the physical evidence which may not have been there had such compliance been done. What is required is that the courts take a holistic and cumulative view of the discrepancies that exist in the physical evidence adduced by the prosecution and correlate or link the same with any procedural lapses or deviations. What is required is that the courts take a holistic and cumulative view of the discrepancies that exist in the physical evidence adduced by the prosecution and correlate or link the same with any procedural lapses or deviations. Thus, whenever, there is any deviation or non-compliance of the procedure envisaged under Section 52A, the courts are required to appreciate the same keeping in mind the discrepancies that exist in the prosecution’s case. In such instances of procedural error or deficiency, the courts ought to be extra-careful and must not overlook or brush aside the discrepancies lightly and rather should scrutinize the material on record even more stringently to satisfy itself of the aspects of possession, seizure or recovery of such material in the first place. 27. In such circumstances, particularly where there has been lapse on the part of the police in either following the procedure laid down in Section 52A of the NDPS Act or the prosecution in adequately proving compliance of the same, it would not be appropriate for the courts to resort to the statutory presumption of commission of an offence from the possession of illicit material under Section 54 of the NDPS Act, unless the court is otherwise satisfied as regards the seizure or recovery of such material from the accused persons from the other material on record. Similarly, irrespective of any failure to follow the procedure laid under Section 52A of the NDPS Act, if the other material on record adduced by the prosecution inspires confidence and satisfies the court regarding both the recovery and possession of the contraband from the accused, then even in such cases, the courts can without hesitation proceed for conviction notwithstanding any procedural defect in terms of Section 52A of the NDPS Act. 28. In Khet Singh v. Union of India reported in (2002) 4 SCC 380 this Court held that the Standing Order(s) issued by the NCB and the procedure envisaged therein is only intended to guide the officers and to see that a fair procedure is adopted by the officer-in-charge of the investigation. It further observed that there may, however, be circumstances in which it would not be possible to follow these guidelines to the letter, particularly in cases of chance recovery or lack of proper facility being available at the spot. It further observed that there may, however, be circumstances in which it would not be possible to follow these guidelines to the letter, particularly in cases of chance recovery or lack of proper facility being available at the spot. In such circumstances of procedural illegality, the evidence collected thereby will not become inadmissible and rather the courts would only be required to consider all the circumstances and find out whether any serious prejudice had been caused to the accused or not. Further it directed, that in such cases of procedural lapses or delays, the officer would be duty bound to indicate and explain the reason behind such delay or deficiency whilst preparing the memo. The relevant observations read as under: - “5. It is true that the search and seizure of contraband article is a serious aspect in the matter of investigation related to offences under the NDPS Act. The NDPS Act and the Rules framed thereunder have laid down a detailed procedure and guidelines as to the manner in which search and seizure are to be effected. If there is any violation of these guidelines, the courts would take a serious view and the benefit would be extended to the accused. The offences under the NDPS Act are grave in nature and minimum punishment prescribed under the statute is incarceration for a long period. As the possession of any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance by itself is made punishable under the Act, the seizure of the article from the appellant is of vital importance. xxx xxx xxx 10. The instructions issued by the Narcotics Control Bureau, New Delhi are to be followed by the officer-in- charge of the investigation of the crimes coming within the purview of the NDPS Act, even though these instructions do not have the force of law. They are intended to guide the officers and to see that a fair procedure is adopted by the officer-in-charge of the investigation. It is true that when a contraband article is seized during investigation or search, a seizure mahazar should be prepared at the spot in accordance with law. There may, however, be circumstances in which it would not have been possible for the officer to prepare the mahazar at the spot, as it may be a chance recovery and the officer may not have the facility to prepare a seizure mahazar at the spot itself. There may, however, be circumstances in which it would not have been possible for the officer to prepare the mahazar at the spot, as it may be a chance recovery and the officer may not have the facility to prepare a seizure mahazar at the spot itself. If the seizure is effected at the place where there are no witnesses and there is no facility for weighing the contraband article or other requisite facilities are lacking, the officer can prepare the seizure mahazar at a later stage as and when the facilities are available, provided there are justifiable and reasonable grounds to do so. In that event, where the seizure mahazar is prepared at a later stage, the officer should indicate his reasons as to why he had not prepared the mahazar at the spot of recovery. If there is any inordinate delay in preparing the seizure mahazar, that may give an opportunity to tamper with the contraband article allegedly seized from the accused. There may also be allegations that the article seized was by itself substituted and some other items were planted to falsely implicate the accused. To avoid these suspicious circumstances and to have a fair procedure in respect of search and seizure, it is always desirable to prepare the seizure mahazar at the spot itself from where the contraband articles were taken into custody. xxx xxx xxx 16. Law on the point is very clear that even if there is any sort of procedural illegality in conducting the search and seizure, the evidence collected thereby will not become inadmissible and the court would consider all the circumstances and find out whether any serious prejudice had been caused to the accused. If the search and seizure was in complete defiance of the law and procedure and there was any possibility of the evidence collected likely to have been tampered with or interpolated during the course of such search or seizure, then, it could be said that the evidence is not liable to be admissible in evidence.” (Emphasis supplied) 29. If the search and seizure was in complete defiance of the law and procedure and there was any possibility of the evidence collected likely to have been tampered with or interpolated during the course of such search or seizure, then, it could be said that the evidence is not liable to be admissible in evidence.” (Emphasis supplied) 29. A similar view as above was reiterated in the decision of State of Punjab v. Makhan Chand reported in (2004) 3 SCC 453 wherein this Court after examining the purport of Section 52A of the NDPS Act and the Standing Order(s) issued thereunder, held that the procedure prescribed under the said order is merely intended to guide the officers to see that a fair procedure is adopted by the officer in charge of the investigation and they were not inexorable rules. The relevant observations read as under: - “10. This contention too has no substance for two reasons. Firstly, Section 52-A, as the marginal note indicates, deals with “disposal of seized narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances”. Under sub-section (1), the Central Government, by a notification in the Official Gazette, is empowered to specify certain narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, having regard to the hazardous nature, vulnerability to theft, substitution, constraints of proper storage space and such other relevant considerations, so that even if they are material objects seized in a criminal case, they could be disposed of after following the procedure prescribed in sub-sections (2) and (3). If the procedure prescribed in sub-sections (2) and (3) of Bharat Aambale vs The State Of Chhattisgarh on 6 January, 2025 Indian Kanoon - http://indiankanoon.org/doc/94312390/ 27 Section 52-A is complied with and upon an application, the Magistrate issues the certificate contemplated by sub-section (2), then sub-section (4) provides that, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 or the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, such inventory, photographs of narcotic drugs or substances and any list of samples drawn under sub-section (2) of Section 52-A as certified by the Magistrate, would be treated as primary evidence in respect of the offence. Therefore, Section 52-A(1) does not empower the Central Government to lay down the procedure for search of an accused, but only deals with the disposal of seized narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. 11. Therefore, Section 52-A(1) does not empower the Central Government to lay down the procedure for search of an accused, but only deals with the disposal of seized narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. 11. Secondly, when the very same Standing Orders came up for consideration in Khet Singh v. Union of India this Court took the view that they are merely intended to guide the officers to see that a fair procedure is adopted by the officer in charge of the investigation. It was also held that they were not inexorable rules as there could be circumstances in which it may not be possible for the seizing officer to prepare the mahazar at the spot, if it is a chance recovery, where the officer may not have the facility to prepare the seizure mahazar at the spot itself. Hence, we do not find any substance in this contention.” (Emphasis supplied) 30. Thus, from above it is clear that the procedure prescribed by the Standing Order(s) / Rules in terms of Section 52A of the NDPS Act is only intended to guide the officers and to ensure that a fair procedure is adopted by the officer- in-charge of the investigation, and as such what is required is substantial compliance of the procedure laid therein. We say so because, due to varying circumstances, there may be situations wherein it may not always be possible to forward the seized contraband immediately for the purpose of sampling. This could be due to various factors, such as the sheer volume of the contraband, the peculiar nature of the place of seizure, or owing to the volatility of the substance so seized that may warrant slow and safe handling. There could be situations where such contraband after being sampled cannot be preserved due to its hazardous nature and must be destroyed forthwith or vice- verse where the nature of the case demands that they are preserved and remain untouched. Due to such multitude of possibilities or situations, neither can the police be realistically expected to rigidly adhere to the procedure laid down in Section 52A or its allied Rules / Orders, nor can a strait-jacket formula be applied for insisting compliance of each procedure in a specified timeline to the letter, due to varying situations or requirements of each case. Thus, what is actually required is only a substantial compliance of the procedure laid down under Section 52A of the NDPS Act and the Standing Order(s) / Rules framed thereunder, and any discrepancy or deviation in the same may lead the court to draw an adverse inference against the police as per the facts of each and every case. When it comes to the outcome of trial, it is only after taking a cumulative view of the entire material on record including such discrepancies, that the court should proceed either to convict or acquit the accused. Non- compliance of the procedure envisaged under Section 52A may be fatal only in cases where such non-compliance goes to the heart or root of the matter. In other words, the discrepancy should be such that it renders the entire case of the prosecution doubtful, such as instances where there are significant discrepancies in the colour or description of the substance seized from that indicated in the FSL report as was the case in Noor Aga (supra), or where the contraband was mixed in and stored with some other commodity like vegetables and there is no credible indication of whether the Bharat Aambale vs The State Of Chhattisgarh on 6 January, 2025 Indian Kanoon - http://indiankanoon.org/doc/94312390/ 28 narcotic substance was separated and then weighed as required under the Standing Order(s) or Rules, thereby raising doubts over the actual quantity seized as was the case in Mohammed Khalid (supra), or where the recovery itself is suspicious and uncorroborated by any witnesses such as in Mangilal (supra), or where the bulk material seized in contravention of Section 52A was not produced before the court despite being directed to be preserved etc. These illustrations are only for the purposes of brining clarity on what may constitute as a significant discrepancy in a given case, and by no means is either exhaustive in nature or supposed to be applied mechanically in any proceeding under the NDPS Act. It is for the courts to see what constitutes as a significant discrepancy, keeping in mind the peculiar facts, the materials on record and the evidence adduced. At the same time, we may caution the courts, not to be hyper-technical whilst looking into the discrepancies that may exist, like slight differences in the weight, colour or numbering of the sample etc. At the same time, we may caution the courts, not to be hyper-technical whilst looking into the discrepancies that may exist, like slight differences in the weight, colour or numbering of the sample etc. The Court may not discard the entire prosecution case looking into such discrepancies as more often than not an ordinarily an officer in a public place would not be carrying a good scale with him, as held in Noor Aga (supra). It is only those discrepancies which particularly have the propensity to create a doubt or false impression of illegal possession or recovery, or to overstate or inflate the potency, quality or weight of the substance seized that may be pertinent and not mere clerical mistakes, provided they are explained properly. Whether, a particular discrepancy is critical to the prosecution’s case would depend on the facts of each case, the nature of substance seized, the quality of evidence on record etc. 31. At the same time, one must be mindful of the fact that Section 52A of the NDPS Act is only a procedural provision dealing with seizure, inventory, and disposal of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and does not exhaustively lay down the evidentiary rules for proving seizure or recovery, nor does it dictate the manner in which evidence is to be led during trial. It in no manner prescribes how the seizure or recovery of narcotic substances is to be proved or what can be led as evidence to prove the same. Rather, it is the general principles of evidence, as enshrined in the Evidence Act that governs how seizure or recovery may be proved. 32. Thus, the prosecution sans the compliance of the procedure under Section 52A of the NDPS Act will not render itself helpless but can still prove the seizure or recovery of contraband by leading cogent evidence in this regard such as by examining the seizing officer, producing independent witnesses to the recovery, or presenting the original quantity of seized substances before the court. The evidentiary value of these materials is ultimately to be assessed and looked into by the court. The court should consider whether the evidence inspires confidence. The court should look into the totality of circumstances and the credibility of the witnesses, being mindful to be more cautious in their scrutiny where such procedure has been flouted. The evidentiary value of these materials is ultimately to be assessed and looked into by the court. The court should consider whether the evidence inspires confidence. The court should look into the totality of circumstances and the credibility of the witnesses, being mindful to be more cautious in their scrutiny where such procedure has been flouted. The cumulative effect of all evidence must be considered to determine whether the prosecution has successfully established the case beyond reasonable doubt as held in Noor Aga (supra). 33. Even in cases where there is non-compliance with the procedural requirements of Section 52A, it does not necessarily vitiate the trial or warrant an automatic acquittal. Courts have consistently held that procedural lapses must be viewed in the context of the overall evidence. If the prosecution can otherwise establish the chain of custody, corroborate the seizure with credible testimony, and prove its case beyond reasonable doubt, the mere non-compliance with Section 52A may not be fatal. The Bharat Aambale vs The State Of Chhattisgarh on 6 January, 2025 Indian Kanoon - http://indiankanoon.org/doc/94312390/ 29 emphasis must be on substantive justice rather than procedural technicalities, and keeping in mind that the salutary objective of the NDPS Act is to curb the menace of drug trafficking. 34. At this stage we may clarify the scope and purport of Section 52A sub-section (4) with a view to obviate any confusion. Sub-section (4) of Section 52A provides that every court trying an offence under the NDPS Act, shall treat the inventory, photographs and samples of the seized substance that have been certified by the magistrate as primary evidence. 35. What this provision entails is that, where the seized substance after being forwarded to the officer empowered is inventoried, photographed and thereafter samples are drawn therefrom as per the procedure prescribed under the said provision and the Rules / Standing Order(s), and the same is also duly certified by a magistrate, then such certified inventory, photographs and samples has to mandatorily be treated as primary evidence. The use of the word “shall” indicates that it would be mandatory for the court to treat the same as primary evidence if twin conditions are fulfilled being (i) that the inventory, photographs and samples drawn are certified by the magistrate AND (ii) that the court is satisfied that the entire process was done in consonance and substantial compliance with the procedure prescribed under the provision and its Rules / Standing Order(s). 36. Even where the bulk quantity of the seized material is not produced before the court or happens to be destroyed or disposed in contravention of Section 52A of the NDPS Act, the same would be immaterial and have no bearing on the evidentiary value of any inventory, photographs or samples of such substance that is duly certified by a magistrate and prepared in terms of the said provision. We say so, because sub-section (4) of Section 52A was inserted to mitigate the issue of degradation, pilferage or theft of seized substances affecting the very trial. It was often seen that, due to prolonged trials, the substance that was seized would deteriorate in quality or completely disappear even before the trial could proceed, by the time the trial would commence, the unavailability of such material would result in a crucial piece of evidence to establish possession becoming missing and the outcome of the trial becoming a foregone conclusion. The legislature being alive to this fact, thought fit to introduce an element of preservation of such evidence of possession of contraband in the form of inventory, photographs and samples and imbued certain procedural safeguards and supervision through the requirement of certification by a magistrate, which is now contained in sub-section (4) of Section 52A. In other words, any inventory, photographs or samples of seized substance that was prepared in substantial compliance of the procedure under Section 52A of the NDPS Act and the Rules / Standing Order(s) thereunder would have to mandatorily be treated as primary evidence, irrespective of the fact that the bulk quantity has not been produced and allegedly destroyed without any lawful order. 37. Section 52A sub-section (4) should not be conflated as a rule of evidence in the traditional sense, i.e., it should not be construed to have laid down that only the certified inventory, photographs and samples of seized substance will be primary evidence and nothing else. 37. Section 52A sub-section (4) should not be conflated as a rule of evidence in the traditional sense, i.e., it should not be construed to have laid down that only the certified inventory, photographs and samples of seized substance will be primary evidence and nothing else. The rule of ‘Primary Evidence’ or ‘Best Evidence’ is now well settled. In order to prove a fact, only the best evidence to establish such fact must be led and adduced which often happens to be the original evidence itself. The primary evidence for proving possession will always be the seized substance itself. However, in order to mitigate the challenges in preservation of such substance till the duration of trial, due to Bharat Aambale vs The State of Chhattisgarh on 6 January, 2025 Indian Kanoon - http://indiankanoon.org /doc/94312390/ 30 pilferage, theft, degradation or any other related circumstances, the legislature consciously incorporated sub-section (4) in Section 52A to bring even the inventory, photographs or samples of such seized substance on the same pedestal as the original substance, and by a deeming fiction has provided that the same be treated as primary evidence, provided they have been certified by a magistrate in substantial compliance of the procedure prescribed. This, however, does not mean that where Section 52A has not been complied, the prosecution would be helpless, and cannot prove the factum of possession by adducing other primary evidence in this regard such as by either producing the bulk quantity itself, or examining the witnesses to the recovery etc. What Section 52A sub-section (4) of the NDPS Act does is it creates a new form of primary evidence by way of a deeming fiction which would be on par with the original seized substance as long as the same was done in substantial compliance of the procedure prescribed thereunder, however, the said provision by no means renders the other evidence in original to be excluded as primary evidence, it neither confines nor restricts the manner of proving possession to only one mode i.e., through such certified inventory, photographs or samples such that all other material are said to be excluded from the ambit of ‘evidence’, rather it can be said that the provision instead provides one additional limb of evidentiary rule in proving such possession. Thus, even in the absence of compliance of Section 52A of the NDPS Act, the courts cannot simply overlook the other cogent evidence in the form of the seized substance itself or the testimony of the witnesses examined, all that the courts would be required in the absence of any such compliance is to be more careful while appreciating the evidence. 36. Further in Para 41 and 42 of the said judgment of Bharat Aambale (supra) held that: 41. As per Clause 2.5 of the Standing Order No. 1 of 89 i.e., the relevant standing order in force at the time of seizure, where multiple packages or packets are seized, they first have to be subjected to an identification test by way of a colour test to ascertain which packets are of the same sized, weigh and contents. Thereafter, all packets which are identical to each other in all respects will be bunched in lots, in the case of ganja, they may be bunched in lots of 40 packets each. Thereafter from each lot, one sample and one in duplicate has to be drawn. The relevant clause reads as under: - “2.5 However, when the packages/containers seized together are of identical size and weight, bearing identical markings, and the contents of each package given identical results on colour test by the drug identification kit, conclusively indicating that the packages are identical in all respects, the packages/containers may be carefully bunched in lots of ten packages/containers except in the case of ganja and hashish (charas), where it may be bunched in lots of 40 such packages/containers. For each such lot of packages/containers, one sample (in duplicate) may be drawn.” 42. As per Clause 2.8 of the Standing Order No. 1 of 89, while drawing a sample from a particular lot, representative samples are to be drawn, in other words, equal quantity has to be taken from each packet in a particular lot, that then has to be mixed to make one composite sample. The relevant clause reads as under: - “2.8 While drawing one sample (in duplicate) from a particular lot, it must be ensured that representative samples in equal quantity are taken from each package/container of that lot and mixed together to make a composite whole from which the samples are drawn for that lot.” 37. The relevant clause reads as under: - “2.8 While drawing one sample (in duplicate) from a particular lot, it must be ensured that representative samples in equal quantity are taken from each package/container of that lot and mixed together to make a composite whole from which the samples are drawn for that lot.” 37. In the present case the entire search and seizure proceedings have found genuine and the correct procedure have been drawn by the police persons. Though the independent witnesses and weighing witness have not supported the case of prosecution, but the seizure of cannabis (Ganja) and its weight and sampling were proved by Investigating Officer and nothing adverse could be found to disbelieve his evidence which further proves that the appellant was found in possession of such a huge quantity of cannabis (Ganja) in his vehicle. The appellant did not able to impute any palpable to make good his case that there has been non-compliance of any mandatory provisions of the NDPS Act. 38. There is no material available on record so as to arrive at finding that the accused person has been falsely implicated in this case. Section 20 of the NDPS Act provides that whichever in contravention of any provisions of this Act or any rule made therein possess cannabis (Ganja) shall be punished in accordance with the said provisions. Section 20 (b) uses the "possess". In the present case the appellant was found in possession of 40.980 kg. of cannabis (Ganja) in his vehicle which he was driven by him at the relevant time. The judgment passed by learned trial Court is quite detailed judgment which has dealt with every aspect of the matter and the analysis made therein clearly proves the appellant has committed the offence in question and was transporting cannabis (Ganja) weighing 40.980 kg. He could not given any suggestion as to how that huge quantity of cannabis (Ganja) came to be found in the vehicle in which he was travelling. 39. The FSL report Ex.P-44 further proves that the sample packets of cannabis (Ganja) which were drawn from the total quantity of cannabis (Ganja) were found to be contained with cannabis (Ganja) contents and further corroborates the allegation against the appellant. 40. 39. The FSL report Ex.P-44 further proves that the sample packets of cannabis (Ganja) which were drawn from the total quantity of cannabis (Ganja) were found to be contained with cannabis (Ganja) contents and further corroborates the allegation against the appellant. 40. In view of the above discussion, this Court is of the considered opinion that the judgment passed by learned trial Court is based on proper appreciation of evidence which is neither perverse nor contrary to the record as well as law laid down by the Hon'ble Supreme Court and the same needs no interference as such the judgment of conviction and order of sentence awarded to the appellant is hereby affirmed. 41. In the result, the appeal filed by the appellant is hereby dismissed The appellant is reported to be in jail. He shall serve the remaining period of jail sentence as has been awarded to him by the learned trial Court. 42. Registry is directed to send a copy of this judgment to the concerned Superintendent of Jail where the appellant is undergoing his jail sentence to serve the same on the appellant informing him that he is at liberty to assail the present judgment passed by this Court by preferring an appeal before the Hon’ble Supreme Court with the assistance of High Court Legal Services Committee or the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee. 43. Let a copy of this judgment and the original records be transmitted to the trial Court concerned forthwith for necessary information and compliance.